18.4 America as a World Power

What were the key differences about how Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson used American power around the world?

1907: Great White FleetWhat was its purpose?

Roosevelt and Imperialism

What were Roosevelt’s major acts of foreign policy?• Portsmouth Treaty b/w Russia & Japan• Panama “revolution” from Colombia Nov. 1903• US Navy supports the “revolution”• Panama Canal built (1904-1914, $400 million)• US granted Canal Zone (10 mile strip)• “Big Stick” Diplomacy or “Cowboy diplomacy?”

Roosevelt the…. Diplomat?

1906 – TR mediates between Japan and Russia• TR forces Russia and Japan to compromise

and sign the Treaty of Portsmouth

EFFECT:

TR wins Nobel Peace Prize, sours relations with BOTH Russia and Japan.

Map: The Panama Canal

The Panama CanalThe Panama Canal could take advantage of some natural waterways. The most difficult part of the construction, however, was devising some way to move ships over the mountains near the Pacific end of the canal (lower right). This was done through a combination of cutting a route through the mountains and constructing massive locks.

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http://www.panamacanal-cruises.com/panama-canal-pictures/crosssections.jpg

http://www.pancanal.com/eng/panama/gatun-lake-gaillard-cut.html

http://www.navsource.org/archives/08/0801307.jpg

“Big Sister” becomes “Big Brother”

Why were Latin American countries nervous of TR?

1. Santo Domingo2. Cuba Occupation3. Puerto Rico4. Panama Canal Encouraged a revolution5. Roosevelt Corollary (“preventive intervention”)

a. 1905 - Dominican Republicb. 1906 – Cuba

Roosevelt Corollary“Roosevelt Corollary of December 1904 stated that the United States would intervene as a last resort to ensure that other nations in the Western Hemisphere fulfilled their obligations to international creditors, and did not violate the rights of the United States or invite "foreign aggression to the detriment of the entire body of American nations." As the corollary worked out in practice, the United States increasingly used military force to restore internal stability to nations in the region. Roosevelt declared that the United States might "exercise international police power in 'flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence.'" Over the long term the corollary had little to do with relations between the Western Hemisphere and Europe, but it did serve as justification for U.S. intervention in Cuba, Nicaragua, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic.”

www.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/gp/17660.htm

TR’s Big Stick v.WW’s Missionary Diplomacy

Wilson and Mexico• 1911: Wilson refuses to recognize Huerta dictatorship• 1914: Wilson orders US Marines to occupy Veracruz • Huerta’s regime collapses. Carranza takes over.• Pancho Villa and Emilio Zapata start rebellion.• 1916: Villa’s “troops” invade New Mexico, kill

Americans.• Wilson orders Pershing and 15,000 troops into Mexico

to hunt down Villa.• US troops fail to capture Villa, withdrawn to fight WWI.

LONG-TERM EFFECT???

“Blackjack Pershing” v. Pancho Villa

http://www.lib.msu.edu/diversity/pancho.gifhttp://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/johnjose.htm

Map: The United States and the Mexican Revolution

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ANALYSIS:What were US foreign policy goals during the

imperial era? Pg. 547

1. Access to foreign markets

2. Built a modern navy to protect US interests

3. Act as an international “police power”

Was the US successful?

In the short-run?

In the long-run?