1920s in Kentucky

Cynthia W. Resor, Ph.D. Teaching American History Network

Summit June 2013

What is my focus?

• Literacy in Social Studies

– Historical newspaper/magazine articles

– Images

• Emphasizing what happened LOCALLY that is related to national events

– Was the local experience the same or different?

– Place-based education

Name things that come to mind about the 1920s

Flappers in Kentucky???

• The word “flapper” used 11 times in the 1927 editions of The Kentucky Kernel – University of Kentucky’s newspaper

– Most references were in movie reviews

• 1923 – The Mountain Eagle – Whitesburg, KY – No mention of flappers

• Why the difference?

Mary Pickford

Colleen Moore http://www.flickr.com/photos/44841559@N03/sets/72157622968358560/detail/?page=4

Clara Bow

Find movie clips on YouTube http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VIImefcaeTc

Louise Brooks

Movies in Ky.

• 1896 – 4 motion picture projects in Lexington

• 1910 – medium size towns had theatres – Maysville, Mt. Sterling, Carlisle

• lack of sound & use of subtitles – Tough if you were illiterate

• 1918 – Louisville NAACP stopped showing of D.W. Griffith’s Birth of A Nation after only 2 day run

Paramount Theatre (Ashland) Built: 1931 Seats: 1,414 Marianne Theater (Bellevue) Built: 1941 Seats: 542 Capitol Arts Theatre (Bowling Green) Built: 1930 Seats: 800 Historic State Theater (Elizabethtown) Built: 1942 Seats: 700 Plaza Theatre (Glasgow) Built: 1934 Seats: 1064 Alhambra Theatre (Hopkinsville) Built: 1927 Seats: 782 Lexington Opera House (Lexington) Built: 1886 Seats: 1027 Lyric Theatre (Lexington) Built: 1948 Kentucky Theatre (Louisville) Built: 1921 Seats: 1200 Palace Theatre (Louisville) Built: 1928 Seats: 2723 W.L. Lyons Brown Theatre (Louisville) Built: 1925 Seats: 1400 Russell Theatre (Maysville) Built: 1930 Seats: 700 Washington Opera House (Maysville) Built: 1898 Seats: 500 Arcade Theatre (Paducah) Built: 1911 Seats: 700 Columbia Theatre (Paducah) Built: 1927 Seats: 1200 Virginia Theatre (Somerset) Built: 1922 Seats: 750 Lane Theatre (Williamsburg) Built: 1948 Seats: 600 Leeds Center for the Arts (Winchester) Built: 1925 Seats: 413

Where can I get historic local newspapers?

• Kentucky Digital Library – http://kdl.kyvl.org/ – Does not include all years – most from late 1800s to c.

1920.

• Microfilm from local library, historical society, newspaper office

• Compare to national coverage – ProQuest Historical Newspapers: The New York Times

(1851-2009) • available through EKU databases

Give students the newspaper ad/article first.

Let them question . . . . Then fill in the gaps.

MAKING INFERNCES

What I found reading The Central Record

From Lancaster / Garrard County KY

BEWARE – VERY ADDICTING!!!

Movie ads

• "Are You Fit to Marry" is a 1927 silent film that promotes eugenics.

• a male physician whose daughter has just announced that she is in love and plans to be married, pressures the daughter's suitor to undergo a physical examination for eugenic fitness before he (the father) will approve the marriage.

Medical Care

January 4, 1923 January 11, 1923

January 25, 1923

Feb. 1, 1923

Odd things

Disease in Ky in early 1900s • Tuberculosis

– Ky ranked 2nd in nation in death rate from TB

• 30 – 40% of Kentuckians had hookworm • Trachoma (eye disease) common

– 4 – 8 % of children had this disease and were blind

• Open privies, sewage-polluted rivers – Caused diarrhea, dysentery, typhoid

• 1916 – state diarrhea and dysentery rates were double of national average • 1921- Ky had highest death rate for typhoid fever

– exceeded nation rates by 50%

• Patent medicines commonly used • 1901 Lexington city ordinance prohibited sale of cocaine and opium with a dr’s prescription • 1910 Lexington city ordinance prohibited sale of morphine • Laudanum, also known as Tincture of Opium, is an alcoholic herbal preparation containing approx.

10% powdered opium by weight (the equivalent of 1% morphine) – Sold without prescription until early 1900s – Used as pain reliever and cough suppressant

• Few hospitals in rural areas – Shortage of small-town doctors

• Medical insurance did not exist • Many private, quack medical schools

– By 1911 – University of Louisville only medical schools • Had low admission standards

Influenza in Kentucky • in 1918, a worldwide epidemic of influenza killed half a million Americans • first appeared in Ky. about Sept. 27th, 1918

– troops traveling from Texas on the Louisville and Nashville Railroad stopped in Bowling Green • soldiers left the train to explore the city and infected several local citizens

– Louisville had about 1,000 cases during late Sept. • By 2nd and 3rd week of the epidemic, Louisville was experiencing about 180 deaths a week from

influenza

– Camp Taylor (near Louisville) was harder hit • Camp had 40,000 soldiers from Kentucky and Indiana. • disease tended to strike younger people more aggressively. • week of October 19th, there were 3,772 cases at Camp Taylor alone • 1,500 soldiers died

– Lexington not hit as hard as Louisville – Ky Public Health Service said that "the situation in central and western Kentucky remained

good but...the situation in Carter, Breathitt and Harlan Counties and around the mining camps was bad.“

– In Webster County, the impact of the flu epidemic combined with a smallpox epidemic – Hog cholera epidemic (swine flu) in Western Ky also killed hundreds of dead hogs

• October 6th, the Kentucky state board was forced to issue a state-wide proclamation closing "all places of amusement, schools, churches and other places of assembly.“

• The pandemic peaked in the fall of 1918 but influenza remained prevalent throughout the state during the winter and spring of 1919.

• 14,000 deaths from influenza in Ky in 1918- 1919

Slow improvements in medicine • 1878 - State Board of Health created

– 3rd one in the nation – Poorly funded by still made improvements over time – 1904 – improved licensing of physicians and dentists – 1918 – better funding & support for county medical centers

• new discipline of virology promoted sterile working conditions • Growing awareness of dietary insufficiencies as a cause for disease • Medical knowledge of the cause and treatment of malaria, scarlet fever,

diphtheria, and smallpox had begun to make a positive impact by the 1920s. – By 1940, these diseases had been mostly eliminated.

• By 1940 – typhoid deaths in Kentucky had been reduced to 74. – Hookworm and trachoma infections were reduced and practically eliminated – Other conditions were not so easily remedied; in 1918, a worldwide epidemic

of influenza killed half a million Americans.

• 1915, there were 100 deaths among infants under 1 year of age for every 1,000 live births in the United States. – By 1942, the ratio was 47.9 deaths per 1000 live births in rural Kentucky;

nationally, 40.2 deaths per 1,000 was average.

Who is Billy

Sunday and why

is he a big deal?

March 1923

How did people in the community make a living?

March 19, 1923

February 12, 1930

Tobacco

• 1900 – 1929 – Kentucky led nation in amount of tobacco grown

• Prices soared during WWI – 1919 - .34 cents per lb.

• 1920 crop was a disaster • Only .13 cents per lb. (pre-war prices) • Poor harvest • Glutted market • Decline in overseas demand

– 1921- some farmers pooled crops • Brought prices to .28 cents per lb.

– 1926 – most farmers refused to pool crop • .12 cents per lb.

– 1931 – down to .08 cents per lb.

Transportation

How did people travel in your community?

December 1933 Nov. 3, 1905

Sept. 7, 1907

Transportation • 1915 – last run of a stagecoach in Ky – between Burnside and Monticello • Steamboats used on Cumberland River until 1932; longer on Ohio River • Railroads dominated until WWII

– Everyone at least 1 day ride by horse from rails

• Streetcars in many towns until 1920s – Lexington, Louisville, Barbourville, Somerset, Henderson

• A few automobiles in large cities in 1900 – 1915 - 19,500 vehicles registered statewide – 1919 – 90,000 vehicles registered – 1921 – 127,000 vehicles registered – 1928 – 300,000 vehicles registered

• 1925 – 2,500 autos in Richmond KY – Gas was .32 cents a gallon

• Fewer mules, more powered machinery on farms – 1910-1920 – 20% decreased in horses

and mules in Madison County

• 1914 – public state highway system and road tax established in KY – Planned to connect every county seat by roads

Gallatin Co, KY c. 1920 Ky. Historical Society

WWI Liberty Bond Victory parade on Winchester Ave., Ashland. c. 1918

Clarence M. Newman and Teresa Tate Newman with their first car. Ashland, Ky 1918

Walter Williams (right) and friends, c. 1920s

Prohibition in Kentucky

Were the people in your town following the Prohibition laws?

What happened when Prohibition ended in your town?

• Dozens of articles related to Prohibition

• Kentucky made NATIONAL Prohibition news – search the New York Times

September 1929

Prohibition in Kentucky

• Before Prohibition: – 87 counties already “Dry” – 32 were “west”

» New York Times, 1907 - http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30F10FF3C5A15738DDDAC0894D0405B878CF1D3

• Prohibition – Towns dependant on distilling industry suffered

• Example – Tyrone in Anderson County • of the 17 bourbon distillers pre-Prohibition, only 7 survived its repeal in 1933

– Jobs and tax revenues declined • 6,000 – 8,000 jobs lost in Louisville

– Moonshining increased • Clinton County family owed tobacco warehouse .20 after selling their crop – turned to

moonshing – “the whiskey they made and sold for 32 dollars was more money than they had worked out in

the three years before”

• Prohibition in Ky was so strictly enforced that “a thirsty stranger may have to walk all of a half of a block to find a place where he can drink”

Revenue men and sheriffs at courthouse in Catlettsburg, with moonshine stills confiscated in a raid, ca. 1928. The raid took place about 2 or 3 miles south of Ashland. Deputy Sheriff George Harrison Nicholson is second from right. At right is Mr. Billiter, who was killed at a raid in Breathitt Co. Dorsey Keaton, federal agent, is at center with rifle. Delbert Clark was sheriff, Ed Millis and Sam Smedley were other deputies. A New York paper had an agreement with the IRS to come along on the next raid.)

Charley Birger and His Gang. Charley Birger (seated, center on car roof, with machine gun) and Illinois Gang; one of those in Prohibition gang war. Birger was later hanged. Cabin in background is called "Shady Rest"; was covered inside with armor plate. Date 1927

April 13, 1933

April 27, 1933

What can we

infer from this article?

Red Scare and Ku Klux Klan

• Only 2 of the 72 cities raided for radicals in 1920 were in the South – Louisville was raided

• KKK strongest in Indiana – Growth fueled by Kentuckian D.W .Griffith’s Birth of a Nation – Membership increased in KY

• 1924 book - The Kall of the Klan in Kentucky – Written by a preacher that siad blacks and aliens were responsible for political

crookedness; immigrants were going to turn melting pot into a garbage can

• 1924 membership in KY estimated to be 50,000 to 200,000 – Probably not over 100,000

– June 1924 – huge Klan rally outside Richmond between Lancaster and Barnes Mill roads • Klan claimed that 60,000 attended; probably really around 6,000

– 500 masked Klansmen paraded in downtown Richmond

What story is missing?

And sometimes, you find things that are just FUNNY!

Feb. 28, 1929

Connecting to the local . . . . . genealogy

How did this affect average Americans in the 1920s?

Above: Family of Mae Brown in 1907. Mae had 4 older siblings and 3 younger siblings (born 1905, 1909, 1911). Her mother died of tuberculosis in 1921 and Mae cared for the family. Right: Wedding Photo of Willie Vanhooser and Mae Brown, March 15, 1923. Willie was a farmer, Mae a farmer wife.

How did this affect average Americans in the 1920s?

Walter Williams (b. 1897in Fentress Co. TN) was drafted for WWI. Before and after his military service he worked in oil fields in Estill County and Daviess County. He lived as a boarder in both areas. In 1934 he married Helen Brown. He bought a farm in Wayne County.

How did this affect average Americans in the 1920s?

Above: early 1930s Right: Late 1920s – Helen wearing Centertown KY high school sports uniform

Helen Brown (born 1912 in Ohio County KY) attended Western Kentucky Normal School to earn a teaching certification (2 years). She taught school in Ohio County, KY until she married Walter Williams in 1934 and moved the Wayne County, KY. Helen became a farm wife.

What was happening in Kentucky? • 3 distinct parts of Kentucky received much attention

• Appalachia featured in many state & national stories • Louisville • Bluegrass – horse farms

– BUT other regions rarely mentioned • Northern Kentucky • Jackson Purchase (far west) • Ohio River cities - Owensboro • Bowling Green & south-central Ky

– 1900 - 9 out of 10 Kentuckians had been born in Ky. • 1910 – 1 in 50 Kentuckians were foreign born (1 in 7 of all people in US were

foreign-born)

– 1900-1910 – Population boom in eastern Ky – due to coal and train boom – Urban areas grew

• 1910-1920 – most counties lost population

– 1900 - African-Americans – 13.3% of population • by 1920 – decreased to 8.7% • 2011 – decreased to 7.8% (compared to 12.6% nationally)

Change in Kentucky

1900-1930

1930 – Kentucky farmer and his mules

Women’s Suffrage

• Laura Clay • February 9, 1849-June 29, 1941

– Daughter of Cassius Marcellus Clay – Committed to women’s rights after unfair treatment of her

month during divorce – 1888- led in forming Kentucky Equal Rights Association; president for 24 years – 1890s – leading southerner in American Women Suffrage Association

• Madeline McDowell Breckinridge • May 20, 1872 – November 25, 1920

– Great-granddaugher of Henry Clay – Wife of Desha Breckinridge – editor of Lexington Herald – 1912 - President of Kentucky Equal Rights Association

• Vice president of national Equal Rights Association

– Advocate for social settlement work in Appalachia, education reform, juvenile court reform, establishing a state tuberculosis sanatorium

Modern Improvements

• Electricity – 1890-1910- most county seats had electricity

– But took much longer in rural areas (1940s, 1950s)

• Radio – 1922 – WHAS in Louisville went on the air

• Among the last 7 states in nation to get a commercial station

• 1922- 1930 – Lexington, Paducah, Hopkinsville had stations

• Telephone – 1,100 – Southern Bell had 1,100 connections in

Richmond

Impact of World War I in Ky • 84,172 Kentuckians served

– 12,584 were Black soldiers – ½ went overseas – 890 killed in action – 1,528 died from accidents of disease – Thousands were wounded or gassed

Robert Garner in WWI Uniform, 1918 Left- Soldiers in France, c. 1918-1919 Soldier on Right in from KY

Home Front in Ky during WWI

• “lightless” evenings • “meatless” Tuesdays • “Wheatless” Wednesdays • Scrap drives (often took park or courthouse fences) • Liberty Loan drives • 1918- Mt. Sterling man sentenced to 60 days in jail for cursing the

president when he couldn’t buy wheat flour • Committee of UK and U of L professor to censor “all German

textbooks” • Houses of prostitution closed in Louisville and Lexington

– Too near to army camps – Lexington’s madam Belle Brezing said she wouldn’t re-open after the

war because “amateurs” had taken her business • “All you need now is an automobile and a pint of whiskey”

Kentuckians respond to change

1900-1930

Joining – Security in time of change

• 1890s – Daughters of America Revolution begun – Co-founded by Kentucky Mary Desha

• Community Service Clubs – 1912 – 1st Rotary Club in Ky – 1916 – 1st Kiwanis Club in Ky – 1915 - “Jaycees” or Junior Citizens - Young Men's Progressive Civic

Association (YMPCA) founded nationally – 1917 - Lions Cub begun nationally

• Babbitt (1922) – novel by Sinclair Lewis – satire of American culture, society, and behavior – critiques middle-class American life and its pressure on individuals

toward conformity. – Main character – George Babbitt and “boosterism”

Kentucky Issues

1900 - 1930

County Court Day London KY c. 1918

1911- Frank Butler was going to Tates Springs, Tenn. as prescribed for consumption, in 1911. He never returned to Carroll County.

“Tate Epsom Water” was shipped all over the world as a cure for stomach, kidney, and liver ailments.

http://www.kyhistory.com:2010/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/ORP&CISOPTR=697&CISOBOX=1&REC=16

Manufacturing in Kentucky

• 1926 – most manufacturing along Ohio River and near Louisville – Printing, – Foundry and machine sho9ps – Baking – Tobacco plants – Varnish – “Kentucky jeans” – Soap – Distilled spirits

• 1914 – Ky was 2nd in production of liquor (Illinois-1st)

• 1918 - Ashland Refining Company organized

Coal

• Coal boom in Eastern Ky. – as timber boom was ending – timber supply exhausted – 5 million tons mined in 1900 – 31 millions tons mined in 1918

• Perry and Letcher County did not produce commercial coal in 1911 – By 1915 – produced 3 million tons

• Perry, Letcher and Harlan County – population doubled between 1910-1920

• Harlan County had 10,000 in 1910 – 64,000 in 1930

• Also coal fields in west – Muhlenberg County, Webster County

Impact of Coal Boom

• Poor safety – 1910-1920 – 754 mining fatalities – 1920-1930 – 1,612 mining fatalities

• left widows, orphans without support

• But miners were making money – more than most had ever earned before

• Some company towns exemplary – Jenkins – Letcher County

• Model town built by Consolidated Coal Company with over 1,000 homes, school, library, park, hospital, electric plant, churches; water, sewage and garbage systems

– Lynch – Harlan County • Town begun in 1917 – had 1,500 workers in 4 months

• Many coal towns were miserable • By 1930s – all had declined

c. 1916 – Jenkins http://www.kyhistory.com:2010/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/PH&CISOPTR=560&CISOBOX=1&REC=15

Miner at coal opening on Bowling Creek, Breathitt County, 1920 http://www.kyhistory.com:2010/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/PH&CISOPTR=1932&CISOBOX=1&REC=7

Labor in KY

• 1900 in Louisville – Kentucky Federation of Labor created • 1902 - Ky legislature passed:

– A child labor law • Child under 14 could only work with parent’s approval

– 1914 – compulsory education for all children under 14

– Act making Labor Day an official holiday – Law creating a labor inspector

• 1902-1903 – labor inspector toured state – Laborers worked on average a 10-hour day – Men earned between $1.59 – 1.66 per hour – Women earned $ .86 - .90 per hour – Of 869 factories visited – 102 were unionized

• Union laborers worked 40 minutes less per day but earned wages almost $1 higher

Strikes in Kentucky

• 1922 – Newport – Andrews Steel strike – One of worst – Workers organized by management refused to recognize them – Strike became violent – National Guard sent

• 100 rounds fired into the crowd of strikers • More National Guard and tanks sent

– Strikers attached strike-breakers – 10 strikers injured, many arrests

• 1900- 1933 – more than 70 strikes in railroad industry in KY – 1922 – railroad strike in Paducah – 1923 – policeman and railroad worker killed in Corbin

• Strikes in coal industry – 1900 - strike in Madisonville; State Guard was sent – 1901 – strike in Hopkinsville – 1906 - strike in Sturgis – 1030 – airplane dropped bombs on Providence mine strike

Harlan County Coal Wars

• 1922 – 1929 – wages rose from $578 to $1,235 for miners – But labor was in disarray because

• Failed strikes in 1922 and1924 • Plenty of strike-breakers • Unfriendly courts

• By late 1920s – coal industry in decline – 1927 – 1932 – 1/3 of Harlan County’s mines closed – United Mine Worker membership declined – 1929-1931 – wages fell 60% – Company towns decayed, declined

• Jobless miners & families evicted

Harlan County Coal Wars

• Became “Bloody Harlan” – Coal companies hired special deputies (gun thugs) to guard mines – 1932- of sheriff’s 170 deputies – all but 6 were paid by coal company – Commonwealth’s attorney and circuit judge controlled by coal companies – Governor always willing to send in National Guard

• 1931 – wages cut again – Relief efforts for unemployed decreasing – Everyone that attended a UMW rally in Bell County was fired – Gunfire, arson, dynamite closed a mine entrance – May 5, 193 – Battle of Evarts – in 30 minutes 3 company men killed, 2 wounded and a miner

was killed – Governor sent in National Guard

• Mass arrests of labor leaders

• Story covered by many national reporters • Violence continued • 1937 – national passage of Wagner Act – guaranteed collective bargaining rights,

outlawed blacklists, yellow dog contracts • By 1945 – violence had declined

WHICH SIDE ARE YOU ON? By Florence Reece from Kentucky - 1930s

– Come all you good workers, Good news to you I'll tell Of how the good old union Has come in here to dwell.

– CHORUS: Which side are you on? Which side are you on? Which side are you on? Which side are you on?

– My dady was a miner, And I'm a miner's son, And I'll stick with the union 'Til every battle's won.

– They say in Harlan County There are no neutrals there. You'll either be a union man Or a thug for J. H. Blair.

– Oh workers can you stand it? Oh tell me how you can? Will you be a lousy scab Or will you be a man?

– Don't scab for the bosses, Don't listen to their lies. Us poor folks haven't got a chance Unless we organize.

• WHICH SIDE ARE YOU ON - Florence Reece - Natalie Merchant • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TfWzLa1faLA

Kentucky tobacco in early 1900s

• Late 1800s – more Ky farmers grew tobacco because price was high • 1900-1902 – price fell to only 6 cents per lb.

– Sometimes lower in dark-tobacco areas – 1904 – average price in Hopkinsville 3.5 cents per lb. – Farmers forced to sell to a single buyer at price offered

• Farmers blamed the “tobacco trust” – 1890 - J. B. “Buck” Duke merged companies to create American Tobacco Company – By 1910 – controlled up to 86% of American cigarettes, plug, smoking and sniff tobacco

markets

• 1904 – in Guthrie, Ky (west) - farmers created Planters’ Protective Association – Farmers planned to “pool” their tobacco and hold off market until give a fair price – Polititians and bankers supported farmers – Seemed to be successful when 1905 crop sold for 7 cents per lb.

• But everyone did not join – called “hillbillies” – the tobacco companies offered the “hillbillies” 10 cents per lb. – Many farmers had to sell because needed money now; couldn’t afford to hold off the market – Some farmers didn’t trust the wealthy planters who ran the Planter’s pool – Result – “Night Riders”

Night Riders • 1906 – “Silent Brigade” or “Night Riders” formed

– Members joined lodges, took oaths of secrecy, learned passwords, paid dues for trial experiences

• At first, focused on the “hillbillies” outside the pool – Beatings, barn-burnins, “scraping” young plant beds

• Politicians ignored or approved it – Governor Beckham refused to act

• Power of Night Riders grew – 1905 – started burning tobacco warehouses of the companies – Dec. 1907 – biggest attack on Hopkinsville

• 300 – 500 masked, armed raiders • Nearly burned down the town

– 1908 – Russellville and Eddyville attacked • started to also attack black people

– Raids spread to burley belt • 1908 - Raids in Bath, Owen, Fleming, Woodford, Scott, Kenton counties

– Destroyed warehouses and thousands of lbs. of tobacco

• 1907 - New governor, A. E. Willson, elected – Called out the state militia – approx 300 served – Encouraged groups to set up “Law and Order Leagues” to protect from Riders

• Community support was declining for the Riders

– Offered pardons to those that killed a Rider – Courts began to convict the Riders

• Federal tobacco tax ended (helped farmers) • 1911 –Supreme Court (Sherman Anti-trust law) ruled against the tobacco company monopolies • Prices rose and new loose-leaf warehouse sales helped farmers • Fiction account –Robert Penn Warren – Night Riders, 1939

1920 - Black burley tobacco farm, Graves County http://www.kyhistory.com:2010/cdm4/item_viewer.php?CISOROOT=/PH&CISOPTR=2106&CISOBOX=1&REC=8

Tobacco after the Night Riders • Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933 & 1938

– first commodity price support legislation – (1938) established a supply control and price support program for tobacco

• Carried out by the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) Farm Service Agency (FSA).

• The federal tobacco price support program limited and stabilized the quantity of tobacco produced and marketed by farmers. – achieved through marketing quotas

• 2004 - About 94% of U.S. tobacco production was flue-cured and burley (both being cigarette tobacco types) – North Carolina (where flue-cured is grown) – Kentucky (where burley is grown). – Together, these two states produce 66% of the total U.S. tobacco crop

• The 2004 tobacco crop was the last crop eligible for federal support – the program was terminated by the Fair and Equitable Tobacco Reform Act of 2004. – http://www.nationalaglawcenter.org/assets/crs/95-129.pdf

• Beginning with the 2005 tobacco crop, there were no planting restrictions, no marketing cards and no price support loans.

• Farmers signed up for the Tobacco Transition Payment Program (TTPP) – the final and only opportunity to receive federal payments related to tobacco marketing

quotas

Violence In Kentucky

• 1900-1945 – Kentucky’s homicide rate consistently in top 10 nationally

• 1933 – percent of convicts in Ky jails for murder and manslaughter (27%0 was 2nd highest in nation

• Ky murder rate for 1933 was 8th in nation

• But decline in violence began in late 1940s

• By 1976 – Ky was 45th in overall crime index

Sources:

– “The ‘New Woman’. Star personas, and cross-class romance films in 1920s America” by Stephen Sharot in Journal of Gender Studies Vol.19, No. 1, March 2010, 73-86

– From Front Porch to Back Seat: Courtship in Twentieth-Century America by Beth L. Bailey, 1989

– Flapper: A Madcap Story of Sex, Style, Celebrity, and the Women Who Made America Modern by Joshua Zeitz, 2007

• Kentucky History – Madison County: 200 Years in Retrospect

• by William Ellis, H. E. Everman, Richard Sears (1985)

– Kentucky: Portrait in Paradox, 1900 – 1950 • By James C. Klotter, 1996