1942 US Army WWII Japanese Ground Air Forces 131p.

8/14/2019 1942 US Army WWII Japanese Ground Air Forces 131p.

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When an officer just returned fromservice in Bataan and Malaya wasshown this bulletin, he said that itshould carry this comment:

"A careful reading of this bulletinmay save your life."

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NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

Military Intelligence Service Information BulletinWar Department No. 14

Washington, D. C., May 1, 1942 M ID 461

SPECIAL NOTICE1. This bulletin has been prepared in response to requests fromunits in the field. The photographs are for the purpose of enabling

members of the U. S. armed forces to identify the Japanese soldierand his equipment and to grasp his capabilities.

2. Units are being supplied with copies on a basis similar to theapproved distribution for other Information Bulletins. Addi-tional copies are furnished units in Pacific areas. Distributionto air units is being made by the A--2 of Army Air Forces.

3. Each command should circulate available copies among itspersonnel. It is suggested that where facilities and equipmentpermit, these photographs be shown on a screen to assembledunits and accompanied by lectures based on material contained inInformation Bulletin No. 6 and following bulletins. The contentsof this bulletin will not be communicated to the public or to thepress, but may be given to any person known to be loyal to theUnited States.

4. Suggestions for future bulletins are invited. Any corre-spondence relating to Information Bulletins may be addresseddirectly to the Dissemination Branch, Military Intelligence Serv-ice, War Department, Washington, D. C.


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TYPES SHAPESTAPEREDHIGH WING

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This footbridge is improvised from small boats or pontonsjoined lengthwise one to the other. If the current is strong, thisconstruction is not practicable.

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This appears to be a 75-mmantiaircraft gun. It is the ped-estal type and has a horizontalsliding-breech mechanism.The range finder shown to the j

has a telescopic mount *which rests in the soldier's belt.

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1st Infantry Bn. 2d Infantry Bn.

3d Infantry Bn. 1st Infantry Bn. (Reserve)

2d Infantry Bn. (Reserve) 3d Infantry Bn. (Reserve)BATTALION FLAGS

Each battalion of the active army carries a distinguishing flagto mark the position of the battalion headquarters. Theseflags are about three feet square with markings as shown. Shadedareas indicate red.


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This Japanese antiaircraft gun appears to be a 75-mm with alow-velocity shell. It is made mobile by wheels which are takenoff when the gun is fired. The platform base has out-riggers togive it additional stability. Notice the stakes and sandbags tothe rear-- placed there for stabilizing the piece.

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The Japanese use this dual-purpose truck-tractor to pull artil-lery and carry personnel. It is propelled by the use of steeltracks, which have pin joints. The suspension appears to be ofa rigid type. Similar truck-tractors in the U. S. Army carry 8to 13 men, whereas only 7 are riding in the Japanese vehicle. TheJapanese crew is afforded little or no armor protection. Note thecamouflage being worn by the Japanese soldiers.

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The ability of tanks to maneuver in relatively deep waterwithout trouble greatly extends their range of operation. Thishas been a feature which the Japanese have developed to a greatextent, probably induced by a realization that the interior ofChina and other Oriental countries is crisscrossed with paddyfields and marshes.

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Side view

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ISHI 108Armament: Two 37-mm (1.45-inch) guns in turret. Three ma-

chine guns and flame thrower in hull fore.Weight: 38 tons.Information about this tank of recent type is unconfirmed.


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Side view

mI ~ ~~M04Weight: 29 tons.Armament: In turret one 37-mm (1.45-inch); one 75-mm (2.95-

inch).In hull fore one 37-mm (1.45-inch); one machine gun.

Armor: 25 30-mm (.98-1.18-inch).Information about this tank of recent type is unconfirmed.


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Side view

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Armament: One machine gun in turret.One 37-mm (1.45 inch) gun hull fore.

Armor: 15--20-mm (.59 .78 inch).Weight: 4 tons.

Information about this tank of recent type is unconfirmed.


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Various models of this 14-ton medium tank, model 2594 (1934),have been used with naval landing parties. They carry five-mancrews, negotiate trenches 105 feet wide, and ford streams 3 feetdeep. They are equipped with a 37-mm cannon and one machinegun in the turret and another in the forward part of the hull. Amortar and bombs are carried inside. The communication withinthis tank is reported to be poor.

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This area is probably a bivouac. Notice the coverings overhoods and windshields for preventing reflection of light or forprotecting motors.

Vehicles usually have been camouflaged with paint and localvegetation, and sometimes nets have been used. Armored forcevehicles normally are painted irregularly in indeterminate shadesof khaki, yellow, brown, and green. Some of the ordinary motortransports are painted like the armored vehicles, though usuallythey are of a sandy khaki color.

The Japanese have made full use of camouflage, using nets forpersonnel, horses, and equipment and adding jungle foliage tocomplete the job.

Each Japanese soldier has body and head nets, either or bothof which may be worn according to circumstances. The netsare made of a greenish-colored straw fiber cord or ordinary twinewith a square mesh slightly less than 2 inches in size. The bodynet is 1 by 1II yards, and the head net fits snugly over a cap ormetal helmet.

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CHINESE AND JAPANESECHARACTERS

CHINESE AND JAPANESE CHARACTERSABOUT 1,500 years ago, the Japanese first began to beinterested in the problem of writing. Before that timethey had been living so simple a life that they had notthought of writing books and letters; but by the fourthor fifth century of the Christian era, they had learnedenough about civilization in general from China that theybegan to feel the need of writing down their thoughts andtheir knowledge.

About the same time, the peoples in northern Europewere faced with this same problem, and they solved itvery simply by borrowing the Latin alphabet, whichcould be conveniently used to write any language. Un-fortunately for the Japanese, they did not know about theLatin alphabet or any other alphabet, for that matter.Since the only writing system they knew of was theChinese, they proceeded to borrow it.

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The Chinese writing system was, and still is today,about as difficult a thing to learn or to use as man'smind has ever invented. It started out being a sort ofpicture language with each word represented by a sim-plified picture. This system was all right for words like"horse" or "fish," words that could be drawn, but itwould not do for more difficult words like "duty,""courage," or "honesty." Obviously, the writing systemhad to develop far beyond simple pictures, and this it didmore than 3,000 years ago. But Chinese writing neverlost some of its original pictorial quality. There still isone symbol, if not picture, for each word. As a result,there are thousands of symbols, or characters, as theyare usually called, in use today in China.The Chinese system was not a handy one for theJapanese to borrow, but it was all they knew. Theylater had to supplement it with other writing systemsthey developed themselves, which showed sounds, theway our alphabet does, and not ideas, the way theChinese characters do. But even after inventing thesephonetic writing systems, they still kept to the Chinesecharacters. They were pronounced quite differently inJapan than in China, because the two spoken languagesare not at all alike, but still they represented the sameidea. Consequently, most Chinese words can be read

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A:]. The early Chinese symbol for "moon" showed thecrescent moon to distinguish it from the sun. It wasi~, but now it is written Af . When these two symbolsare put together, Fri, they quite fittingly mean "bright."

The ancient Chinese drew the word for "mountain"this way: ,, which has become the modern character,Lo,. A stream was made to look like this: Ill, withthe water winding between the two banks. The modernform is )}). Anyone who has seen the small squares intowhich "fields" and particularly "rice fields" are divided inChina or Japan will recognize the character Hi. Per-haps the oddest character is "gate": ?P , the ancientform of which is P 1.

The ancient Chinese drew his symbol for "man" muchthe way any other person might draw it. It looked likethis: -k. Gradually, however, he simplified even thisalready simple picture to the most essential part, the twolegs; so the modern character is ,A. Perhaps thischange was made by some poor soldier after a long day'smarch when his legs and feet were all he could think of.The original picture of a man, now written ;. theChinese reserved for the big shots, we believe. In anycase, the character ` means "big" today. The samesymbol with an extra big head, ., became the character

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for "heaven," which was the early Chinese idea of the topbig shot, or God.

Another interesting Chinese character is A. Thismay not look like much to you at first, and the earliestform, ~, may not help either, but add an imaginaryline .t. and you have a drawing of a "tree" with thebranches above the ground and the roots below it. If*, is a "tree," then, obviously. ;,q_ which is justtwo trees put together, is a "grove" and _ is a"forest."

You can play around with the tree character and getsome interesting results. Put a line across the trunkmarking the basic central part of the tree thus, *A, andyou obviously have the character for "main," "origin,"or "basic." Look at the sun through a tree in this way,,1,, and clearly you are looking at the rising sun lowon the horizon, not yet above the tree tops. What sym-bol could better represent the idea of "east" where thesun rises? Do not ask what the sun looks like throughthe trees in the west when it sets, or you will ruin thewhole system.

The Chinese thought of Japan as a country in the eastwhere the sun rises. Instead of calling it the land ofthe east, they called it the Land of the Origin of the Sun,

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or, as we say today, the Land of the Rising Sun. Thisthey wrote a 4. which should be clear to you if youknow your Chinese characters. It need scarcely be pointedout that a Japanese is simply a a) h.

Words like "up" (or "upper" or "top") and "down" (or"lower" or "bottom") and "middle" are very importantones but are not too easy to draw. The Chinese solvedthe problem pretty neatly. Starting with a middleline -_, they made this _,. "up" and this F' "down.""Middle" they showed as a square, perhaps a target, witha line which might be an arrow or the like, going rightthrough the middle of it like this: T.

One pretty simple character is A.;, which serves verynicely as "mouth," evidently an open mouth, which is thetype that counts either from the point of view of eatingor speaking. A combination like )Il) is obviouslythe mouth of a river, but /. is not merely themouth of a man. as you might suppose. It is the mouthof many men and therefore means "population," becausethe Chinese. being very practical people, realized thatthere was more point in counting mouths than in countingnoses.

One of the best symbols, but one which we would neverthink of drawing that way. is ;. now written .

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That is a "cart" or "wagon" or "carriage," not viewedfrom the side or the front, as one would expect, butlooked at from directly above with the long axle goingthrough the two big wheels on either side and underthe body of the cart in the middle. Since the ancientChinese fought primarily in war chariots like those ofthe ancient Greeks, the chariot was used to symbolize"war" or the "army." This they made by adding aprotecting shield of some sort to the cart thus, ' T.Why the protection was on the side instead of the front,we do not know, but perhaps it shows that the Chineseknew their tactics well enough to expect enveloping ratherthan frontal attacks. If ~ means "war" or "army,"then obviously Im means "soldier" and 8 I,means a "Japanese soldier."

This is not all there is to know about Chinese andJapanese characters, but it is a start. Following is a listof the characters and words you have learned or haveyou?-with their pronunciations in Chinese and Japanese.

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JAPANESE ALPHABETSAlong with the use of Chinese characters the Japanese

use two alphabets which are more or less phonetic: (1)hira-gana,which resembles handwriting; and (2 ) kata-kana, which corresponds to our printing and is used inwriting foreign names, formal documents, telegrams, etc.The table following gives the hira-gana, under which isgiven the corresponding kata-kanaand the equivalent inRoman letters. The columns are read in order beginningwith the right: a, i, u, e, o; ka, ki, ku, ke, ko, etc.

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7 , J' TI ,-wa ra ya ma ha na ta sa ka a

wi ri mi hi ni chi shi ki ih _ v_ _ 9 ,

''v 1 . 7 :g 9 -z ' 4n ru yu mu fu nu tsu su ku u

we re me he ne te se ke e

7 D A ; / I' y two ro yo mo ho no to so ko o

Figure a

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Another of the tabular presentations of kata-kana isshown in figure b.

A E I 0 U YA YO YU WA

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Figure bJapanese words are written with Roman letters in many

dictionaries. The most general system of Romanizationhas been secured through the efforts of the Roma-ji-kwai (ji letter, quai association), and is called romaji.No accent is used by the Japanese. Each syllable is pro-nounced with the same tone.

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Insignia of Rank-Noncommissioned OfficersInsignia and Rank Character Insignia and Rank Character

SERGEANT MAJOR PRIVATE 1st CLASSSocho (soh choh) Ittosotsu (it toh sots)

SERGEANT PRIVATE 2d CLASSGunso (goon soh) Nitosotsu (knee toh sots)

NON-CORPORAL . COMMISSIONEDGocho (go choh) OFFICER

Kashi (kah she)

LANCE CORPORALGocho Kimmujotohei(go & SUPERIOR PRIVATEchoh kim moo joe toh hay) Jotohei (joh tolh hay)

SUPERIOR PRIVATE ACTING CORPORALJotohei joh toh hay) Diri-Goclo (die re go

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BRANCH OF SERVICEJapanese JapaneseBranch BranchSign Sign

CAVALRY ' INFANTRYKihei (key hay) Hohei (ho hay)

CHEMICAL WAR-FARE MEDICAL CORPSKagakusembu (kah gahku Gun-i-dan (goon ee dahn)sen boo)

COAST ARTILLERY QUARTERMASTERKaigan Hohei (ki gahn CORPShoh hay) Hokyubu (ho kyu boo) -

ENGINEERS SIGNAL CORPSK6hei (koh hay) T isshinhei (tsu shin hay)

FIELD ARTILLERY ORDNANCEYasen H6hei (ya sen hoh Hek (ha~hay) _ Heiki (hay key)hay) 4 I

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EXPLANATIONJapanese Chinese Pronun- Terms inAlphabet Character ciation English

.~ 4ichew middle Firstto pacify; Lieutenantee a company

officer.91J] show small

Secondto pacify; Lieutenantee a companyofficer

iY~ - ; |tjune associate

she gentleman WarrantOfficerkahn government w t kahn service

!'/ , Q soh room; officeSergeant-_- _ . ~~~Majort gi choh headman

goon army; war...... ___ ____ ._____ Sergeant"6 9 soh room; office

, , 1I~- go group........... _ __ Corporal

.~gt9 choh headman119


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EXPLANATIONJapanese Chinese Pronun- Terms inAlphabet Character ciation Explanation English

,.7" __ ____go group

Jijli r - choh headman

'-r ~'i kim diligentLance

CorporalLS ~moo servej ~ ; joh superior

toh grade

~ 4 hay soldierinferior;. T kah lower; Noncom-

under missionedr ~tT she a figure; Officergentlemandie a substitute

'I ree acting; act ActingCorporal

:3" 4_ go groupt;3l - choh headman

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EXPLANATIONJap)anese Chinese Pronlun- xr 1T7nrsnAlphabet Charlacter iation _rlmoirish

,21 em ; _ijoh superior

toh grade Superior]- ''7 "7''~~Private

J- hay soldier

1 V4 e it firstPrivatei- 1 toh grade 1s tClass

sots private

knee second

Privatetf7 T toh grade 2dClass

' '1 sots private

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EXPLANATIONJapanese Chinese Pronlln- Terms inAlphabet Character ciation Explalation English

hahn half

* show small Section

i' i3~C tie unit

boon divide_ .. .. ...- Squad

tie unit

1khe fly

ko go; away...... ._ .. __..... _ Squadron

chew middle

i':~ t tie unit

-'~a jt1hoe gun._. .-.2 BatteryX~f~~z ~ watching

N- die place; a_". d ie.base} )* key mounted

_-~ _ _hay soldier

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EXPLANATIONJapanese Chinese Pronlln- Terms inAlphabet Character ciation Explanation English

7/tL kah changescience;

gahku study;learn ChemicalWarfareT- y ;~ sen fight

?7' 4boo party

3 t4t ki seagahn coast

CoastArtillery.t. j ) __ hoe gun

hay soldier

;] XZ I koe skilledEngineers

'-~ ~. hay soldier

-' ya fieldx- '- sen fight Field

Artillery-t t., h t hoe gun-+ J hay soldier

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EXPLANATIONJapanese Chinese Pronun- Expla Terms inAlphabet Character ciation English

ho foot___ Infantry

% ~1 h sahay soldier

-$ goon army; war

4-3L ee heal; cure Medical41gg~~e h~ ~[orps,~"Z , dahn body; party

"'4 ho supplyQuarter-

kyu give masterf.....orps

2" boo party,y 7 tsu communicate

shin message Signal3 . _ __.~Corps_ hay soldier

/~~ 1hay soldier_- ._... - Ordnance


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IDENTIFICATIONOF JAPANESE

1. General. Most Americans say that it is difficult todistinguish the Japanese from the Chinese. The Japaneseare aware of this confusion which exists in the minds oftheir enemies, and they have not hesitated to take ad-vantage of it by posing as Chinese or native troops. It istherefore important that U. S. troops learn how to identifythe Japanese. A few notes are included here to help inmaking quick identifications of the Japanese, but it mustbe remembered that none of the tests presented can befoolproof.2. Appearance. The Japanese and Chinese differ in

their physical appearances. The Japanese have veryshort legs, but their bodies are normal size. When seated,they appear to be of normal height, and you may thereforebe surprised at their short stature when they stand up.You will find, however, that the Chinese are physicallywell formed and are about the same height as the averageAmerican. The Japanese have a light beard and thusneed to shave only about twice a week. The Chinese

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'"-init' ft tl ,apa. 'a, pronouncean "s" or "z" without a denillce inwa inhalation thatamounts to a hiss; rarely can a Japanese begin any sen-tence without this "inward" tone. The liquid "1" sounddoes not exist in Japanese. Consequently, the questionerwould hear this phrase from the Japanese: "(hiss) Smitreft the fortress," and a Chinese would say: "Smith leftthe faultless." Thus the Chinese will say "lice" for"rice," and the Japanese will say "rice" for "lice." Thesedifferences are inherent in the native languages. "Th"is difficult too for Japanese to pronounce. For "think"they say "sink" or "shink." Too many consonantstogether will cause a break for a vowel.5. Caution.-The Japanese wear a piece of clothing

which resembles a long towel. This long towel, fundoshi(foon-doh-shee), is wrapped around the waist and betweenthe legs. It resembles a G string but it consists of manyfolds in which a Japanese prisoner will be able to hidemany things. Japanese prisoners will strenuously objectto removing this G string, but the personal safety of yourentire command may depend upon it. Have the prisonersremove their G strings while keeping them covered withrifles. Have them step away, and then examine the Gstrings for papers, weapons, and other articles which maybe hidden in the folds and pockets.

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EQUIPMENT TAKEN FROM JAPANESE SNIPERS BYU. S. TROOPS IN THE PHILIPPINES

A gas mask.A green combination mosquito-net camouflage hood cover-

ing his helmet, head, and shoulders.A green corded net to camouflage the rest of his body and

a black wire eye-screen to protect him from sun glare.A coil of rope for miscellaneous uses.A 5-inch-long sack of rice.A small bag of hardtack.A half pound of hard candy.A package of concentrated food.A can of field rations.A small can of coffee and vitamin pills.A can of chlorine to purify water.A mess kit.A canteen.An antidote for mustard gas.Quinine.

1942 US Army WWII Japanese Ground Air Forces 131p.

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Transcript of 1942 US Army WWII Japanese Ground Air Forces 131p.