19 Preposition of Personality - Copy

8/13/2019 19 Preposition of Personality - Copy

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Current PsychotherapiesHumanism and Person-Centered

Therapy

Rebecca Lawthom

[email protected]


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Abraham

Maslow(1908-1970)

Born and raised in Brooklyn,

New York and attended

University of Wiscosin.

Also one of the found fathers

of the Humanistic theory.


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What defines the

Humanistic Theory ?

Maslows Hierarchy of

Needs

People are inherently good and tryto make morally right decisions.

Perceptions of your experiences isa result of your own view ratherthan environment.

Focus on self, the individual.Nurture over nature.

Decisions are goal-oriented , andorganism has a natural tendency tostrive, actualize and enhance

individuals experience.

This idea of a humans journey toself actualization is best describedin Maslows Hierarchy of Needs


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Key Points and Terms

Developed by Carl Rogers.

Also termed Client-Centered.

Humanistic, or Phenomenological Therapy The person is viewed as creative, responsible,

developing individual

By providing a therapeutic atmosphere whichis real, caring, and non-judgmental the person

can develop their full potential
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.carlrogers.dk/pic_02_CarlRogers_2.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.carlrogers.dk/&h=582&w=410&sz=33&tbnid=dWUcIMw7AgUJ:&tbnh=132&tbnw=92&hl=en&start=4&prev=/images%3Fq%3DCarl%2BRogers%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D


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Challenges

PC challenges:

The assumptionthat the counsellor knows best

The validityof advice, suggestion, persuasion, teaching,diagnosis, and interpretation

The beliefthat clients cannot understand and resolvetheir own problems without direct help

The focuson problems over persons


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Emphasizes

Emphasizes:

Therapy as ajourneyshared by two people

The persons innate striving for self-

actualization

The personal characteristics of the therapist

The quality of the therapeutic relationship


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Emphasizes

Emphasizes:

The counsellors creation of a permissive,

growth promoting climate

People are capable of self-directed growthifinvolved in a therapeutic relationship

Person-Centered Therapy is a form of

humanistic therapy


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Rogers Basic Assumptions

Rogers believed in an actualizing tendencyin allhuman beings

Represented movement towards the realization of

the individuals full potential

Viewed as part of a formative tendency

Formative tendencyrepresents movement

toward order, complexity and interrelatedness Seen across aspects of nature including the stars,

crystals, microorganisms and humans


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Basic Requirements for the

Therapeutic Environment (Therapist)

Genuineness/Congruence

Correspondence between the therapists thoughts and

their behavior Unconditional Positive Regard

Therapists regard/attitude remains unaltered regardless

of the clients choices

Empathy Profound interest and care for the clients perceptions and

feelings


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Basic Requirements for the

Therapeutic Environment (Client)

Self-concept

At therapy onset, self regard/self-esteem often low

Improvement correlated with success in therapy

Locus-of-Evaluation At therapy onset, focus on what others think

Progress associated with internal locus-of-evaluation

Experiencing

At therapy onset, rigid

Success related to flexibility


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Distinctive Components of

Person-Centered Therapy

Therapists attitudecan be necessary

ANDsufficientconditions for change

Therapist needs to be immediatelypresentand accessible to clients


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Distinctive Components of

Person-Centered Therapy

Intensive, continuous focus on client's

phenomenological world

Process marked by clients ability to live fullyin the moment

Focus on personality change, not structure

of personality


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Comparing Person-Centered Therapy

with PsychoanalysisLanguage Common Sense (PC)

Esoteric (Psychoanalysis)

How to

Understand

Theindividual Subjective Interpersonal (PC)

Objective intrapersonal(Psychoanalysis)

Emphasis Purpose (PC)

Causality (Psychoanalysis)

Characterization

Of the individualHolistic (PC)

Reductionistic (Psychoanalysis)

View of Human

Nature People are basically good (PC)

People are bad (Psychoanalysis)


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Comparing Person-Centered Therapy

with PsychoanalysisRole of

Therapist Facilitate self discovery (PC)

Interpretation for the pt(Psychoanalysis)

View of

Transference Not central to the clients abilityto change (PC)

Fundamental to the changeprocess (Psychoanalysis)

Presentation

Of TherapistA caring person who is willing tolisten (PC)

Authority, teacher (Psychoanalysis)


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Difference between PC Therapist and

Behavior Therapist

PC would argue that behavioral changes occur

through internalfactors whereas

behavioral therapy sees behavior changingthrough externalfactors.


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History of PC Therapy

Carl Rogers was born 1902, Oak Park Illinois

Family emphasized strong work ethic, responsibility and the fundamentals of religion.

Graduated 1924 from University of Wisconsin

Started at the Union Theological Seminary then transferred to Teachers College, ColumbiaUniversity

Worked for 12 years at a Child-Guidance Center

In 1939 published Clinical Treatment of the Problem Child Offered professorship at Ohio State University

1940 Rogers presented Some Newer concepts in Psychotherapyat the University ofMinnesota (viewed by most as the birth of Client-Centered Therapy)

Published Counseling and Psychotherapy in 1942

During WWII served as Director of Counseling Services for the US Organizations

Served as head of University of Chicago Counseling Center (12 years)

In 1957, Rogers published classic paper on necessary and sufficient conditions for therapy. Rogers died in 1987


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Current Status of PC Therapy

Special interest of Rogers was application of

his theory to international relationships

Since 1982 Biennial International Forums on

PC approach

Workshops at Warm Springs

Person-Centered Review began to be

published in 1986 (renamed The Person-

Centered Journal)


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Theory of Personality

19 Propositions

1. Individual is centerof a continually changingworld of experience

2. Organism reacts based on their reality

3. Organism reacts as an organized whole4. Organism has one basic tendencyactualization5. Behavior is goal directedbased on perception of

reality

6. Emotion accompanies and facilitatesgoal directedbehavior


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19 Propositions

7. Best point to understand behavior is from

the individuals frame of reference

8. Part of the perceptual field is differentiated

as the self

9. Self is formed through interaction

10. Valuescome from experience and

introjection from others


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19 Propositions

11. Experiences are integrated, ignored, or

denied

12. Behavioris generally consistent with self

concept

13. Behaviors inconsistent with self concept can

occur but are seen as not owned

14. Psychological maladjustment comes from

denied experiences


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19 Propositions

15. Psychological adjustment occurs when

experiences are assimilated

16. Experiences inconsistent with self-concept

are perceived as threats

17. Under the right conditions inconsistent

experiences can be

examined/assimilated


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19 Propositions

18. When the individual integrates in all of their

experiences they are more

understanding of others19. As experiences are integrated an internal

locus-of-evaluation develops


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Rogers Theory of

Personality Summarized

Behavior is best understood through the

individuals reality (perceptionofexperiences)

For social purposes, reality is defined ascommon perceptionsacross individuals

Personal growth occurs through decreased

defensiveness


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Rogers Theory of


Self actualization is the organisms one, basic

tendency(Rogers believed an organism hasone basic tendency and striving which is to

actualize, maintain and enhance the

experiencing organism


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Rogers Theory of


Experiences inconsistent with self concept are

threatsleading to increased rigidity

Therapy allows the individual to accept and

integrate all of their experiences

In Roger's personality theory, behavioris

defined as a goal directed attempt to satisfyan organism's needs


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Other Concepts

Experience is the private worldof theindividual

Realitybasically refers to the privateperceptions of the individual; For social

purposes, reality consists of perceptions that

have a high degree of commonality amongindividuals


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Other Concepts

Self is the organized gestaltof I and me

According to Rogers, the center of an

individual's worldof experience is the

individual

The process by which an individual becomes

aware of an experience is known as

symbolization


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Other Concepts

In ambiguous situations individuals tend tosymbolize experiences in a manner consistent

with self concept

Carl Rogers would view neurosis as the resultof incongruencebetween the real selfandthe ideal self.

All humans had an actualizing tendency,which he saw as a part of the formativetendency of the world


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Rogerian View of Psychotherapy

Implied Therapeutic Conditions

Client and therapist must be in psychological

contact

Client must experience distress

Client must be willing to receive conditions

offered by therapist


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Process of PC Therapy

Therapy begins at first contact

In the first interview, a person centeredtherapist will go where the client goes

For Carl Rogers, empathy, unconditionalpositive regard, and congruence(genuineness) were the 3 basic

requirements to create a therapeuticenvironment


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Respect shown immediately for client

In addition to the basic requirements of thetherapeutic environment for the therapist,

Rogers believed the client must focus on self-concept, locus-of-evaluationandexperiencing

Therapys length is determined by client (In

person centered therapy termination isdecided by the client)


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Quick suggestions and reassurances are avoided

Empathy- Understanding another individual by"living" in their internal frame of reference

Person centered therapists believe that empathy,

unconditional positive regard, and congruence arenecessary and sufficient conditions for therapeuticchange


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Congruence- a correspondence betweenthe thoughts and the behavior of atherapist

Client centered therapy focuses mostheavily on the present

A successful person centered therapy

outcome would be defined by theclient's evaluation that therapy wasbeneficial


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Therapist Role and Function

Function: to be present and accessible toclients, to focus on immediate experience, tobe real in the relationship with clients

Through the therapists attitude of genuinecaring, respect, acceptance, andunderstanding, clients become less defensiveand more open to their experience and

facilitate the personal growth


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Therapist Role and Function

Role: Therapists attitude and belief in the innerresources of the client, not in techniques, facilitatepersonal change in the client

Use of self as an instrument of change

Focuses on the quality of the therapeuticrelationship

Serves as a model of a human being strugglingtoward greater realness

Is genuine, integrated, and authentic Can openly express feelings and attitudes that are

present in the relationship with the client


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Therapy Goals

helping a person become a fully functioning

person

Clients have the capacity to define their goals

an openness to experience

A trust in themselves

An internal source of evaluation A willingness to continue growing


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Clients Experience in Therapy

Incongruence: discrepancy between self-perception and experience inrealityanxietymotivation to help

As clients feel understood and accepted, theirdefensiveness is less necessary and theybecome more open to their experiences

Therapeutic relationship activates clients self-healing capacities


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Relationship between

Therapist and Client

Emphasizes the attitudes and personal

characteristics of the therapist and the quality

of therapeutic relationship.

Therapist listening in an accepting way to

their clients, they learn how to listen

acceptingly to themselves.


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Relationship between

Therapist and Client

A central variable related to progress in

person-centered therapyis the relationship

between therapist and client

A person-centered therapist is a facilitator


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Therapeutic Techniques

It is not technique-oriented

The therapeutic relationship is the primary

agent of growth in the client

Therapists presence: being completely

engaged in the relationship with clients.

The best source of knowledge about the client

is the individual client

Caring confrontations can be beneficial


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Application

individual counseling, group counseling,

businesses, international relations,

community development education, marriage

and family

A variety of problems: anxiety, crisis

intervention, interpersonal difficulties,

depression, personality disorder..


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Contribution from a

Multicultural Perspective

Contributions

Has reached more than 30 counties and has been

translated to 12 languages

Reduction of racial and political tensions

Limitations

Some people need more structure, coping skills,

directedness

Some may focus on family or societal expectations insteadof internal evaluation

May be unfamiliar with people in different cultures


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Contribution of PC Therapy

Contributions

Active role of responsibility of client

Inner and subjective experience

Relationship-centered

Focus on therapists attitudes

Focus on empathy, being present, and respecting

the clients values Value multicultural context


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Summary and Evaluation

Limitations

Discount the significance of the past

Misunderstanding the basic concept: e.g.,

reflecting feelings.

People in crisis situations often need more

directive intervention strategies.

Client tend to expect a more structured approach.

h ( ) f


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Bozarths(1998) Summarization of

Research on Psychotherapy According to Bozarth's summarization of research on psychotherapy, the

most consistent variables affecting therapy are empathy, unconditionalpositive regard and congruence (genuineness)

Effective psychotherapy predicated on: Relationship between therapist and client

Internal and external

Type of therapy, technique, training and experience of therapists arelargely irrelevant

Clients who receive psychotherapy improve more than those who do not

Little support that specific treatments are best for particular issues

Most consistent variables related to effectiveness are empathy,

genuineness, and unconditional positive regard

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