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Mandu

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11th century:

While demonstration of military power led to campaigns

and battles within the northern and central plains, from

outside of the subcontinent, Mahmud of Ghazni began

his raids from the north west.

His ambition was to be proclaimed the champion of Islam

and for him, India was the proverbially wealthy

land from across the barren mountains of the Hindu Kush.

The years 1004 - 06 saw repeated attacks on Multan, a

town of strategic importance in the middle Indus plain

with access to Sind.

Muhammad Ghuri entered the Indus plain in search of a

potential kingdom rather than indulging in plundering raids

in 1182 AD.

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Elsewhere in India, local polit ics remained the primary

concern. The Ganges plain did not experience as much

disruption as Punjab.Kanuaj was restored and eventually

came under the control of the local Gahadavala dynasty. Bihar

was ruled by the Karnataka Kshatriya dynasty. A number of

officers from various parts of the peninsula had found

employment in Eastern India.

The Rajputs fought each other unceasingly in the 11th and

12th centuries.Paramarasconcentrated over

Malwa, Chalukyas / Solankis remained in Gujarat,

Chandellasbusied against Paramarasand Kalachuris and

Chauhansattacked them in 12th century. Guhilaswere

dominant in Mewar and southern Rajasthan.

Kachchhapaghatas ruled over Gwalior and surrounding

districts.

1192: Mahmud Ghazni captured Delhi.

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Regional variation was visible in the styles of architecture and art. Temples grew in size from small places of worship

to impressive, monumental structures, built in almost every region.

The overall architectural requirements and their ground plans evolved from earlier temples. The flat roofed forms

had acquired a shikhara or central tower over the main shrine and now there were smaller shikharas over

subsidiary shrines as well, sometimes adjoining the main shrine.

The central tower was tall, often tapering slightly in a convex shape. This altered the elevation and provided scope

for new styles and decorative features in the Nagara or nor th Indian style.

Temples of the later period were considerably larger and were the locations for major ceremonies of royal initiation

and legitimation, linking the icon, the deity and the king.

Forms associated with Islamic architecture, like the true arch and the dome, were earlier attempted in the north

west and probably also in the Arab settlements along the west coast. This is evident from the reference to the

mosque at Cambay destroyed by the Paramara king and the Shia'h mosque at Mansura desecrated by Mahmud. The

establishing of the Sultanate was marked at Delhi and at Ajmer by convert ing the existing temple into a mosque,

doubtless to proclaim victory but also to appropriate sacred space.

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The citadel is perched upon a rocky outspur of the Vindhya ranges at an alt itude of 634m. The Kakra Khoh, a deep ravine

surrounds this hill to its west, north and east separating it from the main Malwa plateau.

Served as an ideal frontier outpost to make incursions into the Deccan or to ward off invasions from the south.

While the fort was built in the 6th - 7th century AD, in the 10th century it appears to be a part of the Gurjara-Pratihara

empire of Kanauj.

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The Mandu plateau is a small spur (about 20 sq kms) of the large Malwa plateau, attached by a verynarrow neck which has been moat-ed and fortified to separate it from the main plateau - a perfect

natural protection augmented by man-made fortifications

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Ruins of an early fortification atop on an

isolated hill, locally known as Budhi Mandu.

The remains include two gates, western

and eastern which are quite inaccessible

due to the rocky terrain and dense forest

cover.

Two Gates near the MunjTalao, the

Rampol gate and the Bhangi

gate are dated to the period of the

Paramaras(1010 1053).

1305:kingdom of Malwa passed into the

hands of the Delhi Sultanate.

The polit ical ustability continued in the

region of Malwa, Mandu was the preferred

court over the capital city of Dhar and

finally became the capital in 1405

under Alp Khan, Hoshang Shah.

1. Dilawar Khan's Mosque

2. Champa Baoli

3. Hindla Mahal

4. Jahaz Mahal

5. Kapur Talao

6. Royal Palace

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DILLI GATE

Five arched openings crowned by beautifulcrenellations

Fine blue enamel inlay work

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JAHAZ MAHAL

Built by Sultan Ghiyathuddin Khalji represents the classical phase of Mandu

Located on a narrow strip of land between Munj talao and Kapur Talao

Built in an appearance of a ship anchored in water

Each hall is attached with pavilions at the rear overlooking MunjTalao

Patterned cisterns and water channels on the terraces reduced the

momentum of flow of water to allow for luxurious bathing

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HIND OLA MAHAL

Built by Sultan Ghiyathuddin Khalji derives its

name from the sloping buttressed walls

As an audience hall shaped lke a T stem

representing the main hall and cross bar added

possibly later

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CHAMPA BAOLI

is a relic existing in the palace complex with

two baolis

a square tank with pumping equipment is set

underground.

Subterranean passage connects the base of a

well to a labyrinth of vaulted rooms, the

tahkhana further connected to a pavilion on

the western bank of the Munj talao

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DILAWAR KHAN S MOSQUE

Earliest Indo-Islamic monument referring to the reign of the first Muslim king of Malwa

Central courtyard, colonnaded galleries, richly ornamented mihrabon the west

Distinct influence in the pillars and ceiling of the prayer hall

The first phase when mosques were built from dismantled temples

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REWA KUND GROUP

Second most important fortified enclosure on the hill protecting the palace of Baz Bahadur and Rani Roopmati near

the Rewa kund

1554- 1562, Baz Bahadur, gave up warfare ad devoted to music and poetry

Legends of romance between the two the palace of Roopamti was built at the edged of the cliff so that she can gaze

at the pristine Narmada and view the King in his Mahal

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JAMI MASJID

Begun by Hoshang Shah and completed by Mahmud Khalji 1454

Stands on a plinth (4.6 m high) leading to grand, domed entrance porch to the east

Spacious domed hall with delicate trellis screens

Cenral courtyard with colonnaded verandahs covered with domes

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HO SHAN G SHAHS TOMB

First in India to be entirely faced in white marble

Finial of the dome is crowned with a crescent a feature suggested to be imported from Mesopotamia or Persia

Built on a square marble platform bearing ornamental border with projecting lobes - a feature adopted from Hindu

temples

It is said tat this dome inspired the dome of the Taj Mahal in Agra an inscription records that four architects (Ustad

Hamid and others) in 1659 visited the tomb to pay homage to Hoshang Shah

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ASHRAFI MAHAL

Once a beautifully refined complex, but presently in a state of ruins

Begun in the early years of Mahmud Khalji (1436 39)

A madrasa, executed like a mosque with a spacious quadrangle encosed on all foursides by cells for students