1877-1914 Unit II1877-1914 Unit II

I. Prejudice and DiscriminationI. Prejudice and Discrimination

II. The Progressive MovementII. The Progressive Movement

III. Imperialism-Becoming a World III. Imperialism-Becoming a World PowerPower

1900-1909 28 min.

I Prejudice and Discrimination VUS I Prejudice and Discrimination VUS 8c8c

After Reconstruction, many Southern After Reconstruction, many Southern States passed laws that limited the rights States passed laws that limited the rights of African Americans. These “of African Americans. These “Jim Crow”Jim Crow” laws were laws that forced separation of laws were laws that forced separation of races in all public areas. races in all public areas.

African Americans hoped the US Courts African Americans hoped the US Courts would protect their rights under the 14would protect their rights under the 14thth and 15and 15thth Amendments, but this proved Amendments, but this proved ineffective.ineffective.

However, in the Supreme Court However, in the Supreme Court case,______________________, the court case,______________________, the court ruled that ‘separate but equal’ public ruled that ‘separate but equal’ public facilities did not violate the 14facilities did not violate the 14thth Amendment. Therefore, African Amendment. Therefore, African American rights were not protected American rights were not protected and “ Jim Crow” segregation and “ Jim Crow” segregation continued throughout the South.continued throughout the South.

““The Great_____________The Great_____________” - during the ” - during the 1919thth and 20 and 20thth centuries, many African centuries, many African Americans moved to northern cities Americans moved to northern cities seeking jobs in industry and to seeking jobs in industry and to hopefully escape the poverty and hopefully escape the poverty and discrimination in the South.discrimination in the South.

Responses to Discrimination: Responses to Discrimination: African American Leaders African American Leaders

Booker T. Booker T. Washington-Washington- accepted social accepted social segregation and segregation and believed African believed African American equality American equality could be achieved could be achieved through vocational through vocational training. He was a training. He was a leader of leader of Tuskegee Tuskegee ________________________in in Alabama.Alabama.

W.E. B. DuBois-W.E. B. DuBois- stressed immediate stressed immediate political equality and political equality and full civil rights. He full civil rights. He believed that believed that education was education was meaningless without meaningless without equality. He helped equality. He helped form the NAACP form the NAACP in___________, the in___________, the National Association National Association for the Advancement for the Advancement of Colored People.of Colored People.

________ B. Wells-________ B. Wells- led crusades led crusades against lynching against lynching ( ( hangings hangings without a trial) without a trial) and called for the and called for the federal federal government to government to take action against take action against such illegal acts.such illegal acts.

II. Progressive MovementII. Progressive Movement The rapid rise of industrialization and urbanization The rapid rise of industrialization and urbanization

led to many problems in America.led to many problems in America.

Many immigrants suffered from poverty, unhealthy Many immigrants suffered from poverty, unhealthy living conditions, low paying jobs, child labor and living conditions, low paying jobs, child labor and hostility.hostility.

Many city governments were often corrupt and police, Many city governments were often corrupt and police, fire and social services were inadequate.fire and social services were inadequate.

Progressive reformers worked to solve social and Progressive reformers worked to solve social and political problems.political problems.

II. The Progressive II. The Progressive MovementMovement

The progressive movement, beginning The progressive movement, beginning around 1900, was as an attempt to cure around 1900, was as an attempt to cure political, economic, and social problems in political, economic, and social problems in America. America.

The movement wished to use government The movement wished to use government reforms to solve problems created by the rise reforms to solve problems created by the rise of industrialization; such as child labor, anti-of industrialization; such as child labor, anti-trust laws, labor unions, and women’s trust laws, labor unions, and women’s suffrage.suffrage.

Progressives also wished to create various Progressives also wished to create various social reform programs to ensure a basic social reform programs to ensure a basic standard of living for all Americans.standard of living for all Americans.

The two most The two most famous Progressive famous Progressive presidents were presidents were Theodore Theodore Roosevelt and Roosevelt and ____________Wilson.____________Wilson.

Roosevelt’s program Roosevelt’s program ( Republican) was ( Republican) was called the “Square called the “Square Deal” 1901-1908Deal” 1901-1908

President Teddy Roosevelt

Wilson’s program Wilson’s program ( Democrat) ( Democrat) was called the was called the “New Freedom” “New Freedom” 1912-19201912-1920

President Woodrow Wilson

Impact of the ProgressivesImpact of the Progressives

In government, there were five In government, there were five reforms attempting to make reforms attempting to make government more democratic:government more democratic:

1.Referendum1.Referendum

2.Initiative2.Initiative

3.Recall3.Recall

4.Secret ballot4.Secret ballot

5. Primary election5. Primary election

In State government:In State government: ReferendumReferendum- a process in which citizens may - a process in which citizens may

vote on laws that have been passed by a vote on laws that have been passed by a legislative body.legislative body.

InitiativeInitiative- a process in which citizens may - a process in which citizens may propose laws to state and local governments.propose laws to state and local governments.

_________-_________- a process in which citizens may vote a process in which citizens may vote to remove government officials from office.to remove government officials from office.

In National government:In National government: Secret ballot-Secret ballot- used to protect a voters’ privacy used to protect a voters’ privacy

Primary election-Primary election- voters nominate candidates voters nominate candidates for office rather than political party leaders.for office rather than political party leaders.

Other changesOther changes

In addition, the In addition, the 1717thth Amendment Amendment provided for the direct election provided for the direct election of_____________.of_____________.

The The Sherman Anti-Trust ActSherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890 of 1890 made it illegal for any business made it illegal for any business structure to set up monopolies structure to set up monopolies ( businesses with no competition) that ( businesses with no competition) that “restrained trade” or monopolized trade. “restrained trade” or monopolized trade.

The Sherman Anti-Trust Act was not The Sherman Anti-Trust Act was not very effective against powerful very effective against powerful corporations because it was corporations because it was considered too vague.considered too vague.

In fact, the federal courts actually In fact, the federal courts actually used the act against labor unions in used the act against labor unions in order to limit the power of unions.order to limit the power of unions.

The Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914) finally The Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914) finally put some authority into anti-trust put some authority into anti-trust legislation under President Woodrow legislation under President Woodrow Wilson.Wilson.

The The Clayton Anti-__________ ActClayton Anti-__________ Act outlawed outlawed price-fixing by corporations and also price-fixing by corporations and also stated the Sherman Anti-trust Act could stated the Sherman Anti-trust Act could not be used against labor unions.not be used against labor unions.

In local government, Progressive reforms In local government, Progressive reforms included:included:

1. A commission form of city government1. A commission form of city government

2. A council/manager form of city 2. A council/manager form of city governmentgovernment

Today, most cities use the Today, most cities use the council/manager form of governmentcouncil/manager form of government

1919thth Amendment Amendment

1919thth Amendment Amendment

1920, this 1920, this amendment gave amendment gave women the right to women the right to vote.vote.

Quick ReviewQuick Review

1. What African American leader 1. What African American leader stressed immediate political equality stressed immediate political equality and was also a co-founder of the and was also a co-founder of the NAACP?NAACP?

2. What Supreme Court decision 2. What Supreme Court decision ruled that separate but equal public ruled that separate but equal public facilities were legal and not a facilities were legal and not a violation of the 14violation of the 14thth Amendment. Amendment.

3. What is the name of the 3. What is the name of the movement that wished to use the movement that wished to use the government to solve political, government to solve political, economic and social problems in economic and social problems in America?America?

4. What is the term used to describe 4. What is the term used to describe a reform in state government which a reform in state government which allows citizens the right to propose allows citizens the right to propose laws to state and local governments?laws to state and local governments?

5. Which Amendment provided a 5. Which Amendment provided a change that allowed the direct change that allowed the direct election of Senators?election of Senators?

6. Which Amendment in 1920 gave 6. Which Amendment in 1920 gave women the right to vote?women the right to vote?

Muckrakers Muckrakers

A new group of journalists emerged A new group of journalists emerged that were called that were called MuckrakersMuckrakers=writers =writers that wrote and publicized the abuses that wrote and publicized the abuses of child labor, abuses of companies, of child labor, abuses of companies, as well as social and political evils.as well as social and political evils.

Upton _________was Upton _________was the author of a the author of a novel called novel called The The Jungle -Jungle -which which exposed many exposed many corrupt business corrupt business practices, especially practices, especially the horrible the horrible conditions in the conditions in the meat packing meat packing industry.industry.

Another type of Another type of journalism emerged journalism emerged called ‘yellow called ‘yellow journalism’ = journalism’ = exaggerated stories exaggerated stories that that stirred that that stirred readers emotions readers emotions and opinions.and opinions.

( also called the ( also called the yellow press) yellow press)

Unions emerged to protect workers Unions emerged to protect workers rights:rights:

Knights of Labor-Knights of Labor- a union that accepted a union that accepted skilled and non skilled workersskilled and non skilled workers

American Federation of Labor-American Federation of Labor- union led by union led by Samuel Gompers- accepted craft and skilled Samuel Gompers- accepted craft and skilled workers only.workers only.

American Railway UnionAmerican Railway Union-railroad workers, -railroad workers, led by socialist Eugene V. Debsled by socialist Eugene V. Debs

International Ladies’ Garment Workers International Ladies’ Garment Workers Union-Union- a union attempting to organize a union attempting to organize women in the textile industrywomen in the textile industry

Labor strikes emerged to gain rightsLabor strikes emerged to gain rights

From 1881 to 1900 From 1881 to 1900 over 24,000 strikes over 24,000 strikes erupted across the erupted across the nation. The three nation. The three most violent were:most violent were:

Haymarket ________ Haymarket ________ ( ( Chicago ,1886) - a Chicago ,1886) - a riot broke out riot broke out between police and between police and protesters over an protesters over an 8 hour work day, 8 hour work day, killing many on killing many on both sides.both sides.

Haymarket Riot

Homestead Strike-Homestead Strike- (Homestead, (Homestead, Pennsylvania 1892) Pennsylvania 1892)

Carnegie AFL __________workers went on Carnegie AFL __________workers went on strike when Carnegie steel tried to cut strike when Carnegie steel tried to cut wages. Violence broke out between the wages. Violence broke out between the workers and the Pinkertons (a private workers and the Pinkertons (a private police force called in by Carnegie steel)police force called in by Carnegie steel)

This was an unsuccessful AFL strike, and This was an unsuccessful AFL strike, and the plant was reopened under military the plant was reopened under military protection.protection.

Pullman Strike ( 1894) Pullman Strike ( 1894) Pullman luxury sleeping Pullman luxury sleeping car workers were not totally happy with car workers were not totally happy with Pullman Town rules established by Pullman. Pullman Town rules established by Pullman.

During the Panic of 1893, wages were cut 25% During the Panic of 1893, wages were cut 25% and some workers were laid off. Workers and some workers were laid off. Workers protested to Pullman but he refused to protested to Pullman but he refused to negotiate and shut down the plant.negotiate and shut down the plant.

The workers turned to the American Railway The workers turned to the American Railway Union ( ARU-led by Eugene V. Debs).Union ( ARU-led by Eugene V. Debs).

The ARU joined the Pullman workers, and by The ARU joined the Pullman workers, and by 1894 over 240,000 workers were on strike.1894 over 240,000 workers were on strike.

When the strike interfered with the When the strike interfered with the delivery of mail, railway owners used the delivery of mail, railway owners used the Sherman Anti-trust Act to declare that the Sherman Anti-trust Act to declare that the strike was illegal. President Grover strike was illegal. President Grover _______________sent in federal troops to _______________sent in federal troops to end the strike.end the strike.

This set the precedent that factory owners This set the precedent that factory owners would use the courts against unions, thus would use the courts against unions, thus limiting union gains. limiting union gains.

It also destroyed the ARU.It also destroyed the ARU.

Union GainsUnion Gains

Unions eventually obtained limited Unions eventually obtained limited work hours and improved and work hours and improved and regulated work conditions.regulated work conditions.

Women and Child LaborWomen and Child Labor

A ____________fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist A ____________fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory in New York resulted in the death of 141 Factory in New York resulted in the death of 141 workers, mostly women .workers, mostly women .

Such horrible results in such conditions led to Such horrible results in such conditions led to improved working conditions for women.improved working conditions for women.

In 1916, Progressives had pressured state governments into passing laws limiting the hours that children could work, usually eight to ten hours per day.

Quick ReviewQuick Review

1. Who wrote 1. Who wrote The JungleThe Jungle, a novel that , a novel that exposed many corrupt business exposed many corrupt business practices, especially the horrible practices, especially the horrible conditions in the meat packing conditions in the meat packing industry?industry?

2. The newspaper publisher, William 2. The newspaper publisher, William Randolph Hurst, often used Randolph Hurst, often used exaggerated stories in his papers to exaggerated stories in his papers to rouse emotions and sell newspapers.rouse emotions and sell newspapers.

What is the term used to explain this What is the term used to explain this type of journalism?type of journalism?

3. What strike was against Carnegie 3. What strike was against Carnegie steel in 1892 and resulted in the steel in 1892 and resulted in the plant being opened under military plant being opened under military protection?protection?

III. ImperialismIII. Imperialism

By the 20By the 20thth century, century, European nations European nations had gained control had gained control of much of Africa of much of Africa and Asia. and Asia.

This imperialism (domination of a This imperialism (domination of a weaker nation by a more powerful weaker nation by a more powerful nation) was a result of the need for nation) was a result of the need for more natural resources, the rise of more natural resources, the rise of nationalism, the rise of militarism, nationalism, the rise of militarism, and advances in technology.and advances in technology.

US Imperialism-Becoming a World US Imperialism-Becoming a World PowerPower

By the middle of the 19By the middle of the 19thth century, century, many American business and political many American business and political leaders argued for American leaders argued for American expansion into international markets.expansion into international markets.

America became increasingly involved America became increasingly involved in world affairs in Alaska, Central in world affairs in Alaska, Central America, Asia and the America, Asia and the ____________area.____________area.

US begins ‘Global Economy”US begins ‘Global Economy”

There were several ways the US began what There were several ways the US began what was called a Global Economy:was called a Global Economy:

Open ___________ Policy-Open ___________ Policy- Under President Under President McKinley and secretary of State John Hay, the McKinley and secretary of State John Hay, the US policy stated that all nations would have US policy stated that all nations would have equal trading rights in China. equal trading rights in China.

______________Diplomacy-______________Diplomacy- Under President Under President William Howard Taft, this policy urged William Howard Taft, this policy urged bankers and businesses to invest in Latin bankers and businesses to invest in Latin America. The US promised it would protect America. The US promised it would protect investments.investments.

In 1867, William Seward arranged In 1867, William Seward arranged the US purchase of the US purchase of ______________from Russia.______________from Russia.

Some were critical of this purchase Some were critical of this purchase and called it Seward's Folly or and called it Seward's Folly or Seward’s icebox.Seward’s icebox.

7.2 million or 1.9cents per acre

US Becomes a World PowerUS Becomes a World Power 1858: US establishes a 1858: US establishes a

trade agreement with trade agreement with Japan.Japan.

1869- US obtains a coaling 1869- US obtains a coaling station at Midway Island.station at Midway Island.

1893: Queen Liliuokalani 1893: Queen Liliuokalani of Hawaii is overthrown by of Hawaii is overthrown by planter Sanford planter Sanford __________and US __________and US Ambassador Stevens. Ambassador Stevens. Hawaii comes under US Hawaii comes under US control.control.

Both Hawaii and Midway Both Hawaii and Midway were important as naval were important as naval refueling stations.refueling stations.

Queen Liliuokalani

Spanish American War 1898Spanish American War 1898

1895- Cuban rebels 1895- Cuban rebels begin revolt begin revolt against oppressive against oppressive ______________rule. ______________rule.

The “Yellow Press” The “Yellow Press” led by William led by William Randolph Hearst Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer and Joseph Pulitzer fan the flames of fan the flames of imperialism and call imperialism and call for US intervention for US intervention in Cuba.in Cuba.

The press also The press also raises US sympathy raises US sympathy for Cuban rebels for Cuban rebels fighting against the fighting against the Spanish General Spanish General Wyler.Wyler.

Spanish Minister Spanish Minister insults the US insults the US President by calling President by calling President McKinley President McKinley weak and weak and feebleminded.feebleminded.

USS Maine is sent USS Maine is sent to Havana harborto Havana harbor

USS Maine

February_____, February_____, 1898- 1898-

USS Maine USS Maine explodes in Havana explodes in Havana Harbor, killing 264 Harbor, killing 264 Americans.Americans.

Spain is falsely Spain is falsely blamed for the blamed for the explosion.explosion.

Wreck of the USS Maine

April 11, 1898- US declares war on April 11, 1898- US declares war on SpainSpain

US invades the Philippines and GuamUS invades the Philippines and Guam

US Invades Puerto_________.US Invades Puerto_________.

US Army invades US Army invades Cuba.Cuba.

““Remember the Remember the Maine”Maine”

Army includes the Army includes the “Rough Riders”, a “Rough Riders”, a mixed group of mixed group of volunteers led by volunteers led by Theodore Roosevelt.Theodore Roosevelt.

Teddy Roosevelt

Rough Riders capture San Juan Hill

End of the Spanish American End of the Spanish American WarWar

Treaty of Paris- 1898 ends war.Treaty of Paris- 1898 ends war.

Results of War:Results of War: 1. Cuba obtains independence1. Cuba obtains independence 2. US obtains Philippines, Guam, 2. US obtains Philippines, Guam,

and_____________________.and_____________________. 3. US obtains right to intervene in 3. US obtains right to intervene in

CubaCuba

Called a “Splendid Little War” Called a “Splendid Little War” (lasted 3 months)(lasted 3 months)

US also annexes Hawaii.US also annexes Hawaii. US emerges as an Imperial World Power.US emerges as an Imperial World Power.

War continues in the Philippines as Emilio War continues in the Philippines as Emilio Aguinaldo leads rebels against American Aguinaldo leads rebels against American rule. Some are critical of the US role as an rule. Some are critical of the US role as an imperial power.imperial power.

Discuss cartoon.

President Theodore RooseveltPresident Theodore Roosevelt1901-19081901-1908

President William President William McKinley was McKinley was assassinated in assassinated in Buffalo in 1901.Buffalo in 1901.

Vice President Vice President Theodore Roosevelt Theodore Roosevelt becomes US becomes US President.President.

Roosevelt becomes a Roosevelt becomes a Progressive President.Progressive President.

His program is called His program is called The Square Deal.The Square Deal.

From an African From an African proverb:proverb:

Speak softly but carry a big stick

________________Corollary-________________Corollary- a statement a statement clearly articulated for the first time clearly articulated for the first time since the Monroe Doctrine, that the since the Monroe Doctrine, that the US would protect its interests not US would protect its interests not only in the Western Hemisphere but only in the Western Hemisphere but also within the US sphere of also within the US sphere of influence .influence .

Roosevelt also establishes national Roosevelt also establishes national parks and conservation areas parks and conservation areas throughout the US.throughout the US.

Roosevelt became Roosevelt became involved in Panamanian involved in Panamanian independence from independence from Columbia .Columbia .

Roosevelt was most Roosevelt was most responsible for the US responsible for the US building and operating building and operating the Panama Canal- the Panama Canal- completed in 1914. Canal completed in 1914. Canal shortened route from the shortened route from the Atlantic to Pacific by Atlantic to Pacific by _________miles._________miles.

Roosevelt sends Great Roosevelt sends Great White Fleet ( New Naval White Fleet ( New Naval ships) on a world tour as ships) on a world tour as a show of strength.a show of strength.

Panama Canal Panama Canal

Roosevelt hand picks his successor, Roosevelt hand picks his successor, William Howard Taft, who is elected William Howard Taft, who is elected President in 1908.President in 1908.

Unhappy with Taft, but Taft remains Unhappy with Taft, but Taft remains the incumbent Republican President , the incumbent Republican President , Roosevelt runs again in ____________as a Roosevelt runs again in ____________as a third party candidate with the ‘Bull third party candidate with the ‘Bull Moose ‘ party.Moose ‘ party.

Woodrow Wilson, the Democratic Woodrow Wilson, the Democratic candidate is elected President in 1912, candidate is elected President in 1912, under his slogan ‘The New Freedom”under his slogan ‘The New Freedom”

Female Reformers:Female Reformers:

Florence Kelley-fought for child labor Florence Kelley-fought for child labor laws and improved working conditions.laws and improved working conditions.

Jane Addams- helped immigrant families Jane Addams- helped immigrant families and established Hull ____________to and established Hull ____________to assist poor families.assist poor families.