THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR

1861-1865

Competing Visions The North and the South held

competing visions of what American society should become.

Led to a larger rift between North and South….and eventually war.

Part I. A nation divided

Lets set the stage

What was the main topic of debate in the 1800s?

Has the United States completely formed yet?

What problem erupted when new territories were added to the US?

Missouri compromise of 1820

Missouri Compromise 1820: Henry Clay (Speaker of the House)

Missouri - slave state

Maine - free state

Entry of states into the Union have to be balanced - one free/one slave

No slavery allowed in remaining Louisiana Territory above 36’30’’

Missouri Compromise 1820: Henry Clay (Whig Party)

Missouri - slave state Maine - free state Entry of states into the Union have to be balanced

- one free/one slave No slavery allowed in remaining Louisiana

Territory above 36’30’’

Answer map questions!

• Gag rule was passed in Congress by pro-slavery

Senator John C Calhoun in 1836.

• It said: nothing concerning slavery could be discussed.

• Anti-slavery petitions could not be read to Congress

• **Dec 4th, 1844 Henry Clay was able to get the Gag Rule repealed

Why do we keep expanding US territory?

1830s and 1840s, many Americans favored expanding US territory. Believed in the idea of manifest destiny,

“obvious or undeniable fate;” It was their divine mission to spread liberty across the continentCoined by John L. O’Sullivan

War against Mexico

The Annexation of Texas

1836 Texas won their independence from Mexico Wanted to be annexed, or joined, to the United

States. South(democrats): approved b/c since Texas is

in the South hoped it would be a slave state Northerners(Whigs) disapproved b/c it would

shift the balance of power to the South.

Both sides also worried that annexation would lead to war with Mexico.

Texas is annexed

In 1845 it became the twenty-eighth state in the Union later that year. Mexico broke off diplomatic relations

with US The US-Mexico War began

The Border DisputeDispute of southern border of Texas - President Polk wanted more then just Texas terr., he wanted Mexican land that stretched to the Pacific

- US claimed that the Rio Grande was the official Amer-Mex border

- Mexico claimed that the Nueces River(located a few miles farther north) was the border

Polk’s attempt to avoid war Sends an

ambassador to Mexico city in nov 1845 with an offer to buy New Mexico and Cali for 30mill.

Mexican gov refused

 How does Polk manage to avoid US declaring war?

Polk sent 3000men under gen Zachary Taylor into disputed area of southern Texas

Provokes Mexico: Taylor crosses the Nueces in March 1846 and sets up camp near the Rio Grande.

Mexico considered this an invasion of Mexico territory and attacked…killing many American troops

This is the excuse Polk had waited for,

“ American blood on American soil”

War was declared on May 13th 1846

Before news of the war had reached California, settlers there declared an independent Republic of California. The uprising became known as the Bear Flag Revolt after the bear pictured on the new republic’s flag.

The Bear Flag Revolt

US won January 1847: US took control of

New Mexico and California. Fighting ended September 14, 1847,

when US captured Mexico City, the capital of Mexico.

U.S. wins and gets more land!The Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo 1848

Rio Grande became the southern border

Mexico gave up its claims to Texas, California, and New Mexico in return for $15 million.

The Gadsden Purchase

Five years later, Mexico sold present-day southern New Mexico and Arizona to the U.S. for 10million

Answer the following Question

What issues are going to arise due to the expansion of the United States westward?

Issues The treaty of G-H and the Gadsen

Purchase established the borders of present US

Now have to confront issue of slavery directly once acquiring these new territories/states.

Increase of western migration due to new territory

Part II: Leading up to the Civil War

Should a newly acquired state be free or slave?

The Kansas-Nebraska Act Illinois Democrat Senator Stephen Douglas had two

goals:

1) To make Chicago benefit from trade with the West

He would do this by…Making Kansas and Nebraska states to build a railroad that linking Chicago with the West

2) To run for President.

He would do this by…

Getting as many votes as

he can from northerners

and southerners!

*

Based on the map below who would have a problem with the Kansas and Nebraska Statehood???? WHY?????

The Decision: The Kansas-Nebraska Act

To appease North and South Douglas creates the Kansas-Nebraska Act that supports…. popular sovereignty: Letting the

people of each state determine if it should be a free or slave state

This meant going against the Missouri Compromise.

The act was passed in 1854

Reasoning and Reaction to Kansas-Nebraska Act

Douglas believed… South happy bc it gave them a chance to make

northern states slave states North happy bc they would be free states due to

south’s cotton would not survive harsh weather conditions

REAL REACTIONS

South Happy Would have slave owners from neighboring states

cross border of Kansas to vote for it to be a slave state

North angry bc they should be free states based on Missouri

Comp

See how free and slave states were added from

1820-1854 http://

www.teachingamericanhistory.org/neh/interactives/sectionalism/lesson3/

Response to the Kansas-Nebraska Act

Thousands of people flooded into Kansas. Northerners went to stop slavery = free soilers, Southerners went in support of it = border-ruffians

Each created their own government leading to Violence

1856 Pro-slavery supporters attacked the antislavery town Lawrence, Kansas

In retribution, an abolitionist named John Brown led some men in a series of vicious murders near a river called Pottawatomie Creek.

May 24, 1856 John Brown led several New Englanders to a proslavery settlement near Pottawatomie Creek where they woke 5 men from their beds, dragged them out of their homes and killed them in front of their families Became known as the Pottawatomie Massacre

which ignited a full-blown war in Kansas The violence continued to escalate until about 200

people were dead. This whole affair is known as Bleeding Kansas

John Brown

John Brown a CT born and Ohio raised abolitionist who believed that he was chosen by God to end slavery

Angered about the previous incidences in Kansas, Brown would lead Kansas into an uproar!

John Brown’s Raid Target: An Arsenal(where they store

weapons, at Harpers Ferry, Virginia

Plan: Believed that slaves would join and he would be able to arm them

Setting up base

Brown rented a farm outside Harper’s Ferry where he would set-up base for 3 months.

Recruited 21 fugitive slave, college students, free blacks + Dangerfield Nuby who had a personal reason His wife was held in that area and about to be

sold south-was afraid he would never see his wife or children again

John Brown’s Raid On October 16, 1859, John Brown and followers

attacked the federal arsenal Plan Failed: Nobody came to help Brown and his

men. United States troops, under Colonel Robert E. Lee

had heard of the raid surrounded the arsenal killed half of Brown’s men (Nuby, being the first), and forced the

rest to surrender. Brown was convicted of treason and sentenced to death.

Harper’s Ferry ArsenalHarper’s Ferry, Virginia John Brown before

he was hung

Reaction to John Brown’s Raid

Northerners hailed Brown as a martyr(somebody who chooses to die for a belief)

Southerners saw him as a criminal. The reactions caused by Brown’s raid

deepened the anger between the North and the South.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=MILN_17KH6M&list=PLayEc-tEYUFJ5emm400ogGT4xfoI1mF

Qq

Watch John Brown Raid’s Video13min

Controversial Issue….

Is John Brown a hero or Villain?

Is John Brown a Martyr or Terrorist?

Blood spread to Congress

Abolitionist Senator Charles Sumner of Mass gave speech, “A crime against Kansas” Called author of K-N act, Andrew Butler

horrible names and insulted him Preston Brooks, Senator of NC was

Butler’s uncle Followed Sumner to office Caned him Barely any punishment

**

Republican Party emerges strong

Whigs and Free-Soilers formed the Republican Party in 1854

Both opposed slavery, the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the Fugitive Slave Act Fought to repeal Acts

The Election of 1856 All three major parties were eager to choose candidates

with no ties to “Bleeding Kansas.” Democrat: supported both the compromise of 1850 and the Kan-

Neb Act Republicans: Believed Federal gov’t had the right to restrict

slavery in terr. Know-Nothings: Against immigration

Democratic nominee James Buchanan won the election, promising to stop “the agitation of the slavery issue.”

President Buchanan hoped that the Supreme Court would resolve the slavery issue.

The Dred Scott Decision The Supreme Court’s March 1857 Dred

Scott v. Sanford decision angered anti-slavery forces.

Lawsuit: He was a Missouri slave who was sold to John Emerson in 1833. He was taken to Illinois, a free state, and Wisconsin, a free territory before returning back to Missouri. 1843, Scott filed for his freedom, claiming that

his residence was in Illinois, on free soilJohn Sanford, Emerson’s brother who took ownership after Emerson diedDred Scott

The Dred Scott vs. Sanford Decision

Chief Justice Roger B. Taney ruled the following: slaves were the property and the Constitution

protects the right to own property. slaves were not citizens so had no right to sue,

and could not be considered free even in a free state or territory.

What does this mean for the Missouri Compromise?

By saying slaves could not be considered free anywhere is also saying the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional… it deprived those who owned slaves of

“life, liberty and property” under the 5th Amendment.

What does this mean for Kansas and Nebraska?

Kansas and Nebraska would now be….

Slave states

**** Read Primary Source on Dred Scott by Frederick

Douglas and answer Qs****

The Lincoln-Douglas Debates

In the Illinois Senate campaign of 1858, Democratic Senator Stephen Douglas ran for re-election against Republican Abraham Lincoln.

The campaign drew nationwide attention for the Lincoln-Douglas debates, a series of seven debates on the issue of slavery in the territories.

Neither Lincoln nor Douglas believed in racial equality. Lincoln thought slavery was morally wrong and wanted

to confine it to the states where it already existed. Douglas, however, tolerated slavery, believing that white

Americans should choose the kind of society that they wanted.

“A house divided…”

In a now-famous speech, Lincoln stated that, “A house divided against itself cannot stand,” The “house” was the Union. The issue dividing the “house” was slavery.

Douglas won the election, but Lincoln earned a reputation for eloquence and moral commitment.

Part IV: Leading up to the Civil WarChaos Strikes

PART V: SECESSION

The Election of 1860 The presidential election of 1860 further demonstrated

the division between the North and the South. Voters in the North chose between:

Northern Democrat Stephen Douglas: for popular sovereignty

Republican Abraham Lincoln: against the spread of slavery Southerners voted for

Southern Democrat J.C. Breckinridge: for the gov’t protecting slavery in territories

John Bell of the newly formed Constitutional Union Party who was a moderate slaveholder.

The Election of 1860 Votes in the Border States (Delaware,

Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri) were mixed

Lower South (Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina) supported Breckinridge.

The Lower South Secedes Secessionists, or those who wanted the South

to secede, Why? Southerners were outraged that a President

had been elected without any southern electoral votes.

Their Rationale: argued that since the states had voluntarily joined the Union, they could also voluntarily leave it.

On December 20, 1860, South Carolina officially seceded. Six other states of the Lower South followed.

Confederate States of America

In early February 1861, these states met and proclaimed themselves a new nation, the Confederate States of America, or Confederacy.

Jefferson Davis, a former senator from Mississippi, became president of the Confederacy.

Views on Secession Some Americans felt that the South

should be allowed to secede peacefully. Others objected, citing the loss of

business with the South as well as a desire to keep the Union together.

President Lincoln believed that secession was wrong, but told the South that he would not attack them unless they struck first.

The evolution of Abe’s Beard

http://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2010/11/24/opinion/20101125_LincolnBeard-8.html