1920-World War II Roaring Twenties to World War II.

1920-World War II

Roaring Twenties to World War II

• Life in US after World War I was good• More modern conveniences freed women

from household chores• Electricity became more available• Other inventions included gas stoves,

toasters, sliced bread, baby food• Radio: WSB started in Atlanta• 1927: first talking motion picture• Walt Disney creates Mickey Mouse

Life in the Roaring Twenties

Life magazine represents the Roaring Twenties with their coverhttps://swogdog.wikispaces.com/Industry+and+Economics+Mod+4

20s couture designs belonging to the Metropolitan Museum of Art and the Kyoto Costume Institute. http://girldir.com/fashion-trends/fashion-muse-spring-2008-flapper

http://pmi.itmonline.com/Series/2001/american_voices.htm

http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/tbacig/studproj/is3099/jazzcult/20sjazz/

• Boll weevil: insect which ate Georgia’s most important cash crop

• Price of cotton also dropped• 1924: major drought (period with little or no

rain) hit Georgia• Georgia farmers did not have the “good life”

that many Americans enjoyed• Farms closed forcing banks and farm-related

business to close

The Destruction of King Cotton

The Boll Weevil

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boll_weevil

http://animals.howstuffworks.com/insects/boll-weevil-info.htm

• Stock Market: Place where shares of ownership in corporations (stock) are bought and sold

• “Black Tuesday” – October 29, 1929: Stock market prices fall greatly; millions of people lose all their wealth

• Total losses by end of year: $40 billion• Example: U.S. Steel was $262 per share –

dropped to $22 per share• Some stocks worth less than 1¢

The Bottom Drops Out

http://blacktuesday.info/

Crowds outside the stock exchange on Black Tuesdayhttp://www.nytstore.com/ProdDetail.aspx?prodId=2492

http://bvapush.pbwiki.com/Black+Tuesday

• Many people had borrowed too much money• Factories produced more goods than they could sell• As people and businesses had problems making

money, banks did not get paid for loans• “Speculation” in the stock market: paying only a

portion of the price of a stock hoping that the value will go up

• Runs on banks: people were afraid they would lose their money if it was left in the bank

• laissez-faire: attitude that the economy would fix itself if left alone

Causes of the Great Depression

• 1932: 13 million unemployed• 9,000 banks closed• 31 Georgia banks failed• Hoovervilles: named for President Hoover – shacks

where homeless people gathered • Soup kitchens set up by charities and governments

to feed hungry• Schools were often forced to close or shorten

schedules• Georgians were already suffering from economic

problems before Black Tuesday

Living Through The Depression

Two Children in a Hoovervillehttp://www.picturehistory.com/product/id/879

http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~elkridge/DepressionYears.htm


• President Hoover’s plan: government would buy farmer’s crops to help raise the price

• Plan did not work, but the food and cotton were used to help the needy

• Another plan was to hire unemployed people to do work for the government

• Plan did not employ enough people to really help

Easing the Burden

• 1932: Franklin D. Roosevelt elected president• New Deal: Roosevelt’s plan to end the

depression– Examined banks for soundness– Give jobs to unemployed workers– Tried to improve American’s lives

• Paved the way for recovery though all programs did not work

The New Deal

Effects of some of the New Deal Programs

• Civilian Conservation Corps: Put young men to work in rural and forested areas, planting trees and terracing fields to prevent soil erosion. Worked on dams, roads, and forest fire prevention– Lived in army-type camps– Paid $30 a month by the government, $22

of which was sent to parents– The effect of this program was that

many improvements to the state’s infrastructure were completed.


• Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA): • Aimed to bring farm income back up to WWI levels

– Paid farmers to produce less cotton, corn, wheat, rice, and milk and fewer hogs

– Bought farm products to distribute to people on relief

– The effect was to raise farm prices and thus enable farmers to buy manufactured goods.


• Rural Electrification (REA):

• A major reform effort to provide electrical power to rural areas of the country.– The effect was to enable many rural areas in

Georgia to have electricity


• Social Security Act:– Began to provide government pensions or

retirement pay, to older citizens.– It provided federal money to state

governments to help people who were unemployed or unable to work.

– The effect of this Act was to improve the social and economic life of Americans in need.

Legacy of the New Deal

• Produced great and lasting change in America.

• Was not successful in ending the Great Depression, but gave hope and helped Americans get through the hard times

• The New Deal resulted in a general acceptance that government will take an active role in attempting to better the life of citizens in this country.

• Richard B. Russell (1931-1933)– Worked to reorganize state government like a successful

business– Elected to U.S. Senate and served for 38 years

• Eugene Talmadge (1933-1937), (1941-1943)– A conservative white supremacist– Did not like New Deal programs in Georgia. He tried to rid

the state of them.– He used federal funds to build roads more than to help the

unemployed

• Eurith “Ed” Rivers (1937-1941)– Worked with Roosevelt to increase New Deal spending in

Georgia– Began programs for public housing– Term ended with corruption problems

Georgia’s New Deal Governors

• Talmadge re-elected in 1940– Began to use some New Deal programs– Used his power as governor to remove state

officials working to integrate Georgia’s state colleges

• Ellis Arnall– 1st governor to serve a four year term– Reformed Board of Regents and state prisons– Removed poll tax– New state constitution– Led Georgia to be the first state in the nation to

allow 18 year olds to vote

Georgia’s New Deal Governors

•Dictator: individual who ruled a country through military strength

Country Leader Quick FactsJapan Emperor

HirohitoAttacked China seeking raw materials

Italy Mussolini Attacked Ethiopia and Albania

Germany Adolf Hitler Nazi leader; began rebuilding military forces, persecuting Jews, and silencing opponents

Soviet Union

Josef Stalin Built up industry and military, forced peasants into collective farms, eliminated opponents

Increasing Tensions

World Leaders

Adolf Hitler-Germany

Emperor Hirohito-Japan

Josef Stalin –Soviet Union

Benito Mussolini –Italy

• 1938: Hitler’s Germany attacks France to “take back” land lost in WWI (Rhineland)

• Sent troops to take over Austria, Czechoslovakia, and Poland

• Great Britain and France declared war• Soviet Union invaded nearby countries and agreed

to split Poland with Germany• By 1940, Hitler controlled Denmark, Norway,

Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg and a large part of France and began bombing Great Britain

The War Begins

• Most Americans did not want to get involved in the war, but Roosevelt wanted to help Britain

• Hitler turned on Stalin in 1941 and invaded the Soviet Union

• Lend-lease: policy to lend or lease (rent) weapons to Great Britain and the Soviet Union

• American ships began escorting British ships in convoys

A Neutral United States

• President Roosevelt stopped exports to Japan to protest its expansion into other countries

• Exports of oil, airplanes, aviation gasoline and metals were stopped

• The Japanese attacked the U.S. Navy fleet at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii on Dec. 7, 1941

• Japan hoped to destroy the fleet giving them control of the Pacific Ocean

• The USA declared war on Japan• Allied Powers: USA, Great Britain, Soviet Union• Axis Powers: Germany, Italy, Japan

“A Day That Will Live In Infamy”

Pearl Harbor

USS Arizona - Pearl Harbor Memorial, Hawaiihttp://liberalsarecool.blogspot.com/2008/12/dec-7-1941.html?referer=sphere_search

• Millions of Americans enlisted after the attack on Pearl Harbor

• 330,000 women joined – could not serve in combat roles

• Segregation in the military kept African American and white service men in different units

• Tuskegee Airmen: famous African American flyers of the Army Air Force

American Military Forces

Seven pilots from Tuskegee Airmen class 42I posing in front of a single propeller airplane.http://www.blackarchives.org/node/83

Tuskeegee Airmen

• 1942-1943: British and American troops won control of Africa

• 1943: Mussolini overthrown and Italy joined the Allies• American general Dwight D. Eisenhower coordinated

plan to recapture Europe• D-Day: June 6, 1944 – Allied forces land in northern

France• Early 1945: Germans pushed out of France• April 1945: Soviet and American troops meet and

Germany surrenders – Hitler commits suicide

The War In Europe

• at his “Little White House” in Warm Springs

• His polio symptoms were eased in the mineral springs

• April 24, 1945: President Roosevelt died at Warm Springs

• Millions of Georgians and Americans mourned

• Vice President Harry Truman became president

Georgia Loses A Friend

http://www.gastateparks.org/net/go/parks.aspx?LocationID=49&s=0.0.1.5

• 1942: Japan expanded its territory throughout the Asian Pacific region

• 1945: Allied forces began to retake Japanese controlled lands

• Japan refused to surrender• President Truman authorized the use of atomic

bombs to force Japan’s surrender• Enola Gay: plane that dropped first atomic bomb on

Hiroshima, Japan• Japan surrendered after a second atomic bomb

dropped on Nagasaki• Over 50 million people died in the war

The War in the Pacific

Hiroshima, Japan

Aftermath of the atomic blast at Hiroshima, Japan, August 1945.Aftermath of the atomic blast at Hiroshima, Japan, August 1945.

Aftermath of the atomic blast at Hiroshima, Japan, August 1945.© Archive Photos/Popperfoto

In this picture released by the US Army, a mushroom cloud billowed, about one hour after the atomic bomb was detonated above Hiroshima, Japan, on Aug. 6, 1945. About 140,000 are believed to have died in the blast. (US Army Photo Via Hiroshima Peace Museum Memorial)

• The Holocaust: name given to the Nazi plan to kill all Jewish people

• Auschwitz, Buckenwald, Dachau, Treblinka, Bergen-Belsen infamous concentration camps where Jews and others were executed

• 6 million people killed in the Holocaust

The Holocaust

Concentration Camps - World War II

• 320,000 Georgians joined the armed forces – over 7,000 killed

• Military bases were built in the state which improved the economy

• Farmers grew needed crops – income tripled for the average farmer

• Limits were put on the consumption of goods such as gasoline, meat, butter, and sugar (rationing)

• Students were encouraged to buy war bonds and defense stamps to pay for the war

• Victory Garden: small family gardens to make sure soldiers would have enough food

• POW (prisoner of war) camps in Georgia at some military bases

Georgia During World War II

Important People and Places in Georgia during World War II

• Macon and Milledgeville: location of weapon plants in Georgia

• Savannah and Brunswick Shipyards: War production facilities that provided an area to build naval vessels.

• Bell Aircraft: Early 1942 announced plans to locate a plant to build B-29 bombers-then America’s largest military plane-in Marietta– Fall 1943, the huge facility was in full operation– Employed 20,000 civilian workers

[Photograph of the Liberty ship F. Southall Farrar under construction (second view), J.A. Jones Construction Company shipyard, Brunswick, Georgia], 1944 May 23


• Military Training facilities:– Fort Benning, known as “home of the U.S.

Infantry”. It was the largest infantry training school in the world

– Hunter Airfield (Savannah)– Warner Robins Air Service Command (Macon)– Fort McPherson (Atlanta)– Camp Gordon (Augusta)

Antiaircraft soldiers on stateside maneuvers with their mobile 3-inch gun M3 in 1941.http://www.antiaircraft.org/3inch.htm

Sixteen Negro soldiers recently won the coveted `wings' of the U.S. Army paratroopers at Fort Benning, in the southern U.S. state of Georgia. The picture shows some of them riding high in a C-47 transport plane preparing to make one of the required five qualifying jumps." March

1944. 208-FS-1783-1. http://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/ww2-pictures/#train

Fort Benning, Georgia, 1941

photo courtesy of Barbara & Kenneth Goodin

Collection


• Carl Vinson• Georgia Representative to the

United States Congress• Elected to house in 1914• Served for more than 50 years• Respected for knowledge and

commitment to military preparedness

• Driving force behind building a naval fleet in the pacific Ocean (believed the navy was our nation’s 1st line of defense)

• Sponsored legislation creating the U.S. Army Air Corps (later became U.S. Air Force)

http://www.medaloffreedom.com/CarlVinson.htm


• Richard Russell:• Georgia Senator to the

United States Congress• First elected in 1932• Served through 1971• Developed a similar

reputation to Carl Vinson’s for helping build America’s military strength during World War II

http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Constitutional_Crisis_Averted.htm

• Everyone was expected to help in the war effort

• Women began working in jobs to replace men who had gone to war

• G.I. Bill: law to help returning soldiers adapt to civilian life– Low cost loans for homes or business– College education opportunities

• Women and African Americans did not want to go back to the kind of life they had before the war

The War’s Effect on Society

World War II – Effect on Georgia

• During the war, the annual income for the average Georgian doubled

• More Georgians were employed in manufacturing than in agriculture

• End of war marked a period of rapid social and economic change in Georgia

• Hundreds of thousands of Georgia GIs had served in far off places and their view of the world changed

• Young Georgians had a chance for a better life• Postwar Georgia would never be quite the same

1920-World War II Roaring Twenties to World War II.

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Transcript of 1920-World War II Roaring Twenties to World War II.