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INTRODUCTIONHow Nepal can learn from the experiences of othersBY GEORGE ANDERSON

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SPECIAL EDITIONConstitution-making in NepalBY YASH GHAI AND JILL COTTRELL

Distributing powers in a federal NepalBY KATY LE ROY

Drawing the federal map of NepalBY NICOLE TÖPPERWIEN

Restructuring Nepal's judiciaryBY BIPIN ADHIKARI

Nepal’s fiscal dimensionBY GEORGE ANDERSON

Meeting demands for self-determination in NepalBY MUKTA S. TAMANG

Choosing a government for NepalBY KRISHNA KHANAL

Drafting Nepal’s language policyBY SUJIT CHOUDHRY

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Nepali women dance during a politicalrally in Kathmandu, Nepal’s capital onApril 27, 2006. The rally was to celebratethe success of the People’s Movementof 2006 leading to the abolition of themonarchy.

COVER:

People walk through a mustard field at Chitwan district, some 150 km south of Kathmandu. Chitwan is the largest producer of mustardoil in Nepal.

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his special edition ofFederations, published in bothEnglish and Nepali, is a

contribution to the extraordinaryprocess of political change that Nepal ispassing through.

I was first in Nepal in February 2007 andreturned for another visit in September2008. The change between visits wasamazing. During my first visit, the Kingwas in his palace, the cease-fire was veryshaky, the timing of elections was veryuncertain, and the lack of consensus on

such major issues as the monarchy,religion and federalism was palpable. Ireturned to a country that had become arepublic, with an elected president.Elections had successfully produced awidely representative constituentassembly. A coalition government waspresided over by the head of the formerinsurgency, with a commitment tocompleting the peace process. Thecountry was declared to be secular,multi-national and multi-linguistic. Andthere was a broad consensus – and

constitutional commitment – on Nepalbecoming a federation.

These accomplishments areencouraging, though Nepal still faceshuge challenges and complex issues.This magazine looks at several of them.

The article by Yash Ghai and Jill Cottrelldiscusses constitution-making andencourages Nepal’s leaders to learn fromexperience elsewhere and to have abroadly participatory process. Theyemphasize that the underlying questionis to resolve the nature of Nepali

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How Nepal can learn fromthe experiences of others

BY GE ORGE ANDER S ON

George Anderson is the president and chief executive officer of the Forum of Federations.

Nepal’s President Dr. Ram Baran Yadav, third from left, administers oath of office to Constituent Assembly Chairman Subash Nembang,far left, in Kathmandu. Mr. Nembang, who comes from one of Nepal’s indigenous groups, was unanimously elected to the post on July 24,2008.

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nationalism and identity and thisnecessarily involves the larger public.

Khrishna Khanal looks at the choice of aparliamentary or a presidential system,of electoral system—whether the currentregime of mixing first-past-the post andproportional representation orsomething different, and of federalismitself. He rightly observes that thesechoices will depend greatly on how thecoalition government maintains unityand manages day-to-day government.

Drafting an inclusive language policy

Sujit Choudhry looks at language policyand draws on experiences in South Asia,both to show the importance oflanguage policy and the risks associatedwith exclusionary policies. Of course,with over ninety languages, Nepal mustbalance demands for inclusion with theneed for practical arrangements inrelation to languages of work and ofservice to the public.

My own article demonstrates theimportance of fiscal arrangements inshaping federations. In Nepal’s case, thefederal government will necessarilydominate the collection of publicrevenues for the foreseeable future, sodecisions will be needed as to how thefederal government should providefinancial support to the constituentunits: through shared taxes, transferpayments or conditional programpayments. As well, Nepal will need astaged approach to restructuring publicfinances and to balance the national andregional interests regarding themanagement of the country’s potentiallyhuge wealth in hydro-electric resources.

Mukta Tamang illuminates the sensitivedebate in Nepal on self-determination.He points out that while a Leninistapproach might allow for a right tosecession, this is not consistent withinternational law and is extremely rarein constitutional practice. However, hethinks the real substance of the debatein Nepal is not about secession, butabout demands for inclusion, equality,human rights, and the rule of law – inother words , about accommodation ina united Nepal that respects diversity.

Bipin Adhikari reviews the currentjudicial structure and alternatives toadapt to a federal set up. He also makesthe critical point that a key objective is a

people friendly judiciary with goodaccess at the constituent unit level.

Meeting the needs for devolution

Katy Le Roy draws lessons from Nepal’shistory of devolution initiatives,including the challenges associated withlimited capacity in the country tomanage a highly devolved arrangement.She sets out a series of key questions thatmust be answered in determining theallocation of powers and makes theimportant point that in some areas theconstituent units may share power withthe federal government – or even besubject to some measure of federaloversight.

Finally, Nicole Töpperwien addressesthe hot issue, to which I return below, ofdrawing the federal map.

Nepal appears to risk agenda overload incoping with so many complex andinterrelated issues, especially becausethe country has limited experience andthere is no consensus on some keyquestions. How to proceed? TheConstituent Assembly (CA) has taken apositive step in identifying 10 welldefined areas for its committees. So thenext phase of the road map is reasonablywell charted.

Three suggestions

That said, I have three suggestions.

First, it is important that the CA not bepreoccupied with dealing with the

ghosts of the old regime. The country haschanged and it is important to focus onwhat is actually happening now andwhat makes sense for the future. Youhave an elected constituent assemblyand government unlike any before.Neither is perfect, but have thelegitimacy of election by universalsuffrage and they include Nepalis from allcastes, classes, and ethnicities. Thustoday’s Nepal has already taken a giantstep towards the recognition,accommodation and even thecelebration of diversity. You may not needa new constitution full of provisions tryingto correct the sins of the past.

Secondly, take time. A new constitutionshould last a very long time and it neednot be written in a year. Time can helpin understanding the strengths andweaknesses of your interim regime andhelp develop consensus on key points.It will be needed to implement a newregime, particularly a strongly federalsystem.

Finally, think about the sequence ofissues. There may be some questionswhere it is easier to develop consensusfirst; such consensus may help resolveother, tougher, issues later.

Determining the territorial boundariesof constituent units in a federal Nepal ispotentially very divisive. Too often, thisdominates the debate about federalism.Nepal is unusual in being a unitary system

Elderly Nepalese talk at the Darbar Square in Kathmandu. Nepal’s population is esti-mated to be 27 million. According to the population profile published by Nepal’s CentralBureau of Statistics, 54 per cent of the population is literate.

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opting for federalism, but without havingclear internal boundaries – no historicconstituent units, and no clear linguisticor ethnic boundaries. This makes thedelimitation of constituent units difficultand causes passions to run high. Toomany see the object of the exercise to bemaking their group into a constituentunit majority.

Passions might be lowered byconsidering some basic realities. AsNicole Töpperwien points out, thedemographic realities in Nepal meanthat there will be no ethnicallyhomogenous constituent units and fewwith a clear ethnic majority.

“In a federal Nepal, the vast majority ofNepalis will live in a province (constituentunit) where their ethnic, linguistic or castegroup will not be in the majority—andwhere no group will be in the majority.This means the vast majority of Nepalishave a stake in designing a federal Nepalthat accommodates the diversity ofcitizens wherever they live. “

Settling how this would be done—whatminority, land and language rights mightbe protected for citizens wherever theylive—should make it easier to drawmaps, when the time for that comes,because the stakes will be less.

This relates to how many constituentunits and their sizes? There appears tobe a notion that there may be ten or so.That could work well. But someadvocate the whole of the terai being oneconstituent unit. About half of thecountry’s population would be in oneconstituent unit, which risks creating anunbalanced and poorly functioningfederation.

There are some other important realities.Nepal’s revenue collection will be highlycentralized. Thus the federalgovernment may, through the power ofthe purse or through whateverconstitutional powers it is given, have amajor role in determining many publicpolicies. The country does not have thecapacity to move quickly to a highlydecentralized federal system.

For these reasons, there must be carefulattention to the central institutions: thelegislature and executive; the courts; thecivil service and army. Many federationshave special provisions to accommodatetheir diversity in their central institutions.The role and the nature of the upper housecan be important in this.

It would be healthy to work towardssome consensus on such questions earlyin your debate. Dealing with them beforeaddressing boundaries has theadvantage of everyone coming to thetable having to think how they would liketo be treated if they were—as they quiteprobably will be—not part of a majorityin a constituent unit. This could lead todefining protections and rights and toestablishing the role of the federalgovernment in a way thataccommodates all Nepalis, whereverthey live in the federation.

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The city of Bhaktapur, in the Kathmandu Valley, could be included in a future constituent unit that includes Kathmandu-or not.

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here are many ways to make aconstitution. Even withinNepal, constitutions have beenmade in different ways. At first,

they were "bestowed" by a Rana or aKing. Even when they were not draftedby the palace, they came into effect byroyal proclamation. Sometimes aconstitution was drafted by an expert ora committee of experts. There was noconsultation with the people, except ina limited way for the 1990 constitution,and even this had little impact on the

Constitution-makingin NepalPeople raise demands for justice and social transformation

BY YASH GHAI AND JILL COTTRELL

substance of the constitution. Thatprocess seems to have been dominatedby a small expert body, with closeconnections to political parties and thepalace. Even the Interim Constitution,which replaced the 1990 constitutionafter the janaandolan or People’sMovement of 1990, was adopted withoutconsultation, although it obliges thegovernment to enable the people todraft their own, permanent constitution.The current process of constitutionmaking is now the task of a popularly

elected Constituent Assembly (CA), forthe first time in Nepal.

Each constitution represented onlymarginal social and political advances,and continued to exclude the greatmajority of the people from political oreconomic power. As a result, each ofthese constitutions was challenged, asgroups excluded from political powerexpressed their grievances anddemanded justice.

As constitution making becomes moreparticipatory, constitutions increasingly

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Yash Ghai and Jill Cottrell are scholars in constitutional law.

Members of Nepal’s Constituent Assembly check for their names before voting at Parliament House in Kathmandu on July 19, 2008. TheConstituent Assembly was set to elect its first president from the Madhesi community – a group that inhabits Nepal’s lowlands calledMadhes or Terai. Out of 601 Constituent Assembly members, 191 members are women.

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incorporate principles of democracy andsocial justice. The history of constitutionmaking in Nepal reflects these globaltrends, which are reinforced bydeveloping international norms, theeasy availability of information aboutexperiences of other countries, andsometimes a significant role of theinternational community. Nevertheless,the national context also influences theprocess, and although there is nowconsiderable knowledge of comparativeexperience among Nepalis, the decisionmakers do not seem to have been muchinfluenced by it. Key to the process inNepal are negotiations among partyleaders. Yet not everyone is happy withthis process. One member of the CAcalled for maximum feedback from thegeneral population during the process ofdrafting the constitution, to balance therisk of decisions being made by a smallgroup of leaders.

Dealing with post-conflict issues

In post-conflict states, constitution-making is part of a series of processes thatincludes agreeing on a ceasefire andinterim arrangements for administrationof the country, bringing insurgents anddissidents into state structures,negotiating constitutional principlesand the framework for deciding on thenew constitutional arrangement, andholding elections for a new, legitimategovernment. Nepal has closely followedthis sequence, and the progress onpeace building determined the pace ofconstitutional change.

In some ways, the task of constitutionmaking in Nepal is both easier and moredifficult than in many other post-conflictstates. It is easier because the insurgencywas focused on political ideology, notdeep-rooted ethnic conflict whichleaves a bitter legacy of division andhatred – and the protagonists came fromthe same class background.

It is more difficult because the verysettlement of that conflict, preceded bythe 2006 People’s Movement or Jana-Andolan-II triggered new demands. Theinsurgency and the Maoist appeal tomarginalized communities – rather thanmerely class struggle arguments that didnot have much appeal – created orrenewed awareness of oppression, andencouraged the emergence of identitypolitics, calling in question the old model– the dominance of essentially onegroup. This raised fundamentalquestions about the nature of the state

and its "cultural" or "national"foundations. A critical issue that needsto be resolved is the nature of Nepalinationalism or identity. The question ofidentity is closely connected to, andfinds sustenance from, socialdeprivation, discrimination and thepoverty of many communities. Thismakes social justice a major issue. If thepeople’s movement of 1989, which led tothe 1990 Constitution, was seen asconcerned with political power andstate structures, the present movementis seen as essentially about social justiceand societal transformation.

Tackling transformation

Encapsulated in this movement are anumber of inter-connected"revolutions" or transformations whichneed to be tackled simultaneously: mostobviously, monarchy to republic;hegemonic Hindu and Nepali-language-based rule to inclusiveness; feudalismand authoritarianism to democracy;caste and social hierarchy to equality ofgender, caste and ethnicity; and – as yetunresolved – feudal-capitalism tosocialism or communism. Most of theseare divisive, even though considerablelip service is paid to some of them, suchas "inclusion." The complexity of changebecomes obvious when the implicationsof each transition are analyzed. Forexample, the transition to republic is notmerely a matter of form – as it might be ifthe monarchy were abolished in aScandinavian country, for example. Inthe past, the monarch symbolized thestate and nation, especially as head of theHindu religion and as an icon of history.Some used to think it was the glue thatkept the country together, but others,increasingly, think that it reflected theworst features of Nepal, such ashereditary tradition, source and supportof hierarchy, exclusion, andauthoritarianism. Nepalis are nowlooking for new symbols in a postmonarchical age. There is more to thistransition than merely what kind ofpresidency should replace themonarchy.

The transition from feudalism andauthoritarianism to democracy is notonly, or primarily, an institutional issue.It is fundamentally a matter of values andthe culture of democracy, theempowerment of the people, awarenessof and respect for human rights, and thecentrality of political parties.Inclusiveness is perhaps the most

difficult aspect as it involves identity andnationalism, electoral systems, thenature of the governmental system andits recruitment practices, perhaps therecognition of group rights, and freshthinking about the place of language,religion and tradition. Federalism, whichis very much on the agenda but also verycontroversial, as there are no Nepaliprecedents, will be extremely hard toconceptualize and harder to negotiate.And the Marxian dialectics of the changefrom a feudal to a market and then asocialist economy, which Maoist leadershave sometimes talked about, willcompound these complexities.

Crucial steps in nation-building

Thus, the question is what kind of aprocess for making the constitution willfacilitate these transitions? Thechallenge involves both state-buildingand restructuring, and nation-building.Nation-building is crucial because thestate must reflect the kind of Nepal thepeople can agree on. At one level, thereseems to be agreement on the principlesand values of the New Nepal, or NayaNepal. On closer inspection, most ofthese appear to hide fundamentalclashes of interests, approaches andpriorities. Negotiating a constitution is away to resolve differences, and agree onvalues, institutions and procedures toreplace previous differences and modesof conflict. Properly organized, underenlightened leadership, constitution-making can also contribute toreconciliation and healing. Equally,without goodwill and wise leadership, itcan be divisive. The process must allowthe airing of grievances, but not allowthem to take over. And the process mustbe one of moving on whileacknowledging the past.

There is no better time than duringconstitution-making to engage people indiscussion about public powers andinstitutions, and their purposes. Withoutsome public awareness of themechanisms of the state and anunderstanding of democracy, the newconstitution, however well-crafted,would probably fail to take root.Democracy is almost never the resultmerely of a legal instrument or charter.There can be no democracy without thecommitment of the people to it and theirwillingness and ability to participate inpublic affairs, co-ordinate their interestsand lobby for them, exercise and protecttheir rights, and take seriously their own

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responsibilities as citizens. As iscommon in many countries, people inNepal, especially in rural communities,have only a fragmentary understandingof the institutions and procedures of thestate. Moreover, in Nepal, people havebeen subordinated to feudal andauthoritarian systems of governmentand need to be persuaded that they maynow freely exercise their rights.

There are three very specific reasons forparticipation. And three elementsconstitute the core of the People’sMovement: a new identity as a Nepali,inclusive democracy, and social justice.None of these can be achieved withoutthe active participation of the mass of thepeople, representing Nepal’s myriadsocial and ethnic communities.Participation means a great deal morethan voting to elect delegates to the CA.It also encompasses the active

commitment of the people in definingthe agenda of reform and theinstruments for social and economicchange, through debate, argument andconsultation, not only in Kathmandu butthroughout the country. It meansidentifying, through the narratives ofvictims, the causes of oppression,injustice and the silencing ofinconvenient voices. It means allowingopportunities for the people to learnabout Nepal’s constitutional history, andthe experiences of other countries withsimilar problems, and to enhance theircapacity for developing democracy.

Finding the perfect mechanism

On the surface, it seems that Nepal hasfound a perfect mechanism forparticipation. It has a constituentassembly elected by the people, throughrules that, while not ensuring fullproportionate representation of

marginalized communities, are infinitelybetter than ever before. A constituentassembly has eluded Nepalis until now,despite promises, and much is expectedof it. But the people’s expectations mightnot coincide with those of the partyleaders. There has been growing publicimpatience with the CA for not beginningto write the constitution after severalmonths of deliberations. Elections forthe Assembly were twice postponed, butthey could not be avoided forever. Ifpublic pressure could no longer beresisted, it could perhaps be deflectedonce the CA was in place. An assemblytightly controlled by party bosses, withmembers of the marginalizedcommunities brought in by courtesy, andunder the auspices of the existing partiesand subject to their whips, could yetundermine participation – unless the CAmembers assert themselves, and civilsociety supports them – by makingsubmissions and demandingaccountability.

Even though a CA is in place, with thepotential for a national, participatoryprocess, the constitution couldeffectively be made by a small group, andthe 601-member assembly couldbecome a rubber stamp. Evenparticipatory processes need thesupport, if not the sponsorship, ofpolitical parties, with either an inter-party coalition, or a dominant party.Which way will Nepal go?

Phases of constitution-making

There have been three phases ofconstitution-making in Nepal since April2006. The first was the truncated 1990Constitution, stripped of provisionsregarding the monarchy, and of somedemocratic accountability, by aresurrected House of Representatives(which had been previously dissolved bythe king and whose natural term of officehad expired). The second was theInterim Constitution, which was draftedby the parties, with decisions taken at thehighest level. Its dominant principles,which now reach into the proceedingsof the CA, are twofold andinterdependent: control by eight parties;and consensus among them. The secondis under pressure – and has alreadyjeopardized the first. If these principlescollapse, the procedure will revert to aform of qualified majority voting – andopen up possibilities for a participatoryprocess. But it also could threaten theprocess itself.

A woman carries a large bundle of straw on her head. Eighty-five per cent of Nepalis livein rural areas which lack roads, electricity, drinking water, hospitals and schools.

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BY KAT Y LE ROY

epal has chosen a federal systembecause it is widely believed that

constitutionally guaranteed shared ruleand self-rule will help alleviate povertyand promote development.

It is also believed that federalism will helperadicate discrimination againstoppressed minorities. But if federalism isto fulfil this promise, members of theConstituent Assembly (CA) will need toremember these goals when they decidehow the federation is to be structured,how much autonomy the constituentunits – Nepal’s future states or provinces

Some powers will go to the central government, others to constituent units

Distributing powers ina federal Nepal

- will have and how the fiscal side offederalism will operate. Among thequestions that must be addressed are thepowers of the constituent units and thenexus between taxing powers andspending responsibilities at each order ofgovernment. Decisions on these issues arebound to require difficult negotiationsamong the 25 political parties representedin the 601-member CA.

Attempting decentralization

Nepal has already made some attemptsat decentralization, but progress has

been slow and uneven. While there hasbeen some decentralization to local anddistrict bodies, central control andsupervision over such bodies hasremained strong. Many of the efforts atdecentralization thus far have involvedadministrative delegation rather thangranting any degree of real autonomy ordevolving power.

When it was adopted in 1999, the LocalSelf-Governance Act was hailed as alandmark for decentralization andparticipatory development in Nepal. Under

Katy Ley Roy has a long association with the Centre for Comparative Constitutional Studies at the Melbourne Law School; she iscompleting her doctoral thesis on constitution making and is Parliamentary Counsel in the Parliament of Nauru.

Activists of the Madeshi Mukti Morcha Party stage a protest outside the Nepalese election commission in Kathmandu. Most of Nepal’sminority groups demanded the adoption of proportional representation for the Constituent Assembly election. Nepal adopted a mixedsystem in which half of the members are elected through a proportional system.

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the Act, 25,000 primary schools, all sub-health posts and agriculture extensionservices were among the responsibilities tobe transferred to local bodies in a phasedmanner. However, this legislation wasnever fully implemented. In 2007, thedecentralization of activities in primaryhealth, primary education, agricultureextension, and rural infrastructure wasbeing implemented in 14 districts,including one district from each zone. Butin most parts of the country, suchdecentralization has not occurred.

It might be useful for members of the CAto consider whether there are lessons tobe learned from previous unsuccessfulattempts at decentralization. They couldattempt to build on such lessons whendetermining how legislative and executivepowers are to be divided and what kind ofsupport is required to enable constituentunits to fulfil their role, includingmechanisms to facilitate the effectiveimplementation of the division of powers.

Placing federal design in context

Nepal has a population of about 25million, with considerable cultural andlanguage diversity, a very low rate ofliteracy and more than 80 per cent of thepeople living in rural areas. An estimated30 per cent live below the poverty lineand about 45 per cent of children underfive suffer from malnutrition. The statehas limited resources and relies heavilyupon foreign aid.

Improvement in this situation willrequire a commitment to more equitableresource distribution and more eveneconomic development, as well asimproved delivery of, and access to,essential services. Development andservice delivery could be improvedthrough a carefully designed federalbalance of powers and resource-sharing.But Nepal’s demographics and lowliteracy level mean the capacity ofconstituent units to fulfil wide-rangingresponsibilities in policy and servicedelivery might be limited.

Members of the CA and other key actorsare aware of the need to meet thischallenge so the purported benefits ofgreater regional autonomy will result intangible improvements across thecountry and in all sections of society.

It is important for CA members to also beaware that if powers allocated toconstituent units grossly exceed theircapacity, poverty and the unevendistribution of resources might beexacerbated rather than alleviated.

Dividing powers

Given the apparent objectives of theintroduction of federalism in Nepal, thereare likely to be many key areas ofgovernment activity that will have to begranted to the constituent units,notwithstanding the resource andcapacity constraints referred to. There isa strong case in Nepal, and strongdemand, for powers over such areas aseducation, health and agriculturalreform to be allocated to the new

On 18 August 2008 Pushpa Kamal Dahal “Prachanda”, left, was sworn in as Prime Minister. He looks on as Finance Minister BaburamBhattarai, second left, Foreign Minister Upendra Yadav, second right, and Defence Minister Ram Bahadur Thapa, right, check theirpapers before being sworn into the cabinet.

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constituent units. Giving such powers tothe constituent units will bringgovernment and services in these keyareas closer to the people, enablinggreater participation in decision-making.

However, the number, size, and territorialor ethnic basis of the constituent unitsare still unclear. These factors are closelyinterrelated with the nature and scope ofthe powers to be allocated to the units.The basis of representation of theconstituent units at the central level isalso unclear and is similarly interrelated.

One way of proceeding is to decide firston the borders of constituent units andthe manner in which they will share in thecentral government. Then the mostsensible and feasible distribution ofpowers could be determined, based onthe size, capacity and demographiccomposition of the constituent units.

An alternative method of proceeding,one that might be adopted because ofthe difficulty in deciding how theborders of the constituent units are to bedrawn, is to identify principles for thedistribution of powers, then to includethese among the criteria for determiningthe territorial boundaries.

Principles for the distribution of powerscould be arrived at by asking some keyquestions:

• In what areas are regional and localdiversity, and therefore autonomy,particularly relevant? Examplesmight include language, culture andeducation.

• For optimal service delivery, whatareas require autonomousprovincial decision-making andlocal interaction with the public?Primary health care might be oneexample.

• What areas should have nationalconsistency, and thereforecentralized (or concurrent) power?

• What powers typically fall under theexclusive jurisdiction of the centralgovernment in federal systems?Foreign affairs, defence andcurrency are clear examples.

• Are some areas clearly beyond thecapability of the constituent units,however their borders are drawn?

• Would some areas benefit from theprovincial management, combined

with federal oversight orcoordination, which shouldtherefore be shared with the centralgovernment, including perhapswater, transportation andagriculture?

• Are there areas in which the mostfeasible solution would be to dividethe power between the newlycreated constituent units and thecentral government? For example,giving primary and secondaryeducation to the constituent units andtertiary education to the federal level.

• What impact would the proposeddistribution of powers have onresponsibilities for spending? (It isadvisable, of course, to balancefiscal powers and spendingresponsibilities for each order ofgovernment.)

In drafting the new constitution, the CAmust consider whether taxation andspending powers are balanced, and whatprovision should be made for federaltransfers to the constituent units, as wellas for fiscal equalization. Sharing ofresources is a major source of friction inall federal countries, but determining anequitable distribution of resources is alsoan important part of making federalismwork.

Whatever the final distribution ofpowers, the new constitution – by virtueof its federal design – will provide greateropportunities for political participationto many groups that have beenexcluded. One way to maximize this is todesign a constitution that is non-centralized, in terms of the spectrum offederal systems. Another optionpreferred by many actors in theconstitution-making process is toconcentrate on the shared rule aspect offederalism, maintaining a strong centralgovernment, but designing moreinclusive central institutions. The latterapproach seeks to take account of theresource and capacity constraints of theconstituent units, as well as the dispersalof the country’s diverse groups.

Determining power distribution

The technical aspects of the distributionof powers include determining whetherthe new constitution will provide for one,two or three lists of powers, and where to

assign such lists. Some federalconstitutions list only the powersallocated to the federal order (exclusiveand concurrent powers), with all otherpowers left to the constituent units.Others contain a list of federal powers,one for state or provincial powers and athird for concurrent or shared powers.

The detailed description of powers canbe included in the main body of theconstitution, or appended to it. Residualpowers, those not expressly listed in theconstitution, may be left to the federallevel, as in India, or to the constituentunits, as in Australia. Some federalconstitutions also provide for flexibilityin the distribution of powers, for exampleby specifying that one or both levels ofgovernment may refer or transfer powersto the other. The CA will also have todecide whether provincial or centralgovernment legislation will prevail in theevent of inconsistency. These choiceswill be influenced by the generalapproach to the degree of centralizationor provincial autonomy, and the degreeof federal co-operation or competition,that is envisaged.

Whether there will be grounds forconsidering an asymmetricaldistribution of powers – that is, grantingdifferent powers to different constituentunits – will depend on how theboundaries of the constituent units aredrawn and whether any individual stateor province has special needs ordemands.

Moving toward consensus

The CA has until May 2010 to draft a newconstitution for Nepal. While there is fornow a consensus among political parties,as well as a constitutional prescription,that federalism is the way forward forNepal, this consensus might be strainedwhen it comes to working out the detailsof what this actually means. At this earlystage, there are still basic questions toresolve, such as deciding on theboundaries of constituent units, issuesof resources and capacity, and thedistribution of powers. The CA will needto rise to the challenge and negotiate thedetails of Nepal’s federal designconstructively, with a close eye on thestated objectives.

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Magar youths dance to celebrate the Maghi festival in Kathmandu. Magars are one of Nepal’s larger indigenous ethnic groups. They makeup seven per cent of the total population.

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Drawing the federalmap of NepalAgreement needed on inclusive democracy and the powers of the constituent units.

BY NICOLE TÖPPERWIEN

epal’s interim constitution isstraightforward: it states thatNepal shall have a “federal

system of governance”. The ConstituentAssembly has the task of filling thesewords with life.

The debate on federalism in Nepal isactive and heated. One of the hardestnuts to crack seems to be these twoquestions: “What will be the basis offederalism in Nepal?” and “Should Nepaladopt ethnic federalism or would this bea recipe for disaster?”

N The current territorial organisation iseasier to map. For administrativepurposes, Nepal is currently divided intoabout 4,000 Village DevelopmentCommittees (VDCs) and municipalitiesat the local level as well as 75 districts, 14zones and five development regions.Actual decentralization, however -national legislation aimed at devolvingpowers to VDCs and municipalities - wasnever fully implemented. Nepal hasremained a highly centralized state.Federalism shall change this.

Now the questions get tougher. In thecoming months, the ConstituentAssembly (CA) is expected to establish anew, middle level of government. It is notclear yet what these new constituent unitswill be called. Currently, the terms‘province’ and ‘state’ are most frequentlyused. The introduction of federalism shallvest the to-be-created constituent unitswith their own powers and resources as wellas with special representation at the centre.

In any discussion, whether amongpolitical actors, civil society leaders,

Dr. Nicole Töpperwien works as an expert on federalism with the Forum of Federations; since 2006 she has been involved in peace-building programs through the Swiss Department of Federal Affairs in Nepal.

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experts or the general public, thefollowing questions almost inevitablycome up:

• What shall be the basis of federalismin Nepal?

• How shall constituent units beconstituted?

• Shall constituent units' boundariesbe established primarily based onethnicity?

• Should the basis be other factorsinstead, such as economic viabilityand availability of naturalresources?

Political parties and scholars alike havebeen proposing maps which outlineconstituent units' boundaries for Nepal.More than 15 maps are currentlycirculating, and these maps are proof ofvery diverse approaches.

Protecting ethnic identities

Why are ideas about how to formconstituent units so far apart? Theanswer can partly be found by looking atwhy federalism has been proposed inNepal. Two main reasons are normallymentioned. On the one hand, federalismis advocated to help end marginalizationof disadvantaged groups and regions byimproving self-rule and representation(shared rule). Especially Madhesi groupsfrom the plains (Madhes/Terai) but alsoMaoists advocated for federalism inorder to bring an end to themarginalization. On the other handfederalism is advocated to promotedemocratization and fosterdevelopment for all throughout the

country. Both concerns, the eradicationof marginalization and the promotion ofdevelopment, are genuine and seem tobe shared by a majority of actors andactivists. Both aim at strengthening thestate. However, there is disagreement asto how these two aims can be achievedand where priorities shall be.

Those who promote federalism as ameans to protect identity groups and toend marginalization tend to advocate fora federalism that acknowledges ethnicityor regional identity. For the creation ofconstituent units, they suggest puttingfocus—not exclusively but primarily—onactual or traditional settlement patternsof ethnic or linguistic groups. Indigenousgroups and prominent Maoist leaders, inparticular, perceive of a form of federalismthat takes ethnicity into account asnecessary for harmony and unity amongdifferent communities. Regional politicalparties from the Madhes/Terai have theirown vision for establishing constituentunits. They advocate that the plains,stretching 1,000 km from east to west,should form one province. Madhesileaders argue along the lines that ifMadhesis are united in one constituentunit this can best guarantee the end ofdomination.

Should ethnicity or the economy setborders?

Those who oppose predominately‘ethnic’ and Madhesi proposals arguethat these notions threaten nationalunity. One political leader stated that“ethnicity-based federal structure willultimately invite civil war in the country.”They also point to another challenge. In

Nepal there are about 100 ethnic groupsand more than 70 linguistic groups.Additionally, settlement patterns arecomplex. Only in a small number ofdistricts does one group form more than50 per cent of the population. In manyothers, no group has a clear majority,according to the census of 2001. Not even100 constituent units would bring aboutpure ethnic-based federalism unlessethnic groups as such receive the statusof constituent units. Any kind ofterritorially-defined constituent units willinevitably provide mixed populations.The fear is that ethnic federalism mightuplift some groups who could then usetheir new power to dominate otherswithin their constituent unit.

The notion seems to be spreading thatcontrol over a constituent unit based ona relative or absolute majority isnecessary to protect a group’s rights. Forinstance, new demands for their ownconstituent unit by Tharu groups in theSouth follow this logic. The currentdebate on ‘ethnic’ or identity basedconstituent units seems to lead to themobilization of various communities thatfear they will end up as a minority in aconstituent unit controlled by anothergroup. Proposed names for constituentunits that refer to the dominant groupfurther increase these concerns.

The other approach focuses ondevelopment and on an equitableresource allocation. Some proposeconstituent units that encompass themajor river basins, run from North toSouth and include mountains, hills andplains. To some extent, they rely on thealready existing zonal and regionalstructures. Proponents of this approachargue that if constituent units stretchfrom North to South comparableeconomic conditions can be created. Intheir view only such an approach canfoster development for all. Themountains, hills and plains areinterdependent and dividing them intodifferent constituent units would createbarriers of development and provokeconflicts between constituent units,such as disputes over water.

However others fear that the advocatesof North-South proposals are not seriousabout changing the way Nepal isgoverned and that the proposedconstituent unit structure will lead to thecontinuation of marginalization and eliterule. It can be expected that such North-South proposals will meet resistance.

People walk through a mustard field at Chitwan district, some 150 km south of Kathmandu.Chitwan is the largest producer of mustard oil in Nepal.

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Additionally, though such an approachmight limit conflicts about resourcesbetween constituent units, it could lead toresource conflicts within constituent units.

Drafting a mixed model

All approaches have their merits – andthey were developed to address genuineconcerns and root causes of conflict.However they also provoke newconcerns that have to be taken seriously.How can these different approaches bereconciled? Unfortunately, law andinternational experiences do not provideguidelines and easy-to-copy recipes forhow to establish constituent units.International experts, to the same degreeas Nepali experts, will disagree about themost adequate basis of federalism. In theend, political actors will have to convincetheir opponents and the people that theproposed federal system will address themajor concerns and will not furtherentrench existing dominance structuresor create new winners and losers.

Comparative experiences show that notonly the actual boundary lines ofconstituent units will determine whetherconstituent units are acceptable to theirpopulations but also other factors. Toreconcile the different approaches might

require agreements that do not concernthe basis of federalism as such but thatcombine federalism with an agenda ofinclusiveness and development andthus reassures all, individuals andgroups alike, that their major concernswill be addressed no matter howconstituent units are designed. Such pre-agreements might smoothen the way toconstituting constituent units'boundaries.

Ending marginalisation

Marginalization can also be addressedby the protection of minority rights bythe central government and byguarantees of inclusive institutions andgovernance at all levels. Theseguarantees – which could also be set outat the constituent unit level – couldinclude proportional representation,reserved seats, positive discriminationfor vulnerable groups and centrally-mandated policies or minimumstandards for the promotion of differentgroups. If necessary, identity groups canalso be granted powers in areas such asculture or education. Possibilities of co-operation among groups acrossconstituent units' boundaries mightfurther reassure communities.

For promoting development, a country-wide development strategy can bepromulgated, co-operation andresource-sharing between constituentunits can be encouraged or mademandatory, and fiscal equalizationschemes can be designed to addressregional differences. Last but not least,dispute resolution mechanisms withinconstituent units and amongconstituent units can be put in place.

Agreeing on boundaries – even internalboundaries – tends to be one of thehardest tasks decision-makers can beconfronted with. To have reliable data onthe population as well as on resources iscrucial and can help. However, in the endboundaries cannot be established bymathematics. Decision makers will haveto provide convincing reasons to thepeople of each constituent unit that it isboth risk-free and worthwhile to belongto their constituent unit. As such,identifying these reasons will be evenmore important than agreeing on thebasis of federalism. One thing willfacilitate the process: all political actorswant a strong Nepal that belongs to allgroups and citizens and providesdevelopment for all.

A young Nepali street vendor sells jewellery. She and other poorer citizens will be putting pressure on Nepal's politicians for economicreforms.

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Lawyers and legal workers stage a sit-in at the Supreme Court in Kathmandu. The Nepal Bar Association organized the protest to protectthe court from what they feared were threats to its freedom and dignity. Lawyers have played an important role in advocating fordemocracy in Nepal.

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BY BIPIN ADHIKARI

ne of the major issues before theConstituent Assembly of Nepal

is deciding on the mechanics ofdevolving judicial power to the far-flungvillages in the new state structure.

The Constituent Assembly (CA), a bodyof 601 members formed in the electionheld on 10 April 2008, is tasked with

Restructuring Nepal'sjudiciaryFew changes needed to add constituent unit dimension to court system

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Bipin Adhikari is a constitutional expert based in Kathmandu.

writing a new constitution for Nepalwithin two years under the authority ofthe interim constitution.

The history of the modern independentjudiciary in Nepal dates back to 1950,when a revolution overthrew thehereditary and despotic primeministerial system, a system in which the

post of prime minister was passed fromone member to another member in thesame family. It was replaced by aninterim constitutional regime meant tobe a modern constitutional democracy.Different forms of judiciary have been inplace during the last 58 years within theframework of Nepal’s unitary state. Thus,

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The Supreme Court of Nepal in Kathmandu. The Interim Constitution provides for three tiers of courts: the District Courts, the Court ofAppeal and the Supreme Court.

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one of the key subjects of national debatein modern Nepal is restructuring thejudiciary – in particular, devolvingjudicial power to the autonomousconstituent units, according to theaspiration of the people of Nepal.

How Nepal's judiciary works today

Nepal’s judiciary operates within theframework of its parliamentarydemocracy. All powers relating to justicein the country are exercised by courtsand other judicial institutions inaccordance with the constitution, thelaws and the recognized principles ofjustice. Judicial procedures areadversarial, largely based on common-law principles and lawyers play a key rolein the process of judicial decisionmaking.

Nepal has a National Code which dealswith traditionally important:

• civil laws• penal laws, and• court procedures

Many of the modern areas of criminaland civil laws are not covered by theNational Code as such. They were dealtwith by special statutes enacted by thelegislature after 1962 on different dates.

The judicial branch is led by the SupremeCourt, the highest court in the judicial

hierarchy of the land. In this capacity, theconstitution confers upon the SupremeCourt not only original and appellatejurisdiction, but also extraordinaryconstitutional jurisdiction. Thisincludes the authority of the SupremeCourt to hear petitions challenging theconstitutionality of any law, and declaresuch law or any part of it void in order toensure that justice is done. It can also,when convinced, respond to public-interest litigation involvingconstitutional issues regarding the rightsof the marginalized.

As the guardian of the constitution, theSupreme Court has all the requisitepowers and status that suchresponsibilities call for. All other courtsin the country -- that is Appellate Courts(of which there are currently 16), andDistrict Courts (of which there is one foreach of the 75 administrative districts inNepal) -- are subordinate courts and areadministered by the Supreme Court.

Based on constitutional prescriptions,the Administration of Justice Act of 1991has empowered the Supreme Court toinspect and supervise its inferior courts,and give them directives, which areobliged to implement them. TheSupreme Court is a court of record -- itsdecisions are accepted to be of

evolutionary value and are not to bechallenged when produced before anycourt. They are binding on all and theCourt has the power to mete outpunishment to anyone it holds incontempt of court.

Moving towards a devolved system

In addition to Nepal’s three-tier unitaryjudiciary, there are several tribunals andspecific types of courts established byparliamentary statutes. They are meantto hear special types of applications,claims and controversies.

There is one Administrative Court, twopublic-debts courts, four revenuetribunals, one Town DevelopmentCommittee Court, one Military Court,one Labour Court and one ConstituentAssembly Court.

The Constituent Assembly Court hasbeen functioning since early this year. Itdeals exclusively with complaintsregarding CA elections.

Except for the CA Court, all these specialcourts and tribunals are created andregulated under the terms of theirenabling parliamentary statute. Thesestatutes define the number, size andlocation of courts, as well as theirterritorial and subject-matter

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jurisdiction. Where there arecomplicated questions of law, or issuesof fundamental rights and constitutionalinterpretation, cases decided by thesecourts or tribunals may be referred to theappellate courts, or the Supreme Court,according to the terms of the enablinglaw.

The structure of Nepal’s court system isone of the simplest in the region. It isconstitutionally defined in substance,and statutorily elaborated in detail.

The unified and unitary judiciary makesit easy to administer and to ensurenecessary quality control. All judges areappointed on the recommendation ofthe Judicial Council led by the ChiefJustice who, inturn, is appointedand supervisedby a high-profilec o n s t i t u t i o n a lbody. Aflourishing lawprofession, alegally qualifiedj u d i c i a lbureaucracy andan independentj u d i c i a r ycomplement each other. This does notmean that the present three-tierstructure and the workings of thejudiciary are not in need of reform. But,to effect change, it may not be necessaryto start from a blank slate and createeverything anew.

There are many issues that could bereopened to ensure devolution ofjudicial power to the newly formedconstituent units. It is important that thepolitical issues are settled first --including the degree of internalautonomy of these constituent units andtheir law-making powers. Establishingthe number of constituent units and theirterritorial limits is also a substantial partof the job.

Options for change

However, there are feasible options. Afour-tier judiciary is one option, with aNational Supreme Court at the top,almost as it exists today, including aNational Court of Appeal in each

devolved territory, acting under nationallaws. The court of appeal would haveappellate jurisdiction over the lowercourts and tribunals. No doubt, in sucha changed context, the NationalSupreme Court should be looked at moreas a constitutional court.

Apart from carrying out its normal dutiesas guardian of the fundamental rights ofNepalese citizens, it would deal withinter-constituent unit as well as national-constituent unit issues. Similarly, theNational Courts of Appeal, replacing theexisting Appellate Courts, may well haveto serve as the top courts in eachconstituent unit, assuming someadditional constitutional jurisdiction,and in effect become the local arm of theNational Supreme Court.

Again, if the current 75 administrativedistricts are divided into some workableconstituent unit set-up of eight or 10constituent units, with a nationalgovernment at the top, it will benecessary to provide for a locallyrecruited and operated court of theconstituent unit in each constituentunit. There would also be a locallyrecruited and operated district court ineach district within the constituent unit.

As such, the existing district courts couldcontinue working as the court of firstinstance for cases coming under laws andinstitutions of constituent units. Eachconstituent unit court in its area wouldnot only enjoy the status of appellatecourt over all district courts, but alsoserve as trial court for all cases fallingunder the laws and institutions under thenational jurisdiction. As such a court ofthe constituent unit, locally recruitedand operated, would function not onlyfor the constituent unit; but also as thecourt of first instance for the centre.

It is at the constituent unit level thataccess to justice in Nepal must be

ensured first. At this level, there is a needfor an approachable judiciary. It must besimple enough to be accessed withoutthe mediation of lawyers and mustfunction in a participatory andtransparent manner. Such anachievement would definitely requireredefining the number, size and locationof district courts, as well as their territorialand subject-matter jurisdiction.

For example, each district court (assuggested above) could have three orfour separate one-member benches,according to the subject specificity, suchas a family bench (dealing with marriage,divorce, domestic violence andwomen's rights), civil bench, criminalbench and small business bench.

Simplifying existing trial-court proceduresshould encouragegreater respect for thelaw, making thejudiciary moreaccessible to the publicand self-representedlitigants. Suchrestructuring at thedistrict-court andconstituent unit court

level could provide greater uniformity inrules and procedures — simplifying thetasks of lawyers, clerical personnel andjudges, and cutting the costs of litigation.

There have been principles establishedand lessons learned in the restructuringof many other smaller democracies,especially in budgeting, planning andpersonnel administration, integrationand standardization of the judiciary'sinformation-management systems,judicial compensation and access tojustice. These may be applicable in awide variety of court-reform contexts,whether to justify a court’s existence orits closure, or to accommodate politicalsensitivities. The CA must also bemindful of serious flaws in the currentjudicial system, that it is not accessibleto most people in the countryside. Evenworse, it is increasingly acquiring anelitist character. The problems startright there.

The unified and unitary judiciary makes it easy toadminister and to ensure necessary quality control. Alljudges are appointed on the recommendation of theJudicial Council led by the Chief Justice who, in turn, isappointed and supervised by a high-profile constitutionalbody.

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Nepal’s fiscal dimensionWho can spend and who can tax in a federal Nepal

GEORGE ANDERSON

critical task confronting the designers of Nepal’s federalsystem will be to determine who raises governmentrevenues and who spends them.

Fiscal questions are at the core of the operation of every federalsystem. They shape the federal dynamics and play a major rolein determining the real functioning of the federation.

The laws or constitutional articles governing these tasks areknown as "the fiscal regime."

Lawmakers in Nepal will first need to determine the powers ofthe federal and constituent unit (state or provincial)governments to raise taxes and other government revenues,including debt.

Then they will have to decide which order of government willhave the responsibility for delivering and paying for particularservices and programs – such as defence, education, roads, andhealth. If there is a potential mismatch between theresponsibility for raising and the responsibility for spendingmoney, there will need to be a way to resolve this problem.

The federal debate in Nepal is still at an early stage. As I suggestin my introduction to this special edition of Federations, thedebate so far may have been too preoccupied with the numberand boundaries of constituent units and not paid enoughattention to other important questions. While there seems tobe a strong current of opinion that Nepal’s federal system will

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George Anderson is the president of the Forum of Federations.

Buddhi lal Maharjan, left, chops ginger with his family at Lachitole in Kathmandu. Agriculture is the main source of food, income andemployment for most Nepalese. It employs about 71 per cent of the population and generates 32 per cent of GDP. About 25 per cent ofNepal’s land area is suitable for farming.

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be highly decentralized, the practicalities of thisdecentralization have not been worked through.

A strong case can be made for the federal governmentdominating the collection of taxes and other revenues, at leastfor the foreseeable future. In such a system, the constituent unitswill likely be very largely funded by the federal government insome combination of shared revenues and more discretionarytransfers, some of which may be highly conditional for particularprograms. A new federal regime will also confront difficultquestions regarding the allocation of revenues amongst theconstituent units because there may need to be significanttransfers from the richer to the poorer parts of the country. Federaldominance of the fiscal regime could have a substantial impacton how decentralized the federation becomes in practice.

Analyzing the current system

To see how this would unfold, start by looking at the currentfiscal arrangements with the unitary system of government.With a very low per capita income, the government has hadonly a limited capacity for raising revenues. As with manydeveloping countries, the size of government is quite small inrelation to the economy – currently the revenues raised by thegovernment are only about 12 per cent of gross domesticproduct. In addition, the international aid community providesthe government with additional revenues equivalent to afurther four per cent of GDP.

The revenues which Nepal currently raises, in order ofimportance come from:

• value added tax – 30 per cent

• income taxes, mainly from corporations – 18 per cent

• commodity taxes on foreign trade – 17 per cent

• excise duties, largely on cigarettes and alcohol – 9 per cent

• property and land taxes and fees – 6 per cent

• royalties and sales of government property – 3 per cent

• smaller fees, rents, dividends and taxes – 16 per cent

In addition, foreign assistance provides about one thirdadditional resources.

The first four sources, totalling about 65 per cent of governmentrevenue, are likely to be central revenues in a federal Nepal.

The value added tax is a powerful fiscal instrument, and thedecision on who controls it is an extremely important one forNepal to make. The experience of other federal countries withdecentralized VAT regimes is that they are extremely difficultto administer and prone to major problems. The most effectiveVAT systems have been the ones determined and administeredby the central government.

Allocating taxes

Some federations have decentralized or shared corporate andincome taxes, but this would be difficult to do, at least initiallyin Nepal.

Charges levied at the border, such as import duties, are alwaysimposed by the central government in a federation because theimports being taxed may cross the border into one constituentunit but may be sold in other constituent units.

Against this, excise duties on cigarettes and alcohol andproperty and land taxes could be devolved to the constituentunits, as could some of the other small fees and revenues. (Theconstituent units could set the rates for such taxes, but gainefficiency by delegating their collection to a federal agency.)These revenues might give the constituent units and localgovernments their own independent revenues of about 20 to25 per cent of total government revenues.

Longer-term revenues, such as those on hydro-electricresources, could be very important. The current governmenthas an objective of developing 10,000 megawatts ofhydroelectric power. This goal would be a huge increase fromcurrent levels though still well short of the potential somebelieve to be possible. Technically, such revenues could becollected by either the federal or constituent unit governments.There are some advantages to giving constituent units a shareof such revenues, especially if the developments impose costson the local region. However, the disadvantage is that thecountry could end up with enormous fiscal disparities betweenconstituent units if individual constituent units had fullownership and control of hydro-electric resources. This issuewill need to be resolved in a new constitution, but its short-termimpact on the functioning of the new federation is likely to beminor.

In the end, a federal Nepal would likely be fiscally verycentralized. It will not be alone among federations in thisregard. Australia, Malaysia and Nigeria are all federationswhere the central government collects over 80 per cent of allrevenues.

Funding the constituent units

But it is likely that the constituent units in a federal Nepal willrequire revenues well in excess of their own sources to meetresponsibilities they may have for local education, health andinfrastructure programs. This will require special measures tofinance the constituent units from central revenues.

(The issue of foreign assistance is clearly important as well. Theconstitution will need to determine whether the federalgovernment alone can enter agreements with donors orwhether individual constituent units can. The donorsthemselves will of course need to be agreeable to the newarrangements.)

Some who advocate a very decentralized federation may wantthe constituent units to be financed entirely through their ownsources plus a set share of federal revenues. This is essentiallythe approach in Nigeria. However, the federal government maywish to have more control over some transfers so that it can usethe power of the purse to influence some constituent unit-levelactivities. Thus in India, states are financed from their ownsources, plus a share of federally collected revenues, plusstrategic investments, plus program-specific investments. Thestrategic and program-specific investments involve variousfederally imposed conditions that the states must meet if theyare to get the money. (In many federations, the centralgovernment can also influence constituent unit activitiesthrough shared legislative responsibility, where federal lawpredominates.)

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Detailed fiscal arrangements in federations are hard to fix inconstitutions. The appropriate share of spending by the federal,constituent unit and local governments can change dramaticallyover time, depending on circumstances (such as military conflict,the economic cycle, or the level of development). Similarly,different revenue sources have quite different values over time.So most federations where the constituent units rely very heavilyon federal revenues establish basic principles and mechanisms,sometimes in the constitution, and have regular review of theprecise allocation or formula.

Determining needs

India is a very relevant example. Every five years the Uniongovernment establishes a Finance Commission to review therevenue capacity and needs of the governments in the Indianfederation; the commission recommends what share of federalrevenues should go to the states and what the allocation to statesshould be. These funds are one important part of financing forthe states, along with strategic and program funds.

If constituent units are to be heavily financed by the centralgovernment, should they have some accountability to thecentral government for how they manage the money? Certainlythis would be true for conditional transfers. But even for

unconditional transfers, there may be a case for some controlsor sanctions in relation to basic procedures of good budgetarymanagement and reporting. Brazil’s financial accountability lawis an important example, which involves strict reporting, as wellas controls on debt and spending.

South Africa moved to a type of federalism after the end ofapartheid. It had a major challenge decentralizing majorprogram responsibilities to the provinces because many ofthem had so little infrastructure and human capacity. Theyalso found that the sudden shift of spending away from thericher parts of the country to the poorer regions created twoproblems: the richer areas were hurt by the deterioration ofservices and infrastructure, while the poorer areas sometimescould not absorb the money and ended up spending it badly.Their experience underlines the importance of a phasedapproach to moving to a decentralized regime.

At the end of the day, developing a federal Nepal will involvedefining a vision for the country and putting in place mechanismsof good governance to serve the public. These are two very largechallenges and in both cases, establishing appropriate fiscalarrangements will be central to this task.

Street children sniff glue by the roadside in Kathmandu. Nearly one third of the population lives below the poverty line. According toUNICEF there are an estimated 30,000 street children in Nepal, of which 3,700 are homeless.

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BY MUKTA S. TAMANG

epal’s Constituent Assemblyabolished its long-reigning

monarchy on May 28, 2008, transformingthe country into a republic from akingdom in one fell swoop.

Over the coming two years, the Assemblywill define and design the country’sfederal structure. Consensus is emergingamong political parties, civil societyactors, and academia on the need forusing criteria such as ethnicity, language,culture and territory as the basis for the

Meeting demands for self-determination in NepalConstituent Assembly must accommodate ethnic diversity in a federal system

future federation. However, there aredivergent views on the right to self-determination. The issue remainscontentious and has generatedconsiderable anxiety, fear anduncertainty.

The thorny issue of the right to self-determination cannot be ignored. Itmust be addressed in the federal designwith utmost care to strike a balancebetween accommodating culturaldiversity and not encouraging violent

conflict or secession. This need forbalance requires a careful analysis of theavailable options.

First raised by indigenous peoples

The demand for the right to self-determination was raised first in Nepalby indigenous peoples, known as adivasijanajati. During the last two decades,activists within indigenous movementshave championed this cause andbrought it to national attention. The

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Mukta S. Tamang is an anthropologist based in Nepal.

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People from the Kirat community perform their traditional dance during the Sakela festival in Kathmandu on December 12, 2008. Sakelais the main festival of the Kirat which is celebrated during the full moon by praying to Mother Nature for good crops and protection fromnatural calamities.

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Nepal Federation of IndigenousNationalities, an umbrella organizationrepresenting 54 organizations, forexample, stated that its chief demand forstate re-structuring is the enshrining ofthe principle of "ethnic autonomy withthe right to self-determination."

The group considers such a rightessential to redress historical injusticesimposed upon their society by Nepal’sdominant group. The political partiesthat emphasize ethnic, linguistic andcultural rights – including SanghiyaLoktantrik Rastriya Manch, TamsalingNepal Rastriya Dal, Nepa Rastriya Daland various factions of RastriyaJanamukti Party – have identical viewson this issue.

As well, as the Communist Party of Nepal(Maoist) commonly known as CPNM,engaged in armed rebellion in 1996 andbecause it incorporated the agenda of aright to self-determination into itspolitical program, the notion has spreadacross the country. The CPNM endorsedthe right to self-determination and ethnicautonomy as early as 1994 when it heldthe so-called First National Conference.

Maoist ideologues Baburam Bhattaraiand Hisila Yami, writing on theNationality Question in Nepal, statedthat their party "declared Nepal as amultinational and multi-lingual countryand, having accepted the principle ofrights of nations to self-determination,proposed autonomy for differentnationalities." As the people’s war – as itbecame known – developed further, theCPNM announced in 2004 the formationof 11 autonomous regions in the countrywhich were to have a right to self-determination. The party’s view is thatthe right to self-determination includesthe right to secession. For the CPNM, theright to secession is closely linked withthe people’s right to revolt againstoppression.

Movements made same demands

To complicate the situation, there weresimilar demands made by movements inthe Madhes, the southern strip of Nepalbordering India, also called the Terai. TheMadhesi movements – involving theMaithili, Bhojpuri and Avadhi-speaking

people and other groups living on thesouthern plains – which surfacedvigorously beginning in 2006, haveadopted the vocabulary and made thesame demands. The Madhesi JanadhikarForum – a regional political party thatwon 50 seats in the ConstituentAssembly (CA)– says in its electionmanifesto that it wants "completeautonomy of the Terai with the right toself-determination."

While demands for the right to self-determination have escalated to a non-retractable level, details about how thisshould be done have not been madeclear yet. Neither the indigenouspeoples’ leaders, who demanded self-determination as a fundamental rightupon which other rights depend, norCPNM, which promised self-determination of the nationalities withthe right to secession, have come up withdetails about how this powerful andemotive principle should be dealt withby the federal constitution.

Adding to anxiety

The open-endedness of the concept asit is advocated by some people has addedto the anxiety of political actors who seethe right to self-determination simply asthe gateway to secession. Such anxiety

is particularly strong amongconservative sections of Nepali societythat believe Nepal was a "creation" and"possession" of the Shah Dynasty, theformer royal family of Nepal, andtherefore, must be kept unitary andcentralized. In a recent televisioninterview, Kamal Thapa, a leader of theRastriya Prajatantra Party and asupporter of the former royal regime, saidthat granting the right to self-determination would undoubtedlyultimately lead to the disintegration ofthe country.

Major political parties such as the NepaliCongress (NC) and the Communist Partyof Nepal (United Marxist Leninist) havefor now dodged the issue by saying thatthe powers of constituent units will bedetermined by the CA or by a specialhigh-level commission on staterestructuring.

Such resistance is understandable asstates around the world are generallyreluctant to recognize the right to self-determination of groups within a statebecause this can conflict with theprinciple of territorial integrity. Thedynamics in Nepal reflect this, as on onehand, the state primarily wants to avoiddisintegration, while on the other,indigenous peoples and distinctive

Tharu activists demonstrate in Kathmandu against the Madhesi demand that the whole ofNepal’s Terai region become one single constituent unit. The Tharus are Nepal’s fourthlargest indigenous group. They occupy Nepal’s lowland region with nearly seven per centof the population. They have been demanding a separate constituent unit of their ownwithin the Terai region.

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population groups living in the statewant their right to identity recognized.

Postponing, ignoring or dismissing theissues does not help in developing asolution that contributes to peace orstrengthens democracy. Attempts tomaintain territorial integrity of the Nepalination-state through force wouldobviously bring more tragedy than goodto the people. Instead, demand for self-determination in the context of Nepalmust be considered in the context of thehistorical experience of marginalizationof indigenous peoples and other groups.These groups were not only excludedfrom power, but also experiencedeconomic exploitation, politicalsuppression and cultural discrimination.The demand for autonomy and self-determination is aimed at creating aninclusive state based on democraticvalues of equality, human rights and therule of law.

Accommodating cultural diversity

Self-determination must be understoodin a broader sense in relation toaccommodation of cultural diversity inmulticultural states such as Nepal.Secession would then become only onepossibility, perhaps as the extreme formof self-determination.

Secession, as one dimension of the rightto self-determination, is more of a concernto the opponents than the proponents ofsuch a right in Nepal. There was never ademand for a separate state even whenmarginalized groups characterized theunitary and centralized state of Nepal asone of "internal colonization" by minoritycaste Hindu elites under the patronage ofa feudal king.

Thus, holding the Nepali state intact –using a reconfigured formula andrestructured political institutions – is stilla common value for all contendingpolitical forces. Indeed, indigenousscholar-activist Krishna Bhattachan,argued the new constitution mustclearly mention the right to self-determination as a collective right ofindigenous peoples.

"This shall not mean secession,"Bhattachan added.

Bhattachan made the statement at an

event organized on the occasion ofWorld's Indigenous People’s Day onAugust 9, 2008.

Indeed, the right to self-determination asa recognized principle in internationaland constitutional law can have a rangeof meanings and dimensions supportingits implementation. Professor AntonioCassese, an international law specialistwho served as the first president of theInternational Criminal Tribunal for theFormer Yugoslavia, distinguishesbetween external and internaldimensions of the right to self-determination. The external dimensionof the right to self-determination mainlyconcerns the international status of thepeople concerned. Secession would beone example of this. The internaldimension, on the other hand, is relatedto state structure and legal regulations toensure democratic rights for diversegroups.

In the contemporary context, thedoctrine of a people’s right to self-determination, often credited toWoodrow Wilson, is more often evokedin the context of accommodatingdiversity in pluralist or multiculturalsettings of nation-states than in thecontext of decolonization. There arevirtually no states today that haveenshrined the right of secession in theirconstitutions with the possible exceptionof Ethiopia. But recognition of culturaldiversity and equal rights has become awidely accepted democratic norm.

Guaranteeing group identities

While the debate on the right of secessionis not of major practical relevance forfederal Nepal, the right to self-determination nevertheless issomething that is very important forsome people. Respecting peoples’aspirations and using insight fromelsewhere, for example South Africa,Nepal’s new constitution can guaranteethe right to self-determination to the"Nepali people as a whole," withoutprecluding the right of self-determination of indigenous peoples. Inthis way, Nepal’s challenge of achieving"multicultural nationalism," orproverbial "unity in diversity," perhapscan be addressed by ensuring various

groups a right to their identities. Such amove would help these people feel moredisposed to integrate into the state inwhich they live.

The adoption of the Declaration on theRights of Indigenous Peoples by theUnited Nations General Assembly inSeptember 2007 was welcomedenthusiastically in Nepal. With thisdeclaration, the UN said that indigenouspeoples have the right to self-determination. The declaration affirmsthe close relationship of indigenouspeoples with their ancestral land, andterritories that form the base of theircollective existence, culture andspirituality, as well as the right to self-determination in the framework of thestate in which they live. However, thedeclaration, a joint document of worldindigenous peoples and governments,also specifies that self-determinationdoes not mean separation. The spirit ofthe declaration is reflected in Nepal whenpeople express their desire forrecognition of cultural identity anddemocratic rights, as well as thehistorical legacy of people frommountain, hill and Terai living together.

With these aspirations, indigenouspeoples in Nepal joined together tocongratulate 199 CA members belongingto indigenous peoples on June 21, 2008.Before an audience of 1,000 in the heartof Kathmandu, the speaker of the CA,Subash Chandra Nembang, who is fromthe indigenous Limbu people, said: "Weas your representatives to the CA will notdisappoint you. ... We will make sure thatyou all keep your head high as unitedNepali who respect diversity."

Thus the designers of the new federalstate of Nepal, who must take intoaccount a wide range of concerns fromensuring effective fiscal and judicialarrangements, to whether the countrybe governed by a parliamentary ofpresidential system, must be guided bythe need for the design to includeprinciples of self-rule and shared rule.This will be crucial for meeting Nepal’schallenges and for realizing the peoples’desire for self-determination in acommon and united Nepal.

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Then Primer Minister Pushpa Kamal Dahal “Prachanda”, left, administered the oath of office to newly appointed Foreign MinisterUpendra Yadav, right, and Finance Minister Baburam Bhattarai, second right. President Dr. Ram Baran Yadav, second left, looked on.

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BY KRISHNA KHANAL

n May 28, 2008, Nepal formallyembarked upon its new destinyas a federal republic. At its first

meeting, the newly elected ConstituentAssembly abolished the 240-year oldShah monarchy and instructed the lastking, Gyanendra Shah, to vacate the royalpalace within 15 days.

The declaration formalized the pre-election promise of the political parties.Under the Constituent Assembly (CA),elections held on April 10, 2008, no singleparty had achieved a majority in the 601-

Choosing a governmentfor NepalThe world's youngest federation prepares to write its new constitution

O member Assembly. But there had been,nevertheless, a massive victory for theparties supporting a federal republic.

Republicanism and federalism rode astrong nation-wide political wave duringthe April 2006 popular uprising and noparty could risk resisting it. Contrary tospeculation, former King Gyanendra,along with his wife, Komal, quietly left thepalace, handing over crown and sceptreto government officials. For many, thecreation of the republic was completewhen the Assembly elected the

President and Vice President on July 22,2008, clearing the way for the much-awaited formation of the newgovernment and transfer of power.

On August 15, 2008, the Assemblyelected Pushpa Kamal Dahal"Prachanda," chairman of theCommunist Party of Nepal Maoist (CPN-Maoist), as the prime minister with anoverwhelming majority. The interimconstitution provides for a governmentbased on consensus. Since the politicalparties (chiefly the Nepali Congress) did

Krishna Khanal is the professor of political science at the Tribhuvan University.

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not join the Maoist-led government,there was a division of the vote in theAssembly. Of the 25 political partiesrepresented in the Assembly, 21 hadvoted for Prachanda. He received 464votes against 113 for his rival, SherBahadur Deuba of the Nepali Congressparty. The government was basically athree-party alliance: the CPN-Maoist;the Communist Party of Nepal (UnifiedMarxist-Leninist) (CPN-UML); andMadhesi Janadhikar Forum, Nepal(MJFN). However, three other smallerparties were also included in the Councilof Ministers. The Common Programmesadopted by the Alliance partnersstressed (1) the framing of a newconstitution within two years, (2)integration and rehabilitation of theMaoist army cadre within six months, (3)consolidation of peace and security bycurbing crime and lawlessness.

Assembly to begin constitution making

It took more than three months for theAssembly just to elect its speaker, SubashChandra Nembang of the CPN-UML, onJuly 24, 2008. In the meantime, on June26, Girija Prasad Koirala, leader of theNepali Congress Party, had announcedhis resignation as prime minister.However, the resignation had to beapproved by the President of Nepal, andit was not until one month later that theCA finally elected a president, Dr. RamBaran Yadav (also of the Nepali CongressParty). Yadav’s election as presidentpaved the way for the CA to fill the officeof prime minister by electing Prachanda.

There was a Maoist campaign to providethe president of Nepal with executivepowers instead of the symbolic role thatpresidents have in republics with aparliamentary system. However, theFifth Amendment to the interimconstitution provided for the continuityof a parliamentary model of government– a president as the constitutional headof state and a prime minister as theexecutive head of government. TheMaoists had to give up, at leasttemporarily, introducing thepresidential system. Undoubtedly, thegovernmental system, whetherparliamentary or presidential, will againbe debated in the Assembly.

Forming alliances

Post-election politics in Nepal are fluidand marked by shifting alliances. TheAssembly consists of 25 parties and twoindependent members, ranging from the

largest, CPN-Maoist with 220 seats, tomore than a dozen parties with one ortwo seats each. The nomination of 26members has also been made on thebasis of proportional representation.Alliances remain highly unpredictable.Alliances will line up either in favour ofthe Maoist party or against it. Given pastpolitical experience, it is likely to beunstable. The Maoists could form a morestable alliance, either with the CPN-UMLor the Nepali Congress, but they aretempted by a "winner take all" approach,which jeopardized the emergent Maoist-UML alliance even before it took shape.In such a situation, the dirty politics ofhorse-trading cannot be ruled out. TheMaoist leader Prachanda described it as"the same old game by corrupt figures."Nepal's current transitional politics maybe seen as "politicking without a politicalsystem."

Maoists suspect that the power shift isdeliberately being delayed by forces thatit alleges wish to maintain the status quo.In fact, with the emergence of the CPN-Maoist as the largest party in theAssembly, although other partiesconcede that it should lead thegovernment, they have at the same timestrong reservations and are not willing toallow it to be the sole power holder.Sensing the possibility of his party’s beingprevented from coming to power,Prachanda has accused former PrimeMinister G.P. Koirala of the CongressParty and others of being "corruptfigures" and vowed that his party will

"chase away those corrupt figures in casethey come to power by manipulation."

Resolving constitutional issues

There are several complex constitutionalissues on which the Assembly needs tobuild consensus before drafting the newconstitution. Some include carving outprovinces as constituent units of the newfederation, distributing power betweenthe centre and the constituent units, anddetermining the system of governmentand type of electoral system. While manypolitical leaders and professionals drawcomparisons to the situation in SouthAfrica in 1994, there is no agreed-uponformat in Nepal to guide the parties andAssembly members in making the newconstitution. The major parties, thoughthey speak about "making a new Nepal,"appear more preoccupied withconsolidating their position at the helmrather than with developing a soundfoundation and principles for the newpolitical order.

As evident from their electionmanifestos, political parties differ sharplyon the future system of government thatwill be adopted in the new constitution.The debate centres on whether there isto be a parliamentary or a presidentialsystem. Interestingly, the CPN-Maoistand the Madhesi Janadhikar Forumshare many of the same views on thesystem of government as opposed tothose of the NC and CPN-UML. TheMaoists, the Forum, and a few other

Local residents watch the Matyaha festival in Patan in Kathmandu on August 18, 2008.Family members who have lost their loved ones take part in the festival to bestow peaceupon the departed.

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smaller parties, favour the presidentialsystem in which voters directly elect thepresident who in turn exercises all theexecutive powers of the government.However the Nepali Congress, CPN-UMLand most of the other parties support thecontinuation of the parliamentary systemin which the prime minister is elected byparliamentary majority and is vested withexecutive power. The president remainsthe nominal, constitutional head of state.

Designing a system of government

However, both proposed systems offersome unique features. The Maoistelection manifesto states: "There will bea President directly elected by the peopleand the Prime Minister elected by thelegislature." This resembles the Frenchor Russian models in which the presidentdischarges overall executive functions,and the prime minister is responsible forday-to-day administration. The MadhesiJanadhikar Forum party prefers theAmerican model of a president withouta prime minister.

Among the parties that favour aparliamentary system, CPN-UML andthe Communist Party of Nepal (MarxistLeninist) prefer the direct election of theprime minister instead of byparliamentary majority. The CPN-UMLelection manifesto states that: "Peoplewill elect the Prime Minister on the basisof adult franchise. And an electoralcollege consisting of the members offederal and provincial parliaments willelect the President." Interestingly, thisidea had been advocated by NepaliCongress leader Nara Hari Acharya foralmost a decade; however, it did not finda place in his party’s position, but ratherin a rival party’s. Indeed, there is strongopinion in the country that the typicalWestminster model of parliamentarygovernment should be adapted to suitNepali political culture.

Political parties share a lot ofcommonalities on the preferred type oflegislature. Most feel that there should bea bicameral legislature in the centre andunicameral ones in the constituent units.However, they have not expressed aspecific opinion about the formation andpowers of the upper house of the federalparliament, which is very important in afederal system particularly with regard tothe constituent units' power-sharingwith the centre.

Coming up with an electoral system

The choice of electoral system is anotherimportant aspect of government and the

exercise of state power in theconstitutional design of Nepal.Marginalized and excluded communitiessuch as women, the Dalits, the Janjatis(indigenous peoples), the Madhesi (thenon-hill people who have beenhistorically residing in the plain area ofsouthern Nepal bordering India whocomprise different caste, ethnic andlinguistic groups and religiouscommunities) have demanded aninclusive form of government withproportional representation. In light ofNepal's ethnic and cultural diversity, thisdemand garnered nation-wide support.About 60 per cent of Assembly seats wereelected through proportionalrepresentation with fixed ethnic andgender quotas, as opposed to 40 per centfrom single-member constituencies witha first-past-the-post-system. As a result,the elections produced a highlyinclusive Assembly in terms of therepresentation of hitherto marginalizedand excluded groups. The countrycannot revert to a full first past the postsystem. Full proportionalrepresentation, or a blending with thefirst past the post system, is essential tosatisfy ethnic and gender aspirations forequitable representation in the statestructure.

The choice of the system of governmentfor federal Nepal, then, depends on howthe current coalition government is ableto maintain unity and perform day-to-day functions. The Maoist leaders seemallergic to the term "parliament." Thepresident not only changed the name ofthe Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs toConstituent Assembly Affairs, but alsostated that he does not accept a"conventional parliamentary system"based on the Westminster model.Though government business is carriedon very much in accordance with theparliamentary process, the Maoistleaders appear to be trying to create theimpression that they have made adecisive departure from the past. ButPrime Minister Prachanda had to askMatrika Yadav, the Minister for LandReform and Management, to resign whenthe latter defended the appropriation ofprivate land by the Maoist cadre in Sirahadistrict. The main opposition NepaliCongress party and a few others aretrying to cash in on this move, allegingthat the Maoists are attempting tothwart democracy and imposecommunist authoritarianism.

Ensuring stability

This state of affairs is likely to continueuntil the Assembly resumes itsconstitution-making responsibilities.The crux of the matter is not whether thesystem of government should beparliamentary or presidential but how itcan be made stable, efficient andaccountable. In the past, Nepal’sparliamentary system, modeled onWestminster, did not provide this.Instability – with governments falling onnon-confidence votes due to anelectorate divided among many parties– and non-performance were the mainproblems. That is why alternativeproposals are still being considered.However, if the Nepali Congress Partyremains outside the governmentcoalition, it will continue to press for atraditional parliamentary system and islikely to regard any attempt to thwart itas anti-democratic. Therefore, thedebate over the system of government islikely to bypass the real issue, namelyhow to create a stable and effectivesystem of government for Nepal.

As there are no clearly defined anddemarcated ethnic or culturalboundaries in Nepal, the formation ofconstituent units is sure to raisecontroversy and tension. There will betwo major disagreements when drawingthese internal borders.

One disagreement will be over whetherthe Madhes should be one largeconstituent unit, or whether the hillcountry on the northern fringes of theMashes should be separate. TheMadhesi parties, the fourth largest groupin the Assembly have stood fast by themantra: "One Madhes, One Province is amust to free the Madhesi people…" Sofar, they had already shown decisivestrength in pressuring the Kathmandu-based rulers to yield to other demands.

The other disagreement will be overethnic versus non-ethnic constituentunits. Most parts of Nepal are mixed interms of population, and no ethnic orlinguistic group is likely to achieve amajority in most of the likelyconstituent units. Converting aKathmandu-centric unitary Nepal intoa federal system will be challenging anddelicate.

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Drafting Nepal’slanguage policyNon-federal options might provide a better response to local needs

BY SUJIT CHOUDHRY

anguage will be one of the mostimportant issues for the writers ofNepal’s new constitution.

Linguistic nationalism has also been oneof the principal forces shapingconstitutional developments in Nepal’sneighbouring countries for more than 60years. In pre-independence India,political mobilization led by Urdu-speaking elites ultimately led topartition. During the debatessurrounding the adoption of India’sconstitution, the move to make Hindi thesole official language produced thegreatest conflict in the ConstituentAssembly. Demands in the 1950s and1960s by non-Hindi speakers led both tothe development of India’s three-language policy and the creation oflinguistic states.

India has been relatively successful inmanaging linguistic difference,compared to other countries in SouthAsia. In Sri Lanka, linguistic nationalismhas been at the heart of ethnic conflictsince the 1950s. The choice of Sinhala asthe official language of governmentservices and public-sector employmentfuelled escalating demands by theTamil-speaking community for languagerights, federalism and, ultimately,secession. A final settlement of theconflict that does not directly address theclaims of Tamil-speakers is doomed tofailure. Pakistan is also a cautionary tale.Of the many areas of conflict betweenEast and West Pakistan immediately

after independence, an important onewas language. Establishing Urdu asPakistan’s official language, along withdenigration of Bengali, helped lead tothe secession of East Pakistan and theestablishment of Bangladesh.

The cost of getting language policywrong can be very high. To be sure, thereare important historical differencesbetween Nepal and other countries inSouth Asia. In India, Pakistan and SriLanka, linguistic nationalism has beeninextricably tied to the history ofcolonialism and nation building. Duringthe colonial era, English was one of theprincipal languages of publicadministration and was spoken by anelite few. After independence, as acolonial language, it could no longer playthis role. An indigenous language, widelyspoken or capable of being learned, hadto serve as the heart of political andeconomic life, and indeed, was

necessary for democratic consolidation.In contrast, Nepal was never colonizedand has had relatively limited experiencewith democracy, so its linguistic politicshave not been shaped by these forces.

Designating an official language

But, nonetheless, language has been asource of constitutional controversy inNepal. Like its neighbours in South Asia,Nepal is linguistically extremely diverse.At least 90 languages are spoken inNepal. Nepali is the mother tongue forapproximately 48 per cent of thepopulation. There are other widelyspoken languages. In the Madhes,Maithili is spoken by 12.3 per cent of thepeople while Bhojpuri is spoken by 7.53per cent of the population. In addition,among the languages of the Janajati,Tharu and Tamang have the mostspeakers. The 1990 constitution bothrecognized and drew a distinction

Sujit Choudhry is Scholl Chair and Associate Dean in the Faculty of Law, University of Toronto, Canada.

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A young pupil concentrates on her exercise book in a primary school near Kathmandu.Nepal has a policy of requiring that curriculum and textbooks be in students’ mothertongue for basic and primary levels of education. The policy has not yet beenimplemented.

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among the different languages of Nepal.Article 4(1) declared “[a]ll the languagesspoken in Nepal are the nationallanguages of Nepal.” However, section4(2) provided that only “Nepali inDevnagari script shall be the officiallanguage of Nepal.” Article 5 of theinterim constitution repeats theseprovisions. The designation of Nepali asthe sole official language by the 1990constitution was interpreted by theNepal Supreme Court as precludingmunicipalities from conferring officiallanguage status on other languages atthe local level.

The designation of Nepali as the soleofficial language has generatedenormous resentment, especiallyamong Madhesi, who feel this has actedas a barrier to the civil service for them.Civil servants in the Terai are for the mostpart Nepali speaking Pahari who cannotor decline to communicate with the localpopulation in their own language.Moreover, language has historically beencaught up with controversies overcitizenship. Finally, many Pahariconsider Madhesi to be Indians, ratherthan Nepalis, and refuse to accept themas fellow citizens. This view was reflected

in the rules governing Nepali citizenshipset out in Article 9 of the 1990constitution, which required spoken andwritten fluency in Nepali for naturalizedcitizens (including the spouses ofwomen citizens of Nepal and theirchildren). The net result is that manyMadhesi who have been living in Nepalfor generations lack citizenship.

Allowing linguistic diversity

The rise of political parties asserting theinterests of the Madhes guarantees thatlanguage will remain a live constitutionalissue. In grappling with it, there are in facttwo sets of questions for Nepal todiscuss. First, what does official languagestatus actually mean? Second, how canconstitutional design respond tolinguistic diversity?

Why must states have an officiallanguage? States cannot be linguisticallyneutral, as they can on the basis of race,religion or ethnicity. States must chooseone or a limited set of official languagesin which to function, offer publicservices, legislate, run their schools,debate and enact laws. This choice, inturn, functions to distribute economicand political power. Economically, it

provides privileged access toeducational opportunities, economicwell-being, and public-sectoremployment to speakers of the officiallanguage, and conversely, impedes suchaccess to speakers of other languages.Politically, speakers of official languagesenjoy privileged access to public officesand hence to public power, such aslegislatures, courts and bureaucracies.So, not surprisingly, official languagepolicies are the source of conflict inmultilingual societies, as they have beenin South Asia.

It is sometimes thought that once alanguage receives official languagestatus, it can and should be treatedequally across all areas of governmentactivity. However, for the purposes ofconstitutional design, it is useful todisaggregate the choice of officiallanguage into a number of distinctinstitutional contexts. In each of thosecontexts, the scope for linguistic choiceand the consequences of those choicesare rather different.

Simplifying communication

For example, instead of referring to theofficial language of government it is more

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Students hold a protest against Vice President Paramananda Jha in Kathmandu for taking the oath of office in Hindi. Mr. Jha was formerlya senior leader of the Madhesi Janadhikar Forum, a political party which wants Hindi to be the official language of the Terai region.

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useful to distinguish between thelanguage of public service and theinternal working language ofgovernment. The language of publicservices has understandably been aflashpoint of linguistic conflict inm u l t i l i n g u a ls o c i e t i e s .Moreover, thescope forlinguistic choiceis broad, becausein theory,governments mayc o m m u n i c a t ewith their citizensin a broad range oflanguages, all ofwhich carryofficial status forthat purpose.

By contrast, the scope for linguisticchoice is much more limited with respectto the internal working language ofgovernment. From a practicalstandpoint, the state is limited in itsability to function internally in more thanone language, in order to ensure that civilservants are able to communicate witheach other. Translation for monolingualcivil servants in a multilingualadministration is both time-consumingand costly. In the context of a developingcountry such as Nepal, these challengesare even greater. This createsconsiderable pressure toward linguisticconvergence within publicadministration, much more so than forthe language of public services, where itis possible to use a broader array oflanguages. This has intensified linguisticpolitics in this arena, because the choiceof internal working language has adramatic effect on opportunities forpublic employment. Moreover, ineconomies where the public sector islarge, the choice of internal workinglanguage has a standard-setting effect onthe private sector because of the need forprivate entities to communicate withcivil servants.

Implementing the language offederalism

The second set of issues concerns therelationship between official languagepolicies and federalism. Some seefederalism as the principal vehicle for

implementing a policy of multiple officiallanguages. In its most extreme form, thecentre and constituent units, sometimescalled federal units, would haveunfettered power to choose an officiallanguage, which could differ. A link

language – the central official languageor a third language (such as English),could be used between the centre andthe constituent units. This is the Indianmodel. There are possible variations. Forexample, the constitution could offerchoices for constituent units byproviding a list of official languages fromwhich to choose. Or it could set oneofficial language for constituent units(perhaps the official language of thecentre), but give them the power to adoptadditional languages. The constitutioncould set the official language(s) of theconstituent units. In all these variants,linguistic minorities within constituentunits could be granted the right tominority-language education when theyreach certain numbers.

Equating language with federalism iswidespread throughout South Asia. Thelinguistic reorganization of the Indianstates, the secession of East Pakistan andthe demand for a Tamil majority provinceor independent homeland in Sri Lankaare examples. Consequently, it is oftenassumed in Nepal that adopting multipleofficial languages would necessarily gohand in hand with the adoption of afederal structure.

The link between federalism andmultiple official languages is based, inpart, on the assumption that officiallanguage status cannot bedisaggregated. But once it is acceptedthat there are distinct spheres in whichthe choice of official language becomes

an issue, it is clear that federalism is notthe only constitutional option. It ispossible to have multiple officiallanguages without a federalconstitution. For instance, in the realmof public services, a national government

could provide publicservices in differentlanguages throughoutthe country, tailored tothe needs of localpopulations. Anational judicialsystem could operatein a similar manner; forexample, with respectto languages in whichthere is a sufficientlydeveloped legalvocabulary. So toowith primaryeducation, which

could entrench the right to mother-tongue education with or withoutfederalism. Likewise, with the availabilityof simultaneous interpretation, thenational legislature can operate inmultiple official languages. These areseparate from the internal workinglanguage of government, which wouldby necessity be limited to one or twolanguages. Under a non-federal model,municipal, regional or districtgovernments could be bilingual,working in both the official language ofthe centre and a local language, as is thecase in Kosovo, Macedonia and Finland.

There are hybrid options as well, whichwould combine multilingualism at thenational level (for example, in thenational legislature) with federalismwhere constituent units make choicesregarding official language status thatdiffer from those made at the centre. Theoverall point is that in addressinglanguage policy through constitutionaldesign, Nepal has a wide range of optionsto choose from. Moreover, inemphasizing self-rule mechanisms fordealing with linguistic diversity (that is,federalism), it should not overlook thosethat emphasize shared rule. If Nepal is torespond to the legitimate aspirations ofits people for a share in the exercise ofpublic power, federalism should beaccompanied by the transformation ofthe central government as well.

Equating language with federalism is widespreadthroughout South Asia. The linguistic reorganization ofthe Indian states, the secession of East Pakistan andthe demand for a Tamil majority province or independenthomeland in Sri Lanka are examples. Consequently, it isoften assumed in Nepal that adopting multiple officiallanguages would necessarily go hand in hand with theadoption of a federal structure.

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ce"tk"j{ /fhgLlts kl/jt{gsf k|lqmofdf

/x]sf] g]kfnnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg'' xf] .

d g]kfndf klxnf]k6s km]a|'c/L @))& df

cfPsf] lyPF, / km]l/ bf];|f]k6s ;]K6]Da/

@))* df cfPF . d]/f oL b'O{ e|d0fx¿aLr

ljZjf;} gnfUg] lsl;dsf kl/jt{gx¿ ePsf

lyP . d]/f] klxnf] e|d0ftfsf /fhf b/af/d}

lyP, o'4lj/fd wd{/fpFbf] lyof], r'gfjsf]

ldlt klg lglZrt lyPg / /fhtGq, wd{ /

c ;ª\3Lotfh:tf k|d'v d'2fx¿df cfd;xdltgePsf] :ki6 efg x'GYof] . d g]kfn kmsF{bflgjf{lrt /fi6«klt;lxt d'n's u0ftGqdoePsf] lyof] . lgjf{rgn] a[xt\ k|ltlglwd"ns;+ljwfg;ef agfpg ;kmn ePsf] lyof] .zflGt k|lj|mofnfO{ lgisif{df k'¥ofpg] c7f]6sf;fy u7aGwg ;/sf/sf] g]t[Tj klxn]sfljb|f]xL k|d'vn] u/]sf lyP . d'n's wd{lg/k]If,ax'hftLo / ax'eflifs ePsf] 3f]if0ff ePsf]lyof] . o;sf ;fy} g]kfn ;ª\3Lotfdfhfg] ljifodf ;+j}wflgs k|lta4tf;lxtsf]cfd;xdlt ePsf] lyof] .

g]kfnsf ;fd' cem} klg y'k|} r'gf}tL /hl6n d'2fx¿ b]lvG5g\ t/ klg oLpknlAwx¿ pT;fxj4{s 5g\ . o; klqsfn]tL r'gf}tLx¿sf] n]vfhf]vf u/]sf] 5 .

o; 3fO / lhn sf]6«nsf] n]vdf ;+ljwfglgdf{0f;DaGwL rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 / g]kfnsfg]tfx¿nfO{ cGo 7fpFsf] cg'ejaf6 l;Sg/ a[xt\ ;xeflutfd"ns k|lj|mof ckgfpgk|]l/t ul/Psf] 5 . g]kfnL /fli6«otfsf] k|s[lt/ klxrfgsf] ;Daf]wg ub}{ cfdhgtfnfO{;d]6\g h?/L /x]sf] s'/fdf pxfFx¿n] ljz]ifhf]8 lbg'ePsf] 5 .

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hh{ PG8/;g kmf]/d ckm km]8]/];G;sf cWoIf tyf k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[t x'g'x'G5 .

;+ljwfg;efsf gjlgjf{lrt cWoIf ;'jf; g]DafªnfO{ kb tyf uf]kgLotfsf] ;ky v'jfpFb} g]kfnsf /fi6«klt 8f= /fdj/0f ofbj . g]kfnsf] Ps cflbjf;L÷hghflt ;d"xsf ;b:o ;'jf;

g]Dafª ;+ljwfg;efsf] cWoIf kbdf lglj{/f]w ;j{;xdltn] lgjf{lrt x'g'ePsf] lyof] .

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s[i0f vgfnsf] n]vdf ;+;bLo jf /fi6«ktLo

k|0ffnL, cyjf clxn]s} h:tf] k|ToIf lgjf{rg

/ ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTjsf] ;ld>0fdf hfg]

jf cGo s'g} ljlwsf] 5gf}6sf ;fy}

;ª\3Lotfsf ljifodf rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .

n]vsn] eg]em}F ldlnh'nL ;/sf/n] Pstf

s;/L sfod u5{ / cfk\mgf b}lgs

ultljlwx¿ s;/L ;~rfng u5{ eGg] ljifodf

w]/} s'/f lge{/ /xg] b]lvG5 .

;dfj]zL eflifs gLlt th'{df

;'lht rf}w/Lsf] n]vdf blIf0f Pl;ofsf

cg'ejx¿nfO{ ;FufNb} eflifs gLltsf] dxÎj

tyf ;LdfGtLs/0fsf] gLltn] pTkGg ug{ ;Sg]

vt/fsf] rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . lgZro klg ()

eGbf a9L efiffx¿ ePsf] g]kfnn] ;dfj]zL

dfunfO{ ;Gt'ngdf /fVbf s'g efiff sfdsfhL

efiff x'g] / s'g ;/sf/L ;]jfsf] efiff x'Gf]

eGg] Jofjxfl/s kIfnfO{ x]g{' h?/L b]lvG5 .

d]/f] cfk\mgf] n]vdf ;ª\3LotfnfO{ cl3a9fpg ljQLo Joj:yfkgsf ] dxÎj

cf} FNofOPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf ;Gbe{df;fj{hlgs /fh:j ;ª\sng ug]{ d'Vo sfds]xL ;dosf nflu s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/sf] /xG5 .PsfOx¿nfO{ ;+o'Qm s/, /sd e'QmfgL lbgcyjf lglZrt sfo{qmdsf nflu ;;t{e'QmfgLsf dfWodn] s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/n] s;/L;xof]u k'¥ofpg ;S5 eGg] ljifodf lg0f{oug'{ h?/L x'G5 . o;sf ;fy} ;fj{hlgsljQsf] r/0fa4 k'g;{+/rgf ub}{ oy]i7;Defjgf af]s]sf] hnljB'tnufotsf cGo;|f]tx¿sf] Joj:yfkg ug{ /fli6«o tyf If]qLo;Gt'ng sfod /fVg' cfjZos b]lvG5 .

d'Qmf tfdfªn] g]kfndf cfTdlg0f{osf]

clwsf/h:tf] ;+j]bgzLn ljifonfO{ rrf{

ug'{ePsf] 5 . pxfFsf] n]vdf n]lggjfbL

;f]rn] k[ys\ x'g kfpg] clwsf/;Ddsf]

jsfnt u/] klg o:tf] clwsf/ cGt/f{li6«o

sfg'g;ª\ut gx'g] / ;++j}wflgs cEof;df

klg lj/n} kfOg] rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 . t/,

pxfFn] g]kfndf eO/x]sf] cfTdlg0f{osf]

clwsf/sf] ax; k[ys\tfjfbL geO{ ;dfj]zL,

dfgjclwsf/ / ljlwsf] zf;gsf] dfu ePsf]

ljZn]if0f k|:t't ug{'ePsf] 5 . pxfFsf cg';f/

PsLs[t g]kfnn] ljljwtfsf] ;Ddfg ug]{

kl/kf6Lsf] lgdf{0f ug'{ xf] .

ljlkg clwsf/Ln] ljBdfg Goflos ;+/rgfsf]

k'g/fjnf]sg / ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgf cFufNg cfjZos

ljsNkx¿sf] k'g/fjnf]sg ug'{ePsf] 5 . d'Vo

p2]Zo eg]sf] PsfOsf] :t/df GofofnonfO{

hgd'vL agfpg' / hgtfsf] kx'Frdf j[lå ug'{

xf] eGg] pxfFsf] dxÎjk"0f{ l6Kk0fL] 5 .

zlQm lgIf]k0fsf cfjZostfx¿ ;Daf]wg ug]{

cfk\mgf] n]vdf s]6L nL /f]Pn] g]kfndf

clwsf/ lgIf]k0fsf k|of;x¿, ljz]iftM ;Lldt

Ifdtf ePsf b]zdf w]/} clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg

ubf{sf r'gf}tLx¿af/] rrf{ ug'{ePsf] 5 .

pxfFn] cfk\mgf] n]vdf s]xL cToGt dxÎjk"0f{

;jfnx¿ p7fpg'ePsf] 5 h;nfO{ zlQm

afF8kmfF8sf qmddf ;Daf]wg ug}{kg]{ x'G5 .

pxfFn] s]xL If]qx¿df PsfOx¿n] s]Gb|Lo

sf7df8f}F b/af/ rf]sdf enfs';f/L ub}{ s]xL Ho]i7 gful/sx¿ . g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vof b'O{ s/f]8 ;Q/L nfvsf] xf/fxf/Ldf ePsf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . s]Gb|Lo tYofª\s ljefuåf/f

k|sflzt hg;ª\Vof;DaGwL ljj/0fcg';f/ g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vofsf] %$ k|ltzt hg;ª\Vof ;fIf/ 5 .

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;/sf/;Fu ;Qf ;fem]bf/L ug{ ;Sg] jf

s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/sf] /]vb]vdf /xL ljleGg

k|sf/sf clwsf/x¿ k|of]u ug{ ;Sg] rrf{

ug'{ePsf] 5 .

cGTodf lgsf ]n tk/ljgn ] s;/L

;ª\3Lotfsf] gS;fª\sg ug{ ;lsG5 eGg]

ljifodf k|sfz kfg'{ePsf] 5 h;nfO{ d

tn rrf{ ug]{5' .

d x Î j k " 0 f {

; j f n x ¿ d f

cfd;xdlt gePsf]

cj:yf / ;Lldt

cg'ejsf sf/0fn]

; fx | } h l6n /

h]lnPsf d'2fx¿nfO{

g ] k fnn ] s;/ L

;Daf]wg ug]{ eGg]

ljifo g]kfnsf nflu sd r'gf}tLk"0f{ b]lvGg .

ca s;/L cufl8 a9\g] t < ;+ljwfg;efn]

b;cf]6f dxÎjk"0f{ ljifox¿ lgSof}{n u/L

o;sf nflu ;ldltx¿ agfP/ ;sf/fTds

cEof; ;'? u/]sf] 5 . To;}n] ca cufl8

a9\gsf nflu cfjZos dfu{lrq /fd|};Fu

to ePsf] b]lvG5 .

o;afx]s d]/f tLg ;'emfp 5g\ M

klxnf], ;+ljwfg;efn] k'/fgf] ;Qfsfcjz]ifx¿df a9L ;do vr{g' cfjZos 5}g .b]zdf kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 / ca Wofg s]lGb|tug'{kg]{ ljifo eg]sf] clxn] s] eO/x]sf] 5/ eljiosf nflu s] ubf{ 7Ls xf]nf eGg]g} xf] . tkfO{Fx¿;Fu hglgjf{lrt ;+ljwfg;ef/ ;/sf/ 5g\ . oL b'j} cfkmF}df k"0f{ gxf]nfg\t/ klg lgjf{rgn] ljZjJofkL dfGotf kfPsf]5 / To;n] g]kfnsf x/]s hft, hflt,ju{, lnª\unfO{ ;d]6]sf] cj:yf 5 . g]kfnn]cfk\mgf] ljljwtfsf] klxrfg, Joj:yfkg /;Ddfg ug]{ kl/kf6Ldf w]/} k|ult u/]sf]5 . To;}n] ljutsf sdLsdhf]/Lx¿;Rofpg gofF ;+ljwfgdf w]/} k|fjwfgx¿;d]l6/fVg h?/L gx'g ;S5 .

bf];|f], ;do lng'xf];\ . gofF ;+ljwfg lgs}

nfdf] ;do;Dd l6Sg'kb{5 . Ps jif{df

km]l/ n]Vg gk/f];\ . ;don] g} cGtl/d

sfnsf ;an kIf / b'a{n kIfx¿ a'‰g /

dxÎjk"0f{ ljifodf ;xdlt lgdf{0f ug{ ;xof]u

k'¥ofpF5 . gofF zf;g, ljz]if u/L dha't

;ª\3Lo k|0ffnL sfof{Gjog ug{ ;dosf]

cfjZostf k5{ g} .

cGTodf, d'2fx¿sf] k|fyldstfqmdnfO{ Wofg

lbg'xf];\ . s'g} ;jfnx¿df ;'?d} ;xdlt

agfpg ;lhnf] x'G5 / o:tf] ;xdltn]

cGo hl6n d'2fx¿ ;dfwfg ug{ ;xof]u

k'¥ofpF5 .

;ª\3Lo g]kfndf PsfOx¿sf] If]qut ;Ldf

tf]Sg] sfd lgs} ljefhs x'g ;S5 . w]/}h;f]

;ª\3Lotfsf] ax;nfO{ o;};Fu hf]8]/ x]g]{

u/]sf] kfOG5 . PsfTds zf;gdf /x]sf]

g]kfnn] ;ª\3Lotf ckgfPsf] ;Gbe{ cfkmF}dfc;fwf/0f xf], t/ :ki6 cfGtl/s l;dfgfx¿gtf]lsg] xf] eg] eflifs jf hftLo;Ldf;lxtsf] P]ltxfl;s PsfO agfpg

;lsF+b}g . o;f] ePdf PsfOsf ;Ldfx¿tf]Sg ck\m7\Øf/f] x'G5, cfj]zx¿ a9\g;S5g\ . w]/}n] ;ª\3Lotfsf] s;/t cfk\mgf];d"xsf] jr{:j PsfOdf sfod ug'{nfO{dfGb5g\ . s]xL cfwf/e"t tYox¿k|lt Wofglbg] xf] eg] hgtfsf cfj]zx¿ sd ug]{;Defjgf klg 5g\ . lgsf]n tk/ljgsf]egfO 5 M g]kfnsf ] hg;fª\lVosjf:tljstfcg';f/ d'l:snn] Psfw hftLoafx'No PsfOafx]s Ps} hftLo PsfOx¿

x'g]5}gg\ .

æ;ª\3Lo g]kfndf g]kfnLx¿sf] clwsf+z

hg;ª\Vof cfk\mgf] hftLo jf eflifs ;d"xsf]

ax'dt gePsf 7fpFdf a;f]jf; ug]{5 / ToxfF

s'g} klg ;d"xsf] ax'dt x'g]5}g . To;}n]

g]kfnLx¿sf] 7"nf] ax'dtn] cfkm" a:g] 7fpFdf

hftLo ljljwtfnfO{ c6fpg] lsl;dsf] ;ª\3Lo

g]kfnsf] 9fFrf lgdf{0f ug'{ cfjZos b]lvG5 .Æ

s;sf] ax'dt 5 eGg] ;jfn cufl8 cfP

tfklg / gful/sx¿ hxfF;'s} a;]sf] eP

klg pgLx¿sf] e"ldclwsf/ / eflifsclwsf/

s;/L ;+/If0f ug]{ eGg] kIfx¿nfO{ WofglbPkl5 ;ª\3Lo ;Ldfx¿ sf]g] { sfd;Ldfªsg ug]{ ;do cfpFbf ;lhnf] x'G5 .Toltv]/ hf]lvd klg Go"g x'G5 .

ca sltcf]6f PsfOx¿ agfpg] / ltgLx¿sf];Ldf, cfsf/ s]s:tf] x'g] eGg] k|Zgx¿cufl8 cfpF5g\ . b;cf]6f PsfOx¿ x'g;Sg] rrf{ cufl8 cfPsf] 5 . o:tf]

;ª\Vofn] sfd ug{ ;Snf,t/ s;}n] ;Dk"0f{ t/fO{

Pp6f PsfO x'g'k5{ eGg]

jsfnt klg u/ ]sf ]

kfOG5 . o;sf] cy{,

b ]zsf ] e m G8 } c fw f

hg;ª\Vof Pp6f PsfOdf

x'g] eGg] a'‰g'kb{5 / o;n];ª \3 Lo zf;gnfO {

c;Gt'lnt / /fd|f];Fu sfd ug{ g;Sg] cj:yf;[hgf ug{ ;S5 . cGo dxÎjk"0f{ oyfy{x¿klg 5g\ . g]kfnsf] /fh:j ;ª\sng Psbd}s]Gb|Ls[t x'g]5 . To;}n] s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/n]cfly{s ansf cfwf/df jf cfk\mgf] ;+j}wflgsclwsf/ k|of]u u/L w]/} ;fj{hlgs gLltx¿to ug{ k|d'v e"ldsf v]Ng ;S5 .

oL sf/0fx¿n] ubf{ Joj:yflksf / Gofokflnsfcbfntx¿, lghfdtL ;]jf / ;]gfh:tf s]Gb|Lo;+:yfx¿df ljz]if Wofg lbg' cfjZos 5 .w]/} ;ª\3Lo PsfOx¿df s]Gb|Lo ;+:yfx¿d}pgLx¿sf] ljljwtf c6fpg ljz]if k|fjwfgx¿/flvPsf] x'G5 . dflyNnf] ;bgsf] k|s[lt /e"ldsf o; cy{df dxÎjk"0f{ b]lvG5 .

tkfOF{x¿sf] ;ª\3Lotfsf] ax;df k|f/lDesr/0fdf g} s]xL ;jfndf ;dxlt agfpg'kmnbfoL x'g]5 . ;ª\3Lo PsfOsf] ;Ldfª\sggx'Fb} ljljwtfnfO{ s;/L :yfg lbg ;lsG5eGg] ljifodfly k|f/lDes r/0fd} ;Daf]wgug{ ;lsPdf s'g} ;d"xsf] ;ª\3Lo PsfOdfax'dtdf g/xg] cj:yfdf -h'g s'/f jf:tljsklg xf]nf_ pQm ;d"xsf hgtfn] cfkm"x¿dflys:tf] Jojxf/ xf];\ eGg] rfxgf /fV5g\eGg] ljifodf 5nkmn ug{ ;lsG5 . o;n];+/If0fsf cfwf/x¿ / clwsf/x¿sf] kl/efiff

ub}{ g]kfnLx¿ h'g;'s} ;ª\3Lo PsfOdf a;]sf

eP klg s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/n] ;a} g]kfnLx¿nfO{

c6fpg ;Sg] e"ldsf v]Ng ;Sg'kb{5 .

;ª\3Lo g]kfndf g]kfnLx¿sf] clwsf+z hg;ª\Vof cfk\mgf]hftLo jf eflifs ;d"xsf] ax'dt gePsf 7fpFdf a;f]jf; ug]{5/ ToxfF s'g} klg ;d"xsf] ax'dt x'g]5}g . To;}n] g]kfnLx¿sf]7"nf] ax'dtn] cfkm" a:g] 7fpFdf hftLo ljljwtfnfO{ c6fpg]lsl;dsf] ;ª\3Lo g]kfnsf] 9fFrf lgdf{0f ug'{ cfjZos b]lvG5 .

g]kfn ljz]iff°

forumfed.org

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ljwfg w]/} tl/sfn] agfpg ;lsG5 .

g]kfnd} klg ljutdf ljleGg tl/sfn]

;+ljwfg agfOPsf 5g\ . ;'?df /f0ff jf

/fhfn] s[kf u/]/ ;+ljwfg lbg] ub{y] .

b/af/n] cfk}Fm ;+ljwfg gagfP tfklg zfxL

3f]if0ffdfkm{t\ tL ;+ljwfgnfO{ hf/L ul/Psf]

lyof] . slxn]sfxLF ljz]if1 jf ljz]if1x¿sf

ljz]if ;ldltn] ;+ljwfg agfpFy] . lj= ;+=

@)$& sf] ;+ljwfgdf s]xL ;Lldt dfqfdf

afx]s ;+ljwfg agfpg] k|lqmofdf hgtf;Fu

s'g} k|sf/sf] /fo lng] rng lyPg, To;}n]

;+ljwfgsf] ;f/df hgtfsf] /fosf] k|efj

guGo /x\of] . lj= ;+= @)$& sf] ;+ljwfg

/fhgLlts bn / b/af/;Fu lgs6 ;Dks{df

/x]/ Pp6f ;fgf] ;d"xsf] ljz]if1 6f]nLn]

agfPsf] b]lvG5 . lj= ;+= @)$^ sf]

hgcfGbf]ngsf] kl/0ffd:j¿k ag]sf] @)$&

sf] ;+ljwfgnfO{ lj:yflkt ug{ cfPsf]

cGtl/d ;+ljwfg klg hgk/fdz{ljgf g}

agfOof] . oBlk o;n] hgtfnfO{ pgLx¿sf]

:yfoL ;+ljwfg n]Vgsf nflu ;/sf/nfO{

lgb]{zg u/]sf] 5 . g]kfndf ;+ljwfg n]vgsf]

k|lqmof klxnf]k6s lgjf{lrt ;+ljwfg;efsf]

sfFwdf cfPsf] 5 .

k|To]s ;+ljwfgn] s]xL ;Lldt ;fdflhs

tyf /fhgLlts cu|udgnfO{ dfq k|ltlglwTj

ubf{ ax';ª\Vos hgtf /fhgLlts tyf

cfly{s kxF'raf6 hlxn] klg aflx/ kfl/P .

kl/0ffd:j¿k, ljleGg /fhgLlts ;|f]taf6

jl~rt ;d"xx¿n] cfk\mgf c;Gt'li6x¿

kf]lv/xFbf / Gofosf] dfu /fVbf ljutsf

k|To]s ;+ljwfgx¿ r'gf}tLsf] 3]/fleq /x] .

g]kfndf ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fGofo tyf ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fsf nflu hgtfn] p7fPsf] dfu

;+

;+ljwfg n]vg hlt a9L ;xeflutfd"ns

aGb} hfG5 ;+ljwfgn] klg Tolt g} a9L

nf]stGq / ;fdflhs Gofosf l;4fGtnfO{

cËLsf/ ug{ ;S5 . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg

n]vgsf] Oltxf;df klg oL cGt/f{li6«o

k|j[lQx¿sf] emNsf] kfOG5 . ;xeflutfd"ns

;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] k|j[lQnfO{ xfn;fn ljsf;

x'Fb} uPsf cGt/f{li6«o dfGotf, cGo d'n'ssf]

cg'ejsf ljifodf ;xh} k|fKt x'g ;Sg]

;"rgf, / slxn]sfxLF cGt/f{li6«o ;+ljwfg

lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfosf]

e"ldsfn] an k|bfg ub}{ cfPsf 5g\ . /fli6«o

k[i7e"ldn] klg k|lqmofnfO{ s]xL xb;Dd

c;/ kfg]{ eP tfklg / ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f

k|lqmofsf] t'ngfTds cg'ejsf ljifodf

g]kfnLx¿dfem /fd|f] 1fg eP klg gLlt

lgdf{tfx¿ eg] ;xeflutfd"ns ;+ljwfg

lgdf{0fsf] dfGotfaf6 w]/} k|efljt ePsf]

b]lvFb}g . g]kfndf hf/L k|lqmofsf] dxÎjk"0f{

kIf eg]s} /fhgLlts bnsf g]tfx¿aLrsf]

;xdlt xf] . t/, o; k|lqmofaf6 ;a} ;Gt'i6

eg] 5}gg\ . ;+ljwfg;efsf Pshgf ;b:on]

;+ljwfgsf] vfsf tof/ kfg]{ qmddf g]tfx¿sf]

Pp6f ;fgf] ;d"xsf] jr{:j /xg] vt/f cfpg

glbg / ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmofnfO{ ;Gt'ngdf

/fVg hg;fwf/0fnfO{ a9LeGbf a9L k|ltlqmof

/ ;'emfp lbg cfJXfg u/]sf lyP .

åGåkl5sf d'2fsf] lg¿k0f

åGå pk|fGtsf] cj:yfdf /x]sf d'n'sx¿df

;+ljwfg agfpg] sfo{cGtu{t o'4lj/fd /

/fHosf ] k |zf;gsf nflu cGtl/d

Joj:yfx¿df ;xdlt ug]{, ljb|f]xLx¿ / 5'l§P/

uPsf ;;fgf ;d"xx¿nfO{ /fHo k|lqmofsf]

d "nwf/df Nofpg] , gof F ; +j }wflgs

k|fjwfgx¿sf ;DaGwdf lg0f{o lng ;+j}wflgs

l;4fGt / vfsfnfO{ ax;df Nofpg] /

gofF j}wflgs ;/sf/sf nflu lgjf{rg

ug]{nufotsf r/0fut k|lqmofx¿ kb{5g\ .

g]kfnn] o; qmdnfO{ glhsaf6 klxNofPsf]

5 / zflGt lgdf{0fdf ePsf] k|ultn] ;+j}wflgs

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åGåsf] g]t[Tj ug]{ dflg;x¿ klg nueu

;dfg ju{sf] k[i7e"ldaf6

cfPsf lyP .

a9L hl6n o; cy{dfls ;f] åGånfO{ Jojl:ytug{ lj= ;+= @)^# sf] bf];|f]hgcfGbf]ngkl5 åGålg¿k0fsf] ToxL k|lqmofn]gofF dfux¿ pAhfof] .ljb|f ]x / dfcf]jfbLn];LdfGts[t ;d'bfo;Fuu/ ]sf ] clknn ] ju {;ª\3if{sf] ts{eGbf w]/}zlQmzfnL bdgsf lj?4hfu/0f ;'?cft\ u¥of]cyjf k|:km'6g u¥of] /ljz]if u/L Pp6} ;d"xsf]jr{:j /x]sf ] k '/fgf ];Qfdfly k|Zg p7fpFb}klxrfgsf] /fhgLltnfO{k|f]T;fxg u¥of] . o;;'?cft\n] /fHosf] k|s[lt/ o;sf] ;f+:s[lts tyf/fli6«o cfwf/x¿sf af/]dfcfwf/e"t lh1f;fx¿pTkGg u/fof] . ;fdflhsj~rgf, lje]b / w]/}h;f];d 'b fod f ljBdfgul/aL; Fu hf ] l8Psf ]klxrfgsf] /fhgLltn]ToxLFaf6 dnhn kfof] .o:fn] ;fdflhs GofonfO{klg k|wfg d'2f agfPsf]5 . olb lj= ;+= @)$& sf] ;+ljwfgsf] cfwf/lj=;+= @)$^ sf] hgcfGbf]ngnfO{ /fhgLltszlQm / /fHosf] ;+/rgf;Fu hf]8]/ x]l/GYof]eg] jt{dfg cfGbf]ngnfO{ ljz]iftM ;fdflhsGofo / ;dfhsf] ¿kfGt/0f;Fu hf]8]/ x]g]{ul/Psf] 5 .

¿kfGt/0fsf] Joj:yfkg

o; cfGbf]ng;Fu} ;Daf]wg ul/g'kg]{ cGo

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lxGb" tyf g]kfnL efiffdf cfwfl/t zf;gaf6

;dfj ]z Ls/0 f , ; fd Gtj fb tyf

clwgfosjfbaf6 nf]stGq, hftLo /

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k'g;+{/rgf / /fi6« lgdf{0f b'j} k5{g\ . /fi6«

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o:tf l;4fGtn] hglxt;Fu ;DalGwt d"ne"t

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kf/]sf b]lvG5g\ . cfk;L ;xdltåf/f

;+ljwfg agfpg] k|lqmof dtleGgtfx¿

;dfwfg ug]{, d"No dfGotf, ;+:yfx¿ /

k|lqmofx¿df ;xdt x'g] / k'/fgf dtleGgtf

/ åGåsf sf/stÎjx¿ ;dfwfg ug]{ Pp6f

pQd cj;/ xf] . af}l4s g]t[Tj / s'zn

Joj:yfkg bzf{pg ;s]df ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f

k|lqmofn] d]nldnfk a9fpg / k'/fgf ltQmtf

d]6fpg ;3fp k'¥ofpF5 . t/ csf{lt/,

;lbR5f / ;'ema'emk"0f{ g]t[Tjsf cefjdf

of] k|lqmof ljv08gsf/L klg x'g ;Sb5 .

o; k|lqmofdf c;Gt'li6x¿ cleJoQm ug{

lbOg'kb{5 t/ oL c;Gt'li6x¿n] k|lqmofnfO{

g} cj?4 kfg]{ cj:yf cfpg'xF'b}g . ljutnfO{

cfTd;ft\ u/L lg/Gt/ cufl8 a9\g] vfnsf]

k|lqmof g} a9L k|efjsf/L x'G5 .

hgtfnfO{ hgzlQm, ;+:yf / ltgsf

p2]Zosf ;DaGwdf ax;df ptfg{ ;+ljwfg

lgdf{0fsf] ;doeGbf csf]{ pko'Qm ;do

x'g} ;Sb}g . /fHo;+oGqx¿sf] pkfb]otf /

nf]stGqsf af/]df hgtfn] k|:6 ga'em];Dd

hlt;'s} /fd|f];Fu agfOPsf] gofF ;+ljwfgn]

h/f uf8\g ;Sg] ;Defjgf sd /xG5 .

nf]stGq sfg'gL b:tfj]h jf 3f]if0ffkqsf]

kl/0ffd dfq xf]Og . hgtfsf] k|lta4tf

geP;Dd / hg;/f]sf/sf ljifox¿df

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ug]{ / cfk\mgf nflu ;dy{g h'6fpg], cfk\mgf

clwsf/sf] pkef]u / ;+/If0f ug]{ /

gful/ssf x}l;otn] cfk\mgf lhDd]af/LnfO{

uDeL/tfk"j{s lng] OR5f / Ifdtf geP;Dd

ToxfF s'g} nf]stGq x'Fb}g . cGo w]/} b]zx¿df

em}F g]kfnLx¿df, ljz]ifu/L u|fdL0f ;d'bfosf

hgtfx¿aLr /fHo ;~rfngsf k|lqmof /

/fHosf cª\ux¿af/] kof{Kt a'emfO 5}g .

g]kfnLx¿ Nffdf] ;do;Dd ;fdGtL /

clwgfosjfbL ;/sf/sf] cwLgdf /x] . ca

pgLx¿n] s;/L cfk\mgf xs clwsf/x¿

:jtGqk"j{s pkef]u ug{ ;S5g\ egL a'emfpg'

h?/L b]lvG5 .

;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf hg;xeflutfsf

tLg lglZrt cf}lrTox¿ 5g\ . log} tLg

cf}lrTox¿n] g} hgcfGbf]ng bf];|f]sf] cGtj{:t'

af]s]sf lyP . oL cf}lrTox¿ x'g\M g]kfnLsf

¿kdf gofF klxrfg, ;dfj]zL nf]stGq /

;fdflhs Gofo . g]kfnsf] ljljw ;dflhs

/ hftLo ;d'bfox¿sf] pNn]Vo ;lqmo

;xeflutf geO{sg oLdWo] s'g} klg s'/f

xfl;n ug{ ;lsFb}g . ;xeflutf eGgfn]

;+ljwfg;efsf ;b:ox¿nfO{ dtbfg ug'{dfq

xf]Og . ;fdflhs, cfly{s / cGo ;'wf/sf

d'2fx¿nfO{ sf7df8f}Fdf dfq xf]Og d'n'sel/

Jofks ax;, ljjfb / k/fdz{sf dfWodåf/f

hgtfsf] k|ltaåtfnfO{ bl/nf];Fu ;d]6\g'k5{ .

hgtfsf] ;xeflutfn] kL/dsf{, bdg, cGofo

/ cTofrf/ lsg ePsf] /x]5 eGg] s'/f

a'‰g ;3fpF5 . o:fn] hgtfnfO{ g]kfnsf]

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cGo b]zsf cg'ejx¿af6 l;Sg] cj;/

lbGf'sf ;fy} nf]stGqsf] ljsf;sf nflu

hgtfsf] bIftf clej[l4 ub{5 .

k"0f{ ;+oGqsf] vf]hL

;txL ¿kdf x]bf{ g]kfnn] ;xeflutfsf nflu

Pp6f bl/nf] ;+oGq km]nf kf/]sf] b]lvG5 .

;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf] k"0f{ ;dfg'kflts

k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt gul/Psf] eP klg

clxn ];Dds } pTs [ i6 hglgjf { lrt

;+ljwfg;ef 5 . g]kfnL hgtfnfO{

;+ljwfg;efn] clxn];Dd cGof}ndf kf/]sf]

eP klg o;af6 w]/} cfzf ul/Psf] 5 .

t/ hgtfsf rfxgfx¿ eg] g]t[Tjsf] rfxgfdf

k|ltlalDat x'g ;ls/x]sf] cj:yf 5}g .

w]/} dlxgfsf] ax;kl5 klg ;+ljwfg n]vg

k|lqmof ;'? gePsfn] ;+ljwfg;efk|lt

hgtfsf] cw}o{tf a9\bf] 5 . ;+ljwfg;efsf]

r'gfj klg b'O{k6s :ylut ePsf] lyof]t/ cGTodf To;nfO{ s'g} klg axfgfdf

/f]Sg ;lsPg . hgtfsf] bafanfO{ nfdf];do;Dd y]Ug ;lsg] ePsf] eP ;+ljwfg;efag]kl5 ;fob o; k|lqmofnfO{ klg cj?4kfl/GYof] xf]nf . ;+ljwfg;efnfO{ /fhgLltskf6L{x¿sf k|d'v jf ;r]tsx¿n] k|efjdf kf/]sf]/ ;LdfGts[t ;d'bfosf ;b:ox¿nfO{ s]ancfdGq0f dfq} ug]{ cj:yf /xg] xf] eg] cyjf;+ljwfg;efsf ;b:ox¿ cfkmF} hfu?s gx'g]/ gful/s ;dfhn] klg pgLx¿nfO{ cfjZos;xof]u gk'¥ofpg] xf] eg] /fhgLlts bnx¿nfO{;Demf}tf ug{ / hjfkmb]xL agfpg g;lsg]cj:yfdf km]l/ klg hgtfsf] ;xeflutfsf]cjd"Nog x'g ;Sb5 .

Pp6f /fli6«o ;xeflutfd"ns k|lqmofsf];Defjgf af]s]/ ;+ljwfg;ef u7g ePsf]eP klg Pp6f ;fgf] ;d"xn] k|efjsf/L9ª\un] ;+ljwfg agfpg] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5/ ^)! ;ef;b\x¿ s]an /a/ 5fkdfq x'g]t xf]Ogg\ eGg] cfz°f 5 . ;xeflutfd"nsk|lqmofnfO{ klg /fhgLlts bnsf] cGtb{nLou7aGwg jf Pp6f k|efjsf/L bnsf] ;xof]u/ ;dy{gsf] cfjZostf /xG5 . g]kfn s'gaf6f]df cl3 a9\g] xf] <

;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf r/0fx¿

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kfnn] ;ª\3Lo k|0ffnL /f]h]sf] 5

lsgls :jzf;g / ;Qf ;fem]bf/Lsf]

;+j}wflgs ;'lglZrttfn] ul/aL

36fpg / ljsf; clej[l4 ug{ d2t ug]{

s'/fdf cfd ljZjf; /x]sf] 5 .

of] klg ljZjf; ul/G5 ls ;ª\3Lotfn]blaPsf cNk;ª\Vosx¿sf lj?4 e]befjsf]cGTo ug{sf nflu d2t ug]{5 . olb;ª\3LotfnfO{ cfdgful/s;Fusf] k|lt1f k"/fug{ ;Ifd agfpg] xf] eg] ;+ljwfg;ef;b:ox¿n] ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f, s]Gb|/ ;ª\3Lo PsfOaLrsf] clwsf/ afF8kmfF8tyf ;ª\3Lotfsf] ljQLo kIfsf] lgwf{/0fug]{ qmddf dflysf p2]Zox¿df Wofglbg'kg]{5 . oL ljleGg k|Zgx¿dWo] ;ª\3LoPsfOsf] clwsf/ / s/ p7fpg] clwsf/tyf vr{ ug]{ lhDd]af/Lsf ljifodf s]Gb| /PsfOaLrsf] ;DaGwsf af/]df ;Daf]wgx'g'kb{5 . oL ljifox¿df lg0f{o ug{sf nflu@% kf6L {sf ^)! hgf ;+ljwfg;ef;b:ox¿n] uxg ;+jfb / jftf{sf] ;xfotflng'kg]{5 .

ljs]Gb|Ls/0fnfO{ ckgfpFb}

g]kfnn] ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf nflu ljleGg k|of;x¿

ub}{ cfPsf] xf] . t/, k|ult w]/} ;':t /

ljifd /Xof] . lhNnf / :yfgLo lgsfox¿df

s]xL ljs]Gb|Ls/0f ul/P klg s]Gb|Lo lgoGq0f

/ ;'kl/j]If0f w]/} g} s8f eof] . ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf

w]/} k|of;x¿n] jf:tljs :jfoQtf jf zlQmsf]

lgIf]k0f ug'{eGbf k|zf;lgs pkl:ylt dfq

lbg] sfd eof] .

s]xL clwsf/ s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/ / c¿ clwsf/ PsfOsf] txdf hfg]5

;ª\3Lo g]kfndfclwsf/x¿sf] ljt/0f

ha ;g\ !(((df :yfgLo :jfoQ zf;gP]g nfu' eof] To;a]nf ;xeflutfd"nsljsf; / ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf nflu w]/} 7"nf]sfd egL :jfut ul/Psf] lyof] . o;P]gcGtu{t @%,))) k|fyflds :s'nx¿, ;a}pk:jf:y rf}sLx¿, s[lif lj:tf/ ;]jfx¿qmlds ¿kdf :yfgLo lgsfonfO{ lhDd]af/Llbg] 3fif0ff ul/Psf] lyof] . t/ of] sfg'gslxNo} klg nfu' ul/Pg . ;g\ @))& dfk|fyflds :jf:Yo, k|fyflds lzIff, s[lif; ] j f lj:t f/ , u | fd L 0 f k " j f { w f /x¿ljs]Gb|Ls/0fcGtu{t !$ lhNnfdf nfu'ul/Psf] lyof] . h'g Ps c~rndf PslhNnfsf ¿kdf nfu' ePsf] lyof] t/ b]zsfw]/} 7fpFdf o:tf] ljs]Gb|Ls/0f nfu' g} ePg .

ljs]Gb | Ls/0fsf ] sfof { Gjog ubf {sf ]

c;k mnt fsf ] k f7n ] ; + l jw fg;ef

;b:ox¿nfO{ d2t ug]{5 . Joj:yfksLo /

sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/x¿ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf

s;/L ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 / ;ª\3Lo

PsfOn] cfk\mgf] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{sf nflu

s]s:tf] lsl;dsf] ;xof]u cfjZos kb{5eGg] ljifodf ljutsf] ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsfo{qmdsf] c;kmntfn] ;3fpg ;S5 .;fy} clwsf/ ljefhgsf] k|efjsf/Lsfof{Gjog ug{ s:tfs:tf ;+oGqx¿cfjZos kb{5g\ eGg] ljifodf klg ljutsf]kf7 sfd nfUg ;S5 .

;ª\3Lo kl/sNkgfsf] k|:tfj

g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vof sl/a @ s/f]8 %)

nfv /x]sf] 5 h;df 7"nf] eflifs / ;f+:s[lts

ljljwtf / w]/} sdhf]/ ;fIf/tf k|ltzt

/x]sf] 5 eg] *) k|ltzteGbf a9L hgtf

g]

dw];L d'lQm df]rf{ kf6L{sf sfo{stf{ lgjf{rg cfof]ucufl8 k|bz{g ub}{ . g]kfnsf k|foM ;a} cNk;ª\Vos ;d'bfon]

;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgsf nflu ;dfg'kflts k|0ffnLsf] dfu u/]sf lyP . g]kfnn] ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rgsf nflu

ldl>t k|0ffnL ckgfPsf] lyof] h;df cfwf k|ltlglwx¿ ;dfg'kflts k|0ffnLaf6 lgjf{lrt ePsf 5g\ .

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s]6L n] /f]o d]nag{ n :s'nsf] ;]G6/ km/ sDk/]l6e slG:6Ro'zgn :6l8h;Fu nfdf] ;dob]lv cfj4 x'g'x'G5 . pxfF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf

ljifodf ljBfjfl/wLsf] ;f]wkq n]Vb} x'g'x'G5 . o;}u/L /f]o gfp?sf] ;+;bsf] k/fdz{bftf klg x'g'x'G5 .

g]kfn ljz]iff°

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k]m8]/];G;

9 @))(

u|fdL0f Onfsfdf a:5g\ . #) k|ltzt hgtf

ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg 5g\ eg] % jif{d'lgsf $%

k|ltzt afnaflnsf s'kf]if0faf6 kLl8t 5g\ .

/fHo;Fu ;Lldt ;|f]tx¿ /x]sf 5g\ eg] ljb]zL

;xof]udflysf] lge{/tf klg 7"nf] 5 .

o:tf] l:yltnfO{ ;'wf/ ug{ ;dfg ;|f]tsf]

ljt/0f / c´ a9L cfly{s ljsf;sf ;fy}

cfjZos ;]jfx¿sf] kx'Fr / ;]jf k|jfx ug]{

k|lta4tf cfjZos x'G5 . ljsf; /

;]jfk|jfx, clwsf/ / ;|f]tdf lx:;fnfO{

;r]t lsl;dn] of]hgfa4 tl/sfaf6 ;'wfg{

;lsG5 . g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vof tYof° /

sdhf]/ ;fIf/tf k|ltztsf sf/0f ;ª\3Lo

PsfOx¿n] gLltlgdf{0f / ;]jf k|jfxdf cfk\mgf]

a[xt\ lhDd]af/L k"/f ug{] / Ifdtf w]/} ;Lldt

x'g] b]lvG5 .

;+ljwfg;ef ;b:ox¿ / c¿ k|d'v kIfx¿

oL r'gf}tLx¿ k"/f ug'{kg]{ cfjZostfdf ;r]t

ePdf a[xt\ If]qLo :jfoQtfaf6 ck]Iff

ul/Psf nfex¿ b]z / ;dfhsf ;a}

If]qx¿sf] 7f]; k|ultdf ¿kfGtl/t x'g]5g\ .

;+ljwfg;ef ;b:ox¿n] o; s'/fdf ;r]t

x'g' cfjZos 5 ls olb ;ª\3Lo PsfOsf

clwsf/x¿ pgLx¿sf IfdtfeGbf dfly x'g

uPdf ul/aL / ;|f]tsf] c;dfg ljt/0fsf]

cj:yf cem lau|]/ hfg]5 .

clwsf/x¿sf] afF8kmfF8

g]kfndf ;ª\3Lo k|0ffnL :yfkgfsf] p2]ZonfO{

Wofg lbFbf ;/sf/sf] lqmofsnfksf s]xL

k|d'v If]qx¿nfO{ ;|f]t / Ifdtfdf s]xL sl7gfO

eP tfklg ;ª\3Lo PsfOsf] lhDdfdf lbOg'kg]{

b]lvG5 . xfn g]kfndf lzIff, :jf:Yo /

s[lif ;'wf/h:tf ljifodf ;ª\3Lo PsfOnfO{

clwsf/;DkGg agfOg'k5{ eGg] alnof] dfu

5 . o:tf] clwsf/ ;ª\3Lo PsfOnfO{ lbOof]

eg] ;/sf/ / ;]jf ;'ljwfx¿ hgtfsf] glhs

k'U5g\ eg] lg0f{o k|lqmofdf klg hgtfsf]

;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug{ ;lsG5 .

;ª\3Lo PsfOsf] ;ª\Vof, cfsf/ tyf

ef}uf]lns jf hftLo cfwf/ c }́ :ki6 5}gg\ .

oL ;a} PsfOnfO{ lbOg] clwsf/sf] If]q /

k|s[lt;Fu cGt;{DalGwt 5g\ . clwsf/sf]

afF8kmfF8sf] ljifo;Fu ;ª\3Lo PsfOsf] s]Gb|df

x'g] k|ltlglwTj klg cGt;{DalGwt 5, h'g

s'/f xfn;Dd :ki6 eO;s]sf] 5}g .

o;sf nflu Pp6f pkfo x'g ;S5 ;j{k|yd

;ª\3Lo PsfOx¿sf] ;Ldf lgwf{/0f / s]Gb|Lo

;/sf/df PsfOx¿n] ug]{ k|ltlglwTjsf

ljifodf lg0f{o klxn] ug]{ . o;f] ul/Pdf

a9L ;+j]bgzLn / ;DefJo clwsf/sf]

ljefhg ;ª\3Lo PsfOsf] cfsf/, Ifdtf /

hg;ª\Vofsf] agf]6sf cfwf/df lgwf{/0f

ug{ ;lsG5 .

;ª\3Lo PsfOsf] ;Ldf sf]g{ u|fx|f] x'g] ePsfn]

klxnf clwsf/ afF8kmFf8sf] l;4fGt kQf

nufpg] clg dfq ef}uf]lns ;Ldfx¿ lglZrt

ug{] csf]{ j}slNks pkfo klg ckgfpg

;lsG5 . clwsf/ af F8kmf F8sf oL

l;4fGtnfO{ ;ª\3Lo PsfO lgdf{0fsf] cfwf/

agfpg ;lsG5 .

zlQm afF8kmfF8sf] l;4fGtnfO{ s]xL k|d'v

k|Zgx¿sf cfwf/df rrf{ ug{ ;lsG5 . tL x'g\M

-s_ s'gs'g If]qx¿df If]qLo / :yfgLo

ljljwtf 5 < To;df :jfoQtfsf]

;fGble{stf x'G5 < pbfx/0fsf nflu

efiff, ;+:s[lt / lzIffnfO{ ;dfj]z ug{

;lsG5 .

-v_ pRrtd ;]jf k|jfx ug{sf nflu s'g

If]qx¿df lg0f{o k|lqmofdf PsfOsf]

:jfoQtf / :yfgLo txdf hgtf;Fu

k/fdz{sf] cfjZostf 5 < k|fyflds

:jf:Yo Ps pbfx/0f x'g ;S5 .

-u_ s'g If]qdf /fli6«o Ps¿ktf / s]Gb|sf]-cyjf ;djtL{_ clwsf/ x'g'k5{ <

-3_ s:tf clwsf/x¿ k"0f{ ¿kdf ;ª\3Lok |0 f fnLdf s ] Gb | Lo ;/sf/sf ]If]qflwsf/cGtu{t /xG5g\ < h:t} j}b]lzs,/Iff / d'b|f :ki6 pbfx/0f x'g\ .

-ª_ s] s'g} If]qx¿ ;ª\3Lo PsfO -h'g;'s}cfwf/df lgdf{0f ePsf eP klg_ sf]

IfdtfeGbf aflx/ 5g\ <

-r_ s:tf If]qx¿df s]Gb|sf] ;'kl/j]If0f /

;xsfo{;lxtsf] PsfOsf] Joj:yfkgaf6

kmfObf x'g ;S5 < s:tf If]qx¿df

PsfO / s]Gb|n] ;+o'Qm ¿kdf sfo{ ug{

;S5g\ < kfgL, oftfoft / s[lifnfO{

o;sf] pbfx/0fdf lng ;lsG5 .

-5_ s'g If]qx¿df gofF lgdf{0f ePsf ;ª\3Lo

PsfO / s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/aLr clwsf/

ljefhg ug{ ;lhnf] ;S5 < h:t}

k|fyflds / dWoflds lzIff ;ª\3Lo

PsfOsf] / pRr lzIff s]Gbsf]

lhDd]jf/LcGtu{t /fVg ;lsPnf <

-h_ vr{ ug{] lhDd]af/Lx¿df k|:tfljt

clwsf/sf] ljt/0fn] s] c;/ ug{ ;S5 <

;/sf/L cfb]zdf ljQLo clwsf/x¿ /

vr{ ug]{ lhDd]af/L ;Gt'lnt x'g'

cfjZos 5 .

gofF ;+ljwfg d:of}bfsf qmddf ;+ljwfg;efn]

s/ ;°sng / vr{ ug]{ k|lqmof ;Gt'lnt

agfpg] s'/fdf ljz]if Wofg lbg'k5{ . o;sf

cltl/Qm ;ª\3Lo PsfOnfO{ s]Gb|n] /sd

x:tfGt/0f ug{ / ljQLo ;dfgtf sfod ug{sf

nflu 7f]; k|aGwsf] lgdf{0f ul/g' cfjZos

5 . ;|f]tsf] afF8kmfF8 g} ;ª\3Lo b]zx¿df

´u8fsf] k|d'v sf/0f /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;|f]tsf]

;dfg ljt/0f klg ;ª\3LotfnfO{ k|efjsf/L

agfpg] dxÎjk"0f{ tÎj xf] .

clwsf/ ljt/0f cGtdf h]h:tf] eP tfklg

gofF ;+ljwfgn] ;ª\3Lo :j¿ksf dfWodåf/f

ljutdf lk5l8Psf / cj;/ / clwsf/af6

jl~rt ul/Psf ;d"xx¿nufotnfO {

/fhgLlts ;xeflutfsf] ;'gf}nf] df}sf k|bfg

ug]{5 . o;nfO{ ;'lglZrt ug]{ Pp6f tl/sf

xf] ;ª\3Lo dfGotfnfO{ Wofg lbFb} cs]lGb|t

;+ljwfgsf] lgdf{0f ug]{ . ;++ljwfg lgdf{0f

k|lqmofsf w]/} kIfx¿n] dg k/fPsf] csf]{

ljsNk xf] ;Qf ;fem]bf/Lsf] kIfdf a9L

Wofg lbFb} bx|f] s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/ / PsfOsf]

k|ltlglwTjsf nflu ;dfj]zL k|s[ltsf s]Gb|Lo

;+:yfx¿ lgdf{0f ug]{ . kl5Nnf] pkfon]

;ª\3Lo PsfOx¿sf ;|f]t / Ifdtfsf

sl7gfOx¿sf ;fy} ljleGg ;d"xx¿ 5l/P/

/x]sf] kl/l:yltnfO{ Wofgdf /fVg] k|of;

u/]sf] x'G5 .

clwsf/ ljt/0fsf] lgwf{/0f

clwsf/sf] ljt/0fsf] k|fljlws kIfcGtu{t

;+ljwfgn] Ps, b'O{ jf tLg sltcf]6f ;"rL

agfpF5 / tL ;"rLdf plNnlvt clwsf/

sf];Fu /xG5g\ eGg] s'/fsf] lgwf{/0f ug]{

k]m8]/];G;

10

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g]kfn ljz]iff°

@))(

sfo{ k5{ . s]xL ;ª\3Lo ;+ljwfgx¿df s]Gb|txnfO{ tf]lsPsf clwsf/x¿ -PsnclVtof/ / ;djtL{ clwsf/x¿_ dfq ;"rLdf/flvPsf] 5 eg] ;"rLdf pNn]v gePsf;a} clwsf/x¿ PsfOdf /xg] Joj:yfckgfOPsf] 5 . cGo ;ª\3x¿df ;ª\3 /PsfOsf clwsf/x¿sf nflu cnucnu /;djtL{ clwsf/x¿sf nflu csf]{ cnUu};"rL agfOPsf] kfOG5 .

clwsf/sf] ;Dk"0f{ ljj/0f ;+ljwfgsf] d"nefud} /fVg ;lsG5 jf cg'R5]bdf klg/fVg ;lsG5 . ;+ljwfgdf :ki6 pNn]vgul/Psf cjlzi6 clwsf/x¿ ef/tdf h:tf]s]Gb|sf] jf c:6«]lnofdf h:tf] k|fb]lzsPsfOsf] dftxtdf /fVg ;lsG5 . s]xL;ª\3Lo ;+ljwfgx¿n] clwsf/sf] ljt/0fdfnlrnf] Joj:yf u/]sf 5g\ . h:t}, s]Gb| /PsfOn] Pscsf{sf aLrdf clwsf/ lg¿k0fjf x:tfGt/0f ug{ kfpg] k|aGw 5 . ljjfbsfcj:yfdf s]Gb| jf PsfOsf] ;/sf/dWo] s;n]

clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug{ kfpg] eGg] s'/f

;+ljwfg;efn] lg0f{o ug'{kb{5 . o:tf lg0f{ox¿ubf{ s]GbLs[t cyjf PsfOsf] :jfoQtf /;xof]ufTds ;ª\3Lotfh:tf cjwf/0ffx¿n]7"nf] e"ldsf v]N5g\ .

ljleGg ;ª\3Lo PsfOx¿nfO{ leGgleGgclwsf/x¿ k|bfg ul/g] c;dfg clwsf/ljt/0fsf] k|aGw ;ª\3Lo PsfOx¿sf] ;Ldf

lgwf{/0fsf] cfwf/ tyf PsfO ljz]ifsf] ljz]if

cfjZostf / dfudf e/ k5{ .

;xdlttkm{ hfg]

O= ;+= @)!) ;Dddf ;+ljwfg;efn] g]kfnsfnflu gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f ug'{kg]{5 .;ª\3Lotf g} g]kfnsf nflu cl3 a9\g]af6f] xf] eGg] s'/fdf /fhgLlts bnx¿aLrcfd;xdlt x'g'sf ;fy} g]kfn ;ª\3Lo x'g]s'/f cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf;d]t pNn]veO;s]sf] 5 . t/, ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf qmddf;ª\3Lotfsf] cy{ vf]Hg] / o;sf ljleGgkIfx¿df 7f]; k|aGwx¿ lgdf{0f ug]{ qmddf

o:tf] ;xdlt ;°6df klg kg{ ;S5 .

;ª\3Lotfsf af/ ]df ;a} /fhgLltsbnx¿aLr ;xdlt b]lvG5 . t/ o;sfaf/]df lj:t[t u[xsfo{ gx'Fbf eg] ;xdltdfcj/f]w cfpg ;S5 . jt{dfgsf] k|f/lDescj:yfdf ;ª\3Lo PsfOsf] ;Ldfsf] lgwf{/0f,;|f]t tyf Ifdtfsf] d'2f / clwsf/sf]ljt/0fh:tf cfwf/e"t ljifox¿sf af/]dflg0f{o ug{ afFsL g} 5 . o:tf r'gf}tLx¿nfO{kG5fpgsf nflu ;+ljwfg;efn] ;ª\3Lok|0ffnL :yfkgfsf] p2]ZonfO{ ljz]if WofglbFb} ;[hgfTds ¿kdf ;ª\3Lotfsf lj:t[tljifox¿df jftf{sf dfWodn] ;xdlt lgdf{0fug{' cfjZos 5 .

cu:t !*, @))* df k'iksdn bfxfn …k|r08Ún] k|wfgdGqL kbsf] ;ky vfg'ePsf] lyof] . ;ky vfg'cl3 cf–cfkm\gf sfuh k9L/x]sf cy{dGqL afa'/fd e§/fO{, ljb]zdGqL pk]Gb|

ofbj / /IffdGqL /fdaxfb'/ yfkfnfO{ x]b}{ e"tk"j{ k|wfgdGqL k'iksdn bfxfn .

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g]kfn ljz]iff°

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k]m8]/];G;

11

@))(

g]kfnsf] ;ª\3Lo gS;f sf]bf{;dfj]zL nf]stGq / PsfOx¿sf] clwsf/df ;xdlt cfjZos 5 .

lgsf]n tk/ljg

kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgdf :ki6;Fu}

elgPsf] 5M æg]kfndf ;ª\3Lo zf;g

k|0ffnL x'g]5Æ . ;+ljwfgdf n]lvPsf oL

zAbx¿nfO{ hLjg lbg] cyf{t\, oyfy{df

n}hfg] bfloTj ca ;+ljwfg;efsf] /x]sf]

5 .

g]kfndf ;ª\3Lotfsf] ax; lgs} tft]sf] 5 .

;ª\3Lotfsf] ax;df ;a}eGbf sl7g k|Zgx¿

b'O{cf]6f 5g\– æg]kfndf ;ª\3Lotfsf] cfwf/

s] x'g] <Æ / æs] g]kfnn] hftLo ;ª\3Lotf

ckgfpg'kb{5 jf hftLo ;ª\3Lotfsf] rog

vt/fsf] :ki6 ;"rs xf] <Æ

ef}uf]lns Joj:yfkgsf cfwf/df xfnsf]

h:tf] gS;f sf]g{ ;lhnf] 5 . k|zf;lgs

p2]Zox¿sf nflu g]kfnnfO{ :yfgLo :t/df

sl/a $))) ufp F ljsf; ;ldlt

-uflj;_ / gu/kflnsf tyf &% lhNnf,

!$ c~rn / % If]qdf ljefhg ul/Psf]

5 . / f l i6 « o sfg 'gn ] u f lj; /

gu/kflnsfnfO{ s]xL xb;Dd clwsf/

lgIf]k0f ug]{ p2]Zo /fv] tfklg jf:tljs

ljs]Gb|Ls/0f k"0f{ ¿kdf slxn} sfof{Gjog

ePg . g]kfn cTolws s]Gb|Ls[t /fHosf

¿kdf /lxcfPsf] 5 . ;ª\3Lotfn] o;nfO{

kl/jt{g ug]{5 .

ca k|Zgx¿ emg\ hl6n x'Fb} uO/x]sf 5g\ .cfufdL dlxgf ;+ljwfg;efn] gofF /dWodvfnsf] ;/sf/ u7g ug]{ eGg] cg'dfg/x]sf]] 5 . cem} klg s] :ki6 5}g eg] gofFaGg] ;ª\3Lo PsfOnfO{ s] elgg]5 < ;ª\3LoPsfOnfO{ hgfpg g]kfndf xfn PsfO //fHosf] k|of]u w]/} ePsf] b]lvG5 .;ª\3Lotfsf] :yfkgfaf6 ef]ln aGg] ljleGg;ª\3Lo PsfOx¿n] zlQm / ;|f]t k|fKt ug]{5g\eg] o;sf cltl/Qm pgLx¿sf] s]Gb|df ljz]ifk|ltlglwTj klg sfod x'g]5 .

/fhgLlts bn, gful/s ;dfhsf cu'jf,

lj1 jf cfd;d'bfoaLr x'g] ;ª\3Lotf;DaGwL

g]

Dff3L kj{sf cj;/df sf7df8f}Fdf gfrufg ub}{ du/ o'jf . du/ ;d'bfo g]kfnsf] s'n hg;ª\Vofsf] ;ft k|ltzt hg;ª\Vof ePsf] Ps 7"nf] cflbjf;L÷hghflt ;d"x xf] .

REU

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lgsf]n tk/ljg kmf]/d ckm km]8]/];G;sf nflu lj1sf ?kdf sfo{/t x'g'x'G5 . pxfF ;g\ @))^ b]lv g]kfndf :jL; l8kf6{d]G6 ckm km/]g

ck]mo;{sf] zflGtlgdf{0f;DaGwL ultljlwdf ;+nUg x'g'x'G5 .

k]m8]/];G;

12

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g]kfn ljz]iff°

@))(

s'g} klg 5nkmndf lgDg k|Zgx¿ clgjfo{

cfpg] u/]sf 5g\ .

• g]kfndf ;ª\3Lotfsf] cfwf/ s] x'g] <

• PsfOx¿ s;/L lgdf{0f x'g] <

• s] PsfOx¿sf] ;Ldf cfwf/e"t ¿kdf

hftLo cfwf/df aGg]5 <

• s] o;sf] ;§f cfly{s ;Ifdtf /

k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] pknAwtfnfO{ cfwf/

dfGg ;lsPnf <

/fhgLlts bn tyf ljåfg\x¿n] g]kfnsf

nflu PsfOsf ;Ldfx¿ b]vfpg] ljleGg

gS;fx¿ k|:tfj u/]sf 5g\ . xfn !% eGbf

a9L ljljw ;ª\3Lo :j¿ksf gS;fx¿

ahf/df NofOPsf 5g\ / oL gS;fx¿n]

;ª\3Lotfsf ljifodf k[ys\ b[li6sf]0fx¿

ljBdfg /x]sf] b]vfpF5g\ .

hftLo klxrfgx¿sf] ;+/If0f

PsfOx¿ s;/L agfpg] eGg] ;f]rfOdf /x]sf]

leGgtf a'‰gsf nflu g]kfndf ;ª\3Lotfsf]

k|:tfj lsg ul/Psf] xf] eGg] ljifonfO{

ulxl/P/ x]g{ cfjZos 5 . o;;DaGwL

;fw/0ftof b'O{ ts{x¿ cl3 ;fl/Psf 5g\ .

Psftkm{ ;ª\3Lotfsf] cf}lrTonfO{ :jzf;g

/ k|ltlglwTj -;Qf ;fem]bf/L_df ;'wf/ u/]/

;'ljwfaf6 jl~rt ;d"x / If]qx¿sf]

;LdfGtLs/0fnfO{ cGTo ug]{ dfWodsf ¿kdf

k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . ljz]if u/L t/fO{sf

dw ]; L ;d 'b fox¿ / d fc f ] j fb Ln ]

;LdfGtLs/0fsf] cGTosf nflu ;ª\3Lotfsf]

jsfnt u/]sf] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L d'n'se/

nf]stGqLs/0fsf] k|lqmofnfO{ lj:tf/ ug{ /

cfly{s ljsf;nfO{ an k'¥ofpg] p2]Zosf

cfwf/df klg ;ª\3Lotfsf] cf}lrTo k'li6

ug]{ ul/Psf] kfOG5 . ;LdfGtLs/0fsf] cGTo

/ cfly{s ljsf;;DaGwL b'j} rf;f]x¿ plQs}

;xL 5g\ / o;df clwsf+z kIf /

cleoGtfx¿n] hf]8 lbPsf] klg b]lvG5 .

oL b'j} rf;f]x¿n] d'n'snfO{ ;'b[9 agfpg]

p2]Zo /fv]sf 5g\ . o;f] eP tfklg oL

b'O{ p2]Zox¿ s;/L k|fKt ug]{ / logsf]

k|fyldstf s;/L lgwf{/0f ug]{ eGg] ;DaGwdf

cfk;L ;xdlt 5}g .

h;n] ljleGg ;d"xsf] klxrfgsf] ;+/If0f

ug]{ / ;LdfGtLs/0fsf] cGTo ug]{ ;fwgsf

¿kdf ;ª\3Lotfsf] cf}lrTo b]vfPsf 5g\

pgLx¿n] hftLo / If]qLo x}l;otnfO{

cfTd;ft ug]{ vfnsf] ;ª\3Lotfsf] jsfnt

ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . PsfOx¿sf] lgdf{0f ubf{

hftLo / eflifs ;d"xsf] jf:tljs jf

k/Dk/fut a;f]af;sf cj:yfdf -;Dk"0f{ ¿kdf

geP klg cfwf/e"t ¿kdf_ hf]8 lbOg'k5{

eGg] pgLx¿sf] ;'emfp /x]sf] 5 . cflbjf;L

;d"xx¿ / dfcf]jfbLsf k|efjzfnL g]tfx¿n]

ljljw ;d"xx¿aLr Pstf / ;b\efj sfod

ug{sf nflu hftLotfnfO{ Wofg lbg] vfnsf]

;ª\3Lotfsf] :j¿knfO{ ?rfPsf] b]lvG5 .

t/fO{÷dw];sf If]qLo /fhgLlts bnx¿sf]

PsfO lgdf{0f ug]{ ;DaGwdf cfk\mgf] 5'§}}

wf/0ff /x]sf] 5 . pgLx¿sf] k"j{ t/fO{b]lv

klZrd;Ddsf] !))) lsnf]ld6/sf] ;dyn

e"efunfO{ Pp6f PsfO agfOg'kb{5 eGg]

dfu 5 . ;Dk"0f{ dw];Lx¿nfO{ Ps PsfOdf

Pstfa4 ug{ ;lsPdf csf]{ ;d"xsf]

cflwkTosf] cGTo ;'lglZrt x'g] dw];L

g]tfx¿sf] ts{ 5 .

s] hftLotf tyf cfly{s cfwf/df PsfOx¿

lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsPnf <

hghflt / dw];L ;d'bfosf k|:tfjsf] lj/f]w

ug]{ ;d"xx¿sf] ts{ 5 o:tf wf/0ffn] /fli6«o

Pstf sdhf]/ agfpF5 . Pshgf

/fhgLlts g]tfn] eg]sf 5g\, æhftLo

cfwf/df ag]sf] ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgfn] cGttM

b]zdf u[xo'4 lgDTofpF5 .Æ ltgLx¿n] csf]{

r'gf}tL klg b]vfPsf 5g\ . g]kfndf sl/a

!)) hftLo ;d"x / ^) eGbfa9L eflifs

;d"xx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . To;}u/L a;f]af;sf]

cj:yf klg plQs} hl6n 5 . yf]/}

lhNnfx¿df dfq s'g} Ps ;d"xsf] hg;ª\Vof

%) k|ltzteGbfdfly 5 . ;g\ @))! sf]

hgu0fgfsf] tYof°sf cg';f/ afFsL w]/}

lhNnfx¿df s'g} ;d"xsf] klg :ki6 ax'dt

5}g . t;y{, g]kfnsf hftLo ;d"xx¿n]

PsfO;/xsf] x}l;ot gkfP;Dd !)) PsfO

agfP klg g]kfndf ljz'4 hftLotfdf cfwfl/t

;ª\3Lotf agfpg ;lsFb}g . If]qLo cfwf/df

kl/eflift s'g} klg PsfOdf ljleGg hfltx¿sf]

ldl>t a;f]af; g} x'g]5 . hftLo cfwf/df

PsfO aGg] s'/f;Fu ;DalGwt lrGtf s] xf]

eg] o;n] s]xL lglZrt hfltx¿sf] :t/nfO{

psf:g] 5 / pgLx¿n] cfk"mnfO{ k|fKt ePsf]

gofF zlQm ToxL PsfOdf /x]sf] csf]{ ;d"xnfO{

bafpgsf nflu k|of]u ug]{5g\ .

s'g} ;d"xsf] clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f ug{sf nflu

PsfOdf k"0f{ jf t'ngfTds ¿kdf ax'dt

x'g] ;d"xsf] lgoGq0f x'g'kb{5 eGg] dfGotf

xfn g]kfndf qmdzM lj:tf/ x'Fb} uPsf]

kfOG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu oxL ts{nfO{

k5\ofpFb} blIf0fdf yf¿ ;d"xn] cfk\mgf nflu

cnUu} k|b]zsf] dfu u/]sf 5g\ . PsfOsf]

lgdf{0fsf nflu hftLo klxrfgnfO{ cfwf/

agfOg'kg]{ jt{dfgsf] ax;sf sf/0f csf]{

;d"xsf] cflwkTo ePdf ljleGg ;d'bfox¿df

cfk"m cNk;ª\Vos ;d"xsf ¿kdf dfq

sf7df8f}Faf6 emG8} !%) lsnf]ld6/sf] b"/Ldf /x]sf] lrtjg lhNnfdf tf]/Laf/Ldf lxF8\b} u/]sf :yfgLo dflg;x¿ . lrtjg

g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf a9L tf]/L pTkfbg ug]{ lhNnf xf] .

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13

@))(

;Lldt x'g] eo pTkGg ePsfn] pgLx¿

qmdzM kl/rflnt x'Fb} uPsf] b]lvG5 .

cflwkTo hdfPsf ;d"xsf] gfddf PsfOsf]

gfd /fVg] k|:tfjn] cGo ;d"xx¿df lrGtf

a9fPsf] 5 .

csf] { cjwf/0ffn] ljsf; / ;|f ]tsf]

;dtfd"ns afF8kmfF8df hf]8 lbG5 . s;}n]

pQ/af6 blIf0f aUg] k|d'v gbLnfO{ cfwf/

dfgL lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fO{ ;d]6L PsfO

agfOg'kg]{ k|:tfj u/]sf 5g\ . of] k|:tfj

s]xL xb;Dd xfn ljBdfg c~rn / ljsf;

If]qx¿sf] ljefhgdf cfwfl/t 5 . o;

k|sf/sf] k|:tfjsf ;dy{sx¿sf] ts{ 5M

PsfOx¿ pQ/af6 ;'? eP/ blIf0fdf cGTo

ePdf ;dfg k|s[ltsf cfly{s If]qx¿sf]

lgdf{0f ug{ ;lsG5 . pgLx¿sf ljrf/df

o:tf] Joj:yfn] ;a}sf nflu cfly{s

ljsf;nfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ ;S5 eg] kxf8,

lxdfn / t/fO{ Pscsf{aLr cGt;{DalGwt

ePsfn] ltgLx¿nfO{ ljefhg ul/Pdf

ljsf;df ljleGg cj/f]wx¿ v8f x'G5g\ /

PsfOx¿aLr åGå pTkGg x'g ;S5, h:t}

kfgLdflysf] ljjfb .

o;f] eP tfklg PsfO ljefhgsf] pQ/–

blIf0f k|:tfjsf ;dy{sx¿ g]kfnsf] zf;g

k|0ffnLdf kl/jt{g Nofpg] s'/fdf uDeL/

gePsf] tyf PsfO ;+/rgfsf] o:tf] k|:tfjn]

clehft ju{sf] zf;g / ;LdfGtLs/0fnfO{

lg/Gt/tf lbG5 eGg] eo c¿x¿df /x]sf]

5 . To;}n], pQ/–blIf0f k|:tfjn] k|z:t}

lj/f]wsf] ;fdgf ug'{kg]{ ;Defjgf k|:6

b]lvG5 . o;sf cltl/Qm, o:tf] k|:tfj

sfof{Gjog ePdf PsfOx¿aLr ;|f]tsf]

afF8kmfF8sf ljifodf x'g] åGå ;Lldt ug{

;lsP tfklg o;af6 pxL PsfOleq ;|f]tsf

nflu åGå x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgf gsfg{

;lsFb}g .

ldl>t df]8nsf] d:of}bf

;a} cjwf/0ffsf cfkm\g} u'0fx¿ 5g\ / oL

cjwf/0ffx¿ ;+j]bgzLn ljifo / åGåsf

cfwf/e"t sf/0fnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{sf nflu

g} NofOPsf x'g\ . o;f] eP tfklg oL

cjwf/0ffx¿n] gofF vfnsf lrGtf / rf;f]x¿

a9fPsf 5g\, h;nfO{ uDeL/ ¿kdf lng'k5{ .

oL ljljw dfGotfx¿nfO{ s;/L Pscsf{;Fu

ldnfpg] < b'ef{Uojz sfg'g / cGt/f{li6«o

cg'ejx¿n] PsfOx¿sf] :yfkgf ug{sf nflu

;lhn} gSsn ug{ ;lsg] :j¿k jf

dfu{lgb]{zg k|bfg ub}{gg\ . cGt/f{li6«o jf

/fli6«o lj1x¿aLr ;ª\3Lotfsf] ;a}eGbf

plrt cfwf/ s] xf] jf x'g ;Snf eGg]

ljifodf ;xdlt 5}g . cGTodf, /fhgLlts

kIfx¿n] cfk"mn] k|:tfj u/]sf] ;ª\3Lo

k|0ffnLn] k|d'v rf;f]sf ljifox¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg

ug]{5, ljBdfg e]befjsf] ;+/rgfsf] cGTo

ug]{5 / lhTg] / xfg]{ gofF ;d"xx¿sf] ;[hgf

ug]{5}g eGg] s'/fdf cfk\mgf k|:tfjsf lj/f]wL

/ cfdhgtfnfO{ cfZj:t kfg{ ;Sg'k5{ .

t'ngfTds cg'ejn] s] b]vfPsf] 5 eg]

PsfOsf ;Ldf/]vfn] dfq PsfOleqsf

hgtfn] Tof] PsfO :jLsf/ u/]sf 5g\5}gg\

eGg] lgwf{/0f ub}{gg\, o;sf nflu cGo

tÎjx¿ klg 5g\ . ;ª\3Lotfsf ljleGg

dfGotfnfO{ ldnfpg To:tf] cfk;L ;xdlt

rflxG5 h;n] ;ª\3Lotfsf cfwf/df s]lGb|t

x'g]eGbf ;ª\3LotfnfO{ ;dfj]zLs/0f /

cfly{s ljsf;;Fu hf]8\b} PsfOx¿ h'g;'s}

cfwf/df ag] klg JolQm jf ;d"xsf k|d'v

;/f]sf/x¿ ;Daf]wg x'g]5g\ eGg] s'/fdf

;a}nfO{ cfZj:t kfg{ ;S5 . o:tf]

k"j{;xdltn] PsfOsf] ;Ldf lgwf{/0f ug]{

af6f]nfO{ ;xh ug]{5 .

;LdfGtLs/0fsf] cGTo

s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/n] cNkdtsf] clwsf/sf]; +/If0f u/]df / ;/sf/sf cË /zf;g;+/rgfsf] ;a} tx ;dfj]zL ePsf];'lglZrt ug{ ;s]df klg ;LdfGtLs/0fsf];d:ofnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ ;lsG5 . PsfOsf]:t/df klg ug{ ;lsg] o:tf] ;'lglZrttfsf]pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf ;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj,

cf/lIft l;6, sdhf]/ ;d"xx¿sf] lxtsf

nflu ;sf/fTds lje]b / ljleGg ;d"xx¿sf]

pTyfgsf nflu s]Gb|åf/f lgwf{l/t gLlt

tyf cfwf/e"t :t/nfO{ lng ;lsG5 .

cfjZostfcg';f/, klxrfg ;d"xx¿nfO{

;+:s[lt, lzIff cflb If]qdf ljz]if clwsf/

k|bfg ug{ ;lsG5 . PsfOsf ;Ldfx¿sf

aLrdf cGt/–PsfO ;xof]u / ;xsfl/tfsf]

;Defjgf ;'lglZrt ug{ ;lsPdf klg ljleGg

;d'bfox¿ cfk\mgf clwsf/x¿k|lt a9L

cfZj:t x'g ;S5g\ .

cfly{s ljsf; clej[l4 ug{sf nflu ;du|

d'n'ssf nflu ljsf; /0fgLlt hf/L ug{

;lsG5 . o;sf nflu PsfOx¿aLr cfk;L

;xof]u / ;|f]tsf] afF8kmfF8nfO{ k|f]T;fxg

ug]{ jf afWofTds agfpg] gLlt to ug{

;lsG5 . PsfOx¿aLr /x]sf] c;dfgtfsf]

cGTosf nflu ljQLo ;dfgtfsf] sfo{qmd

nfu' ug{ ;lsG5 . cGTodf, PsfOleq jf

PsfOx¿aLr ljjfb ;dfwfg ug]{ ;+oGq

tof/ ug{ ;lsG5 .

cfGtl/s jf PsfOsf l;dfgfx¿sf ljifodf

;xdlt vf]Hg] sfd gLltlgdf{tfx¿n] ;DkGg

ug'{kg]{ ;a}eGbf sl7g sfd xf] . o;sf

nflu hg;ª\Vof tyf ;fwg;|f]tsf] e/kbf]{

tYof° dxÎjk"0f{ / ;xof]uL x'g ;S5 .

o;f] eP tfklg l;dfgfx¿ cGttf]uTjf

ul0ftLo cfwf/df lgdf{0f ul/Fb}gg\ .

lg0 f { ostf { x¿n ] x/ ]s PsfOsf

cfdgful/snfO{ ts{;lxt ;DalGwt

PsfOleq pgLx¿sf] a;f]af; jf cl:tTj

vt/fd'Qm / plrt 5 eGg] s'/fdf cfZj:t

kfg{ ;Sg'k5{ . o:tf ts{x¿sf] klxrfg

ug]{ sfd ;Ldfgfx¿sf ljifodf ;xdlt

h'6fpg] sfdeGbf a9L dxÎjk"0f{ 5 . Pp6f

s'/fn] o; sfo{nfO{ ;xh agfpg ;S5M

g]kfnsf ;a} /fhgLlts zlQmx¿ Ps ;an

/ ;Ifd g]kfn rfxfG5g\ h'g ;a} ;d"x jf

gful/ssf] ;femf xf];\ / h;n] ;a}nfO{

ljsf;sf cj;/x¿ k|bfg u/f];\ .

k]m8]/];G;

14

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g]kfn ljz]iff°

@))(

g]kfnsf] Gofofnosf] k"g;{+/rgfjt{dfg cbfntL k|0ffnLdf ;+3Lo cjwf/0f;“u} ldNg] u/L s]xL kl/jt{g ug{' dfq kof{Kt 5 .

ljlkg clwsf/L

kfnsf] gofF /fHo;+/rgfdf Goflos

; +o GqnfO { s;/ L leq– leqsf

ufpF3/x¿;Dd k'¥ofpg ;lsG5 eGg] lg0f{o

;+ljwfg;efn] l5gf]kmfgf] ug'{kg]{ k|d'v ljifo xf] .

@)^$ r}q @* df ePsf] ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rgn]

^)! hgfsf] ;+ljwfg;efsf] u7g u/]sf] 5 .

h;sf] k|d'v sfo{ cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] clwsf/

If]qleq /xL b'O{ jif{leq gofF ;+ljwfg n]Vg' xf] .

g]kfnsf] cfw'lgs :jtGq Gofofnosf] Oltxf;

;g\ !(%) kl5 ;'? x'G5 . lg/ª\s'z /

j+zfg'ut ¿kdf k|wfgdGqL x'g] k|0ffnLnfO{

!(%)–%! sf] qmflGtn] cGTo u¥of] .

To;a]nf;Dd k|wfgdGqL Pp6} kl/jf/leqaf6 Pskl5 csf]{ u/L

aGg] rng lyof] . o;nfO{ cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] cGTo u/L cfw'lgs

;+j}wflgs k|hftGqsf] ;'?cft u¥of] . ljut %* jif{df g]kfnsf]

PsfTds /fHodf ljleGg :j¿ksf] Gofok|0ffnL ljBdfg 5 . To;}sf/0f

clxn]sf] k|d'v ljifo g]kfnsf] Gofokflnsfsf] k'g;{+/rgf /x]sf]

5 . o;sf] d'Vo p2]Zo ljz]if u/L hgtfsf] efjgfcg';f/ PsfOsf

;+/rgfx¿df Goflos clwsf/x¿nfO{ lgIf]k0f ug{' xf] .

clxn] Gofofnon] s;/L sfd u5{ <

jt{dfgdf g]kfnsf] Gofokflnsfn] ;+;bLo k|hftGqsf] :j¿kleq

/x]/ sfd ul//x]sf] 5 . ;+ljwfg, sfg'g / Gofosf] l;4fGtadf]lhd

Gofo;DaGwL ;a} clwsf/x¿ cbfnt / Goflos ;+:yfx¿n] k|of]u

u/]sf 5g\ . Goflos sfo{ljlw k|ltåGåfTds, ljz]if u/L sdg n

l;4fGtx¿df cfwfl/t 5g\ / Goflos lg0f{o k|lqmofdf sfg'g

Joj;foLx¿sf] k|d'v e"ldsf /x]sf] 5 .

g]kfndf Pp6f d'n'sL P]g 5, h;n] k/Dk/fut ¿kdf dxÎj /fVg]

b]jfgL sfg'g, b08 ;hfo;DaGwL sfg'g / cbfntL sfo{ljlwnfO{

pNn]v ub{5 .

g]

cfw'lgs b]jfgL / kmf}hbf/L sfg'gsf sltko ljifox¿nfO{ d'n'sL P]gn]

;d]6\g ;s]sf] 5}g . ;d]6\g g;s]sf o:tf ljifox¿df ;g\ !(^@ kl5

;+;b\n] ljleGg ldltdf ljleGg sfg'g agfO{ ;d]6]sf] kfOG5 .

g]kfnsf] Gofokflnsfdf ;a}eGbf pRr tx ;jf]{Rr cbfnt xf] .

o;n] ;Dk"0f{ Goflos ;+oGqsf] g]t[Tj ub{5 . ;'? tyf

k'g/fj]bg;DaGwL clwsf/dfq xf]OgÙ ;+ljwfgn] ;jf]{Rr cbfntnfO{

c;fwf/0f clwsf/ klg k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm s'g}

klg sfg'gsf] ;+j}wflgstf hfFRg] clwsf/ klg ;jf]{Rr cbfnt;Fu

5 . ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] ;+ljwfg;Fu aflemg] ;a} sfg'g jf Joj:yfnfO{

cj}w 3f]if0ff ug{ ;S5 . ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] ;LdfGts[t ;d"xsf]

;+j}wflgs clwsf/ /Iffsf nflu ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf] d'2fdfkm{t\

klg Gofo lbg ;S5 .

;+ljwfgsf] cleefjs ePsf sf/0fn] ;jf]{Rr cbfnt;Fu} ;a} lsl;dsf

Goflos clwsf/ /x]sf 5g\ . b]zel/ ePsf ;a} k'g/fj]bg cbfnt

-hDdf !^ cf]6f 5g\_ / lhNnf cbfntx¿ -k|To]s lhNnfdf

sDtLdf Ps lhNnf cbfnt_ ;jf]{Rr cbfntdftxtsf cbfnt

x'g\ / ltgLx¿nfO{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] lgoGq0f ub{5 .

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ljlkg clwsf/L g]kfnsf ;+j}wflgs sfg'sf lj1 x'g'x'G5 .

sf7df8f}Fdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntcl3 wgf{ lbFb} jlsnx¿ . pQm wgf{ sfo{qmd cbfntsf] :jtGqtf / ;Ddfgsf] /Iffsf nflu

g]kfn af/ P;f]l;P;gn] cfof]hgf u/]sf] lyof] . jlsnx¿n] nf]stGqsf] /Iff / k|jw{gsf nflu dxÎjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x

u/]sf 5g\ .

g]kfn ljz]iff°

forumfed.org

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15

@))(

;+ljwfgadf]lhd Gofok|zf;g P]g !((! n] ;jf]{Rr cbfntnfO{ ;a}

tNnf] txsf cbfntsf] ;'kl/jIf]0f ug]{ / cfjZos afWofTds

lgb]{zg lbg] clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . ;jf]{Rr cbfnt clen]v

cbfnt klg ePsfn] o;sf km};nfx¿sf] ;a}n] kfngf ug'{kg]{

Joj:yf x'g'sf ;fy} o;sf lg0f{ox¿df s;}n] k|Zg p7fpg kfpFb}g .

;jf]{Rr cbfntn] u/]sf km};nfx¿nfO{ glh/sf ¿kdf ;a}n] dfGg'k5{ .

cbfntsf] cjx]ngfdf h;nfO{ klg sf/afxL ug]{ clwsf/ ;jf]{Rr

cbfnt;Fu ;'/lIft 5 .

lgIf]k0f k4lttkm{ hfFb}

g]kfndf tLg txsf] PsfTds cbfntafx]s ;+;b\n] agfPsf sfg'gåf/f

lgdf{0f ePsf w]/} ljz]if cbfnt / 6«fOAo'gnx¿ klg 5g\ . ltgn]

ljz]if k|s[ltsf d'2f, lgj]bg jf bfaLx¿ dfq x]5{g\ .

o:tf ljz]if cbfntx¿df Pp6f k|zf;lgs cbfnt, b'O{cf]6f

;fj{hlgs C0f c;'nL GofofwLs/0f, $ cf]6f /fh:j GofofwLs/0f,

Pp6f gu/ ljsf;

;ldlt cbfnt, Ps

;}lgs cbfnt, Pp6f

>d cbfnt /

;+ljwfg;ef cbfnt

/x]sf 5g\ .

;+ljwfg;ef cbfntn]

ljif]z u/L ;+ljwfg;ef

lgjf{rg;DaGwL dfq

d '2 f x ]5 { / o;

cbfntn] /fd|f ];Fu

sfd u/]sf] klg 5 .

;+ljwfg;ef cbfntafx]s ljz]if cbfnt / 6«fOAo'gnx¿sf] u7g,

sfd sf/afxL ;a} ;;b\af6 ag]sf] sfg'gadf]lhd x'G5 . oL

sfg'gn] tL cbfnt tyf 6«fOAo'gnsf] ;ª\Vof, cfsf/ / :yfgsf

cltl/Qm ltgLx¿sf] If]qLo / ljifout clwsf/ If]qnfO{ kl/eflift

ul/lbPsf 5g\ . ljz]if cbfnt tyf 6«fOAo'gnn] u/]sf km};nfx¿dfly

;fdfGotM ;+j}wflgs tyf cGo sfg'gL k|Zg jf df}lns clwsf/;Fu

;DalGwt ljjfb ePdf sfg'gadf]lhd k'g/fj]bg cbfnt tyf ;jf]{Rr

cbfntdf k'g/fj]bg nfUg] x'G5 .

blIf0f Pl;ofd} g]kfnsf] cbfntL ;+/rgf clt ;/n 5 . of]

;+/rgfsf] k|d'v vfsf ;+ljwfgn] sf]/]sf] 5 eg] cGo lj:t[t

Joj:yf sfg'gn] u/]sf] 5 .

PsLs[t / PsfTds Gofokflnsfn] ;du|df k|zf;g rnfpg /

cfjZos lgoGq0f ug{ ;xhtf k|bfg u5{ . ;a} GofofwLzx¿sf]

lgo'lQm Gofo kl/ifb\sf] l;kmfl/;df k|wfg GofofwLzaf6 x'G5 .

k|wfg GofofwLzsf] lgo'lQm / ;'kl/j]If0f pRr :t/Lo ;+j}wflgs

kl/ifb\n] ub{5 . :jR5 tyf bIf sfg'g Joj;foL, sfg'gL ¿kdf

;Ifd cbfntL sd{rf/L / Gofokflnsfsf] Pscsf{;Fu cGof]Gofl>t

;DaGw x'G5 . o;f] eGg'sf] dtna clxn]sf] tLg txsf] ;+/rgf /

cbfntsf] sfd ug]{ tl/sfnfO{ ;'wf/ ug'{kb}{g eGg] xf]Og . t/

;'wf/ jf kl/j{tgsf gfddf cGwfw'Gw ¿kdf gofF lgdf{0f ug{ eg]

cfjZos 5}g .

gofF aGg] PsfOdf Goflos clwsf/ lgIf]k0f ubf{ w]/} ljifox¿nfO{

Wofg lbg'kg]{ x'G5 . dxÎjk"0f{ s'/f t s] eg] ;j{k|yd PsfOsf]

cfGtl/s :jfoQtf / sfg'g lgdf{0fsf clwsf/x¿nufot /fhgLlts

ljifox¿sf] lgSof}{n x'g'k¥of] . PsfOx¿sf] ;ª\Vof / ltgsf] ef}uf]lns

;Ldf lgwf{/0f klg xfnsf] k|d'v sfd xf] . o;sf cfwf/df

Goflos clwsf/sf] lgIf]k0fsf] s'/fsf] 6'ª\uf] nufpg'kg]{ x'G5 .

kl/j{tgsf ljsNkx¿

g]kfnsf] Goflos ;+/rgfdf ;'wf/ Nofpgsf nflu s]xL Jofjxfl/s

ljsNkx¿ gePsf xf]Ogg\ . clxn] eO/x]sf] tLg txsf] ;§f rf/

txsf] GofokflnsfnfO{

Pp6f ljsNksf ¿kdf

lng ;lsG5 . o;df

jt{dfgdf em}F ;jf]{Rr

lgsfosf ¿kdf ;jf]{Rr

cbfntnfO{ sfod} /fVg

;lsG5 . clwsf/

lgIf]kLs/0f ul/g] k|To]s

PsfOd f / f l i6 « o

sfg'gcGtu{t sfd ug]{

k'g/fj]bg cbfnt klg

TolQs} h?/L x'G5 .

o:tf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntn] tNnf cbfnt tyf 6«fOAo'gnaf6 clkn

;'Gg] sfd ub{5 . lg;Gb]x, gofF kl/l:yltdf ;jf]{Rr cbfntnfO{

;+j}wflgs cbfntsf ¿kdf g} x]l/g'k5{ .

/fli6«o ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] g]kfnL gful/ssf] df}lns clwsf/ ;+/If0f

ug]{ cleefjsLo lhDd]jf/L lgjf{x ug]{ sfo{afx]s PsfO–PsfOaLr /

s]Gb| / PsfOaLrsf] ;+j}wflgs ljjfb klg xn ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . xfnsf]

k'g/fj]bg cbfntnfO{ k|lt:yfkg ub}{ x/]s PsfOdf pQm PsfOsf]

;a}eGbf 7"nf] cbfntsf ¿kdf /fli6«o k'g/fj]bg cbfnt :yfkgf

ug{ ;lsG5 . o;n] s]xL ;+j}wflgs clwsf/ If]q;lxt /fli6«o

;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] :yfgLo k|ltlglwsf ¿kdf sfd ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

To:t} /fli6«o ;/sf/nfO{ ;a}eGbfdfly /fvL xfnsf &% k|zf;sLo

lhNnfx¿nfO{ cf7b]lv b; PsfOx¿df Jofjxfl/s ¿kdf ljefhg

ug{ ;lsof] eg] ;a} PsfOx¿sf nflu :yfgLo txaf6 lgdf{0f /

;~rfng x'g]u/L PsPs PsfOdf PsfO cbfntx¿sf] cfjZostf

kg]{5 . o;}u/L, x/]s PsfOleqsf lhNnfx¿sf nflu :yfgLo :t/af6

lgo'lQm / sfo{;~rfng x'g]u/L cbfnsf] :yfkgf ug{ ;lsG5 .

gofF aGg] PsfOdf Goflos clwsf/ lgIf]k0f ubf{ w]/} ljifox¿nfO{

Wofg lbg'kg]{ x'G5 . dxÎjk"0f{ s'/f t s] eg] ;j{k|yd

PsfOsf ] cfGtl/s :jfoQtf / sfg 'g lgdf {0fsf

clwsf/x¿nufot /fhgLlts ljifox¿sf] lgSof}{n x'g'k¥of] .

PsfOx¿sf] ;ª\Vof / ltgsf] ef}uf]lns ;Ldf lgwf{/0f klg

xfnsf] k|d'v sfd xf] . o;sf cfwf/df Goflos clwsf/sf]

lgIf]k0fsf] s'/fsf] 6'ª\uf] nufpg'kg]{ x'G5 .

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csf]{ zAbdf eGg] xf] eg] clxn]sf ;a} lhNnf cbfntx¿ PsfOsf

sfg'g / Joj:yfcGtu{t /xg] u/L cfufdL lbgsf nflu klg sfod

/fVg ;lsG5 . k|To]s PsfOsf cbfnt cfkm"cGtu{t /x]sf ;a}

lhNnf cbfntsf] k'g/fj]bg cbfntsf ¿kdf k|of]u dfq x'Fb}g ls

/fli6«o clwsf/ If]qcGtu{t /x]sf sfg'g / ;+:yfcGtu{tsf ;'?

d'2f x]g]{ sfdsf] e"ldsf klg lgjf{x ug{ ;S5 . PsfOsf cbfntn]

:yfgLo :t/d} GofosdL{x¿ egf{ u/L sfd u/] tfklg PsfOdfq

geO{ o;n] s]Gb|sf] :yfgLo :t/df ;'? cbfntsf] e"ldsf klg

lgjf{x ub{5 .

g]kfndf k|ydtM PsfO :t/d} Gofo kfOG5 eGg] s'/fsf] ;'lglZrttf

x'g'kb{5 . PsfOsf] txdf g} ;a}sf] kxF'r x'g;Sg] cj:yf cfjZos

5 . Gofo sfg'g Joj;foLsf] ;xof]uljgf klg ;lhnf] u/L k|fKt

x'g ;Sg] x'g'kb{5 / ;xeflutfd"ns / kf/bzL{ ¿kdf Gofofnon]

sfo{ ug'{kb{5 . o:tf] Gofo k|flKtsf nflu cbfntx¿sf] ;ª\Vof,

cfsf/ / lhNnf cbfnt /xg] :yfg cflb ;a} k'gM kl/eflift

ul/g'kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . ;fy} If]qflwsf/ / ljifoj:t'sf] clwsf/

If]q ;DaGwnfO{ klg k'gMkl/eflift ul/g'kb{5 .

pbfx/0fsf nflu k|To]s lhNnf cbfntdf dfly elgPem}F tLg jf

rf/cf]6f Ps ;b:oLo Ohnf;sf] Joj:yf ug{ ;lsG5 . ljifocg';f/,

h:t} kfl/jfl/s Ohnf; -ljjfx, ;DaGwljR5]b 3/fo;L lx+;f /

dlxnf clwsf/;DaGwL_ b]jfgL Ohnf;, kmf}hbf/L Ohnf; / ;fgf

Jofkf/L;DaGwL Ohnf; . ljBdfg ;'? cbfntsf sfo{ljlwx¿

;lhnf] agfOPdf sfg'gk|ltsf] ;Ddfg hgtfdf cem a9\g hfG5 .

;lhnf] sfo{ljlw x'gf;fy hgtfsf] Gofokflnsfdf k'Ug] af6f] klg

;lhnf] x'g hfG5 . lhNnf cbfnt tyf PsfO cbfntsf] pko'{Qm

k'g;+{/rgfn] lgod tyf sfo{ljlwsf] Ps¿ktf k|fKt ug{ sl7gfO

sf7df8f}Fdf /x]sf] g]kfnsf] ;jf]{Rr cbfnt . lj= ;+= @))& ;fndf hf/L ul/Psf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfgn] g]kfndf tLg txsf] cbfntsf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 h;df lhNnf cbfnt, k'g/fj]bg

cbfnt / ;jf]{Rr cbfnt k5{g\ .

SUN

DAR

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x'Fb}g . o;n] jlsn, c•fsf] sd{rf/L tyf GofofwLzx¿sf] sfdnfO{

;lhnf] agfpg'sf ;fy} d'2fdfldnfsf] vr{ klg 36\g hfG5 .

ljz]ifu/L ah]6, of]hgf, sd{rf/L k|zf;g / Gofofnosf] ;"rgf,

Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLsf] :t/ tyf ;dfof]hgsf] :t/Lotf, Goflos

tna–;'ljwf / Gofodf kx'Fr cflb ljz]if ljifox¿df cGo ;fgf

k|hftflGqs b]zdf ul/Psf] Goflos k'g;{+/rgfaf6 g]kfnn] w]/}

s'/f l;Sg ;S5 . To:tf k'g;{+/rgfsf k|of;x¿ cbfntL k|0ffnLsf]

;'wf/sf ljleGg kIfdf k|of]u x'g ;S5 . s'g} cbfnt sfod /fVg]

jf aGb ug]{ eGg] lg0f{o jf cbfnt :yfkgf;DaGwdf /fhg}lts

;+j]bgzLntfsf ljifox¿nfO{ s;/L xn ug]{ eGg] ;DaGwdf klg

ltgsf] dxÎj x'G5 . ;+ljwfg;ef ljBdfg Gofo k|0ffnLdf uDeL/

sdhf]/Lx¿ 5g\ eGg] ljifodf :ki6 xg'k5{ . ufpF3/df /x]sf

clwsf+z hgtfx¿;Dd Gofo k'Ug ;s]sf] 5}g . To;eGbf klg

g/fd|f] s'/f] Gofo k|0ffnL x'g]vfg]sf] ;'ljwfdf cfwfl/tdfq x'g'x'Fb}g .jf:tjdf ;d:ofsf] ;'?cft oxL dfGotfaf6 x'G5 .

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hh{ PG8/;g

kfnsf] ;ª\3Lo k|0ffnLsf of]hgfsf/x¿sf] Pp6f 7"nf] r'gf}tLeg]sf] ;/sf/L /fh:j s;n] ;ª\sng ug]{ / s;n] vr{

ug]{ eGg] s'/fsf] lgwf{/0f ug'{ xf] .

ljQLo ;jfnx¿ x/]s ;ª\3Lo Joj:yfsf nflu s]Gb|Lo d'2fsf¿kdf /xG5g\ . log}n] ;ª\3Lo cfofdsf] :j¿k sf]b{5g\ / ;fFrf]cy{df ;ª\3Lotfsf] k|efjsfl/tf lgwf{/0f ub{5g\ .

o:tf ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt sfg'g jf ;+j}wflgs wf/fx¿nfO{ æljQLoJoj:yfÆ elgG5 .

g]kfndf ljwfosx¿n] ;a}eGbf klxnf /Iff, lzIff, ;8s, :jf:Yo,cflbh:tf ;]jf tyf sfo{qmdx¿ k|jfx ug]{ / To;sf nflu cfjZosvr{ ug]{ lhDd]jf/L s'g txsf] ;/sf/sf] x'g] eGg] ljifodf lg0f{odfk'Ug' cfjZos 5 . /sd ;°ng ug]{ lhDd]af/L / vr{ ug]{

g]kfnsf] ljQLo cfofd;ª\3Lo g]kfndf s;n] vr{ ug{ / s;n] s/ c;'Ng ;S5

g] lhDd]jf/Lsf aLrdf c;Gt'ng x'g uPsf] cj:yfdf o:tf] ;d:ofnfO{

;dfwfg ug]{ pkfosf] klg lgwf{/0f ul/g'k5{ .

g]kfndf ;ª\3Lotf;DaGwL ax; k|f/lDes r/0fd} 5 . km]8/];G;

sf] ljz]if cª\ssf] kl/rosf qmddf d}n] pNn]v u/]emF} sltcf]6f

PsfOx¿ agfpg] / ltgLx¿sf] ;Ldfª\sg s;/L ug]{ eGg] ljifod}

5nkmn ?dlNnPsf] b]lvG5 / cGo dxÎjk"0f{ ljifox¿dfly Wofg

hfg ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . g]kfnsf] ;ª\3Lo k|0ffnL cTolws ljs]lGb|t

agfOg'kg]{ s'/fdf alnof] dt eP tfklg ljs]Gb|Ls/0fsf Jofjxfl/s

kIfx¿nfO{ cfTd;ft\ ul/Psf] eg] kfOFb}g .

g]kfnsf nflu s/ tyf cGo /fh:jx¿sf] ;ª\sngdf s]xL ;dos}

nflu eP klg ;ª\3Lo ;/sf/sf] k|e'Tj x'g'kg]{ ts{ alnof] 5 .

o:tf] k|aGwcg'¿k PsfOx¿n] ;femf /fh:j tyf s]Gb|sf] OR5fdf

hh{ PG8/;g kmf]/d ckm km]8]/];G;sf cWoIf x'g'x'G5 .

sf7df8f}Fsf] nfrL6f]ndf kl/jf/;lxt cb'jf sf6\b} a'l4 dxh{g . w]/} g]kfnLx¿sf nflu s[lif vfBfGg, cfo / /f]huf/Lsf] k|d'v ;|f]t xf] . s[lifn] g]kfnsf] &! k|ltzt hg;ª\VofnfO{

/f]huf/L k|bfg u/]sf] 5 eg] o;n] #@ k|ltzt s'n u|fx:y pTkfbgsf] ;[hgf u/]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] e"If]qsf] @% k|ltzt v]tLof]Uo hldgn] 9fs]sf] 5 .

REU

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e/ kg]{ /sd x:tfGt/0f -h;dWo] sltko x:tfGt/0fx¿ ljz]ifsfo{qmdsf nflu ;;t{ k|bfg ul/g] vfnsf x'g ;S5g\_ sf;+o'Qm k|s[ltsf x:tfGt/0fx¿dfk{mt\ ;ª\3Lo ;/sf/af6 g} cTolws/sd k|fKt ug]{5g\ . To:t} gofF ;ª\3Lo Joj:yfdf ljleGg PsfOx¿sfnflu /fh:jsf] ;|f]t tf]Sg] qmddf k|z:t} c;xh k|Zgx¿sf] ;fdgfug'{kg]{ x'G5 lsgls cfly{s ¿kn] ;d[4 efux¿af6 ljkGg efux¿df/sd x:tfGt/0f ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf klg plQs} x'G5 . ljQLoJoj:yfdf ;ª\3sf] k|e'Tjn] ;ª\3 jf:tljs cEof;df slQsf]ljs]lGb|t x'G5 eGg] s'/fnfO{ pNn]Vo k|efj kfg{ ;S5 .

jt {dfg Joj:yfsf ]ljZn]if0f

o:tf ] k |aGw s;/Lljsl;t xf]nf eg]/ a'‰gg ]k fnsf ] PsfTdsk|0ffnLsf] ;/sf/sfljBdfg ljQLo k|aGwx¿x]/f}F . k|ltJolQm cfoc;fWo} Go"g /x]sf ]jt { d fg cj:yfd f;/sf/sf ] /fh:j;ª\sng ug]{ Ifdtf c;fWo} ;Lldt b]lvG5 . cGo ljsf;f]Gd'vd'n'sx¿sf] cy{tGqh:t} cy{tGqsf] cfsf/sf t'ngdf ;/sf/sf]cfsf/ w]/} ;fgf] 5 lsgls clxn] ;/sf/n] ;ª\sng u/]sf]/fh:j s'n u|fx:y pTkfbgsf] hDdf !@ k|ltzt dfq x'g cfpF5 .o;sf ;fy}, cGt/f{li6«o bft[;d'bfon] ;/sf/nfO{ s'n u|fx:ypTkfbgsf] $ k|ltzt yk /fh:j ;/sf/nfO{ k|bfg ub{5 .

xfn g]kfnn] p7fpg] /fh:j k|fyldstfsf cfwf/df lgDg If]qaf6cfPsf] 5M

d"No clej[l4 s/ –#) k|ltztcfos/, ljz]if u/L ;+:yfgx¿af6 –!* k|ltztj}b]lzs Jofkf/df j:t' s/ –!& k|ltztcGtMz'Ns s/, ljz]if u/L r'/f]6 / /S;Ldf –( k|ltzt;DklQ tyf e"lds/ / z'Nsx¿ –^ k|ltztb:t'/ tyf ;/sf/L ;DklQ a]rlavg –# k|ltzt;fgfdl;gf z'Nsx¿, ef8f, nfef+z / s/x¿ –!^ k|ltzt

o;} u/L j}b]lzs ;xof]un] Ps ltxfO cltl/Qm ;|f]tx¿ k|bfg

ub{5 . dflysf klxnf rf/cf]6f ;|f]tx¿af6 ;ª\sng x'gcfpg]

^% k|ltzt /fh:j ;ª\3Lo g]kfndf klg s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/sf] /fh:j

x'g] ;Defjgf b]lvG5 .

d"No clej[l4 s/ zlQmzfnL ljQLo cf}hf/ xf] / efjL g]kfndf of]

s;sf] cwLgdf x'G5 eGg] ;jfn Hofb} dxÎjk"0f{ xf] . ljs]lGb|t d"No

clej[l4 s/ ePsf cGo ;ª\3Lo d'n'sx¿sf] cg'ejn] of] Joj:yfkg

ug{ lgs} ck\m7\Øf/f] x'g] / o;df k|z:t} ;d:ofx¿ /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/n] lgwf{/0f tyf ;~rfng u/]sf] d"No clej[l4 s/k|0ffnL

g} ;}aeGbf a9L k|efjsf/L x'g] b]lvPsf] 5 .

s/ lgwf{/0f

s]xL ;ª\3Lo d'n'sx¿df ljs]lGb||t jf ;femf ;+:yfut s/ /cfos/x¿ to ul/Psf] kfOG5 t/ k|f/lDes r/0fd} o;f] ug'{g]kfnsf nflu hl6n x'g] b]lvG5 .

cGo d'n'saf6 cfofltt j:t'x¿sf nflu l;dfgfdf nufOg] eG;f/;ª\3Lo Joj:yfdf ;w}F s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/n] nufpF5 lsgls o:tfcfofltt j:t'x¿ s'g} vf; PsfOsf] l;dfgfaf6 lelqP klg csf]{PsfOdf laqmL x'g ;S5g\ .

o;sf ljk/Lt r'/f]6,/S;L , ;Dk lQ /dfnkf]tnufot cGos ]x L ; fg f ltg fj:t 'x¿df p7fOg ]z'Ns tyf /fh:jPsfOdf lgIf]k0f ug{;lsG5 . PsfOx¿n]o:tf ;]jfdf s/sf]b/ tf]Sg ;Sg]5g\ t/;ª\sng sfo{nfO{k|efjsf/L t'Nofpg

;ª\3Lo lgsfonfO{ lhDd]af/L lbg klg ;lsg]5 . o:tf /fh:jx¿n]PsfO / :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ ;/sf/sf] s'n /fh:jsf] @) b]lv@% k|ltzt;Dd :jfwLg /fh:j k|bfg ug{ ;S5g\ .

hnljB'th:tf ;|f]tx¿af6 ;ª\sng ul/g] bL3{sfnLg /fh:jc;fWo} dxÎjk"0f{ x'g ;S5g\ . jt{dfg ;/sf/n] !) xhf/ d]ufjf6hnljB't pTkfbg ug]{ nIo /fv]sf] 5 . sltko dflg;n] g]kfnsf]hnljB't ;Defjgfsf cfwf/df o;nfO{ ;fgf] dfg] tfklg clxn]sf]phf{ pTkfbgsf t'ngfdf of] lgs} 7"nf] j[l4 x'g]5 . k|fljlwslx;fan] o:tf /fh:jx¿ s]Gb|Lo jf PsfOsf] ;/sf/n] p7fpg;Sg]5g\ . ljsf;lgdf{0fsf] sfo{ef/n] :yfgLo txdf vr{sf] k|efj/fVb5 eg] /fh:jsf] s]xL lx:;f PsfOx¿nfO{ lbg' pko'Qm x'G5 .oBlk o;sf] gsf/fTds kIf s] xf] eg] hn;|f]tdfly s'g} ;ª\3LoPsfOsf] k"0f{ :jfldTj jf lgoGq0f /x]df ljleGg PsfOx¿aLr 7"nf]cfly{s vf8n b]vf kg{ ;S5 . gofF ;+ljwfgdf o:tf d'2fx¿;Daf]wg ug'{'k5{ . t/ gofF ;ª\3Lo Joj:yf ;~rfngdf o;sf]cNksfnLg k|efj tTsfnsf nflu guGo x'g] b]lvG5 .

cGttM ;ª\3Lo g]kfn ljQLo b[li6sf]0faf6 w]/} g} s]Gb|Ls[t x'g];Defjgf 5 . ljQLo s]Gb|Ls[t ;ª\3Lotf cjnDag ug]{ d'n'sdfg]kfn dfq geP/ ljZjsf s}of}F d'n'sx¿ 5g\ . c:6]«lnof, dn]l;of/ gfOh]l/ofh:tf ;ª\3Lo /fi6«df klg s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/n] ;Dk"0f{/fh:jsf] *) k|ltzt /fh:j ;ª\sng ub{5g\ .

PsfOnfO{ /sd x:tfGt/0f

g]kfnsf PsfOx¿nfO{ :yfgLo :t/df lzIff, :jf:Yo / k"jf{wf/sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ lhDd]af/L lgjf{x ug{sf nflu pgLx¿sf]cfk\mg} ;|f]tsf cltl/Qm 7"nf] dfqfdf yk /fh:jsf] h?/t kg]{5 .

;ª\3Lo g]kfn ljQLo b[li6sf]0faf6 w]/} g} s]Gb|Ls[t x'g]

;Defjgf 5 . ljQLo s]Gb|Ls[t ;ª\3Lotf cjnDag ug]{

d'n'sdf g]kfn dfq geP/ ljZjsf s}of}F d'n'sx¿ 5g\ .

c:6]«lnof, dn]l;of / gfOh]l/ofh:tf ;ª\3Lo /fi6«df klg

s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/n] ;Dk"0f{ /fh:jsf] *) k|ltzt /fh:j ;ª\sng

ub{5g\ .

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o:tf] cj:yfdf s]Gb|Lo /fh:jaf6 ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] ljz]ifJoj:yf x'g'kb{5 .

-ljb]zL ;xof]usf] ljifo klg dxÎjk"0f{ x'G5 . ;+ljwfgd} ljb]zL;xfotfsf nflu s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/n] dfq jf PsfOsf] ;/sf/n] klgcGo /fi6« jf bft[lgsfol;t ;Demf}tf ug{ ;Sg] jf g;Sg] ljifolgwf{/0f ug'{kb{5 . o:tf] gofF Joj:yfk|lt bft[lgsfon] klg ;xdlthgfpg' h?/L x'G5 ._

c;fWo} ljs]lGb|t ;ª\3Lo /fHosf kIfdf jsfnt ug]{x¿n] ;ª\3LoPsfOx¿ cfk\mg} /fh:jdf ;~rfng xf]pmg\ / lglZrt dfqfdfs]Gb|Lo /fh:j sf]if k|fKt u¿g\ eGg] wf/0ff /fV5g\ . gfOh]l/ofdfoxL cjwf/0ff /x]sf] kfOG5 . oBlk, ljQLo lgoGq0fsf dfWodåf/fs]Gb|Lo ;/sf/n] PsfOsf] ;/sf/sf ultljlwx¿nfO{ cfk\mgf]lgoGq0fdf /fVg] k|of; ug{ ;S5 . ef/tdf klg PsfOx¿ cfk\mg}cfGtl/s ;|f]tsf cltl/Qm s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/sf] /fh:j / dxÎjk"0f{/0fgLlts nufgLsf cfwf/df ;~rflnt ePsf] kfOG5 . s]Gb|Lo;/sf/af6 ;xof]u k|fKt ug]{ xf] eg] PsfOsf] ;/sf/n] s]Gb|Lo;/sf/sf ;t{x¿sf] kfngf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . w]/} ;ª\3Lo d'n'sdfs]Gb|Lo ;/sf/n] ;femf ljwflosL bfloTjsf cfwf/df ;ª\3Lo/fHosf ultljlwdfly lgoGq0f /fVg ;S5g\ / o:tf] cj:yfdfs]Gb|Lo ;/sf/sf] sfg'g k|efjsf/L x'G5 .

;+ljwfgdf ;ª\3Lo /fHosf ljQLo Joj:yfx¿ lj:t[t ¿kdf pNn]vug{ ;Dej x'Fb}g . ;dosfn;Fu} ;ª\3, PsfO / :yfgLo ;/sf/aLr/fh:jsf] plrt afF8kmfF8df kl/l:yltcg's"n -h:t} ;z:q o'4,cfly{s rj|mk|0ffnL jf ljsf;sf] ult_ pNn]vgLo kl/jt{gx¿ x'g;S5g\ . To;} u/L, /fh:jsf ljleGg ;|f]tx¿sf] d"No ljleGg;dodf km/skm/s x'g ;S5g\ . To;}n] ;ª\3Lo d'n'sx¿ hxfFPsfOx¿ w]/}h;f] s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/sf] /fh:jdf e/ k/]sf x'G5g\ToxfF ;+ljwfgd} cfwf/e"t dfGotf / k|fjwfgx¿sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf]

x'G5 / s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/sf] /fh:jsf] afF8kmfF8 s]s;/L ug]{ ljifodflglZrt dfkb08 / Joj:yfx¿ agfOPsf] x'G5 h;nfO{ ;do;dodfk'g/fjnf]sg ul/G5 .

cfjZostfx¿sf] lgSof}{n

o; ;Gbe{df ef/tsf] pbfx/0f c;fWo} ;fGble{s b]lvG5 . ;ª\3Loef/tsf PsfOsf ;/sf/x¿sf] /fh:j Ifdtf / cfjZostfx¿sf]n]vfhf]vf ug{ s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/n] x/]s kfFr jif{df ljQLo cfof]uu7g ub{5 . ;f] cfof]un] s]Gb|Lo /fh:jsf] slt c+z PsfOx¿dfhfg] / slt ljlgof]hg ug]{ ljifodf ;'emfp lbG5 . /0fgLlts /sfo{qmd ljz]ifsf cfwf/df k|bfg ul/g] /sdsf cltl/Qm PsfOx¿nfO{pknAw u/fOg] o:tf] /sd PsfOnfO{ ul/g] ljQLo x:tfGt/0fsf]dxÎjk"0f{ lx:;f xf] .

olb s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/af6 PsfOsf] ;/sf/n] pNn]Vo cfly{s ;xof]ukfpF5g\ eg] /sdsf] Joj:yfkg s;/L ul/of] eGg] s'/fdf PsfOn]s]Gb|k|lt hjfkmb]xL x'g'kg]{ ls gkg]{ < ;;t{ /sd x:tfGt/0fsf;Gbe{df of] lgZro klg cfjZos 5 . t/, s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/n]lg;t{ /sd x:tfGt/0f u/fPsf] eP klg c;n ah]6 Joj:yfkgug{sf nflu / k|ltj]bgsf nflu cfwf/e"t k|lqmof cjnDag ug{s]xL lgodg ug]{ jf ljlgof]hg /f]Ssf ul/g] k|fjwfgx¿ /fVg;lsg]5 . o; ;Gbe{df a|flhnsf] ljQLo sfg'g dxÎjk"0f{ pbfx/0fx'g ;S5 h;df C0f / vr{dfly lgoGq0fsf ;fy} k|efjsf/Lk|ltj]bgnfO{ clgjfo{ agfOPsf] 5 .

/ª\ue]bsf] cGTokl5 blIf0f clk|msf Ps lsl;dsf] ;ª\3Lotfdfk|j]z u¥of] . PsfOx¿df c;fWo} ;Lldt ;+/rgf / dfgj;|f]tsf]Ifdtfsf] cefjsf sf/0f k|d'v sfo{qmdsf lhDd]af/Lx¿nfO{ljs]Gb|Ls/0f ug'{ lgs} r'gf}tLk"0f{ /Xof] . Ps}rf]l6 ;DkGg If]qaf6ljkGg If]qx¿df nufgL lvRbf b'O{cf]6f ;d:ofx¿ x'Fbf /x]5g\ eGg]

dx;'; eof] . Ps}rf]l6 cfly{s;|f]tx¿ :yfgfGt/0f ubf{ ;]jf /;+/rgf sdhf]/ x'g uO{ ;DkGgIf]qx¿ g/fd|/L k|efljt x'g k'u]eg] ljkGg If]qx¿n] cfly{s ;xof]uk"0f{¿kdf ;b'kof]u ug{ ;s]gg\ /cg'kof]uL If]qdf vr{ x'g uof] .pgLx¿sf] cg'ejn] ljs]lGb|tJoj:yftkm{ cl3 a9\g] r/0fa4;f]rsf] dxÎj b;f{pF5 .

cflv/df ;ª\3Lo g]kfnsf] lgdf{0fug{sf nflu d'n'ssf] k|:6 lbzfjf b[li6sf]0f kl/eflift ug]{ /hgtfnfO{ ;]jf k'¥ofpg ;'zf;gsf;+oGqx¿ lgdf{0f ug'{kg] { s'/fdxÎjk"0f{ 5g\ . oL b'O{ c;fWo}7"nf r'gf}tL x'g\ / oL b'j} r'gf}tLnfO{;Daf]wg ug{ pko'Qm ljQLo Joj:yf:yfkgf ug'{ ;aeGbf dxÎjk"0f{ePsf] b]lvG5 .

sf7df8f}Fsf] ;8s5]p Knfl:6ssf] y}nfdf nfu'kbfy{ ;'FUw} ;8s afnsx¿ . g]kfnsf] hg;ª\Vofsf] emG8} PsltxfO lx:;f

ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf] 5 / o'lg;]kmsf] Ps k|ltj]bgcg';f/ g]kfndf emG8} #)))) ;8s afnaflnsf 5g\ h;dWo] #&))

3/af/ljxLg 5g\ .

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g]kfn ljz]iff°

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d'Qmf tfdfª

kfnsf] ;+ljwfg;efn] nfdf] ;dob]lv

zf;g u/]sf] /fhtGqnfO{ !% h]7

@)^% df cGTo ub}{ Ps}k6s /fhtGqfTds

d'n'snfO{ u0ftGqdf ¿kfGt/0f u¥of] .

ca cfpg] b'O{ jif{df ;+ljwfg;efn] g]kfnsf]

;ª\3Lo :j¿knfO{ kl/eflift ub}{{ o;sf]

vfsf sf]g]{5 . eljiodf aGg] ;ª\3df hflt,

efiff, ;:s[lt / e"efunfO{ cfwf/ agfOg'kg]{

cfjZostfdf /fhgLlts bn, gful/s

;dfh / lj1x¿aLr ;xdlt b]vf kb}{ uPsf]

5 . o;f] eP tfklg cfTdlg0f {osf]

clwsf/;DaGwdf leGgleGg b[li6sf]0fx¿

5g\ . cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ cToGt 7"nf]

ljjfbsf] ljifo ag]sf] 5, / o;n] clglZrtf,

8/ / lrGtf pTkGg u/fPsf] 5 .

cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/sf] k]lrnf] ljifonfO{

a]jf:tf ug{ ldNb}g . ;f+:s[lts ljljwtfsf]

;dfof]hg ug]{ / lx+;fTds åGå tyf

ljv08gsf] ;DefjgfnfO{ 6fg]{ p2]Zosf aLrdf

;Gt'ng sfod ub}{ of] ljifonfO{ cToGt

;ts{tfsf ;fy ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgfsf] vfsf

sf]g]{ qmddf ;Daf]wg ul/g'k5{ . ;Gt'ngsf]

of] cfjZostfsf nflu pknAw ;a} ljsNkx¿sf]

uxg / rgfvf] ljZn]if0f h?/L 5 .

cflbjf;Lx¿n] klxn] p7fPsf] dfu

g]kfndf cfTdlg0fo{sf] clwsf/sf] dfu

;a}eGbf klxn] cflbjf;L÷hghfltx¿n]

p7fPsf x'g\ . ljutsf b'O{ bzsb]lv

g]kfndf cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/sf] k|flKt;+ljwfg;efn] ;ª\3Lo k4ltdf hftLo ljljwtfnfO{ ;d]6\g'kb{5 .

cflbjf;L cfGbf]ngsf cleoGtfx¿n] o;nfO{rrf{sf] ljifo agfP/ o;df /fi6«sf] Wofglvr]sf 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nlfu hghfltsf%$ j6f ;ª\u7gsf] 5ftf ;ª\u7g g]kfncflbjf;L hghflt dxf;ª\3n] eg]sf] 5ls /fHosf] k'g;+{/rgfdf o;sf] k|d'v dfug} æcfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/;lxtsf] hftLo:jfoQtfÆ xf] .

Oltxf;df k|e'TjzfnL ;d"xx¿n] cfk"mdflyyf]k/]sf cGofox¿nfO{ ;Rofpgsf nfluhghflt ;d"xx¿n] o:tf] clwsf/sf]cfjZostf 7fg]sf 5g\ . ;ª\3Lonf]stflGqs /fli6«o d~r, tfD;flnª g]kfn/fli6«o bn, /fli6«o bn / /fli6«o hgd'lQmkf6L{sf ljleGg lr/fx¿nufot hftLo, eflifs/ ;f+:s[lts clwsf/df hf]8 lbg] /fhgLltsbnx¿sf aLr o; ljifodf ldNbf]h'Nbf] wf/0ff/x]sf] 5 .

o;sf cltl/Qm lj= ;+= @)%@ ;fnb]lv;z:q ljb|f]xdf ;+nUg g]kfn sDo'lg:6kf6L{ dfcf]jfbLn] cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/nfO{

g]

cfk\mgf] /fhgLlts sfo{qmddf ;dfj]z u/]sfsf/0fn] klg o; ljifon] b]zJofkL rrf{kfPsf] 5 . ;g\ !(($ df ;DkGg klxnf]/fli6«o e]nfdf g} dfcf]jfbLn] cfTdlg0f{osf]clwsf/ / hftLo :jfoQtfnfO{ /fhgLltssfo{qmdsf ¿kdf ckgfPsf] lyof] .

dfcf]jfbLsf ljrf/sx¿ afa'/fd e6\/fO{ /lxl;nf odLn] æg]kfndf /fli6«otfsf] k|ZgÆdfn]Vb} eg]sf 5g, pgLx¿sf] kf6L{ æg]kfnax'/fli6«o ax'eflifs b]z ePsf] 3f]if0ff ub{5/ /fi6«sf] clwsf/ cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/sf]l;4fGt :jLsf/ ub}{ ljleGg hfltx¿sf]:jofQtf x'g'kg]{ k|:tfj ub{5 .Æ

kl5 cfP/ hgo'4 eg]/ lrlgPsf] dfcf]jfbLljb|f]x cl3 a9\b} hfFbf @))$ df g]skfdfcf]jfbLn] cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/;lxtsf!! cf]6f :jfot /fHox¿ lgdf{0f ePsf]3f]if0ff u/] . cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/cGtu{t5'§} b]z agfpg kfpg] clwsf/ klg k5{eGg] dfcf]jfbLsf] ljrf/ /x]sf] 5 .dfcf]jfbLsf nflu hgtfsf] 5'§} d'n's

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ls/fFt ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿ ;fs]nf kj{sf cj;/df sf7df8f}Fdf k/Dk/fut g[To k|:t't ub}{ . ;fs]nf kj{ g]kfnsf ls/fFt

;d'bfon] k"l0f{dfsf] ;dodf dgfpg] Ps dxÎjk"0f{ kj{ xf] h;df /fd|f] afnLgfnLsf nflu tyf k|fs[lts k|sf]kaf6 /Iffsf

nflu k|s[ltsf] k"hf ul/G5 .

d'Qmf tfdfª g]kfnsf dfgjzf:qL x'g'x'G5 .

g]kfn ljz]iff°

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@))(

agfpg kfpg] clwsf/ / bdgsf lj?4df

ljb|f]x ug{ kfpg] clwsf/sf aLrdf glhssf]

;DaGw /x]sf] 5 .

cfGbf]ngn] p:t} dfu u¥of]

cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/;DaGwL ax;df yk

hl6ntf yKb}, dw]; -ef/tLo ;Ldfglhssf]

blIf0fefu h;nfO{ t/fO{ klg elgG5_ df

ePsf] cfGbf]ngsf qmddf klg o:t} dfu

b]vf k¥of] . ;g\ @))^ sf] k|f/Dedf ;zQm

¿kdf b]vf k/]sf] d}ynL, ef]hk'/L / cjwL

efiff af]Ng] hgtf / blIf0f ;dyndf a:g]

c¿ ;d"xsf] ;+nUgtf /x]sf] dw]; cfGbf]ngn]

klg oxL zAbfjnLnfO{ ckgfpFb} pxL dfu

cl3 ;f¥of] . ;+ljwfg;efdf %) l;6 lht]sf]

If]qLo kf6L{sf ¿kdf /x]sf] dw];L hg

clwsf/ kmf]/dn] cfkmgf] r'gfjL 3f]if0ffkqdf

eg]sf] 5 pQm kf6L{ …cfTdlg0f{o;lxt t/fO{sf]

k"0f{ :jfoQtfÚ rfxfG5 .

cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/sf ljifonfO{ kG5fpg}

g;lsg] u/L rsf{OPsf] t 5 t/ o;sf]

lj:t[t Joj:yfkg s;/L ug]{ eGg] s'/f

c´} :ki6 5}g . o:tf] zlQmzfnL /

efjgfTds l;4fGtnfO{ cfpg] ;ª\3Lo

;+ljwfgn] s;/L ;Daf]wg ug]{ eGg] ljifodf

g t cflbjf;L g]tfx¿ -h;n] cGo ;a}

clwsf/sf] cfw/sf ¿kdf cfTdlg0f{osf]

clwsf/sf] dfu u/]sf 5g\_, g t g]skf

dfcf]jfbL -h;n] cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/

5'l§g kfpg] clwsf/;Ddsf] xf] eGg]

k|lta4tf hfx]/ u/]sf] 5_ n] xfn;Dd s'g}

lj:t[t ljj/0f k|:t't ug{ ;s]sf 5g\ .

yk lrGtf

sltko dflg;x¿n] cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/sf

ljifonfO{ 7f]; cy{lagfsf] v'nf cjwf/0ffsf

¿kdf jsfnt ul//x]sfn] cfTdlg0f{osf]

clwsf/nfO{ ljv08gsf] 9f]sfsf ¿kdf x]g]{

/fhgLltsdL{x¿df yk lrGtf pTkGg u/fPsf]

5 . o:tf] lrGtf ljz]if u/L g]kfnL ;dfhsf

¿l9jfbL ;d"xx¿df cem a9L 5 h;n]

g]kfn lgdf{0fsf] lhDd]jf/L / o;sf] :jfldTj

ljutsf] zfx j+zsf] /fhkl/jf/nfO{

k|ltlglwTj ug]{ zfxL zf;sdf cGtlg{lxt

ePsf] ljZjf; u5{g\ . t;y{, pgLx¿sf

ljrf/df g]kfnsf] zf;g PsfTds / s]Gb|Ls[t

/lx/xg'k5{ . /fli6«o k|hftGq kf6L{sf g]tf

tyf k"j{ zfxL zf;gsf ;dy{s sdn

yfkfn] xfn;fn} Pp6f 6]lnlehgdf

cGtjf{tf{df eg]sf 5g\ ……cfTdlg0f{osf]

clwsf/n ] lglZrt ¿kdf b ]znfO {

ljv08gtk{m n}hfg] 5 .ÚÚ

k|d'v /fhgLlts kf6L{x¿ h:t}, g]kfnL

sfª\u|]; / g]kfn sDo'lg:6 kf6L{ -Pdfn]_

n] o; ljifonfO{ rnfvLk"0f{ tl/sfn] kG5fpFb}

eg]sf 5g\ ls ;ª\3Lo PsfOx¿sf] clwsf/

;+ljwfg;efn] cyjf ljz]if pRr:t/Lo /fHo

k'g;+{/rgf cfof]un] lglZrt ug]{5 .

Pp6f /fHoleqsf ljleGg ;d"xx¿nfO{cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ lbg] s'/f If]qLocv08tfsf] l;4fGt;Fu aflemg] ts{;lxtljZjsf ljleGg d'n'sx¿ cfTdlg0f{osf]clwsf/sf] ljifok|lt cg'bf/ ePsf ;Gbe{dfo; ljifok|ltsf] c;Gt'li6 ;xh} a'‰g;lsG5 . o;sf] k|ltlaDa g]kfndf klgb]Vg ;lsG5 hxfF xfn /fHon] ljv08gsf];DefjgfnfO{ kG5fpg rfx]sf] 5 eg] csf{tkm{/fHoleq /x]sf cflbjf;L tyf ljlzi6klxrfg ePsf ;d"xx¿ klxrfgsf] clwsf/sf]dfGotf vf]lh/x]sf 5g\ .

cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/sf] d'2fnfO{ :yflut,j]jf:tf cyjf vf/]h ugf{n] ;d:ofsf]

;dwfg vf]Hgdf ;xof]u ub}{g g t zflGtsfod ug{ / k|hftGqnfO{ alnof] agfpgg} ;xof]u u5{ . anhk\mtL g]kfnL /fi6«–/fHosf] If]qLo cv08tf sfod ug]{ k|oTgn]hgtfnfO{ enf] ug'{sf] ;§f emg\ b'vb\kl/l:ylt Nofpg ;S5 . g]kfnsf ;Gbe{dfcfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/nfO{ ;LdfGts[tcflbjf;L hgtf / c¿ ;d"xx¿sf] P]ltxfl;scg'ejsf ;Gbe{df x]l/g'kb{5 . oL;d"xx¿nfO{ ljutdf ;Qfaflx/ dfq /flvPgls cfly{s zf]if0f, /fhgLlts bdg /;f+:s[lts lje]b ul/of] . :jfottf /cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/sf] dfu dfgj clwsf/,;dfgtf / sfg'gsf] zf;gsf] nf]stlGqsd"Nodf cfwfl/t ;dfj]zL /fHosf] ;[hgfug{sf nflu ul/Psf] xf]

;f+:s[lts ljljwtfnfO{ ;d]6\g'kg]{

cfTdlg0f {osf ] clwsf/sf ] ljifonfO{g]kfnh:tf] ax';f+:s[lts /fHodf ;f+:s[ltsljljwtfsf] ;dfof]hg ug]{ k|lqmof;Fu hf]8]/a[xt\ cy{df a'lemg'k5{ . o;f] ug{ ;lsPdfljv08gsf] ljifo Pp6f ;Defjgfdfq x'g;S5 . 5'l§g] clwsf/nfO{ cfTdlg0f{osf]clwsf/sf] r/d :j¿ksf ¿kdf a'‰g;lsG5 .

g]kfnsf ;Gbe{df cfTdlg0fo{sf] clwsf/sf]cfofdleq kg]{ 5'l§g kfpg] clwsf/sf

;Dk"0f{ t/fO{ If]qnfO{ :jfoQ k|b]zsf] dfGotf lbOg'kg]{ dw];L ;d'bfosf] dfusf lj?4df sf7df8f}Fdf k|bz{g ub}{ yf¿

;d'bfosf dflg;x¿ . yf¿x¿ s'n hg;ª\Vofsf] emG8} ;ft k|ltzt hg;ª\Vof ePsf g]kfnsf] ;dy/ t/fO{ If]qdf

a;f]af; ug]{ g]kfnsf] rf}yf] 7"nf] cflbjf;L÷hghflt ;d"x x'g\ .

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g]kfn ljz]iff°

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ljifodf k|:tfj ug]{sf] eGbf klg lj/f]w

ug]{sf] a9L lrGtf jf rf;f] /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

;LdfGts[t ;d"xx¿n] g]kfnsf] PsfTds /

s]Gb|Ls[t /fHonfO{ ;fdGtL /fhfsf]

;+/IfsTjdf cNk;ª\Vos hft lxGb"x¿sf]

æcfGtl/s pklgj]zÆ sf ¿kdf JofVof u/]sf]

kl/l:yltdf klg g]kfndf leGg} /fHosf]

dfu slxn} b]vf k/]sf] lyPg .

gofF ;"q / gofF vfnsf /fhgLlts

;+:yfx¿sf] k|of]u ub}{ g]kfn /fHonfO{ cv08

/fVg] s'/f ;a} k|lt:kwL{ /fhgLlts

zlQmx¿sf] ;f´f d"NodfGotf xf] . jf:tjdf

cflbjf;L cWo]tf s[i0f e§rg gofF aGg]

;+ljwfgn] cflbjf;L hgtfx¿sf] clwsf/

:ki6 ¿kdf pNn]v ug'{kg]{ ts{ u5{g\ .

e§rg eG5g\, æo;sf]

cy { 5l§g k fpg ]

clwsf/ xf]Og .Æ

pQm cleJolQm e§rgn]

cu:6 (, @))* df

ljZj cf lbj f; L

hghflt lbj;sf lbg

lbPsf x'g\ .

jf:tjdf cGt/f{li6«o /

;+j}wflgs sfg'gn] dfGotf lbPsf] l;4fGtsf

¿kdf /x]sf] cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/nfO{

sfof{Gjog ug]{ kIfdf k|z:t} cy{ / cfofdx¿

e]6\g ;lsG5 . cGt/f{li6«o sfg'gsf lj1

k|f]= Pg6f]lgj Sof;]; -k"j{ o'uf]:nfleofsf

nflu cGt/f{li6«o kmf}hbf/L l6«j'gnsf klxnf]

cWoIf_ n] cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/sf afXo /

cfGtl/s b'j} cfofdx¿ /x]sf] atfPsf 5g\ .

cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/sf] afXo cfofd ljz]ifu/L

;DalGwt hgtfsf] cGt/f{li6«o klxrfg jf

dfGotf;Fu ;DalGwt 5 . 5'l§g kfpg] clwsf/

o;sf] Pp6f pbfx/0f x'g ;S5 . csf{tkm{

cfGtl/s cfofd ljleGg ;d"xx¿sf] nf]stflGqs

clwsf/x¿ clej[lb ug]{ sfg'g / /fHo

;+/rgf;Fu ;DalGwt 5 .

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clwsf/sf] l;4fGt, h;nfO{ j'8\/f] ljn;gn]

k|ltkfbg u/]sf] dflgG5, n] o; cjwf/0ffnfO{

pklgj]zaf6 :jtGq x'g] ;Gbe{df eGbf

/fi6«/fHox¿ lgdf{0fsf cj:yfdf ax';f+:s[lts

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ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . Olyof]lkofafx]s ;+;f/df

s'g} klg To:tf b]zx¿ 5}gg\ hxfF 5'l§g

kfpg] clwsf/nfO{ ;+ljwfgdf pNn]v

ul/Psf] 5 . ;dfg clwsf/ / ;f+:s[lts

ljljwtfsf] dfGotf nf]stflGqs d"Nosf ¿kdf

l:jsfg]{ qmd Jofks x'Fb} uPsf] 5 .

;d"xx¿sf] klxrfxgsf] ;'lglZrttf

5'l§g kfpg] clwsf/;DaGwL ljjfb ;ª\3Lo

g]kfnsf nflu Jofjxfl/s ;/f]sf/sf] ljifo

gxf]nf tfklg cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/n] s]xL

dflg;sf nflu ljz]if dxÎj /fV5 . hgtfsf]

cfsfª\IffnfO{ ;Ddfg ub}{ s]xL / aflx/L

cg'ejx¿ -h:t}, blIf0f clk|msf_nfO{ x]b}{

g]kfnsf] gofF ;+ljwfgn] cflbjf;L hgtfsf]

cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/nfO{ gkG5fO{sg} æ;du|

g]kfnLsf] cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/ÆnfO{

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;d"xx¿nfO{ cfk\mgf] klxrfgsf] clwsf/ k|bfg

ubf{ g]kfnsf] æax';+:s[lt /fi6«jfbÆ jf

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;DejtM ;Daf]wg ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf] sfo{n]

hgtfnfO{ cfk\mgf] /fHodf cfa4 x'gsf

nflu cfjZos jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{ ;S5 .

;]K6]Da/ @))^ df ;o'Qm /fi6«;ª\3n] u/]sf]

cflbjf;L hgtfsf] clwsf/sf] 3f]if0ffnfO{

g]kfndf pT;fxsf ;fy :jfut ul/Psf]

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/fHodf ;f+:s[lts ljljwtfsf] ;dfof]hg ug]{ k|lqmof;Fu

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cfTdlg0f{osf] clwsf/sf] r/d :j¿ksf ¿kdf a'‰g ;lsG5 .

g]kfn ljz]iff°

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23

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s[i0f vgfn

kfn @)^% h]i6 !% df ;ª\3Lo

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jif{ k'/fgf] zfx /fhtGqnfO{ cGTo u¥of] /

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/fhb/af/ vfnL ug{ cfb]z lbof] .

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k|lt1fnfO{ cf}krfl/stfdf NofP . @)^$

r}{q @* df ;+ljwfg;efsf] lgjf{rg eof] .

s'n ^)! ;b:o /x]sf] ;+ljwfg;efdf s'g}

klg kf6L{n] ax'dt Nofpg ;s]g, t/ ;du|df

;ª\3Lo u0ftGqjfbL kf6L{x¿sf] cTolws

ax'dt eg] cfof] .

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/ ;ª\3Lotfsf] gf/f b]zel/ 3lGsof] . s'g}

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& ut] /fi6«klt / pk/fi6«klt lgjf{lrt ePkl5

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klg x:tfGt/0f eof] .

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nfO{ cTolws ax'dtn] k|wfgdGqL lgjf{lrt

u¥of] . ;efdf dt ljeflht lyof] . ToxfFk|ltlglwTj ug]{ @% /fhgLlts kf6L{dWo] @!

g]kfnsf nflu zf;gk|0ffnLsf] /f]hfOljZjsf] kl5Nnf] ;ª\3Lo /fHo cfkmgf] gof“ ;+ljwfg n]Vg] tof/Ldf 5 .

kf6L{n] k|r08nfO{ ef]6 lbP . pgn] $^$ /pgsf k|ltåGåL g]kfnL sfª\u|];sf z]/axfb'/b]pjfn] !!# ef]6 k|fKt u/] . cGtl/d;+ljwfgn] ;xdltsf] ;/sf/sf] Joj:yfu/]sf] 5 . s]xL /fhgLlts bnx¿ ljz]ifu/L g]kfnL sfªu|]; dfcf]jfbLsf] g]t[Tjdf;/sf/df uPsf] lyPg . gofF ;/sf/ tLgkf6L{sf] u7aGwaf6 ag]sf] lyof], d"ntM g]skfdfcf ]jfbL, g]skf -Pdfn]_ / dw];Lhgclwsf/ kmf]/d -dhkmf]]g]_ . c¿ tLg;fgf kf6L{x¿ klg ;/sf/df ;fd]n lyP .u7aGwg ;/sf/n] ckgfPsf] ;femfsfo{qmddf d'Vo ¿kn] tLg s'/fdf hf]8lbPsf] 5 M -!_ b'O{ jif{leq gofF ;+ljwfgagfpg] -@_ ̂ dlxgfleq dfcf]jfbL ;}lgsnfO{;dfof]hg / k'g:yf{kgf ug]{ -#_ ck/fw /sfg'g ljxLgtfnfO{ lgoGq0f u/L zflGt /;'/Iff sfod ug]{ .

;efåf/f ;+ljwfg lgd{f0f k|lqmof ;'?

g]skf Pdfn]sf ;'jf; g]DafªnfO{ ;efd'vdflgjf{lrt x'g tLg dlxgfeGbf a9L ;donfUof] . @)^% ;fpg ( ut] ;efd'vsf]lgjf{rg eof] . To;} ;do @^ h'gdf g]kfnLsfª\u|];sf g]tf lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnfn]cfkm\gf] /flhgfdf 3f]if0ff u/]sf lyP . t//fi6«kltsf] lgjf{rg geO{ pgsf]] /flhgfdf:jLs[t x'g] cj:yf lyPg . Ps dlxgfkl5dfq g]kfnL sfª\u|];sf g]tf 8f= /fdj/0fofbjnfO{ ;+ljwfg;efn] /fi6«klt lgjf{lrtu¥of] . ofbjsf] /fi6«klt lgjf{rgn] dfqk |r08nfO { k |wfgdGqL lgo 'Qm ug {;+ljwfg;efn] af6f] kfof] .

g]kfnsf] /fi6«klt sfo{sfl/0fL;lxt x'g'kb{5g ls ;+;bLo k|0ffnL;lxtsf] k|tLsfTdse"ldsf ePsf] eGg] wf/0ff dfcf]jfbLsf] lyof] .t/ cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] kFfrfF} ;+zf]wgn]

g]

s[i0f vgfn lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf /fhgLltzf:qsf k|fWofks x'g'x'G5 .

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;ky v'jfpFb} e"tk"j{ k|wfgdGqL k'iksdn bfxfn -afofF_ . ;ky sfo{qmd cjnf]sg ub}{ /fi6«klt 8f= /fdj/0f ofbj

-afofFaf6 bf];|f]_ .

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24

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g]kfn ljz]iff°

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;+;bLo ;/sf/nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbFb} ;+j}wflgs/fi6«k|d'vdf /fi6«klt / sfo{sfl/0fL ;/sf/k|d'vdf k|wfgdGqL /xg] Joj:yf u¥of] .dfcf]jfbLn] sfo{sfl/0fL;lxtsf] /fi6«klttTsfnnfO{ 5f]8\g k'Uof] . lgZro g} ;+;bLojf /fi6«ktLo ;/sf/ s'g x'g] < eGg] s'/fkm]l/ klg ;+ljwfg;efdf ax; x'g] g} 5 .

u7aGwgsf] lgdf{0f

lgjf{rgkl5sf] g]kfnL /fhgLlt t/n /;/sf/sf] u7aGwg kl/jt{g eO/xg ;Sg]cj:yfsf] 5 . ;+ljwfg;efdf @% j6fkf6L{x¿ 5g\ . b'O{hgf :jtGq ;ef;b\ 5g\ .;a }eGbf 7 "nf ] @@) l;6 NofPsf ]dfcf]jfbLb]lv Ps jf b'O{ l;6 Nofpg]Psbh{g kf6L{x¿ /x]sf5g \ . @^ hgfsf ]dg f ] gog k lg/fhgLlts kf6L{x?sf]; d f g ' k l t sk|ltlglwTjsf cfwf/dfePsf] 5 . u7aGwg 3]/}cg'dfg ug]{ g;lsg]cj:yfsf ] 5 . of ]clxn] dfcf ]jfbLsfkIfdf 5 t s'g} klga]nf ljkIfdf hfg klg ;S5 . ljutsf]cg'ejnO{ x]bf{ u7aGwg cl:y/ /xg];Defjgf a9L 5 . dfcf]jfbLn] g]skf Pdfn]jf g]kfnL sfª\u|];nfO{ ldnfP/ l:y/u7aGwg agfpg ;SYof ] t/ p;n]æljh]tfnfO{ ;a}Æ eGg] dfGotf lnof] . h;n]dfcf]jfbL Pdfn]aLrsf] u7aGwg aGg'eGbfklxn] g} t'lxof] . o:tf] cj:yfdf rnv]nsf]kmf]x/L /fhgLlts v]nnfO{ c:jLsf/ ug{;lsFb}g, h'g dfcf]jfbL g]tf k|r08sf zAbdfæe|i6x¿åf/f v]lnPsf] k'/fgf] v]nÆ xf] .clxn] g]kfnsf] ;ª\qmd0fsfnLg /fhgLltæk4ltljgfsf] /fhgLltÆ h:tf] b]lvG5 .

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;Qf lbg clgR5f tyf alnof l/h/e];g/fv] . dfcf]jfbL kf6L{nfO{ ;Qfdf cfpgaf6/f]Sg g]kfnL sfª\u|];sf lul/hfk|;fb /e|i6frf/Lx¿n] v]n v]Nb}5g\ eGg] k|r08n]cf/f]k nufP / s'g} rt'¥ofOFåf/f pgLx¿;Qfdf cfP eg] tL e|i6frf/LnfO{ wkfOlbg]wDsL lbP .

;+j}wflgs ljifox¿sf] ;dfwfg

w]/} ;+j}wflgs ljifox¿df hl6ntf tyfsl7gfOx¿ 5g\ . To;}n] ;+ljwfg;efn];+ljwfg d:of}bf ug{'cufl8 ;xdlt lgdf{0fug'{ cfjZos 5 . h:t} ;ª\3Lo PsfOsf¿kdf PsfOx¿sf] lgdf{0f, PsfO / s]Gb|aLrclwsf/ ljefhg, ;/sf/sf] :j¿ksf]

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k|df0fsf ¿kdf r'gfjL 3f]if0ffkq x]bf{ gofF;+ljwfgdf eljiodf s:tf] lsl;dsf] ;/sf/x'g] ;DaGwdf km/skm/s :ki6 wf/0ffb]lvG5 . ax;sf] s]Gb|laGb' g} ;+;bLo jf/fi6«ktLo k|0ffnL s'g x'g] eGg] 5 . cgf}7f]s'/f s] eg] g]skf dfcf]jfbL / dw];Lkmf]/dsf] ;/sf/sf] k4ltdf Pp6} ljrf/5 . pgLx¿ sfª\u|]; / Pdfn]sf] ljrf/nfO{lj/f]w ub{5g\ . dfcf]jfbL, kmf]/d / cGo;fgf bnx¿ /fi6«ktLo k|0ffnLsf] ;dy{s

5g\ . h;df /fi6«klt hgtfåf/f l;w}lgjf{lrt x'G5 / ;/sf/sf] sfo{sfl/0fLclwsf/ k|of]u ug{ kfpF5 . t/ g]kfnLsfª\u|];, g]skf Pdfn] / w]/} c¿ kf6L{x¿;+;bLo k|0ffnLsf] lg/Gt/tfsf kIfdf 5g\ .h;df k|wfgdGqL ;+;b\sf] ax'dtaf6lgjf{lrt x'G5 / pm;Fu} sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/x'G5 . /fi6«klt cf}krfl/s ¿kdf /fHosf];+j}wflgs k|d'v dfq x'G5 .

;/sf/sf] :j¿ksf] lgdf{0f

b'j} k|:tfljt k|0ffnLdf cgf}7f ljz]iftfx¿5g\ . dfcf]jfbLsf] lgjf{rg 3f]if0ffkqdfelgPsf] 5, æhgtfn] l;w} lgjf{lrt u/]sf]/fi6«klt / ljwflosfn] lgjf{lrt u/]sf]

k|wfgdGqL /xg]5 .Æo f ] k | m f G; tyf/l;ofsf] k|0ffnL;Fu}ldNbf]h'Nbf] 5, hxfF/fi6 «kltn] ;Dk "0f {sfo{sfl/0fL sfo{ ub{5eg ] k |w fgdGq Ln ]b } lgsL k |z f;grnfp F5 . dw ];Lhgclwsf/ kmf ]/dcd]l/sg df]8nsf]

k|wfgdGqLljgfsf] /fi6«kltsf kIfdf 5 .

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ljwflosfsf] :j¿ksf af/]df 3]/} /fhgLltsbnx¿aLr Ps¿ktf kfOG5 . pgLx¿k|foMh;f] ;a} s]Gb|df lå;bgfTds / PsfOdfPs ;bgfTds ljwflosf x'g'k5{ eGg] kIfdf

ljifosf] r'/f] ;+;bLo jf /fi6«ktLo zf;g s:tf] x'g'kb{5 eGg]xf]Og ls zf;g s;/L l:y/, ;Ifd / pQ/bfoL agfpg;lsG5 eGg] xf] . ljutdf j]:6 ldlg:6/ df]8nsf] ;+;bLok|0ffnLn] oL lrh lbg g;s]sf] xf] . cljZjf;sf] k|:tfjn];/sf/ lu/fpg], h;n] ubf{ dtbftf ljleGg kf6L{df ljeflhteP/ /fd|f] sfd ug{ g;s]sf] sf/0f cl:y/tf lgDTof] .

g]kfn ljz]iff°

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@))(

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b]zel/af6 ;dy{g 5 .

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hftLo / n}ª\lus cfsfª\IffnfO{ ;Gt'li6

lbnfpg cfjZos 5 .

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k|:tfjn] ;/sf/ lu/fpg], h;n] ubf{ dtbftf

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ug{ g;s]sf] sf/0f cl:y/tf lgDTof] .

To;}sf/0f j}slNks k|:tfjx¿ cfPsf x'g\ .

olb g]kfnL sfªu|]; u7aGwg ;/sf/aflx/

/lx/Xof] eg] k/Dk/fut ;+;bLo Joj:yfnfO{

hf]8 lbg]5 / o;nfO{ k\mofFSg vf]Hof] eg]

k|hftGqlj/f]wL lqmofsnfk 7fGg]5 .

To;}sf/0f ;/sf/sf] k4ltsf af/]df 5nkmn

d6\Øfxf kj{ cjnf]sg ub}{ kf6gsf :yfgLojf;L . kl/jf/sf ;b:o u'dfPsf dflg;x¿n] d[tssf] zflGtsf] sfdgf ub}{

pQm kj{ dgfpg] u5{g\ .

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ug'{ s;/L ;Ifd / l:y/ ;/sf/ g]kfndf

lgdf{0f ug]{ eGg] k|d'v ljifonfO{ cf]emndf

kfg{ vf]Hg' xf] .

g]kfndf hftLo ;f+:s[lts ;Ldfx¿ :ki6

kl/eflift / ;Ldfª\sg ul/Psf] 5}g .

;ª\3Lo PsfO lgdf{0f ubf{ w]/} ljjfb v8f

x'g]5 . cfGtl/s ;Ldf lgwf{/0f ubf{ b'O{j6f

ljz]if c;xdlt x'g] ;Defjgf w]/} 5g\ .

klxnf] c;xdlt dw];nfO{ Ps ;ª\3Lo

PsfOdf x'g'k5{ jf kb]{g cyjf kxf8L blIf0f

lsgf/nfO{ 5'§} agfpg] ls gagfpg]

eGg];DaGwdf . ;+ljwfg;efdf rf}yf] 7"nf]

;d"xdf /x]sf dw];L kf6L{x¿ d]rLb]lv

dxfsfnL;Ddsf] ;du| dw]; dw];L hgtfsf

nflu Ps :jfoQ PsfO x'g'k5{ eGg] gf/fdf

;d]t cl8u 5g . pgLx¿n] sf7df8f}Fdf

/x]sf zf;snfO{ cfk\mgf] dfu k"/f ug]{

lg0ff{os k|efj b]vfpg ;kmn ePsf 5g .

csf]{ c;xdlt ;ª\3Lo PsfOsf] lgdf{0f

hftLo cfwf/df ug{ ;lsg] jf g;lsg]

/x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] 3]/} efudf ldl>t

hg;ª\Vof 5 . s'g} klg If]qdf s'g} klg

hftLo tyf eflifs ax'dt b]lvFb}g .

sf7df8fF}s]lGb|t PsfTds g]kfn ;ª\3Lo

zf;gdf kl/jt{g ug{ w]/} r'gf}tLx¿ /x]sf

5g\ .

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;'lht rf}w/L

kfnsf gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{tfx¿sf

nflu efiff Pp6f dxÎjk"0f{ d'2f

x'g]5 .

ljut ̂ ) jif{otf g]kfnsf l5d]sL b]zx¿df

eflifs /fi6«jfb klg ;+j}wflgs ljsf;nfO{

lgb]{zg ug{] Ps k|d'v ;jfn aGb} cfPsf]

5 . :jtGq x'g'cl3 ef/tdf pb{"efifL ;De|fGt

ju{åf/f g]t[Tj ul/Psf] /fhgLlts cfGbf]ngn]

cGttM ef/tsf] ljefhg lgDTofof] . ef/tsf]

;+ljwfg cg'df]bgtfsf lxGbL efiffnfO{

Psdfq /fli6«o cflwsfl/s efiffsf ¿kdf

:yflkt ug]{ k|of;n] ToxfFsf] ;+ljwfg;efdf

;a}eGbf hl6n ljjfb ;[hgf u¥of] . ;g\

!(%) / !(^) lt/ u}/lxGbL efifLx¿sf]

dfusf sf/0f ef/tn] q}eflifs gLlt ckgfof]

t;y{ eflifs cfwf/df /fHox¿sf] :yfkgf

klg x'g k'Uof] .

blIf0f Pl;ofsf cGo /fi6«x¿eGbf ef/t

s]xL xb;Dd eflifs ljjfbx¿sf] Joj:yfkg

ug{ ;kmn b]lvPsf] 5 . >Lnª\sfdf ;g\

!(%) b]lv efiffdf cfwfl/t /fli6«otf ToxfFsf]

hftLo åGåsf] s]Gb|laGb'df /x]sf] 5 . l;+xfnf

efiffnfO{ ;/sf/L ;]jf / ;fj{hlgs

/f]huf/Ldf cf}krfl/s efiffsf ¿kdf k|of]u

ug] { lg0f{okl5 ToxfFsf tfldn efifL

;d'bfonfO{ eflifs clwsf/, ;ª\3Lotf /

cGttM k[ys\ /fHosf] tLj| dfu ug{ d2t

g]kfndf eflifs gLltsf] th'{dfu}/;ª\3Lo ljsNk :yfgLo cfjZostf ;Daf]wg ug{ pko'Qm x'g ;S5

k'¥ofof] . tfldn efifL ;d'bfosf] dfunfO{

k|ToIf ;Daf]wg gu/L ul/g] åGåsf] clGtd

;dfwfg ljkmn x'g] k|an ;Defjgf 5 .

kfls:tfgsf ;DaGwdf klg eflifs ljifo

Ps ;+j]bgzLn d'2f /lxcfPsf] 5 .

:jtGqtfnuQ} k"jL{ / klZrdL kfls:tfgaLr

ljBdfg y'k|} ljjfbdWo] eflifs ljjfb k|d'v

lyof ] . pb" { efiffnfO{ kfls:tfgsf ]

cflwsfl/s efiffsf ¿kdf k|of]u ug'{sf ;fy}

aËfnL efiffnfO{ ckdfg ug]{ gLltn] ubf{

k"jL{ kfls:tfg klZrdL kfls:tfgaf6 5'l§P/

aª\unfb]zsf] :yfkgf eof] .

unt eflifs gLlt cjnDag ubf{ rsf]{

d"No r'sfpg'kg]{ l:ylt klg cfpg ;S5 .

lglZrt ¿kdf g]kfn / cGo blIf0f Pl;ofnL

d'n'saLr dxÎjk"0f{ P]ltxfl;s leGgtf 5g\ .

ef/t, kfls:tfg / >Lnª\sfdf eflifs

/fli6«otf ToxfFsf] pklgj]z;Fu ;DalGwt

eP klg Oltxf; / /fi6« lgdf{0f;+Fu

cGof]Gofl>t ;DaGw /fVb5 . pklgj]z

sfndf cª\u|]hL efiff ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf

g]

k|of]u x'g] d'Vo efiff lyof] / s]xL ;Lldt

;De|fGt ju{n] dfq pQm efiff af]Ny] .

:jtGqtf k|flKtkl5 pklgj]zsfnLg efiffsf

¿kdf cª\u|]hL efiffn] of] e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{

;Sb}gYof] . Pp6f efiff h'g ax';ª\Vos

dflg;x¿n] af]Ny] / ;lhn}l;t l;Sg

;lsGYof] To:tf] efiffn] /fhgLlts / cfly{s

hLjgsf] k|f0fsf ¿kdf e"ldsf lgjf{x

ug'{kYof]{ . jf:tjdf k|hftGqnfO{ ;'b[9 ug{

o:tf] efiffsf] cfjZostf klg lyof] . To;sf

ljk/Lt g]kfn slxNo} klg cf}klgj]lzs

zf;gcGtu{t cfPg / o;sf] k|hftGqsf]

cg'ej klg ;Lldt dfqfdf 5 . To;}n]

g]kfnsf] eflifs /fhgLltdf dfly plNnlvt

d'2fx¿n] s'g} e"ldsf v]n]sf 5}gg\ .

;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiffsf] lgSof]{n

oBlk g]kfndf efiff ;+j}wflgs ljjfbsf]

;|f]tsf ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . blIf0f Pl;ofsf

cGo l5d]sL b]zdf h:t} g]kfn eflifs

¿kdf Hofb} ljljwtfo'Qm 5 . g]kfndf

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sf7df8f}Fglhs}sf] Ps k|fylds ljBfnodf cfk\mgf] kf7\ok':tsdfly WofgdUg 5fqf . g]kfndf k|fylds jf cfwf/e"t

lzIff ljBfyL{sf] dft[efiffdf k|bfg ug]{ gLlt /x] tfklg o;sf] sfof{Gjog eg] xfn;Dd x'g ;s]sf] 5}g .

;'lht rf}w/L Sofg8fsf] 6f]/G6f]l:yt o'lgel;{6L ckm 6f]/G6f]sf] sfg'g ;ª\sfosf ;x–8Lg x'g\

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sDtLdf klg () efiff af]lnG5g\ . g]kfnLefiff b]zsf] s'n hg;ª\Vofsf] $* k|ltzthgtfsf] dft[efiff xf] . o;afx]s g]kfndfcGo efiffx¿ klg w]/} g} af]lnG5g\ . dw];df!@=# k|ltzt hgtfn] d}lynL efiff af]N5g\ .To:t} &=%# k|ltzt hgtfn] ef]hk'/Laf]N5g\ . o;afx]s hghflt ;d'bfon] af]Ng]efiffx¿dWo] yf¿ / tfdfª efifLsf] ;ª\Vof;aeGbf clws 5 .

g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& n] b]zleq af]lng];a} efiffx¿nfO{ dfGotf lbg'sf ;fy} tLefiffx¿aLrsf] leGgtf klg /]vfª\sg u/]sf]lyof] . ;f] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f $ -!_ dfpNn]v 5 M æg]kfnleq af]lng] ;a} efiffx¿g]kfnsf /fli6«o efiff x'g\ .Æ t/ ;+ljwfgsf]efu $ -@_ df o:tf] pNn]v 5M æb]jgfu/Llnlkdf n]lvg] g]kfnL efiff ;/sf/Lsfdsfhsf] efiff x'g]5 .Æ cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf]wf/f % df ;f]xL s'/f pNn]v 5 . t/g]kfnL efiffnfO{ Psdfq ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf]efiffsf ¿kdf dfGotf lbg] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg@)$& sf k|fjwfgnfO{ g]kfnsf] ;jf]{Rrcbfntn] :yfgLo txdf af]lng] cGoefiffnfO{ ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiffsf ¿kdfdfGotf lbg] gu/kflnsfsf] clwsf/ ljk/LtePsf] JofVof u¥of] .

g]kfnL efiffnfO{ ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] Psdfqefiffsf ¿kdf dfGotf lbg] k|fjwfgn] ljz]ifu/L dw];L ;d'bfodf 7"nf] c;Gt'li6 ;[hgfu¥of] . ;+ljwfgsf] efiff;DaGwL o;k|fjwfgaf6 c;Gt'i6 ;d"xx¿n] o; k|fjwfgn]pgLx¿nfO{ lghfdtL ;]jfdf kx'Frsf nfluafwf k'¥ofPsf] 7fGb5g\ . t/fO{df sfd ug]{clwsf+z lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿ g]kfnLefifLkxf8Lx¿ 5g\ hf] :yfgLo hgtfx¿l;t:yfgLo efiffdf af]nrfn ug{ c;Ifd 5g\jf rfxFb}gg\ . o;sf cltl/Qm P]ltxfl;s¿kdf efiff gful/stf;Fu ;DalGwt ljjfbdfkm;]sf] kfOG5 . cGTodf w]/} kxfl8ofx¿dw];Lx¿nfO{ g]kfnLeGbf ef/tLo ePsf]7fG5g\ / pgLx¿nfO{ cfk\mg} b]zsf]gful/ssf ¿kdf Jojxf/ ub}{gg\ . of] s'/fg]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)$& sf] wf/f ( dfg]kfnL gful/stf;DaGwL lgoddf k|ltlalDatePsf] 5 . o; lgodfg';f/ g]kfnL cËLs[tgful/sn] g]kfnL efiff /fd|f];F+u n]Vg /af]Ng hfg]sf] x'g'k5{ . of] s'/f g]kfnL

dlxnf gful/ssf kltsf] xsdf klg nfu'x'g] pNn]v 5 . kmn:j¿kM k':tf}Fb]lvg]kfndf a;f]af; ul//x]sf w]/} dw];Lx¿gful/stfaf6 jl~rt 5g\ .

eflifs ljljwtfnfO{ :yfg

dw];sf] :jfy{nfO{ kl/kf]if0f ug]{ /fhgLltsbnx¿sf] pbon] efiff Ps hNbf]aNbf];+j}wflgs d'2f x'g] lglZrt 5 . o; s'/fnfO{;dfwfg ug{ jf:tjdf g]kfndf b'O{k|Zgx¿dfly 5nkmn x'g' cfjZos 5 .klxnf] k|Zg xf] ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiffeGgfn] s] a'emfpF5 / bf];|f] k|Zg xf];+ljwfgsf] agf]6n] eflifs ljljwtfnfO{ s;/Lk|ltlalDat u5{ .

/fHonfO{ ;/sf/L efiffsf] cfjZostf lsgk5{ < /fHox¿ hftLo / wfld{s ¿kdft6:y /x]h:t} eflifs ¿kdf t6:y x'g;Sb}gg\ . /fHox¿n] Ps jf ;Lldtefiffx¿sf] ;d"xnfO{ ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf]efiffsf ¿kdf dfGotf lbg}kg]{ x'G5 . /fHon]cfk\mgf] sfdsfh ;~rfng ug{, ;fj{hlgs;]jf k|bfg ug{, gLltlgod agfpg, ljBfno;~rfng ug{, ;+;b\df ax; ug{ / sfg'glgdf{0f ug{ ;/sf/L efiffsf] cfjZostfk5{ g} . /fHon] ;/sf/L efiffsf] rogubf{ To;n] kl5 uP/ cfly{s / /fhgLltszlQmsf] afF8kmfF8df kfg{ ;S5 . o;n] ubf{cfly{s ¿kdf z}lIfs cj;/, cfly{s sNof0f/ ;fj{hlgs If]qsf] /f]huf/Ldf ;/sf/L

efiff af]Ng] ;d'bfonfO{ ;'ljwfhgs kx'Frk|fKt x'G5 eg] To;sf] ljk/Lt cGo efiffefifL;d'bfonfO{ o:tf] ;'ljwfhgs kx'Frdf afwfk'¥ofpF5 . /fhgLlts ¿kdf eGg] xf] eg];/sf/L dfGotf k|fKt efiff af]Ng] ;d'bfon];fj{hlgs kbdf ;'ljwfhgs k|j]z kfpF5g\Ùh;sf dfWodaf6 ljwflosf, cbfnt tyfk|zf;g oGqh:tf ;fj{hlgs zlQmsflgsfodf pgLx¿sf] kx'Fr / zlQm :yfkgfx'g hfG5 . To;sf/0fn] ;/sf/sfefiff;DaGwL gLltx¿ blIf0f Pl;ofdf h:t}g]kfnh:tf] ax'eflifs b]zdf åGåsf] ;|f]tx'g ;S5g\ .

olb s'g} efiffn] ;/sf/L efiffsf ¿kdfdfGotf k|fKt u/]df pQm efiff ;a} ;/sf/Ljf /fHosf lqmofsnfkdf ;dfg ¿kn] Jojxf/ul/g'k5{ jf ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] dfGotf /x]sf]kfOG5 . t/ ;+ljwfg n]vgsf] k|of]hgsfnflu ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiffsf] 5gf]6nfO{leGgleGg w]/} k[ys\ ;+:yfut kl/j]zdfljefhg ug'{ pkof]uL x'g]5 . oL k|To]seflifs 5gf]6sf] sfo{If]q tyf 5gf]6sfkl/0ffdx¿ km/skm/s x'G5g\ .

;~rf/sf] ;/ntf

pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf s'g} Ps efiffnfO{;/sf/sf ] cflwsfl/s efi f f eg ]/hgfpg'eGbf ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] efiff /;/sf/sf] cfGtl/s sfdsfhsf] efiff eg]/leGgtf sfod ug'{ pkof]uL x'g ;S5 .

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pk/fi6«klt k/dfgGb emfn] lxGbL efiffdf ;ky lnPsf] lj/f]wdf /fFs] h'n'; lgsfNb} ljBfyL{x¿ . pk/fi6«klt emf o;cl3

dw];L hgclwsf/ kmf]/dsf jl/i6 g]tf x'g'x'GYof] . dw];L hgclwsf/ kmf]/dn] lxGbL efiffnfO{ t/fO{sf] efiffsf ¿kdf

cf}krfl/s dfGotf lbOg'kg]{ dfu ub}}{cfPsf] 5 .

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ax'eflifs ;dfhdf lghfdtL ;]jfdf k|of]ux'g] efiff eflifs åGåsf] s]Gb|laGb'sf ¿kdf/lxcfPsf] 5 . o;sf cltl/Qm ;/sf/n]s'g efiff k|of]u ug]{ xf] To;sf] 5gf}6sf]If]q km/flsnf] 5 . ;}4flGts ¿kdf eGg]xf] eg] efiff rogsf] cfwf/ If]q cToGtkm/flsnf] 5 lsgls ;/sf/n] cfk\mgfgful/sx¿l;t w]/} efiffsf dfWodaf6 ;"rgfcfbfgk|bfg ug{ ;S5 / o; k|of]hgsfnflu k|of]u ul/g] ;a} efiffx¿n] ;/sf/Lefiff;/xsf] dfGotf /fV5g\ .

o; ljk/Lt ;/sf/sf] cfk\mgf] cfGtl/sk|of]hgsf nflu efiffsf] 5gf]6sf] If]q ;Lldtx'G5 . o;/L Jofjxfl/s b[li6sf]0faf6 x]bf{/fHon] cfGtl/s sfdsfhsf nflu PseGbfa9L efiffsf] k|of]u ug{ cJofjxfl/s x'ghfG5 . ;/sf/n] cfGtl/s sfd ug{PseGbf a9L efiffsf] k|of]u u/]df lghfdtLsd{rf/LaLr ;~rf/ ug{ cK7\of/f] x'G5 .ax'eflifs k|zf;gdf Pp6fdfq efiff af]Ng]jf a'‰g ;Sg] sd{rf/L ju{sf nflu efiffcg'jfbsf] Joj:yf ug{ klg emGeml6nf] /vlr{nf] x'G5 . g]kfnh:tf] ljsf;f]Gd'vd'n'ssf nflu t emg\ o:tf] Joj:yf ldnfpghl6n x'g] b]lvG5 . o:tf] kl/j]zdfk|zf;lgs b[li6sf]0faf6 eflifs Pstf-Pp6} efiffsf] k|of]u_ ug{ a9L cfjZosx'G5 . ;fj{hlgs k|zf;gdf k|of]u x'g]efiffsf] xsdf eflifs Ps¿ktf emg\ a9LcfjZos x'G5 eg] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf If]qdfPseGbf a9L efiffsf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsg];Defjgf /x]sf] x'Fbf eflifs Ps¿ktfsf]cfjZostf Tolt 68\sf/f] ¿kdf kb}{g .

cfGtl/s sfdsfhsf nflu k|of]u ul/g]efiffsf] 5gf]6n] eflifs /fhgLltnfO{ a9fPsf]5 lsgeg] efiffsf] 5gf]6n] ;fj{hlgscj;/x¿df cToGt 7"nf] k|efj kfb{5 .o;sf cltl/Qm lj:t[t ;fj{hlgs If]q ePsf]cfly{s k|0ffnLdf cfGtl/s sfdsfhsf]efiffsf] 5gf]6n] lghL If]qdf dfkb08lgwf{/ssf] e"ldsf lgjf{x u5{ lsgls lghLIf]qsf ;+:yfn] lghfdtL sd{rf/L;Fu ;"rgfcfbfgk|bfg ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf x'G5 .

eflifs ;ª\3Lotfsf] sfof{Gjog

;ª\3Lotfsf ;Gbe{df eflifs gLltsf] th'{dfljifo;Fu ;DalGwt bf];|f] d'2fn] cflwsfl/seflifs gLlt tyf ;ª\3Lotfsf aLrsf]

;DaGwl;t ;/f]sf/ /fVb5 . s]xL lj1x¿n];ª\3LotfnfO{ ax';/sf/L efiffgLltsfof{Gjog ug]{ Pp6f dfWodsf ¿kdf lnPsf]kfOG5 . o;sf] r/d ¿kdf s]Gb|Lo ;/sf// o;sf pkzfvf, h;nfO{ slxn]sfxLF;ª\3Lo k|fGt klg elgG5, n] ;/sf/L efiffsf]5gf]6df c;Lldt clwsf/ /fVb5g\ . o;/Ls]Gb|Lo ;/sf/ / ;ª\3Lo PsfOx¿n] 5gf]6u/]sf ;/sf/L efiff km/skm/s x'g ;S5g\ .o:tf] cj:yfdf s]Gb| / ;ª\3Lo PsfOaLr;~rf/sf nflu dfWod efiffsf ¿kdf Pp6ft];|f] efiffsf] cfjZostf kb{5, h:t}Mcª\u|]hL . of] ef/tLo cEof; xf] . o;dfkm/skm/s cEof;x¿ klg x'g ;S5g\ . h:t};+ljwfgn] g} ;ª\3Lo PsfOx¿nfO{ y'k|}efiffx¿dWo] s'g} Ps efiffnfO{ ;/sf/L efiffsf¿kdf k|of]u ug]{ 5gf]6sf] clwsf/ lbg ;S5 .o;df ;ª\3Lo PsfOx¿n] ;+ljwfgdf pNn]vul/Psf ljleGg efiffdWo] s'g} Ps efiffnfO{;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiffsf ¿kdf 5fGg;Sg]5g\ . cyjf ;+ljwfgn] g} s]Gb|Lo;/sf/n] s'g efiff k|of]u ug]{ eGg] tf]lslbP/To;afx]s cGo efiff 5gf]6 ug]{ lhDdfPsfOsf] ;/sf/nfO{ g} lbg klg ;S5 . oLk|To]s k|fjwfgcGtu{t ;ª\3Lo PsfOleqa;f]af; ug]{ cNk;ª\Vos eflifs ;d'bfonfO{lglZrt hg;ª\Vof k'u]sf cj:yfdf pgLx¿sf]dft[efiffdf lzIff xfl;n ug{ kfpg] clwsf/lbOPsf] x'G5 .

blIf0f Pl;ofe/ efiffnfO{ ;ª\3Lotf;Fuhf]8]/ x]g]{ Jofks kl/kf6L /x]sf] kfOG5 .ef/tLo PsfOx¿sf] efiffsf cfwf/dfk'g;{ +/rgf, k"jL { kfls:tfg klZrdLkfls:tfgaf6 cnlUug' / >Lnª\sfdf tldnefifL ax';ª\Vos hgtfsf nflu Pp6f 5'§}/fHosf] dfu cflb o;sf pbfx/0f x'g\ .kmn:j¿k g]kfndf w]/} ;/sf/L efiffsf] cjnDag/ ;ª\3Lo ;+/rgfsf] cjnDag;+Fu;+Fu} cl3a9\g] eGg] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5 .

;ª\3Lotf / ax';/sf/L efiffaLrsf] ;DaGwcf+lzs ¿kdf ;/sf/L efiffsf] dfGotfnfO{vl08t ug{ ;lsF+b}g eGg] cg'dfgdf cfwfl/t5 . t/ ;/sf/L efiffsf] 5gf}6 s'g} lglZrtIf]qdf Pp6f d'2fsf ¿kdf cfpg ;S5 eGg]tYonfO{ :jLsf/ u/]df eflifs ;ª\3Lotf dfq;+j}wflgs ljsNk gx'g] s'/f k|:6 5 . ;ª\3Lo;+ljwfgafx]s klg y'k} ;/sf/L efiffnfO{ k|of]uug{ ;Dej x'G5 . h:t}, s'g} Pp6f s]Gb|Lo

;/sf/n] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf If]qdf b]ze/:yfgLo hg;ª\VofnfO{ dWogh/ u/]]/ ljleGgefiffdf ;]jf k|bfg ug{ ;S5 .

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