1914 – Present 20 th century and Beyond AP World History Dr. Johnston and B. Shee (notes)...
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Transcript of 1914 – Present 20 th century and Beyond AP World History Dr. Johnston and B. Shee (notes)...
1914 – Present20th century and Beyond
AP World History
Dr. Johnston and B. Shee (notes)
Periodization: Why 1914?
20th Century Ideologies
Economic (communism/capitalism) vs Political (totalitarianism/democracy)
Socialism vs. Marxism vs. Communism Fascism- Totalitarianism Representative democracy
World War I- The Great War
Global War: “war to end all wars”: millions dead, trenches, flu, sparked more nationalism
BETWEEN THE WARSDepression, Appeasement, Communism, Facism
Versailles Treaty: Germany unhappy – later appeasementDepression: hits Germany hard; 1920’s “swinging” in US-Cycle of depression hits and stock crash Oct. 29, 1929-Russian Revolution-Chinese Civil War and then Japan invasion-Excess lands after WWI – China, Mandate System: Class A Mandates in Middle East (Palestine, Transjordan, Iraq)-New Science and technology-Rise of Facism and Nazism
World War II – The Western Front
Battle of Britain – B. left to battle Germany alone – France fell and rescue at Dunkirk
-Germany blitzkrieg-Churchill “we shall never surrender”-June-Sept. 1940 – Did not defeat B.-US joins ALLIES
D-Day: June 6, 1944-B. US & Canadian troops to France (Normandy)-Take back France, but G. held back for a year-Hitler commits suicide and war ends in Europe
Allies (B., F.) vs. Axis (Germ., Italy, Japan)
Later: Allies: B., F., US, USSR vs. Axis (G., I., Japan)
World War II – The Eastern Front
1941 – Hitler takes USSR (breaks treaty)-Largest attack in history (Operation Barbossa)-Leningrad cut off – starving, but no surrender (1 million dead)-Germany goes after Stalingrad (near Moscow) and winter does them in-Battle of the Bulge: G. retreat
US gets involved after Neutrality Acts (sell supplies to both sides) – Pearl Harbor in Dec. 1941-Africa: Italians took over Egypt, but not effective…Germans helped in Al Alamein, but B. held them back-Eisenhower led Americans into Morocco and Algeria – won the area-Invaded Italy – Mussolini killed
Revolutions
New ideas about class, property, land reform How did this differ from 18th & 19th century?
LATIN AMERICA1914-Present
Politically: independent in 1800’s – BUT unstable governments: revolution, socialist attempts, dictatorships and military dictatorships ag. Socialism, 1990’s – democracy
Economically: Still under Western influence – trying hard to strike out on their own: hard
NAFTA attempt Socially: issues between white and natives; very
multi-national
Mexican Revolution (1911-1920)
Geographically: lots of invasions and interventions..rich bribed & used forceGeneral Diaz (34 yrs) – Mexico declined1% owned 85% of land (hacienda’s) – other end were Indians and mestizos- Mexican Revolution haphazard… Zapata led revolt ag. Hacienda’s in South; “Pancho” Villa & army of 3,000 seized hacienda’s in N. – create family ranches
RUSSIA
Politically: Changes in politics – autocratic Tsar – communism – communist dictatorship end of communism…but mostly communist
Socially and Economically: not even, superpower but not everyone feels human rights or economic well-being
Russian Revolution
“Peace, Bread, and Land”
Lenin – leader of Bolshevik Rev.
-Czar and WWI too much for Russia-Bolshevik Revolution (Communists) wins Civil War under Trotsky: 1917-Country almost destroyed; Lenin introduces his NEP which allowed peasants to sell surplus instead of turning it over to government…but Lenin still wanted to turn USSR into industrial country…peasants pay for it!-Stalin in 1926 – has Trotsky expelled and begins hard-line communist dictatorship-Great Purge
ASIA
SOUTH ASIA: Under British, gains independence – economically strong, but not still poverty; loses Pakistan; Muslim vs. Hindus – Sikh issues with Indira Gandhi
CHINA: Western control, fights with Japan, becomes communist – (Mao), Deng allows some economic capitalism, still human rights issues
JAPAN: Imperialistic, WWII loses and focuses on economy (no more emperor power)
Chinese Revolutions
Nationalists come to power, replace Qing…-Communists & Nationalists work together (ag. Japanese) and vie for power (i.e. Long March) - Communists win in 1949 with MAO
Cuban Revolution
In 1950’s, Batista unpopular dictator (US support)-Fidel Casto leads a totalitarian revolution – suspends elections, jails opponents, controls press, nationalized economy and took away US sugar mills/refineries -US intervene – Bay of Pigs, Cuban Missile Crisis (nuclear war threat!!!)- Cuba dependent on Soviets – but Soviets crash in the 90’s: Cuba reforms
MIDDLE EAST
1914 Ottoman; Balfour Declaration 1918 “mandates”–under W. influence
WWII end: Israel begins; wars w. Egypt/etc. Attempts at peace Terrorism ag. Israel and US/Western problems Economically: Oil and OPEC – Iraq and Kuwait –
Persian Gulf Wars
Iranian Revolution
Clash between Islamic values and Western materialism (oil) – IRAN is best example of this
Shah westernized Iran (with US help/support) – but millions lived in poverty-Shah tried to weaken the Muslim leaders called Ayatollahs, but Ayatollah Khomeini incited riots in 1978 – Shah fled and Khomeini took over-Militant Islamic, anti-US, 1979 took US Embassy in Tehran
A New Age of Conflict
Role of technology– how does war change Continued Impact of Disease (AIDS, SARS) Connection of Nationalism to conflict
(Middle East, genocide in Africa) Balance: power politics vs ethnic nationalism
Cold War Ideas
- East & West Germany and Berlin “Iron Curtain Falls”-Policy of Containment (block Soviet influence/expansion)-Truman Doctrine – support countries that reject Comm and Marshall Plan (rebuilding project and aid for above)-Threat of Nuclear War “brinkmanship”-Korea (38th parallel – N comes into S…UN intervenes…-Vietnam: US afraid of Domino Theory – nervous about communist guerrillas in the South (17th parallel) – go in!-Détente with Nixon and SALT agreements-Reagan ratches it up again and then communism falls
International Organizations
UN created to protect members against Aggression-General Assembly and 11-member Security Council to settle disputes – 5 permanent members who have veto (B., China, F., US and USSR)-USSR boycotting UN when UN decided to go into Korea -NATO: defensive military alliance (west) vs. WARSAW PACT (East)
AFRICA
1914: Politically “Scramble for Africa” – still colonial powers
WWII – Africa more involved in WWII: sees nationalism and ideas of WWII – inspires independence – decolonizes
Ghana, Kenya, Algeria South Africa Economically still a problem
Decolonization
A long and painful process– Colonial legacies brought about anti-colonial
nationalism and used lessons of war THREE patterns:
- negotiated independence (India)
- Civil War (China)
- Incomplete decolonization (Palestine, S. Africa and Vietnam)
Global Economics
Global Depression North and South Interdependence Emergence of Pacific Rim Globalization– pros and cons?
NAFTA and W.T.O. Consumerism Religious response to Globalization
Human Rights
Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 Genocide Convention, 1948
Armenian 1918 Jewish Holocaust 1930’s- 1940’s Cambodia- Pol Pot 1975- 1979 Rwanda, 1994
Child Labor, Soldiers, Slavery
Social Reforms
Rise of Feminism (suffrage for women) Civil rights movements globally Anti-apartheid movement in South Africa Class, religious, racial, gender, and sexual
orientation, reforms worldwide
Human Environmental and Demographics Interaction
Continued Urbanization Green Revolution Deforestation Ozone depletion Global environmental efforts World Population 7 billion – global impact?