19 9780789759818 app c

Appendix C

Memory Tables

Chapter 1Table 1-3 Characteristics, Benefits, and drawbacks of a Star Topology

Characteristics Benefits Drawbacks

Devices have independent connections back to a central device (for example, a hub or a switch).

More cable is required for a star topology, as opposed to bus or ring topologies because each device requires its own cable to connect back to the central device.

Star topologies are commonly used with Ethernet technologies (described in Chapter 4).

Installation can take longer for a star topology, as opposed to a bus or ring topology, because more cable runs that must be installed.

Table 1-4 Characteristics, Benefits, and drawbacks of a Hub-and-Spoke WAn Topology


Each remote site (that is, a spoke) connects back to a main site (that is, the hub) via a WAN link.

Suboptimal routes must be used between remote sites because all intersite communication must travel via the main site.

Communication between two remote sites travels through the hub site.

Because all remote sites converge on the main site, this hub site potentially becomes a single point of failure.

— — Because each remote site is reachable by only a single WAN link, the hub-and-spoke topology lacks redundancy.

4 CompTiA network+ n10-007 Cert Guide

Table 1-5 Characteristics, Benefits, and drawbacks of a Full-Mesh WAn Topology


Every site has a direct WAN connection to every other site.

A full-mesh network can be difficult and expensive to scale, because the addition of one new site requires a new WAN link between the new site and every other existing site.

The number of required WAN connections can be calculated with the formula w = n * (n – 1) / 2, where w = the number of WAN links and n = the number of sites. For example, a network with 10 sites would require 45 WAN connections to form a fully meshed network: 45 = 10 * (10 – 1) / 2.

— —

Table 1-6 Characteristics, Benefits, and drawbacks of a partial-Mesh Topology


Selected sites (that is, sites with frequent intersite communication) are interconnected via direct links, whereas sites that have less-frequent communication can communicate via another site.

A partial-mesh topology is less fault tolerant than a full-mesh topology.

Appendix C: Memory Tables 5


A partial-mesh topology uses fewer links than a full-mesh topology and more links than a hub-and-spoke topology for interconnecting the same number of sites.

A partial-mesh topology is more expensive than a hub-and-spoke topology.

Table 1-7 Characteristics, Benefits, and drawbacks of a Client/Server network


Client devices (for example, PCs) share a common set of resources (for example, file or print resources) located on one or more dedicated servers.

Because multiple clients might rely on a single server for their resources, the single server can become a single point of failure in the network.

Resource sharing is made possible via dedicated server hardware and network operating systems.

Client/server networks can cost more than peer-to-peer networks. For example, client/server networks might need the purchase of dedicated server hardware and a network OS with an appropriate number of licenses.

Table 1-8 Characteristics, Benefits, and drawbacks of a peer-to-peer network


Client devices (for example, PCs) share their resources (for example, file and printer resources) with other client devices.

Scalability is limited because of the increased administration burden of managing multiple clients.

Resource sharing is made available through the clients’ operating systems.

Performance might be less than that seen in a client/server network because the devices providing network resources might be performing other tasks not related to resource sharing (for example, word processing).


Chapter 2Table 2-1 Application Layer protocols/Applications

Protocol Description TCP Port UDP Port

DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol: Dynamically assigns IP address information (for example, IP address, subnet mask, DNS server’s IP address, and default gateway’s IP address) to a network device

DNS Domain Name System: Resolves domain names to corresponding IP addresses

FTP File Transfer Protocol: Transfers files with a remote host (typically requires authentication of user credentials)

H.323 A signaling protocol that provides multimedia communications over a network

HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol: Retrieves content from a web server

HTTPS Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure: Used to securely retrieve content from a web server

IMAP Internet Message Access Protocol: Retrieves email from an email server

IMAP4 Internet Message Access Protocol Version 4: Retrieves email from an email server

LDAP Lightweight Directory Access Protocol: Provides directory services (for example, a user directory that includes username, password, email, and phone number information) to network clients

LDAPS Lightweight Directory Access Protocol over SSH: A secured version of LDAP

MGCP Media Gateway Control Protocol: Used as a call control and communication protocol for Voice over IP networks

NetBIOS Network Basic Input/Output System: Provides network communication services for LANs that use NetBIOS

NNTP Network News Transport Protocol: Supports the posting and reading of articles on Usenet news servers

NTP Network Time Protocol: Used by a network device to synchronize its clock with a time server (NTP server)

POP3 Post Office Protocol Version 3: Retrieves email from an email server


Protocol Description TCP Port UDP Port

RDP Remote Desktop Protocol: A Microsoft protocol that allows a user to view and control the desktop of a remote computer

rsh Remote Shell: Allows commands to be executed on a computer from a remote user

RTP Real-time Transport Protocol: Used for delivering media-based data (such as Voice over IP) through the network

RTSP Real-Time Streaming Protocol: Communicates with a media server (for example, a video server) and controls the playback of the server’s media files

SCP Secure Copy: Provides a secure file-transfer service over an SSH connection and offers a file’s original date and time information, which is not available with FTP

SFTP Secure FTP: Provides FTP file-transfer service over an SSH connection

SIP Session Initiation Protocol: Used to create and end sessions for one or more media connections, including Voice over IP calls

SMB Server Message Block: Used to share files, printers, and other network resources

SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol: Used for sending email

SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol: Used to monitor and manage network devices

SNMP Trap

Simple Network Management Protocol Trap: A notification sent from an SNMP agent to an SNMP manager

SNTP Simple Network Time Protocol: Supports time synchronization among network devices, similar to Network Time Protocol (NTP), although SNTP uses a less complex algorithm in its calculation and is slightly less accurate than NTP

SSH Secure Shell: Used to securely connect to a remote host (typically via a terminal emulator)

Telnet Telnet: Used to connect to a remote host (typically via a terminal emulator)

TFTP Trivial File Transfer Protocol: Transfers files with a remote host (does not require authentication of user credentials)


Chapter 3Table 3-1 network infrastructure device Characteristics

Device Number of Collision Domains Possible

Number of Broadcast Domains Possible

OSI Layer of Operation

Hub

Bridge

Switch

Multilayer switch

Router

Table 3-2 Common dnS Record Types

Record Type Description

A

AAAA

CNAME

MX

NS

PTR

SOA

SRV

TXT


Table 3-3 Voip network elements

Protocol/Device Description

IP phone

Call agent

Gateway

PBX

Analog phone

SIP

RTP

Chapter 4Table 4-1 ethernet Bandwidth Capacities

Ethernet Type Bandwidth Capacity

Standard Ethernet

Fast Ethernet

Gigabit Ethernet


Ethernet Type Bandwidth Capacity

10-Gigabit Ethernet

100-Gigabit Ethernet

Table 4-2 Types of ethernet

Ethernet Standard Media Type Bandwidth Capacity

Distance Limitation

10BASE5 500 m

10BASE2 185 m

10BASE-T 100 m

100BASE-TX 100 m

100BASE-FX 2 km

1000BASE-T 100 m

1000BASE-TX 100 m

1000BASE-LX 5 km

1000BASE-LH 10 km

1000BASE-ZX 70 km

10GBASE-SR 26 m–400 m

10GBASE-LR 10 km–25 km

10GBASE-ER 40 km

10GBASE-SW 300 m

10GBASE-LW 10 km

10GBASE-EW 40 km

10GBASE-T 100 m

100GBASE-SR10 125 m

100GBASE-LR4 10 km

100GBASE-ER4 40 km


Table 4-3 STp port Types

Port Type Description

Root port

Designated port

Nondesignated port

Chapter 5Table 5-1 Binary Conversion Table

Table 5-19 ip Address Classes

Address Class Value in First Octet Classful Mask (Dotted Decimal)

Classful Mask (Prefix Notation)

Class A /8

Class B /16

Class C /24

Class D — —Class E — —

Table 5-20 private ip networks

Address Class Address Range Default Subnet Mask

Class A 255.0.0.0

Class B 255.255.0.0

Class B 255.255.0.0

Class C 255.255.255.0


Table 5-22 dotted-decimal and prefix-notation Representations for ipv4 Subnets

Dotted-Decimal Notation Prefix Notation

255.0.0.0

255.128.0.0

255.192.0.0

255.224.0.0

255.240.0.0

255.248.0.0

255.252.0.0

255.254.0.0

255.255.0.0

255.255.128.0

255.255.192.0

255.255.224.0

255.255.240.0

255.255.248.0

255.255.252.0

255.255.254.0

255.255.255.0

255.255.255.128

255.255.255.192

255.255.255.224

255.255.255.240

255.255.255.248

255.255.255.252


Table 5-24 number of Subnets Created by a Specified number of Borrowed Bits

Borrowed Bits Number of Subnets Created (2s, Where s Is the Number of Borrowed Bits)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Table 5-25 number of Supported Hosts Given a Specified number of Host Bits

Host Bits Number of Supported Hosts (2h–2, Where h Is the Number of Host Bits)

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12


Chapter 6Table 6-1 Administrative distance

Routing Information Source Administrative Distance

Directly connected network

Statically configured network

EIGRP

OSPF

RIP

External EIGRP

Unknown of unbelievable

Table 6-2 names of nAT ip Addresses

NAT IP Address Definition

Inside local

Inside global

Outside local

Outside global

Chapter 7Table 7-1 Typical WAn data Rates

WAN Technology Typical Available Bandwidth

Frame Relay

T1

T3

E1

E3

ATM

SONET


Table 7-2 Common pOTS Terms

Term Definition

Telco

Local loop

Central office (CO)

Tip and ring

Demarc

Smart jack

Table 7-3 iSdn network Reference points and elements

Term Definition

R reference point

S/T reference point


Term Definition

U reference point

Terminal adapter (TA)

Terminal endpoint 1 (TE1)

Terminal endpoint 2 (TE2)

Network termination 1 (NT1)

Table 7-5 MpLS network elements

Element Description

CPE

CE

ELSR

PE

LSR

P


Chapter 8Table 8-3 Characteristics of 802.11 Standards

Standard Band Max. Bandwidth Transmission Method

Max. Range

802.11 DSSS or FHSS

802.11a OFDM

802.11b DSSS

802.11g OFDM or DSSS

802.11n OFDM

802.11ac OFDM

Chapter 9Table 9-1 Three Categories of Quality issues

Issue Description

Delay

Jitter

Drops


Table 9-2 Three Categories of QoS Mechanisms

Issue Description

Best effort

Integrated Services (IntServ)

Differentiated services (DiffServ)

Chapter 10Table 10-2 parameters for the Windows ipconfig Command

Parameter Purpose

/all

/release and /release6

/renew and /renew6

Table 10-5 parameters for the Windows ping Command

Parameter Purpose

-t

-n count


Parameter Purpose

-f

-i TTL

-S srcaddr

target_name

Table 10-6 parameters for the Windows route Command

Parameter Purpose

-f

-p

command

destination

mask netmask

gateway

metric metric

if interface


Chapter 11Table 11-1 Components of an SnMpv1 and SnMpv2c network-Management Solution

Component Description

SNMP manager

SNMP agent

Management Information Base (MIB)

Table 11-2 Security Models and Security Levels Supported by Cisco iOS

Security Model Security Level Authentication Strategy Encryption Type

SNMPv1 Community string None

SNMPv2c Community string None

SNMPv3 Username None

SNMPv3 MD5 or SHA None

SNMPv3 MD5 or SHA CBC-DES (DES-56)

Table 11-3 Syslog Severity Levels

Level Name Description

0 The most severe error conditions, which render the system unusable

1 Conditions requiring immediate attention

2 A less-severe condition, as compared to alerts, that should be addressed to prevent an interruption of service

3 Notifications about error conditions within the system that do not render the system unusable

4 Notifications that specific operations failed to complete successfully

5 Non-error notifications that alert an administrator about state changes within a system


Level Name Description

6 Detailed information about the normal operation of a system

7 Highly detailed information (for example, information about individual packets) that is typically used for troubleshooting purposes

Chapter 12Table 12-1 Confidentiality Attack Tactics

Tactic Description

Packet capture

Ping sweep and port scan

Dumpster diving

Electromagnetic interference (EMI) interception


Tactic Description

Wiretapping

Man-in-the-middle (MitM)

Social engineering

Sending information over overt channels

Sending information over covert channels

Malware


Tactic Description

FTP bounce

Phishing

Table 12-2 Remote-Access Security Methods

Method Description

RAS

RDP

PPPoE

PPP


Method Description

ICA

SSH

Kerberos

AAA

RADIUS

TACACS+

NAC

IEEE 802.1X


Method Description

CHAP

MS-CHAP

EAP

Two-factor authentication

Multifactor authentication

Single sign-on

Local authentication

LDAP

Captive portal


Table 12-3 iKev1 Modes

Mode Description

Main mode

Aggressive mode

Quick mode

Table 12-4 examples of Vpn protocols

Protocol Description

SSL

L2TP


Protocol Description

L2F

PPTP

TLS

Chapter 14Table 14-1 Steps to diagnose a problem

Step Description

Because a typical problem report lacks sufficient information to give a troubleshooter insight into a problem’s underlying cause, the troubleshooter should collect additional information, perhaps using network maintenance tools or interviewing impacted users.

Testing to see if you can duplicate the problem is often a key step in problem diagnosis.

Although it can be difficult to gather information from your end users, this is often critical in correctly pinpointing the exact problem. Oftentimes, finding out user actions prior to the problem is critical.

What are the actual symptoms the problem has created.

Perhaps your end users will provide valuable clues if they accurately indicate what changes they might have made to systems.

Unfortunately, you might discover there are multiple issues. Be sure to approach each one individually.


Table 14-2 Common Layer 1 Troubleshooting issues

Issue Description

Bad cables or connectors

Bad port

Opens and shorts

Splitting pairs in a cable

dB loss

Transposed Tx/Rx leads

Cable placement


Issue Description

Distance limitations exceeded

Crosstalk

Speed/duplex mismatch


Issue Description

Power failure

Bad module


Issue Description

Layer 2 loop

Port configuration

VLAN configuration


Issue Description

Mismatched MTU

Incorrect subnet mask

Incorrect default gateway

Duplicate IP address


Issue Description

Incorrect DNS configuration

Duplicate MAC address

Expired IP address

Exhausted DHCP scope

Rogue DHCP server

Untrusted SSL certificate

Incorrect time

Blocked TCP/UDP ports


Issue Description

Incorrect host-based firewall settings

Incorrect ACL settings

Unresponsive service

Table 14-5 Common Wireless Troubleshooting issues

Issue Description

RFI

Signal strength

Misconfiguration of wireless parameters


Issue Description

Latency

Multiple paths of propagation

Incorrect AP placement

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