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INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON

ADVANCES IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

2 & 3 APRIL 2021

R. PRAVEEN KUMARManaging Director

Institute of InnovationsTiruvannamalai - 606601Tamilnadu, India

http://innovationinstitute.co.in/

PROCEEDINGS

INSTITUTE OF INNOVATIONS, TIRUVANNAMALAI(Registered MSME, Government of India)

[email protected]+91 94887 73165

Proceedings of

International Conference on

Advances in Science and

Technology

Proceedings of International Conference on Advances in Science and

Technology

This book is the collection of papers presented in the International Conference

on Advances in Science and Technology. The authors of the papers are sole

responsibility of the contents of their papers

Editor’s Name; R. Praveen Kumar, Managing Director, Institute of Innovations,

Tiruvannamalai

Copyright @ 2021 Institute of Innovations, Tiruvannamalai

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed

in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system, without

the prior written permission of the author.

Price : Rs.200

ISBN: 978-81-951299-2-8

Publisher: Institute of Innovations, Tiruvannamalai

Publisher Address: Institute of Innovations, 41B/3 Vision School Street, Saron,

Tiruvannamalai, Tamil Nadu, India. 606601

Proceedings of the International Conference on Advances in Science and Technology (ICAST)

Published by the Institute of Innovations, Tiruvannamalai. ISBN: 978-81-951299-2-8

Table of Contents

Paper Reference Number

Title Page No

ICAST01 Isolation of probiotic organism from bovine gut and its application in preventing mastitis

1

ICAST02 Green reduction of graphene oxide by using agro waste and its application 2

ICAST03 Screening for biosurfactant producing organism from soil 3

ICAST04 A perusal about the nanotechnology for the treatment of wastewater 5

ICAST05 Chemo-preventive potential of Flexirubin against human breast cancer: an In vitro, In vivo and In silico approach

7

ICAST06 A review on high value added product limonene compound from citrus fruit waste

8

ICAST07 Effect of drill wear on surface roughness during drilling of multi hole parts with twist drill bit in the optimization of variable geometrical parameters using grey relational analysis coupled with Taguchi method

9

ICAST08 Role of microbial community in degradation of plastic polymer 11

ICAST09 Synthesis of silver nanoparticles from moringa oleifera gum and their antioxidant activity

21

ICAST10 Biodegradation of pharmaceutical effluent by using biological methods 23

ICAST12 Optimization and extraction of carrageenan from seaweeds 24

ICAST13 In vitro propagation of aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis.l) for its medicinal abundance

25

ICAST16 An innovative scheme for big data management in IOT using SDN 26

ICAST17 Biological treatment of prawn shell wastes for valorization and waste management

27

ICAST18 Evolutionary, modeling and docking analysis of opsin protein in Leptuca pugilator

28

ICAST19 Joint accessibility design approach for software testing with cloud computing 30

ICAST20 Heart disease prediction using hybrid machine learning techniques 33

ICAST21 Antifungal potential of Trichoderma spp on the growth of Pythium aphanidermatum

35

ICAST22 In vitro anticancer potential of green-synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles from leaves of Epipremnum aureum

42

ICAST23 Detection of Glaucoma using deep learning 43

ICAST24 Comparison of different cooking methods on the polyphenol content, antioxidant and antidiabetic activity of different varieties of rice and millet

44

ICAST26 Sentiment analysis for depression based on social media post 53

ICAST27 Photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes by using silicon quantum dots (SIQD) synthesized from sand

56

ICAST28 Prediction of cardio vascular disease from retinal fundus images using image processing and machine learning algorithms

57

ICAST29 CFD modelling of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell 59

ICAST30 Perspectives of bio transforming soil like material (SLM) into fertilizer via composting method: sustainable approach for combating environmental pollution

61

ICAST31 Production of a novel biofertilizer for salinity stress in plants 62

ICAST32 Study of multi-drug resistance of Uropathogen found in diabetic and non-diabetic patients in Nashik

71

ICAST33 Isolation of pathogens from urinary tract infection in HIV patients in Nashik and its correlation with white blood cell count.

73




Title Page No

ICAST34 Silver nanoparticles: biogenic synthesis, parameters affecting size and their function towards biomedical relevance

75

ICAST35 Structural characterization and dielectric properties of lead Zirconate titanate at Zr-rich site

76

ICAST36 Isolation and molecular identifications of phosphate solubilizing bacteria from different croppings lands and test for its PGPR abilities with pot experiment.

83

ICAST37 Analysis of genomic information- a way to transformation 84

ICAST38 Intruder alert system 86

ICAST39 Classification of amniotic fluid volume detection using artificial intelligence techniques

87

ICAST40 Visitant criticism on health care site 89

ICAST41 Air quality monitoring system 90

ICAST42 Study on the mechanical behaviour of high performance concrete with partial replacement of cement by Zeolite

96

ICAST43 Study of phytochemical analysis and antibacterial activity of Prosopis juliflora leaf extract

98

ICAST44 Evaluation of medically important herbs for the formulation of face care powder against face pimples samples

107

ICAST45 Evaluation of fortified cookies for trypsin inhibitor activity and predicted glycemic index

112

ICAST46 An experimental study on the partial replacement of cement using Hyposludge and Flyash in m25 grade concrete

113

ICAST47 A review on blockchain technology applied to toll authentication system 117

ICAST48 Wildlife trade of birds of India 118

ICAST49 Fabrication, characterization and evaluation of antimicrobial activity of bioplastic bags synthesized from Ananas comosus and Ipomoea composites

119

ICAST50 A review on causes and impacts of micro plastic pollution from automobiles on environment

120

ICAST51 A review on anthocyanin pigment from natural sources and its potential as antioxidant

126

ICAST52 Garbage detection using deep learning 127

ICAST53 Manufacturing of environmental friendly paper from Musa Paradisiaca Linn and Borassus flabellifer

128

ICAST54 Green synthesis and characterization of silver nanocomposite synthesized using Hydrilla verticillata and Moringa oleifera and its application to organic dye degradation

129

ICAST55 Fabrication of composite hydrogel using plant resins and fibers 130

ICAST56 Clinical and epidemiological characterization of dengue outbreak in Dist Nashik Ms India

142

ICAST57 Characterization and antimicrobial activity of drug infused chitosan nanoparticle for wound healing

144

ICAST58 Design and development of solar powered soil stirrer and pesticide sprayer 145

ICAST59 Immunostimulant effect of herbs-spices syrup in type 2 diabetic rats 147

ICAST60 In silico analysis of molecular interaction of the phytochemical 6-gingerol and PTEN

148

ICAST61 Isolation and characterization of coaggregation biofilm forming bacteria from oral cavity

149

ICAST62 Investigation on green and chemical degumming of Musa balbisiana Pseudostem extracted fibers: a comparative study

150




Title Page No

ICAST63 In silico, In vitro and In vivo, of angiotensin converting enzyme activator, a solution for hypotension

151

ICAST64 Phytochemical evaluation of leaf extract from Canavalia rosea 152

ICAST65 Deep learning approach for detecting brain tumor using convolutional neural network

153

ICAST66 Two stage bio-mechanical treatment facility prototype for remediation of Cr(vi) contaminated water bodies

166

ICAST67 Demand and supply of cut flowers production in Tamilnadu, India - an economic approach

168

ICAST68 Experimental investigation on combined effect of paraffin and liquid cooling on battery thermal management system

169

ICAST69 Finite state controller design with clock gating technique for power optimization in DPWM architecture

170

ICAST70 Identification of medicinal plants through DNA barcoding 171

ICAST71 Carotenoid producing Rhodotorula mucilaginosa isolated from stressed environment with specific anticancer activity

178

ICAST72 Current progression in anode materials for lithium-ion batteries: review 179

ICAST73 Determination of probiotic properties of lactic acid bacteria isolated from curd 180

ICAST74 Effect of different plant extract by devoloping bioformulation for control of Cryptotermes brevis(termites)

183

ICAST75 Hepatoprotective effect of Glycyrrhetinic acid methyl ester in palmitate oleate induced steatosis in HEPG2 cells

185

ICAST76 Notes on important medicinal plants used for the treatment of reproductive ailments by the non-institutionally trained siddha practitioners of Tiruvannamalai district

186

ICAST77 Hydrogen production by water electrolysis and modeling and simulation of electrolyzer

187

ICAST78 Modelling and performance studies of solar dryer for processed banana 188

ICAST79 Preparation of 3D composite scaffold from natural plant fibers 197

ICAST80 High incidence of oligozoospermia, asthenozoospermia,teratozoospermia in human semen infected with aerobic Bacterial spp.

198

ICAST81 Micelles as efficient catalysts for the oxidation of Xanthine alkaloids under conventional and non conventional conditions

200

ICAST82 Evaluation of tolerance during seedling growth of selected rice (Oryza sativa l.) Cultivars on Cr(vi) contaminated soil conditions.

201

ICAST83 Predictive analysis of covid19 diagnostic method using artificial intelligent settings.

203

ICAST84 Green synthesis of cobalt oxide nanoparticles using aloe vera extract, characterization and its evaluation of antimicrobial properties.

204

ICAST85 Design and simulation of a cooling system for single point cutting tool using Peltier effect

205

ICAST86 Predictive assessment of suitable treatment process for textile effluent treatment

212

ICAST87 Predictive analysis of hypothyridism and hyperthyroidism using machine learning approach

213

ICAST88 Phycocyanin from a cyanobacterium of Sundarbans 214

ICAST89 Preparation of nutritive biscuits using vegetable peel with natural sweetner and fruit as binding agent

216

ICAST90 Biosynthesis of selenium nanoparticles and its applications 217

ICAST91 Curcumin: new insights into HPV associated cervical cancer 218




Title Page No

ICAST92 Bacillus flexus isolated from Harmonia axyridis (pallas) causing bacteriosis in Bombyx mori l.

219

ICAST93 Assessment of waterborne exterior functional elastomeric coating systems for protection of concrete surfaces

225

ICAST94 Assessment of solar hub potential at neighbourhood level – case study Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, India

228

ICAST95 Purification of peptide antibiotics from microorganisms and is applications. 230

ICAST96 Integration & implementation science for soil resource conservation through prof. MS Swaminathan's "small-farm management" revolution – SFM-R

231

ICAST97 Isolation and purification of xylanase enzyme and its application 232

ICAST98 Optimization of CAS9 delivery for efficient gene editing 233

ICAST99 Developing CAS9 nickase fusion protein to increase HDR efficiency 234

ICAST100 Effect of channel dimensions of a serpentine flow field on performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cell

235

ICAST101 Cloning, over expression and genetically encoded proteins for biomedical studies

236

ICAST102 Enhancement of polythene bio-degradation by various integration strategies 237

ICAST103 An IOT enabled smart watering system for indoor plants 238

ICAST104 Development of aquafeed using plant products 239

ICAST106 An experimental and theoretical investigation of honning, lapping, polishing and bulfing processes for the material removal with fixed abrasives

240

ICAST107 Precision agriculture using artificial intelligence 241

ICAST108 Reforming automotive headlamp using spray pyrolysis technology-green engineering

242

ICAST109 Optimization of raw mill 243

ICAST110 Effect of ionic liquid co-catalyst on biodiesel production from waste cooking oil 244

ICAST112 Ai implementation to predict the composition of chemical plant feed 245


1 Published by the Institute of Innovations, Tiruvannamalai. ISBN: 978-81-951299-2-8

ICAST01

ISOLATION OF PROBIOTIC ORGANISM FROM BOVINE GUT AND ITS

APPLICATION IN PREVENTING MASTITIS

Alice Jasmine.D*, Priyanga Paranthaman*, Yuwvaranni.S

Department of Biotechnology, St. Joseph’s College of Engineering, Chennai-600 119, Tamil Nadu, INDIA.

Email: [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract

The importance of probiotics in nutrition has been gaining recognition in recent years. These organisms

have been shown to promote cattle health by enhancing immunological and digestive functions and fighting

cattle diseases. The probiotic bacteria inhibit undesirable microflora in the gut and create a healthy

equilibrium between beneficial and potentially intestinal pathogens. In this study, two strains of probiotic

bacteria isolated from different origins were identified and characterized as Bacillus tropicus strain and

Enterococcus feacalis. The strain was examined for resistance to pH 1–5, 0.3% bile, antibiotic and

antimicrobial activities against cattle pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella

pneumonia). The isolated strains could tolerate both bile (0.3%) and acidity shock (pH =1 ). The two strains

showed resistance to streptomycin and Rifampicin. Among the isolated strain, only Bacillus tropicus showed

antagonist activity against Staphylococcus aureus which is responsible for causing subclinical bovine

mastitis. Thus, the isolated strain can be used in the treatment of mastitis in cattle. These probiotic bacteria

can be raised for the production of various kinds of food, pharmaceutical products, and functional foods.

References:

1. Zinedine and M. Faid,( 2007), Isolation and Characterization of Strains of Bifido bacteria with Probiotic

Proprieties In vitro. World Journal of Dairy & Food Sciences 2 (1): 28-34.

2. Adjei-Fremah S, Ekwemalor K, Asiamah EK, Ismail H, Ibrahim S, Worku M. (2017), Effect of probiotic

supplementation on growth and global gene expression in dairy cows. Journal of Applied Animal

Research.3:1-7

3. Alain L. Servin *, FEMS Microbiology Reviews 28 (2004) 405–440 Antagonistic activities of lactobacilli

and bifidobacteria against microbial pathogens

4. Farrokh C, Jordan K, Auvray F, Glass K, Oppegaard H, Raynaud S, Heggum K, et al.(2013) Review of

Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and their significance in dairy production. International

Journal of Food Microbiology.162(2):190-212

5. Guo CF, Zhao D, Yuan YH, Yue TL, Liu B, Li JY.( 2016) Lactobacillus casei-fermented milk improves

serum and hepatic lipid profiles in diet-induced hypercholesterolaemic hamsters. Journal of Functional

Foods.26:691-697

mailto:[email protected]




ICAST02

GREEN REDUCTION OF CHEMICALLY DERIVED GRAPHENE OXIDE BY USING

AGRO WASTE AND ITS APPLICATIONS.

Revathy.K.B, Preethy.K.R*

Department of Biotechnology, St.Joseph’s College of Engineering Chennai-600 119.

Abstract

Nowadays -Nanoscience technology exploring its unique property in Drug delivery, composite polymers,

Biomedicine, Electronics, Photocatalysis, sensors and energy storage in batteries and supercapacitors.

Specifically, Graphene based derivatives such as graphene oxide and its Reduced form have potential

applications in the medical field. In this research paper we synthesis a graphene oxide (act as a precursor

material) by employing most common method of Modified Hummers and further green methodology implied

for Reduction of Graphene oxide(RGO) by using agrowaste source such as Musa acuminate, Arachis

hypogaea, Secale cereale. The Characterization study done under UV, SEM, FTIR and its biological

property were checked against Bacillus sp.

Keywords: Graphene oxide, Reduced Graphene oxide (RGO), Modified Hummers method, Musa

acuminate, Arachis hypogaea, Secale cereale, biological property.



ICAST03

SCREENING FOR BIOSURFACTANT PRODUCING ORGANISMS FROM SOIL

SHAIKH NEHA NAWAJ

DAYANAND SCIENCE COLLEGE LATUR

Abstract

Surfactants are surface active compound that reduce the interfacial tension between two liquids, or that

between a liquid and a solid. Surfactants are organic compound that contain both hydrophobic (head part

of the surfactant) and hydrophilic (tail part of the surfactant) moieties. Thus surfactant contains both water

insoluble i.e. water repellent group as well as water soluble i.e. water loving group. Biosurfactants are also

surface active compound like chemical surfactants but unlike the chemical surfactant, biosurfactant are

synthesized by microbes like bacteria, fungi and yeast. Biosurfactants comprise the properties of dropping

surface tension, stabilizing emulsions, promoting foaming and are usually non-toxic and biodegradable.

Recently interest in biosurfactant has increased because of its diversity, flexibility in operation, and more

ecofriendly then chemical surfactant. Furthermore possibility of their production on large scale, selectivity

performance under intense conditions and their future applications in environmental fortification also these

have been increasingly attracting the attention of the scientific and industrial community. These molecules

have a potential to be used in a variety of industries like cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, humectants, food

preservatives and detergents. But the production of biosurfactant on industry level is still challenge because

of using high costly synthetic media for microbial growth. ( Desai J .D et al , 1997 )

Biosurfactant are mainly categorized by their chemical composition and microbial origin. Generally their

structure include a hydrophilic moiety consisting of amino acid, peptides,mono,di,polysaccrides and

hydrophobic comprising unsaturated and saturated hydrocarbon chain and fatty acid. Accordingly, the

major classes of biosurfactant include glycolipid, lipopeptide, lipoprotein, phospholipid, fatty acid, polymeric

biosurfactant and particulate biosurfactant. The most prevalent bacterial hydrocarbon degraders and

surfactant producer belong to the genera are Pseudomonas, Achromobacter,Flavobacterium, Micrococcus,

Bacillus, Arthrobacter, Klebsiella, Acinctobacter, Aeromonas,Alkaligens, Steptococcus sp,

Corynebacterium sp, Moraxella sp, Proteobacter etc. ( Manneerat et al,2005)

Biosurfactants have unique property like biodegradability, low toxicity, and more ecofriendly, large flexibility

in operation etc. But production on huge industry level is still challenge reason is low economical than

chemical surfactant, because of using synthetic nutrient media is expensive than natural media. To

overcome with this problem associated with biosurfactant production, researchers mainly focus on uses of

industrial waste for fermentation process like using of agro waste; molasses etc. and using of optimize

bioprocess like optimum temperature, pH, and other parameters. Every year tons of hazards and non-

hazards wastes are generated that needs to proper utilization to prevent the world from pollution and other

hazards impact. Residues obtain from agriculture such as peels, hull, sugar beet, sweet potato, residue

from coffee processing unit, residue from oil industries such as oil cake; can be used as substrate for

biosurfactant production .

Biosurfactants are mainly produced by aerobic microorganisms in aqueous media with a carbon

source feedstock, such as carbohydrates, hydrocarbons, fats, and oils. It is believed that biosurfactants are

secreted into the culture medium to assist in the growth of the microorganism by facilitating the translocation

of insoluble substrates across cell membranes . These compounds have amphipathic molecules with

hydrophobic and hydrophilic portions that act between fluids of different polarities (oil/water and water/oil),

allowing access to hydrophobic substrates and causing a reduction in surface tension, an increase in the

area of contact of insoluble compounds (such as hydrocarbons) and the enhancement of the mobility,



bioavailability, and biodegradation of such compounds [12]. The lipophilic moiety can be a protein or peptide

with a high proportion of hydrophobic side chains or a hydrocarbon chain of a fatty acid with 10 to 18 carbon

atoms, although fatty acids with a higher molecular weight have been reported. The hydrophilic moiety can

be an ester, hydroxy, phosphate, carboxylate group, or sugar.

Biosurfactant are the extracellular compounds that synthesized by microorganism which can be found on

the cell surface of microorganism. Thus, the microorganism itself can be known as biosurfactant and adhere

to hydrocarbon. These biosurfactant-producing microorganism capable of degrading poorly soluble

hydrocarbon such as heterocyclic hydrocarbon and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and convert it to novel

metabolites such as biosurfactant. Therefore, the used of biosurfactant is a promising mean for the

biodegradation of hydrocarbon pollution such as oil pollution. There was a variety of microorganism that

capable to synthesized biosurfactants.

Microorganisms make use of a wide range of organic compounds as a source of carbon and energy for

their growth. When the carbon source is in an insoluble form like a hydrocarbon (CxHy), microorganisms

make possible their diffusion into the cell by producing a variety of substances, the biosurfactants. Some

of the bacteria and yeasts excrete ionic surfactants which emulsify the ( CxHy) substance in the growth

medium. ( Karanth at al , 1999). Hence present study, ‘Screening for Biosurfactant producing organisms

from soil’ has been undertaken with following aims and objectives.

From Observation & Result it can concluded that the isolation of biosurfactant producing organisms were

isolated from oil contaminated soil using mineral salt medium and nutrient agar Medium. The isolated

strains B1 showed fungi like Aspergillus niger , B2 showed Yeast like Saccharomyces cerevisiae ,and B3

showed bacillus type bacteria i.e Bacillus megaterium. From the result of various biochemical

characterization and cell morphological characterization the isolated strain are used for further studies.

From literature review it was found that fungal type A.niger showing to produce fatty acid type

biosurfactant , and Saccharomyces cerevisiae showing to produce mannanoprotein type biosurfactant and

Lipopeptides type biosurfactant can be extracted by using isolated bacteria. Oil spreading technique,

Emulsification assay, Foaming activity ,were performed for the screening of the biosurfactant producing

organisms, and found positive oil spreading technique in strain B1 , B2, B3 and Strain B1 has high

emulsifying activity and it was 69.2% in petrol , where as in B2 it was around 66.6%, and B3 it was around

54% both are in petrol. In foaming activity foam was observed in all strains .

Recovery of biosurfactant i.e ( A.niger) , it was obtained the dry powder and dry weight of the

biosurfactants was measured. Screening of biosurfactant was also carried out ,oil spreading teachnique

was positive, Emulsification assay it was high in petrol i.e 50% ,in Foaming activity foam was observed. It

is also concluded that the biosurfactant synthesized by Aspergillus niger have the significant zone of

inhibition ability of antimicrobial activity against all the tested microbial pathogens. it was sees that the

biosurfactant ( A.niger) shows less effective against pathogen, i.e B.subtilis,Xanthomonas,A.flavus.



ICAST04

A PERUSAL ABOUT THE NANOTECHNOLOGY FOR THE TREATMENT OF

WASTEWATER

Aruna C*, and Asha B

Department of Civil Engineering, Annamalai University,Chidambaram

* [email protected]

Abstract

On considering the scarcity of water resources, the expansion of proficient wastewater treatment

techniques is one of the major requirements in the forthcoming existence. Apart from that, it is compulsory

to search suitable methodologies to treat the wastewater cost-effectively. Latest advances in

nanotechnology have earned the attention of many researchers for the wastewater treatment. Due to the

incomparable uniqueness which resulted from nanoscale size, enhanced catalysis and adsorption

properties in addition to high reactivity, nanomaterials have been the focus of active research and

improvement worldwide in recent years. Several studies have shown that nanomaterials can efficiently

eliminate various pollutants in water. Even though many research works have been discussed, there is

very a lesser amount of information in this view. Hence, the main Objective of this work is to present the

current achievements in nanomaterial-based technologies for the treatment of wastewater. This paper

reviews and discusses the uses of nanomaterials in wastewater treatment and for the elimination of

organic pollutants.

Table 1. Different specialization of nanosorbents

S.No. Nanosorbent Specialization/Treatment

1. Carbon-based nanosorbents Water containing nickel ions (Ni2+), high specific surface

area

2.

Captymer TM Contaminants (perchlorate, nitrate, bromide and uranium)

branched macromolecules forming globular micro particles

3. Regenerable polymeric

nanosorbent

Many organic and inorganic contaminants in wastewater

4. Nanoclays Hydrocarbons dyes and phosphorus

5.

Carbo-Iron The activated carbon for sorption while the elementary iron

isreactive and can reduce different contaminants

6.

Nano networks Complex three-dimensional networks caused by the ion

beamproviding better efficiency

Key words: Nanomaterials, Nanotechnology, Wastewater treatment.



References:

1. David Grenshaw. (2009) Nanotechnology for clean water treatment: Facts and figures.

2. John Loncto, Marlan Walker and Lynn Foster. (2007) Nanotechnology in Water

Industry.Nanotechnology Law and Business.157-159.

3. Katherine Watlington for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Emerging Nanotechnologies for

Site Remediation and Wastewater Treatment.35.

4. Mamadou, S.D. and N. Savage. (2005) Nanoparticles and water quality. J. Nano. Res.,(7),325-

330.



ICAST05

Chemo-preventive potential of flexirubin against human breast cancer: An in

vitro, in vivo and in silico approach

Chidambaram Kulandaisamy Venil*,1, Mahalingam Malathi2, Ponnuswamy Renuka Devi1 and Wan Azlina

Ahmad3

1Department of Biotechnology, Anna University, Regional Campus-Coimbatore, Coimbatore – 641 046,

Tamil Nadu, India.

2Department of Chemistry, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam - 638 401, Tamil

Nadu, India.

3Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,

81310 Skudai, Johor Bahru, Malaysia.

Abstract

The present study was undertaken to investigate the anticancer activity of flexirubin produced by

Chryseobacterium artocarpi CECT8497 and to explore its mechanism of action. The effect of flexirubin on

cell proliferation of MCF-7 cells were evaluated by 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl]-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium

bromide (MTT), sulforhodamine B (SRB) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays. Cell apoptosis was

detected by DNA fragmentation and expression of apoptosis-related genes were assessed by RT-PCR.

The study was further designed to appraise the anticancer activity of flexirubin against 7,12-di

methylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) induced breast cancer in Sprague Dawley rats for 120 days. Molecular

docking showed that flexirubin was effective to control the over expression of anti-apoptotic protein MCL-

1, suggesting its possible applications in cancer treatment. Our findings implement that flexirubin is a

potential chemo-preventive agent against human breast cancer.

Keywords: flexirubin; in vitro; DMBA; breast cancer; molecular docking



ICAST06

A REVIEW ON HIGH VALUE ADDED PRODUCT LIMONENE COMPOUND FROM

CITRUS FRUIT WASTE AND ITS VITAL APPLICATION.

D. Alice Jasmine & L.F.A. Anand Raj

Department of Biotechnology, St. Joseph’s College of Engineering, Chennai-600 119

Abstract

Extraction of limonene compound from citrus fruit waste has been widely used in various sectors like food,

pharmaceutical, cosmetic and other industrial application. Limonene is a cyclic trepene compound which

has two optical isomer forms L and D. It is also categorized as Generally Recognised As Safe (GRAS),

which can be used as flavouring agent and in other common foods such as fruit juices, soft drinks, baked

goods, ice cream, pudding and also as food preservatives .This compound can be extracted from varieties

of citrus fruit peels, seeds and pulp using several method namely hydrodistillation, supercritical fluid

extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, solvent-free microwave-assisted

extraction etc. This compound exhibit several properties like antimicrobial, anti-diabetic and anticancer

activity. Among the two isomers, D form of limonene has the ability to dissolve the human gallstone. It is

used to relieve heart burn disease and gastroesophageal reflux disorder (GERD). It also exhibit anticancer

activity by inhibiting carcinogen-metabolizing enzymes, cell proliferation, and oncogene expression etc.

Since limonene has strong antimicrobial property it could be the best option as food preservatives

alternative to the synthetic one used in food industries. Furthermore its bioavailability and stability can be

enhanced by converting into nanoemulsion form. In addition to this it also exhibit bio pesticide properties

which can be used as a substitute to synthetic pesticide. By using the above properties this can be applied

in formulating vegetable cleansing solution to remove dirt and other microorganism from the surface of fruits

and vegetables. Therefore limonene is a high value added product which has low toxicity that can be

incorporated in various industrial sectors.

Keywords: Limonene,citrus fruit waste, nanoemulsion,low toxicity,high value added product.



ICAST07

EFFECT OF DRILL WEAR ON SURFACE ROUGHNESS DURING DRILLING OF

MULTI HOLE PARTS WITH TWIST DRILL BIT IN THE OPTIMIZATION OF

VARIABLE GEOMETRICAL PARAMETERS USING GREY RELATIONAL ANALYSIS

COUPLED WITH TAGUCHI METHOD

Reddy Sreenivasulu

Department of Mechanical Engineering, R.V.R & J.C.College of Engineering (A),Guntur - 522019

E Mail: [email protected]

Abstract: In a manufacturing firm, performing a multi number of holes on the component parts are required

to drill successively in one process to guarantee their positional accuracy. Due to wear of drill bit with

respect to time the surface quality reduces, so customers not satisfied once use these in particular function

purpose. To this end, this paper presents varying-geometrical parameters on drill bit (VGPD) to improve

hole surface roughness for multi-hole parts made of aluminium 7075 alloy. Different types of drill wear

comprising flank wear, crater wear, chisel wear and outer corner wear are considered and the grey

relational analysis (GRA) is employed to obtain optimum combination of input parameters to get feasible

solution. The drilling experiments confirm that, when compared with the fixed geometry drill bit, the

proposed GBT method on VGPD can effectively improve hole surface quality for multihole parts.

Keywords: Drill Wear, Surface Roughness, Grey based Taguchi method, VGP Drill bit

Results and Discussions: The purpose of the present work is to introduce the use of grey relational

analysis in the selection of optimum drilling conditions in VGD. The integrated grey based taguchi method

successfully applied to optimize the multi response of complicated problems in metal cutting processes.

ANOVA is performed to check the significance of process parameters involved during machining

statistically. The selected input parameters and their levels as per Taguchi design of experimental plan

incorporated in the table.1.

Table 1 Drilling parameters and levels

LEVEL DRILLING PARAMETERS

Speed (rpm) Feed Rate (mm/min) Drill Dia.(mm) Point Angle Clearance Angle

1 465 18 8 100o 40

2 695 20 10 110o 60

3 795 26 12 118o 80

From Grey based Taguchi method, it is observed that A3B2C2D1E2 is the order of importance of the

controllable factors to the multi performance characteristics in the drilling of aluminium 7075 alloy and

feed rate has the strongest effect, point and clearance angles shows the values of average grey relational

grade, which indicates identical influence on the drilling process. From surface graphs below, it is found

that variation of flank wear (VB) and crater wear (KB) with respect to chisel wear (Cψ ) and outer corner

wear (W) taken on x-axis and y- axis respectively causes less effect on surface roughness of a hole

performed on Al7075 alloy material. Also it is concluded that cutting speed causes more significance on

VB, KB, Vψ and W but drill diameter causes some what effect on Cψ. Remaining input parameters less

influence over drill wear, it is found from ANOVA also.



Figure 1. Surface graph shows influence of surface roughness over drill wear type

References:

Sreenivasulu, R., & Rao, C. S. (2016). Effect of drilling parameters on thrust force and torque during drilling

of aluminium 6061 alloy-based on taguchi design of experiments. Journal of Mechanical

Engineering, 46(1), 41-48.

Sreenivasulu R, Optimization of Burr size, Surface Roughness and Circularity Deviation during Drilling of

Al 6061 using Taguchi Design Method and Artificial Neural Network, Independent Journal of Management

& Production, 6(1) (2015).

Zhou J, Ren J, Yao C, Multi-objective optimization of multi-axis ball-end milling Inconel 718 via grey

relational analysis coupled with RBF neural network and PSO algorithm, Measurement, 102 (2017), pp

271-285.



ICAST08

ROLE OF MICROBIAL COMMUNITY IN DEGRADATION OF PLASTIC POLYMER

Niti Chawla1, Monika Jangra2 and Parvati Sharma2*

1Department of Biotechnology, Chaudhary Bansi Lal University, Bhiwani, Pin Code 127021, Haryana,

India

2Department of Zoology, Chaudhary Bansi Lal University, Bhiwani, Pin Code 127021, Haryana, India

*[email protected]

ABSTRACT

Plastics are synthetic or man-made high molecular weight polymers that are widely used in the global

economy, and each year, approx. 400 million tons are being produced. People attracted more towards

plastics due to their durability, resistance of corrosion, inexpensiveness, toughness, less weight and easy

handling Moreover, this has become an important part of the present life. But the main difficulty associated

with the plastics is their non-degradability, poor recycling and low circular use thus millions of tons

accumulate annually in terrestrial or marine environments that have become a massive management

problem. So, today it has become clear that plastic causes adverse effects in all ecosystems and that

microplastic is of particular concern to our health. Recently, reports of microbial degradation of polymeric

materials offer new emerging technological opportunities to modify the enormous pollution threat incurred

through use of polymers/plastics. Thus, there is requirement for either the development of biodegradable

plastic due to its environment friendly nature or the use of micro-organisms to metabolize the plastic to

produce products that are less harmful to the environment. This review summarizes current knowledge on

strategies used for biodegradation of plastic, its mechanisms, factors affecting, major accomplishments

towards biodegradation and future challenges. Thus, further research is needed to significantly increase

the diversity of enzymes and microorganisms acting on these polymers. This can be achieved by tapping

into the global metagenomes of noncultivated microorganisms and dark matter proteins. Only then can

novel biocatalysts and organisms be delivered that allow rapid degradation, recycling, or value-added use

of the vast majority of most human-made polymers.

KEY WORDS: plastic polymer, Bacteria, biodegradability, enzymatic degradation, microbial plastic

degradation

1. INTRODUCTION

Plastics are in use since many decades due to their all-round excellent characteristics. People are using

them to a great extent as per their convenience. Plastics consist of varied kinds of polymers such as

polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinylchloride, nylons etc. [1].

There is no doubt that plastic products are highly versatile, easy to mold into any desirable shape, easy to

manufacture and economically highly favorable. But in the recent years, plastics have become major threats

to the environment due to their adverse effects. These are chemically inert polymers and resistant to

biological degradation. Therefore persist in the environment without any change for long duration. Due to

poor degradability they have proven themselves as disasters for the environmental systems which cause

deterioration of soil health, exhaustion of water sources and threat to animal life. Carry bags of plastic are

the main cause associated with blockage of drains and therefore it is very much difficult to incinerate the

municipal wastes. Therefore, people have become more aware and attentive towards plastic degradation

or their removal from the environment. Research on plastic degradation was started in the early 1980s. Till




date, several microorganisms such as Micrococcus, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Bacillus [2],

Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium, Penicillium, Alcaligenes, Fusarium, Amycolatopsis sp., Alternaria,

Aspergillus, Aureobasidium, Poecilomyces [3] etc. having potential of degradation of plastics have been

studied. The degradation process depends upon many factors like temperature, moisture, oxygen, sun

light, stress, living organisms and contaminants. In the process of biodegradation microbial enzymes plays

key role. Biotic and abiotic degradations takes place one after the other and ultimately carry out the

complete degradation of plastics. Researchers have also become more interested in development and use

of biodegradable plastics. Some such kind of plastics have been developed e.g. polylactides, poly (3-

hydroxybutyrate-3-hydroxy valerate), vinyl ketone copolymers, and starch-filled polyethylene etc. These

biodegradable plastics are in use in several sectors such as health, agriculture, food industries and

production of building materials etc. [4]. These can be designed in several ways generally in combination

of additives such as starch, oil, transition metals etc. that decrease their inertness and resistance to

microbial attacks. The biodegradability of degradable plastic depends on its origin, chemical structure and

the environmental conditions.

2. STRATEGIES FOR BIODEGRADATION OF PLASTICS

Biodegradation is probably the major mechanism involved in the removal of all the chemicals released into

the environment. It is the process of breaking down of the complex organic substances into simple

substances by living organisms by causing several physical and chemical changes. Among living

organisms, microorganisms specially bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes are involved in this process of

biodegradation. These microorganisms are different from each other and also require different optimal

conditions for growth. They can degrade or deteriorate both natural and synthetic plastic polymers [5]. In

biodegradation enzymatic as well as non- enzymatic reactions are involved [6]. It is a very slow process

and usually initiated by several environmental factors such as temperature, moisture, pH, radiations etc.

Thereafter, microbes break polymers into short chains or small molecules by releasing exoenzymes. Now,

these can easily pass through cell membranes and can utilize them as a source of carbon and energy. For

the purpose of utilization microbes have developed special strategies such as aerobic, partially aerobic and

anerobic degradations. Aerobic degradation occurs in nature in the presence of oxygen with carbon dioxide

and water as byproducts. Partial aerobic degradation can occur in both soil and compost. Anaerobic

degradation occurs in sediments and landfills where oxygen is not present with the production of products

such as carbon dioxide, water and methane.

3. BIODEGRADATION OF BIO-PLASTICS OR NATURAL PLASTICS

Naturally occurring plastics are the polymers produced by certain microorganisms naturally under different

nutrient and environmental conditions e.g. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), 3-hydroxybutyrate etc.

Depending on the producer organism, these polymers vary widely in their chemical composition,

macromolecular structure and physicochemical properties. Some of important bioplastics are:

3.1 POLYHYDROXYALKANOATES (PHA): These are the linear polyesters of sugar and lipids e.g. Poly

(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate) (PHBV) etc. Some microorganisms can

produce and accumulate them as storage molecules under nutrient depletion conditions and can utilize

them when conditions are favorable. Thus, microbes can accumulate them; but this does not always mean

that they can easily utilize them. When we consider these polymers individually, they are of very large size

and cannot be transported directly into the cells. Certain microbes have the capability of production of

extracellular enzymes that can degrade PHB [7] and PHBV into HB (hydroxybutyrate) and HV

(hydroxyvalerate) respectively. Later on these molecules are used as source of growth and energy. There

are many factors that affect the rate of biodegradation of plastic polymers such as pH, temperature,

moisture, surface area, number and types of microbe present, availability of nutrient materials etc. In

general, these are highly biocompatible molecules and therefore have been considered for many medical



applications such as in the manufacture of surgical pins, drug release devices, and as replacements of

blood vessels [8].

4. BIODEGRADATION OF MAN-MADE PLASTICS

The biodegradation of most of the high-molecular weight synthetic polymers is highly complex and slow

process. Its efficiency depends upon several environmental factors, physical properties such as crystallinity,

orientation, surface area and ultimately appropriate actions of microorganisms.

4.1 POLYETHYLENE:

Polyethylene (PE) is one of the complex synthetic polymer possessing very less or no hydrophilicity. It has

been used in two forms i.e. low molecular weight oligomers (LDPE) and high molecular weight polymers

(HDPE) [9]. It is generally used in the production of disposal or packing materials. It is not biodegradable

especially in its natural high molecular weight form, therefore very much dangerous for the environment

and human health. However, this can be made susceptible to biodegradation by adding chemical additives

such as starch, pro-oxidants etc. The starch contributes hydrophilicity and pro-oxidants make polythene

prone to be degraded by chemicals and light. The two main mechanisms mainly involved in the

biodegradation of PE are: hydro-biodegradation and oxo-biodegradation [10]. Several studies on

biodegradation of PE have been carried out by the researchers. Different microbial genera reported of

having capability of PE degradation are Brevibacillus, Pseudomonas, Rhodococcus, Staphylococcus,

Streptomyces, Bacillus, Arthrobacter, Acinetobacter, Microbacterium, Nocardia, Micrococcus,

Lysinibacillus, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Penicillium, Phanerochaete, Verticillium, Glioclodium,

Mucor, Acremonium [11].

4.2 POLYVINYLCHLORIDE (PVC):

PVC comprises low-molecular weight rigid polymer of great strength having resistance to abrasion. As per

desire, its softness and elasticity can be increased by certain additives such as plasticizers especially

phthalates. It has several applications such as manufacturing pipes and fittings, electrical wire insulation,

floor coverings, synthetic leather products etc. The main problem associated with PVC is that, its burning

release certain persistent environmental pollutants like furans, dioxins etc. into the atmosphere. That made

researchers to study its degradation or removal from the environment. Several studies have been published

on their abiotic degradations such as by chemicals, heat, light etc. but there are only few reports so far

available on biodegradation of PVC. Microorganisms such as Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Lentinus

tigrinus, Aspergillus niger, and Aspergillus sydowii have been found to be effective in PVC degradation [12].

4.3 POLYSTYRENE

Polystyrene (PS) is a homo-polymer of styrene that is used in the preparation of cups, containers,

pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, laboratory wares etc. [13]. Its degradation or removal is of concern because

on burning it produces toxic irritant products such as styrene, benzene, toluene and acrolein etc. that can

cause immune disorders, lung diseases and cancer. PS is very less susceptible to microbial attack therefore

very few reports on its biodegradation are still available. So far certain bacteria, fungi, mixed cultures and

enzymes have been investigated for biodegradation of PS.

4.4 POLYURETHANE

Polyurethane (PUR) is a hetero-polymer comprising poly-isocyanate and polyol having intramolecular

urethane bonds [14]. It is widely used in furniture, coating, construction materials, fibers, paints etc. Several

reports suggest that it is susceptible to biodegradation by bacteria, fungi, and enzymes [15]. Different

microbial genera reported of having capability of PUR degradation are Curvularia, Fusarium,

Aureobasidium, Cladosporium, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Micrococcus, Arthrobacter, and Corynebacterium

[16].



5. MICROORGANISMS INVOLVED IN THE PLASTIC DEGRADATION

Several microbes have been reported of having potential of degrading plastics. Some of them have been

listed in Table 1.

Table1: List of microbes reported of having potential to degrade plastic

Sr.

No

Micro

organism

Type of

plastic

degraded

Refere

nces

1 Penicillium, Pseudomonas sp., Bacillus subtilis, staphylococcus aureus,

Streptococcus lactis, Proteus vulgaris and Micrococcus luteus

Degradable

plastic

[17]

2 Listeria HDPE and

LDPE

[18]

3

Rhodococcus, Staphylococcus, Paenibacillus, Fusarium, Pullularia LDPE

[19]

4. Baciilus cereus, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus subtilis, and Brevibacillus

borstelensis

LDPE &

LLDPE

[20]

5. Streptomyces,

Pseudomonas sp., Staphylococcus sp., and Bacillus sp.

LDPE

Powder

[21]

6.

Bacillus LDPE,

Polyethylen

e

[17]

7. Rhizopus Polycaprola

ctone

[22]

8.

Actinetobacter

Trichoderma

Pestalotiopsis

Polyuretha

ne

[15]

9. Amycolaptosis Polylactic

acid

[24]



10.

Pseudomonas, Nocardia, Streptococcus, Micrococcus

Moraxella

Diplococcus

Serratia

Phanerochaete

Aspergillus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas putida, and Bacillus

subtilis

Pleurotus

Actinoplanes

Polyethylen

e

[23]

11. Aureobasidium, Lentinus, Chrysonilia, Pseudomonas fluorescens B-22, P.

putida,P. chlororaphis, Ochrobactrum TD, Aspergillus niger

Polyvinyl

chloride

[25]

Figure: Microorganisms involved in different steps of plastic/polymer biodegradation

6. FACTORS AFFECTING DEGRADATION OF PLASTICS

The degradation of synthetic plastics is a very tough process and degradation of synthetic plastic through

living organism is a complex phenomenon. There are many factors to determine the biodegradability of

plastics by microorganisms. The chemical and physical properties along with physicochemical nature like

surface area, hydrophilic, and hydrophobicity, molecular weight, melting temperature, crystallinity etc. of



plastics mainly affect the biodegradation capacity that play an important roles in the biodegradation

processes [26].

The dealing of Nature with the biodegradation of plastic is difficult to apply in laboratory due to the large

number of factors occurring during the biogeochemical cycling and recycling. Actually, all these factors

cannot be entirely reproduced and maintained in vitro. Till date, most of the knowledge on the microbial

capability to degrade synthetic plastics is basically based on few bacteria which are able to grow on culture

media in laboratory, that represent very less of the total number of bacteria present in nature. With the help

of advanced molecular technologies like genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolomics, it become

feasible to uncover new non-culturable microorganisms which are involved in plastic colonization,

degradation and explore the new properties of microorganisms including bacteria like Brevibacillus

parabrevis, Acinetobacter baumannii and Pseudomonas citronellolis [27] virus and fungi that arise from the

knowledge of genes, proteins, other biomolecules associated with environment.

Fig. 1: Factors influence biodegradation of plastic. (Adapted from Kijchavengkul T and Auras R.

2008. Polymer International 57(6): 793–804.)

This knowledge helps on the different steps of plastic degradation by microorganisms and may also helpful

for betterment of biodegradation. A large number of factors may be explored for improving the

biodegradation of polymer plastics which include (i) to induce the microorganism to produce surfactant or

surface active agents to allow better adhesion of microorganisms on the polymer surface, (ii) polymers can

be blended with biodegradable synthetic polymers such as polylactic acid or polycaprolactum (iii) the

plastics can be pre-treated with thermal radiation, UV waves, high energy radiation and chemical treatment

(iv) culturing of those microorganisms that can effectively degrade the plastics and (v) bio-stimulation in

which nutrients add environment that is in limiting amount. Biodegradability tests will be helpful to estimate

the environmental impact of plastic materials and to find solutions to avoid the disturbing accumulation of

polymers. The augmentation of derived biodegradability tests has conducted to confused interpretations

about biodegradation mechanisms. To deal with this problem, it is necessary to know about the different

steps involved in biodegradation i.e. bio-deterioration, bio-fragmentation, assimilation and mineralization

which could be distinguished by specific terminology [28]. In addition, each biodegradation stage should be

associated with the adapted estimation technique.

6.1 BIO-DETERIORATION

Bio-deterioration means the activity performed by microbial organisms which causes the physical and

chemical degradation of plastic through improving the mechanical, physical and chemical properties of the

synthetic plastic. Actually, Deterioration is a superficial degradation that improves the mechanical, physical



and chemical properties of the plastic by the formation of a microbial biofilm growing inside and outside of

the plastic. The development of the biofilm is dependent on various factors such as the composition,

structure and quality of the plastic along with environmental conditions [29]. Abiotic factors such as water

availability, temperature, oxygen component, minerals, pH, redox potential, carbon and energy source that

affect the growth of microorganisms and also contribute to weaken the polymeric structure of plastic [30].

These abiotic factors are useful to initiate the biodegradation process. Since plastic polymers are

hydrophobic that forms a stable biofilm requires for bacterial surface that are also hydrophobic in nature.

For example, the biofilm of Rhodococcus ruber C208 formed on polyethylene showed high viability and

even after 60 days of incubation adhered to the polyethylene without any supplementation of external

carbon. The microbial biofilm leads to serious physical and chemical deterioration:

Physical deterioration: The microbial biofilm is made by the secretion of extracellular polymeric substances

(EPS) of microorganism that provokes the adhesion of the biofilm to the surface of plastic. The EPS enters

through the plastic pores, and microorganisms grow inside, thus increasing the pore size and create cracks

in plastic that weakened the physical properties of the plastic [10].

6.2 CHEMICAL DETERIORATION

The properties of microbial communities that grow on plastic may be highly diverse [31] and the

development of a biofilm made by microorganism may release acidic compounds such as nitrous acid

(Nitrosomonas spp.), nitric acid (Nitrobacter spp.) or sulphuric acid (Thiobacillus spp.). Other Organic acids

such as oxalic acid, citric acid, fumaric acid, gluconic acid, glutaric acid, glyoxalic acid, oxalic and

oxaloacetic acids may also be released by chemoorganotrophic microbial communities which can attack

and can destroy almost any material. The degradative action of fungi and bacteria on the polymeric material

is a result of enzyme production and resultant breakdowns to the non -living substrate such as plastic in

which pH inside the plastic pores altered and modified, resulting in a progressive degradation of plastic that

changes the microstructure of the synthetic plastic. Microorganisms are very delicate parts of biological

system which are highly adaptive to environment and secrete different enzymes include both endoenzymes

and exoenzymes that attack the substrate and cleave the large molecules into smaller ones.

6.3 FRAGMENTATION

Fragmentation through living organisms i.e. Bio-fragmentation refers to the catalytic actions that breakdown

polymeric plastics into small fragments such as oligomers, dimers or monomers with the help of enzymes

or free-radicals produced by microorganisms. The fragmentation of plastic polymers into oligo- and

monomers can be obtained from various sites such as mechanical, UV radiation, thermal, chemical and/or

biological. In bio fragmentation the extracellular enzymes (exoenzymes) secrete by microorganisms

catalyze chemical reactions mainly at the surface area of the plastic polymer. The main limit of bio-

fragmentation is to maintain the stability of the plastic polymers that are constituted by a long chain of

organic molecules carbon and hydrogen that have a very balanced charge. The enzymes

called oxygenases add oxygen to a long carbon chain which secrete by bacteria is to destabilize the local

electric charge that can break down plastics. Other enzymes such as mono-oxygenases and di-oxygenases

incorporate, respectively, one and two oxygen atoms that form alcohol or peroxyl groups which are less

recalcitrant for biodegradation. Other transformations on polymer are then catalysed by lipases (breakdown

of lipid group), esterases (breakdown of ester group) after the formation of carboxylic groups and by

endopeptidases for amide groups [54].

6.4 ASSIMILATION

Assimilation refers to the integration of molecules through transportation in the cytoplasm of the microbial

metabolism but the degradation of the monomers may not be complete. The monomers of plastic inside



the cells are oxidized through catabolic pathways by which it produces energy, cell structure and new

biomass. Some monomers may exist in the surrounding of microbial cells without being assimilated.

Microorganisms use specific carriers to cross the cell wall and/or cytoplasmic membrane. Aerobic

respiration, anaerobic respiration and fermentation are three essential catabolic pathways based on

microbial abilities to grow in aerobic or anaerobic conditions to produce the energy to maintain cellular

activity, structure and reproduction. The outcome of assimilation is the formation of numerous secondary

metabolites that may be transported outside the microorganism. These metabolites do not have the

metabolic capability to transform the monomer or that do not need to metabolize or conserve it. The

secondary metabolites excreted by microbial cells may be used by another cell that can lead to degradation.

These cells can also stay further in the pool of non-assimilable compounds.

6.5 MINERALISATION

The mineralization refers to the complete degradation of primary and secondary metabolites that resulted

in the excretion of completely oxidized metabolites (CO2, N2, CH4 and H2O). In general, polyesters with

side chains are less assimilated than those without side chains.

7. CONCLUDING REMARKS

The enzymes secreted by microbes are one of the most powerful tools for the biodegradation of plastics

polymer. There is a great demand to uncover these microbes which can grow in under unfavourable

conditions and use the plastic carbon polymers as energy source. When the biodegradable plastics

decompose biologically or degraded by microbial communities, the resulting natural components of

degradation do not affect the environment in any non-friendly way. As we know the ordinary non-

biodegradable plastics do not release harmful by-products into the environment, but these are dangerous

to ecosystem by causing unnecessary logging and dumping. With biodegradable plastics, which

decompose more quickly, these negative effects are not altogether removed, that means the biodegradable

plastics must not be dumped in the natural environment. However, if they do they will definitely cause less

damage than non-biodegradable plastics. The significance of biodegradable plastics over non-

biodegradable plastics is have if proper handling of biodegradable plastics is applied.

FUTURE PERSPECTIVES

The degradation of plastic and its hydrocarbons is done by different microbial communities include bacteria

specially Bacillus sp. and fungi. The activity of microbes to degrade the polymeric material of plastic and

their breakdown plays a beneficial role in eco-friendly management of toxic wastes and to control chemical

pollution in future. For the last few decades, researchers are trying to find out some alternative ways in

which microbes can be used to degrade the long chain synthetic polymers into their respective small

monomers. Till date very less work is done in the aspect to develop some alternative methods to enhance

or modified the mode of degradation. Low cost, efficient and eco-friendly technologies of using microbes

are capable of reducing and even eliminating plastics gaining much attraction.

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ICAST09

SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES FROM MORINGA OLEIFERA GUM AND

THEIR ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY

K.Jayaprakash and V.Balamurugan

PG&Research Department of Biotechnology, Sri Vinayaga College of Arts&Science, Ulundurpet –606 107

Introduction

The gums are formed from the disintegration of internal plant tissues, mostly from the decomposition

of cellulose in a process called gummosis. Chemically, Gums contain high amounts of sugar and are

closely allied to the pectins. They are colloidal and soluble in water, either dissolving entirely or swelling,

but they are insoluble in alcohol and ether. They exude naturally from the stems or in response to

wounding of the plant, In recent years, there are numerous reports Natural gums are shows potential

applications likely pharmaceutical and food industries and environmental pollution controls as well as local

commodity will increase due to the to creating the opportunities to framers to collect and enhancing the

local market and exporting the natural gums. Synthesis the silver nano particles by using M. oleifera gum

solution, the e silver nitrate solution (5 mg/ml) was added to the gum solution (5 mg/ml). and radical

scavenging activity using Ascorbic acid as standard and deionized water was used as a blank solution. AgNP

samples were prepared at varying concentrations of 100–500 μg/ml, and 95 per cent (v/v) methanol was

applied to the sample at 0.1 mM of DPPH. Percentage of inhibition was clearly Shown Antioxidant properties.

Table 1: antioxidant activity of MOG-AgNPs

Figure 1: M. oleifera gum and synthesis of silver nano particles.

Conclusion

In this study, AgNPs were synthesized by an eco-friendly and convenient method using Moringa

olifera gum. That Moringa olifera plant is widely distributed in nature, available chiefly in India and many

other countries. It will be one of the suitable options to utilize as pharmaceutical sustained products, gum

based synthesized silver nanoparticles are confirmed by a color change which was monitored quantitatively

by UV-Vis spectroscopy at 350 nm. Further characterization with SEM and the respectively the synthesized

nanoparticles are applied on human pathogen to inhibiting the microbial growth. This research was

investigating and finds the antibacterial agents from agricultural resource.

Conc

(µg/mL) AgNPs

100 21.15± 0.017

200 26.92± 0.06

300 53.84± 0.07

500 63.46± 0.03



References

1. Farokhzad, O.C., Cheng, J.J., Teply, B.A., Sherifi, I., Jon, S., Kantoff, P.W., Richie, J.P., Langer, R.,

(2006). Targeted nanoparticle aptamer bioconjugates for cancer chemotherapy in vivo. Proc. Nat.

Acad. Sci. USA 103, 6315–6320.

2. R. Santosh Kumar*1, R. Renuka2.(2019) Isolation and Characterization of Moringa Olifera Gum: A

Novel Sustained Release Polymer. Journal of Drug Delivery & Therapeutics. ; 9(3):484-486.

3. E. E. Jarald*, Sharma Sumati, Sheeja Edwin, S. Ahmad , S. Patni and A. Daud.(2012) Characterization

of Moringa oleifera Lam. Gum to Establish it as a Pharmaceutical Excipient. Indian Journal of

Pharmaceutical Education and Research. Jul-Sep, / Vol 46/ Issue 3.

4. Harborne, J.B. (1998) Textbook of Phytochemical Methods. A Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant

Analysis. 5th Edition, Chapman and Hall Ltd, London, 21-72.

5. Kokate CK, (2005) Pharmacognosy” edition thirtieth published by NiraliPrakashan Pune, page 181-

186.



ICAST10

BIODEGRADATION OF PHARMACEUTICAL EFFLUENT BY USING BIOLOGICAL METHODS

K.Saranya, K.Maheswari, P.Harshitha*, V.Manivasagan and N.G.RameshBabu

Department of Biotechnology Adhiyamaan college of Engineering, Hosur, 635109, Tamilnadu, India.

Email: [email protected]

Industrial pollutants in vast amounts have been introduced into the natural domain. Microorganisms of

soil and water can easily degrade an enormous amount of these effluents. The removal of these xenobiotic

compounds is generally sluggish, and they appear to persist in the atmosphere. Because of their high

toxicity, their aggregation will trigger serious environmental issues. Purpose of these studies to degrade the

pollutants from the pharmaceutical industrial effluents. The optimum shaking velocity, inoculum volume,

concentration, and pH were determined. Several approaches are still in use to clean up the atmosphere

from these types of toxins, but the majority of they are expensive and impossible to achieve optimal results.

Biodegradation is now an efficient and cost-effective biotechnological solution for degrading harmful

contaminants from an industrial effluent. DNA fragments of resistant isolates were amplified using the

518F/800R primers. The BLAST tool was utilized for the sequencing of 16S rRNA. Various sequencing

were done utilizing MUSCLE 3.7. For tree rendering and phylogenetic analysis, PhyML 3.0 aLRT program

and TreeDyn 198.3 have been utilized. Usage of bacterial culture shows maximum removal of pollutants

200rpm and maximum removal of pollutants which was identified in 500 ppm at 40 ml culture volume.

Key words: Pharmaceutical effluent, Biodegradation, phylogenetic analysis

REFERENCE

1. Doll, T., and Frimmel, F., 2004. Kinetic study of photocatalytic degradation of carbamazepine, clofibric

acid, iomeprolandiopromide assisted by different TiO2 materials—determination of intermediates and

reaction pathways, Water Research,.38,.955-964.

2. Fountoulakis, M.S., Stamatelatou, K., and Lyberatos, G., 2008. The effect of pharmaceuticals on the

kinetics of methanogenesis and acetogenesis, Bioresource Technology.99,70-83.

3. LaPara, T.M., Konopka, A., Nakatsu, C.H., and Alleman, J.E., 2000. Effects of elevated temperature on

bacterial community structure and function in180 bioreactors treating a synthetic wastewater, Journal

of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology.24.,140-145.

4. Sreekanth, D., Sivaramakrishna, D., Himabindu, V., and Anjaneyulu, Y., 2009. Thermophilic treatment

of bulk drug pharmaceutical industrial wastewaters by using hybrid upflow anaerobic sludge blanket

reactor, Bioresource Technology.100.,2534-2539.

5. SumanRaj, D., and Anjaneyulu, Y., 2005. Evaluation of biokinetic parameters for pharmaceutical

wastewater using aerobic oxidation integrated with chemical treatment, Process Biochemistry.40,.165-

175.



ICAST12

OPTIMIZATION AND EXTRACTION OF CARRAGEENAN FROM SEAWEED

V. Manivasagan ,K. Thilothamai Jegani *, M. Praba , K. Saranya , and A. Cyril Stephen.

Department of BiotechnologyAdhiyamaan College of Engineering,Hosur – 635 109 Tamil Nadu, India


Abstract

Carrageenan is economical important biopolymer. They are used in the chemical, drug, and pharmaceutical

industries. The present study was performed to optimize the extraction of crude carrageenan from marine

seaweed. The extraction of crude carrageenan concerned liquid treatment and fermentation alcohol

precipitation technique. within the liquid treatment of extraction method, 3 extraction parameters (i.e.

temperature, concentration, and pH) are investigated in isolation method, fermentation alcohol was

accustomed study the separation of crude gum through precipitation.Based on experimental analysis,

aqueous treatments influence the yield, and physicochemical properties of crude carrageenan. Varying

extraction parameters, the yield of the crude carrageenan varied. The sulfate content, moisture content and

viscosity of the crude carrageenan are varied as varying in the extraction parameter. The maximum yield

of crude carrageenan was 29.4%,sulfate content 32%, moisture content was 6.58%, viscosity was 152.

From the experimental result, the extraction and isolation of crude carrageenan has been successfully

conducted.

Key words: Carrageenan, Extraction, Temperature, Concentration, pH

REFERENCES

1. DeLong, E.F., 1997. Marine microbial diversity: The tip of the iceberg, Trends in Biotechnology., 15,

.203-207.

2. Anderson, N.S., Dolan, T.C.S., Lawson, C.J., Penman, A., and Rees, D.A.,1968. Carrageenans. Part

The masked repeating structures of lambda and mu-carrageenans, Carbohydrate Research. 7,468-

473.

3. Awang Bono, Anisuzzaman, S.M., and Ong Wan Ding., 2014. Effect of process conditions on the gel

viscosity and gel strength of semi-refined carrageenan (SRC) produced from marine seaweed

(Kappaphycus alvarezii) , Journal of King Saud University Engineering Sciences,. 26,.1.,3-9.

4. Tobacman, J.K., 2001. Review of harmful gastrointestinal effects of carrageenan in animal

experiments’, Environmental Health Perspectives. 109,983-994.

5. Imeson, A.P., 2000. Carrageenan In G. O. Phillips & P. A. Williams (Eds.), Handbook of hydrocolloids’,

Woodhead Publishing Limited.,87-102.



ICAST13

INVITRO PROPAGATION OF Aloe vera (Aloe barbadensis. L) FOR ITS MEDICINAL

ABUNDANCE

K. Saranya, N.Supriya.,J.Lohitha*., V.Manivasagan, N.G.Ramesh Babu

Department of Biotechnology, College of Engineering, Hosur,635109,Tamil Nadu, India.

Email : [email protected]

Abstract

Aloe barbadensis L. plant is an important medicinal plant and used world wide in drug and cosmetic

industry.There's a lack of production of Aloe leaf to meet the Industry demand as the conventional

propagation is very slow and quite ineffective, so it's necessary to undertake large scale cultivation of Aloe.

Poor natural propagation by means of axillary shoots and the presence of male sterility are the two major

barriers in rapid propagation of A.vera. Large scale propagation can be standardized through tissue culture

where the yield is more and highly free from diseases and pests. This plant so produced will be highly

nutritive which contains the phytochemicals and antioxidants used for therapeutic purpose. In present

investigation, an efficient in vitro propagation technology was developed for a rapid and large scale

production of Aloe Vera L. by using lateral shoots(suckers) from the mature healthy and approximately 3-4

years old parent plant. After proper sterilization all the explants were micropropagated on MS basal medium

supplemented with 3% sucrose as carbon source and 0.8% agar-agar as solidifying agent along with

different concentration of 6- Benzylaminopurine(6-BAP) and Indole-3-butyric acid(IBA), a growth regulators

shoot initiation, proliferation,elongation and rooting. Shoot initiation and elongation both were found best

on 1.5mg/l of 6-BAP and for root proliferation and elongation 0.2Mg/l of IBA were found best.

Key words : Micro propagation, Aloe vera, 6-BAP, IBA, MS Medium.

References:

1. Bhojwani,S.S., and Razdan,M.K.,1992. 'Plant tissue culture:Theory and Practise',

Elsevier,Amsterdam and London,NewYork,Tokyo.

2. Campestrini, L.H., Kuhnen, S.,Lemos, P.M.M., Batch, D.B., and Maraschin, M.,2006. 'Cloning

protocol of Aloe vera, as a study-case for "Tailor-Made" biotechnology to small farmers', journal of

Technology Management and Innovation.1.,76-79.

3. Abrie, A.L.,and Staden, J.V.,2001. 'Micropropagation of the endangered Aloe vera

polyphylla.Plant Growth RRega. 33.,19-23.

4. Neelofar Khanam., and Sharma, G.K.,2014. 'Evaluation of enzymatic and non-enzymatic

antioxidant activities of in vitro and in vitro regenerated Aloe vera L.', World journal of

pharmaceutical research. 3.,1815-1829.

5. Jayakrishna, C., Karthick, C., Barathi, S., Kamalanathan, D.,and Indra Arulselvi, P.,2011. 'Invitro

propagation of Aloe barbadensis Miller, a miracle herb', journal of Research in plant biology. 1.,

22-26.



ICAST16

AN INNOVATIVE SCHEME FOR BIG DATA MANAGEMENT IN IOT USING SDN

Ruchi Bhatnagar, Dr. Deepak Sinha, Dr. Paramjeet Rawat, Ruchi Bhatnagar*

School of Computer Science & Applications; IIMT University, Meerut, 250001,U.P., India.

*[email protected]

Summary

IoT is a large scale dynamic network and needs to implement new policies or make changes across the

whole network by configuring each device manually as new applications are introducing day by day and

requires real-time computing power and Versioning upgrades periodically. These countless application of

IoT is extending Internet connectivity among billions of devices and produce a huge amount of data, the

production of such big data their storage and transformation demand intelligent network control and

management solution. However, the real time applications and management of big data possess some

challenges such as not underlying support of old networking due to extremely large volume and computing

complexity of big data, manual distribution of network management policies, no central point has a global

view of complete network and cumbersome to reconfiguration of network. In this paper we introduced an

innovative scheme in which new networking model; Software-defined networking (SDN) collaborative with

edge computing to provide a feasible and practical solution to IoT issues. From the big data management

perspective, the network manager could define a set of protocols at SDN controller based on modular

programming approach which could be changed later, if required, based on the change in network

bandwidth or network traffic of the underlying network. This will also support unstructured data filtering, high

data transmission, processing efficiency, optimization, resource allocation and network management for

the IoT devices for fulfilling growing need of the customer demands. Additionally, we provide future research

directions along with the open unresolved issues in the integration and deployment of multi edge enabled

SDN controller based IoT Infrastructure.

Keywords: Internet of Things (IoT), Software Defined Networking (SDN), Big Data, Edge Computing

References:

1. S. YU, X. LIN. & J. Misic (2014) Networking for Big Data. IEEE Network, vol. 28, no. 4, p.4.

2. D. Kreutz et al. (2015) Software-Defined Networking: A Comprehensive Survey. Proc. IEEE, vol.

103, pp. 14–76

3. J. Li et al. (2020), A Secured Framework for SDN-Based Edge Computing in IoT-Enabled

Healthcare System, IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 135479-135490, Available from: doi:

10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3011503.

4. M. B. Yassein, S. Aljawarneh, M. Al-Rousan, W. Mardini and W. Al-Rashdan(2017), Combined

software-defined network (SDN) and Internet of Things (IoT), International Conference on Electrical

and Computing Technologies and Applications (ICECTA), Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates,

pp. 1-6, Available from: doi: 10.1109/ICECTA.2017.8252003.




ICAST17

Biological treatment of prawn shell wastes for valorization and waste

management

Gincy Marina Mathew1, Anoop Puthiyamadam1, Keerthi Sashikumar1, Rajeev Kumar Sukumaran1*

1Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and

Technology (CSIR- NIIST), Trivandrum-695 019, India

* Corresponding author. Tel: +91 471 2515 368, Fax: +91 471 2491 712, E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

The seafood processing industry in India generates approximately 8.5 million tonnes of shellfish wastes

annually, which can result in environmental pollution due to improper management. Prawn is largely

consumed globally leaving behind 45-55 % of the waste material comprising of calcium carbonate, chitin

and proteins. These prawn shell wastes (PSW) are predominantly obtained from the head, offals and

exoskeleton of prawns procured from the seafood processing industries after peeling. In some cases, the

left over PSW are dumped into waterbodies or left to rot in landfill sites causing environmental pollution.

These wastes can be effectively managed by valorizing to value added products like chitin and protein. The

common strategy used to recover chitin is by using harsh chemicals like HCl and NaOH resulting in the

release of chemical effluents. In the present study, biotechnological conversion of prawn shell wastes to

value added products like chitin and protein are analysed using GRAS organisms without the requirement

of additional nutrients. For this research, Bacillus species (Bacillus megaterium and Bacillus subtilis)

isolated from prawn shell wastes collected from Aroor region, Alappuzha, showed highest proteolytic activity

through qualitative and quantitative analysis. PSW demineralization (DM) and deproteination (DP)

capabilities of the isolates were investigated alone and in combination at pH 6.5. Results indicated that a

single step fermentation of PSW with B. megaterium, supplemented with 0.1 % glucose showed 74.24%

DM and 87.44% DP, whereas co-fermentation using B. megaterium and B. subtilis (1:1) gave DM and DP

values of 77.52% and 85.90% respectively, without glucose supplementation. The quality of biologically

recovered chitin were analysed and compared with chitin obtained by chemical methods and commercial

chitin by FTIR. The extracted chitin and the protein hydrolysates can be used for various applications based

on their quality and nutritional assessment in the future. This proposed strategy for prawn shell valorization

is a cheap, environmentally friendly and sustainable, in comparison to traditional methods.

Keywords: chitin, demineralization, deproteination, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus subtilis




ICAST18

EVOLUTIONARY, MODELING AND DOCKING ANALYSIS OF OPSIN PROTEIN IN

LEPTUCA PUGILATOR

Ms. K. Sathvika1 and Dr. K. Shoba*

1 Thiruvalluvar University, PG and Research Department of Biochemistry, D.K.M. College for women

(Autonomous), Vellore-632001, Tamilnadu, India. [email protected]

* Assistant Professor, PG and Research Department of Biochemistry, D.K.M. College for women

(Autonomous), Vellore-632001, Tamilnadu, India. [email protected]

Abstract

Leptuca pugilator (Fiddler crabs) also called Atlantic sand fiddler crab or calling crab are decapod

crustaceans belong to the Uca family. They are part of the Ocypodidae family of brachyuran crabs, the

most recent aquatic creatures to have reached the shore. More than 100 species of fiddler crab make

up 11 of the 13 genera in the Ocypodidae crab family. These species are present in coasts of the sea

the Western Atlantic, the Eastern Pacific, the Indo-Pacific and the Algarve regions of Portugal and

fiddler crabs are readily recognised by their distinctively asymmetrical claws. The most special feature

of Uca pugilator is that it is capable of regenerating lost limbs. In addition, many of the species-specific

body colour patterns that can serve as signals intra-and inter-specific correspondence. In order to

understand the behavioural and ecological function of this colouring, it is vital to know if fiddler crabs

have the physiological ability to detect colour cues. Opsin, a photoreceptor protein in U. pugilator act

as a basic molecular machinery for color perception, perhaps even trichromatic vision. The nucleotide

and protein sequence of photoreceptor protein (Opsin) from Leptuca pugilator is retrieved from NCBI

database in Fasta format. Further the genes are annotated using AmiGO tool. T-COFFEE is a multiple

sequence alignment tool and it was used in identifying evolutionary relationships. Gene expression

analysis is carried out on the basis of the CAI value using ACUA tool. 3D structure and biological

function of protein molecules of Opsin is predicted using Iterative Threading ASSEmbly Refinement (I-

TASSER). Here, my future research is planned to give and suggest Opsin protein from Leptuca

pugilator as a supplement to Retinitis pigmentosa patients and to have a healthy eyes and life ahead.

In addition, a ligand was taken and the docking analysis was carried out with Opsin protein using the

Cluspro tool. In Insilico molecular docking study, the docking results were analysed and in future, this

ligand and receptor molecule can be used in antimicrobial as well as anti-lung cancer activities.

Figure 1. Three Dimensional Structure of Opsin Protein

Key words: Photoreceptor protein (Opsin), AmiGO tool, TCOFFEE tool, ACUA tool, I-TASSER, Predict

protein, Cluspro, Leptuca pugilator

References:

• Durica DS, Hopkins PM. Expression of the genes encoding the ecdysteroid and retinoid

receptors in regenerating limb tissues from the fiddler crab, Uca pugilator. Gene. 1996 Jun

1;171(2):237-41. doi: 10.1016/0378-1119(96)00047-9. PMID: 8666279.



• Rajkumar P, Rollmann SM, Cook TA, Layne JE. Molecular evidence for color discrimination in

the Atlantic sand fiddler crab, Uca pugilator. J Exp Biol. 2010 Dec 15;213(Pt 24):4240-8.

• Swanson BO, George MN, Anderson SP, Christy JH. Evolutionary variation in the mechanics

of fiddler crab claws. BMC Evol Biol. 2013 Jul 15;13:137.

• Takeda S, Murai M. Asymmetry in Male Fiddler Crabs is Related to the Basic Pattern of Claw-

waving Display. Biol Bull. 1993 Apr;184(2):203-208.

• Chung AC, Durica DS, Clifton SW, Roe BA, Hopkins PM. Cloning of crustacean ecdysteroid

receptor and retinoid-X receptor gene homologs and elevation of retinoid-X receptor mRNA by

retinoic acid. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 1998 Apr 30;139(1-2):209-27.



ICAST 19

JOINT ACCESSIBILITY DESIGN APPROACH FOR SOFTWARE TESTING WITH

CLOUD COMPUTING,

1STMRS. ANJALI SHARMA, IIMT UNIVERSITY, MEERUT, 250001, UP, INDIA

2NDDR. GARIMA SINHA, IIMT GROUP OF COLLEGE, MEERUT, 250001, UP, INDIA

SCHOOL OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND APPLICATIONS, I.I.M.T UNIVERSITY MEERUT, 250001,

UP, INDIA

[email protected]

Abstract

Software testing plays a vital role in Software Development Life Cycle which depends on testing methods

that can be implemented at any time in the software testing life cycle. In traditional approaches, test efforts

occur after the user requirements specifications have been fulfilled and the coding process has been

completed. Conventionally testing requires costly committed infrastructure and resources that are only used

at irregular intervals whereas in huge applications it is difficult to build and maintain in the real environment.

Cloud computing is a complete solution that carries IT as a service. It is internet-based where shared

resources are used and in a cost-saving manner. It offers new opportunities for testing as Joint accessibility

to maintaining an in-house test environment by using appropriate design approaches and cloud-based

testing using SaaS cloud services using the public cloud that provides lower costs, pay-per-use and

elimination of upfront capital expenditures. Cloud computing provides a facility in an open environment to

overcome the conventional software testing drawbacks and provide unlimited resources in terms of

flexibility, enhance scalability and availability in a distributed testing environment. The non-cost factors

include utility like on-demand flexibility, liberty from holding assets, better collaboration, and best levels of

efficiency in storing data, computation and a smaller amount of maintenance cost has succeeded to interest

even bigger businesses as well. In this research paper, we discussed three sections.

Section 1 Describes the conventional software testing process in two ways (i). Manual testing (ii).

Automated testing using tools.

Section 2 Describe cloud-based computing with a Cloud model that are three multipurpose service

models like SaaS, PaaS, and IaaS and four deployment models that are Public, Private, Community, and

Hybrid Cloud.



Section 3 Describe the joint accessibility design approaches using cloud computing for doing it the right

way as big IT companies are building private clouds to use their internal test infrastructure and support

themselves with security and better control over the data but small to medium-sized businesses are

expected to support for public cloud for application testing as private cloud is very costly(around 8-10 times),

moving testing to the cloud should be observed as strategic creativity rather than a tactical objective, so a

joint design approach should follow some step like build an understanding of the cloud, frame a suitable

testing strategy, plan infrastructure which required, select a service provider or vendor, executing the test

with suitable test cases, regular monitor and analyze for better test results. By using these design approach

we can do better design for test in cloud computing and also joint accessibility design approaches play a

vital role in testings like functional testing, integration testing, security testing, scalable testing, and

performance testing when these testings run on the cloud services like SaaS then overcome the problem

of conventional testing see Table 1. So with the use of joint accessibility approach providers manage all

facility towards applications,data, runtime, middleware, os, virtualization, servers, storage, and networking

whereas in traditional approach very less mange by in house testing over the all these factors. But

nowadays the use cloud increases a lot which initiates a new set of challenges such as data security and

a lack of principles, mainly in the public cloud model.

Table 1 joint accessibility performance variations from conventional to cloud base testing

Type of

Testing Conventional Testing Cloud Base Testing

Functional

Testing

Perform validation of module

functions, system functions

Perform validation of SaaS services functions

and end-end functionalities of an application

Integration

Testing

It performs on functions, module,

interfaces then the entire system

SaaS-based integration in the cloud and

integrate SaaS with the legacy system by

enterprises level application

Security

Testing

It performs on application features,

privacy, data integrity, user privacy,

protection, and client-server access

control

SaaS provides monitoring and measurement,

user privacy, and security according to client,

protection and data integrity during transit and

at rest, and also protection of DDoS attacks,

etc.

Scalable and

performance

testing

Perform on a fixed environment and

Monitoring as well as evaluation

Perform on a scalable environment and inbuilt

monitoring as well as evaluation.



key words: Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC), cloud testing, STLC and Cloud Computing.

References:

A.Vanitha Katherine, K. Alagarsamy," International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume

3, Issue 9, September-2012, Neha Mehrotra, ― Cloud Testing Vs. testing a Cloud‖, 10th Annual

International Software Testing Conference, Aug 2011, Jerry Gao, Xiaoying Bai, and Wei-Tek Tsai,

―Cloud Testing- Issues, Challenges, Needs and Practice‖, SEIJ, Vol. 1, No. 1, Sept 2011, Cognizant

reports, ―Taking Testing to the Cloud‖. March 2011, www.360logica.com/blog/software-testing-basics-

and-its-types-2/



ICAST20

Heart Disease Prediction Using Hybrid Machine Learning Techniques

Dinesh Kumar S, Daya Dhilipan D.P, Kodeeswaran M

Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Kamaraj College of Engineering and Technology

Madurai, 625701,tamilnadu,India, [email protected]

Abstract

Heart plays significant role in living organisms, Heart disease is one of the most significant causes of

mortality in the world today. Diagnosis and prediction of heart related diseases requires more precision,

perfection and correctness because a little mistake can cause fatigue problem or death of the person, there

are numerous death cases related to heart and their counting is increasing exponentially day by day.

Machine learning (ML) has been shown to be effective in assisting in making decisions and predictions from

the large quantity of data produced by the healthcare industry. We have also seen ML techniques being

used in recent developments in different areas of the Internet of Things (IoT). Various studies give only a

glimpse into predicting heart disease with ML techniques. In this paper, we propose a novel method that

aims at finding significant features by applying combination machine learning techniques resulting in

improving the accuracy in the prediction of heart disease. The prediction model is introduced with different

combinations of features and several known classification techniques. We produce an enhanced

performance level with an accuracy level of 90% through the prediction model for heart disease with the

hybrid machine learning model (HMLM).

HMLM ALGORITHM

Stacking is an ensemble learning technique that combines multiple classification or regression models via a

meta-classifier or a meta-regressor. The base level models are trained based on a complete training set,

then the meta-model is trained on the outputs of the base level model as features. The base level often

consists of different learning algorithms and therefore stacking ensembles are often heterogeneous. The

algorithm below summarizes stacking.

Fig1.comparision bar graph of the proposed model and other machine learning model



Fig3.confustion matrix of

the proposed

Table1.comparision table

model

REFERENCES

[1]. A. Gavhane, G. Kokkula, I. Pandya, and K. Devadkar, ‘‘Prediction of heart disease using machine

learning,’’ in Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. Electron., Commun. Aerosp. Technol. (ICECA), Mar. 2018, pp. 1275–

1278.

[2]. M. Durairaj and V. Revathi, ‘‘Prediction of heart disease using back propagation MLP algorithm,’’ Int. J.

Sci. Technol. Res., vol. 4, no. 8, pp. 235–239,2015.

[3]. M. K. Hasan et al.: Diabetes Prediction Using Ensembling of Different Machine Learning Classifiers,

DOI 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2989857, IEEE Access.

[4]. Hossam Meshref Cardiovascular Disease Diagnosis: A Machine Learning Interpretation Approach

International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, Vol. 10, No. 12, 2019.

[5]. Yar Muhammad, Muhammad Tahir, Maqsood Hayat1 & Kil To Chong Early and accurate detection and

diagnosis of heart disease using intelligent computational model, www.nature.com/scientificreports/

[6]. Archana Singh,Rakesh Kumar Heart Disease Prediction Using Machine Learning Algorithms,2020

International Conference on Electrical and Electronics Engineering (ICE3-2020).

[7]. Divya Krishnani, Anjali Kumari, Akash Dewangan, Aditya Singh, Nenavath Srinivas Naik , Prediction of

Coronary Heart Disease using Supervised Machine Learning Algorithms, TENCON 2019 - 2019 IEEE

Region 10 Conference (TENCON).

S.NO MODEL ACCURACY

1 Logistic regression 85.00%

2 k-nearest neighbors 68.00%

3 support-vector machines 64.00%

4 Naive Bayes 77.00%

5 decision tree 73.00%

6 Random forest 81.00%

7 Proposed model (HMLM) 90.00%

http://www.nature.com/scientificreports/



ICAST21

ANTIFUNGAL POTENTIAL OF TRICHODERMA SPP ON THE GROWTH OF

PYTHIUM APHANIDERMATUM

T. Meera1* and L. Vengadeshkumar2

1. Associate Professor, Department of Agricultural sciences, Bharath Institute of Higher Education

and Research, Tambaram -600073

2. Assistant Professor, Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai

University.

Abstract

Pythium aphanidermatum is a most important soil borne pathogen cuasing damping off disease in

solanaceous crops. The present experiment was to assess the antagonistic potential of fungal and bacterial

antagonists on the growth of P. aphanidermatum. Among the fungal bio-control agents tested against P.

aphanidermatum revealed that T. viride exhibited maximum inhibition (53.33 per cent) followed by T.

harzianum (51.11 per cent) and A. terreus (25.55 per cent). The least inhibition of growth was observed in

A. flavus (16.66 per cent).With regard to bacterial antagonist, P. fluorescens exhibiting the maximum

inhibition (76.66 per cent) of test pathogen. Whereas, the least inhibition was observed with B. subtilis

(73.33 per cent). The culture filtrates of T.viride and T. harzianum showed the maximum inhibition againstP.

aphanidermatum to a tune of (68.88 per cent) and T. harzianum (60.00 per cent) and the least inhibition of

growth by pathogen was observed in A. flavus (28.88 per cent).

Key words: Pythium aphanidermatum; Trichoderma viride; Pseudomonas fluorescens

Introduction

Tobacco (Nicotiana tabaccum) is an important cash crop in India. The genus Nicotiana is having

more than 60 spp. of which two are commercially cultivated for chewing purpose. They are N.tabaccum

and N.rustica. N.tabaccum is widely cultivated in India.About 85 per cent of the exports consist of flue-cured

Virginia tobacco and India is the world’s second largest exporter next to USA (Chakravarty, 2002).

Tobacco is affected by a number of diseases of fungal, bacterial and viral origin. Among the fungal

diseases, damping-off caused by Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitz, is a serious disease in all the

tobacco growing areas. This disease is mostly common in the nursery. Most of the loss is due to pre-

emergence and post-emergence damping-off (Singh, 1987). Since it is a soil-borne pathogen it is very

difficult to control because of their easy multiplication and continued persistence in the soil. Though

fungicides offer certain degree of protection against these pathogens, their adverse effects on soil beneficial

micro-organisms and the environment cannot be ignored (Manoranjitham et al., 2000).Reduction and

elimination of soil-borne inoculum is the only effective solution to overcome the problem and this may be

achieved by using several beneficial organisms such as Trichoderma spp (Lewis and Lumsden, 1995).

Bacillus spp (Capper and Cambell, 1986) and Pseudomonas spp (Vidhyasekaran and Muthamilan, 1995)

has been successfully used as bio control agents.

Materials and methods

Isolation of P. aphanidermatum

Tobacco seedlings showing typical symptoms ofdamping off disease were collected from the

tobacco nursery is in nearby Sivapuri village, Chidambaram (Taluk), Cuddalore district and was used for

the isolation of pathogen by tissue segment method (Rangaswami, 1958). On potato dextrose agar



medium, it was purified by the single hyphal tip method (Rangaswami,1958). The pathogen was identified

as P.aphanidermatum (Edson). Fitz by comparing with the characters as described by Middleton, (1943);

Balakrishnan (1948). The culture was maintained on PDA slants and used for further studies.

Estimation of fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes population

The soil samples collected from the rhizosphere region of tobacco seedlings were quantitatively

and qualitatively estimated by serial dilution plate technique (Johnson and Curl, 1972).

Soil samples collected from the field were mixed uniformly. From each sample 1g of soil was

weighed and transferred aseptically to 100ml of sterile distilled water in 250 ml flask separately and mixed

for thirty minutes. One ml of suspension was drawn and transferred to 9 ml sterile distilled water blank

which formed the 10-1 dilution. The suspension thus obtained in the dilution process was shaked for one

minute before it was further diluted. Thus, the dilution process was continued until 10-6 dilution is achieved.

One ml suspension from each of the appropriate dilution was transferred aseptically into sterile petri plates.

Fifteen ml of respective medium viz., Rose Bengal Agar, Nutrient Agar and Ken-Knights Agar

medium for assessing Fungi, Bacteria and Actinomycetes respectively were poured into Petri plates. Then

the plates were incubated at room temperature (25±2℃) for seven days. After the incubation period the

fungal population was assessed on the third day and the bacterial population was assessed on the fifth day

and an actinomycetes population was assessed on the seventh day. The microbial population was

expressed as cfu/gm of soil. The dilutions used for actinomycetes (10-4), bacteria (10-5) and fungi (10-3).

Isolation of antagonists

Different fungi and bacteria were isolated from the rhizosphere of tobacco seedlings using Martin’s

Rose Bengal medium and Soil Extract Agar medium. Cultures obtained were purified by hyphal tip method

and single spore isolation methods. Trichoderma viride, T.koningii, G.virens, Aspergillus niger, and A.flavus

and two bacterial isolates viz., Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens were selected as per their

antagonistic nature reported earlier (Bell et al., 1982 and Asaka and Shoda, 1996)

Dual culture technique

Dual culture method (Johnson and Curl, 1972) was followed to find out the antagonistic, synergistic

or neutral effect of microorganisms against the growth of P.aphanidermatum. Initially the pathogen and the

test organisms were grown separately on Potato Dextrose Agar in Petriplates. Culture discs (0.5cm) of test

fungi were taken from the edges of 4 days old actively growing cultures and placed at a side on potato

dextrose agar and incubated at room temperature for 24 h. Culture discs of (0.5cm) of P.aphanidermatum

taken from 3 days old actively growing cultures and were placed at 7cm apart from test culture.

P.aphanidermatum on potato agar medium in a Petriplate served as control. All the treatments were

replicated thrice and plates were incubated at 25±2℃for 7 days. Radial growth of test pathogen was

recorded and per cent inhibition was calculated.

Pour plate method

One ml of bacterial suspension was seeded in 15 ml of Nutrient Agar (NA) medium in petri plates.

A (0.5 cm) of culture disc of P.aphanidermatum was placed in the centre of each plate separately and was

incubated at 25±2℃ upto 7 days. Thus the influence of bacterial antagonists on radial growth of pathogen

was recorded. In control set, the individual pathogen was raised on the same medium without pre-

inoculating with the bacterium. The per cent inhibition of growth of each pathogen was calculated.

Effect of culture filtrates of fungal antagonists on the growth of P. aphanidermatum

The promising antagonists selected from the dual culture studies were grown in liquid cultures and

were utilised for determining the production of secondary metabolites by the antagonists. Fifty ml of the



Czapek’s broth was taken in 250 ml conical flasks and sterilized at 1.4 kg cm-2 pressure for 20 min. The

broth in the flasks was then inoculated with 0.5 cm mycelial discs of each of the actively growing young

cultures of promising antagonists grown on PDA. These were then incubated at room temperature (25±2℃)

for 14 days in shake cultures. The cultures were filtered by coarse filtration using Buckner flasks and again

filtered through Millipore filters (pore size 450 nm) and were assayed for their antagonistic action against

test pathogen by employing the poisoned food technique (Zentmyer, 1955). The inhibitory properties of

culture filtrates of the antagonists were assayed against the pathogen and was expressed as per cent

inhibition using the formula suggested by Vincent (1927).

The petri plate of PDA medium where in the antagonist was inoculated and fungicide copper oxy

chloride 0.1 per cent concentration was used as treated control. Petri plates of PDA medium without the

fungicides but inoculated with the antagonists were also maintained served as untreated control. Both the

Petri plates were incubated at room temperature (25±2℃) and the radial growth of the fungi were measured

when the control Petri plates reached full growth. All the treatments and control were replicated three times

in the above studies.

Result

Quantitative estimation of rhizosphere microflora

The quantitative estimation of rhizosphere microflora of tobacco seedlings are summarized in Table

1. From the data it was observed that the maximum number of fungal colonies per plate was 13 with a

population of 11.05×104 this was followed by bacteria 7 with population of 4.03×105. The actinomycetes

shows the least colony per plate and population per gram (5 and 2.9×106)

In vitro inhibition of P. aphanidermatum by antagonists

Among the fungal bio-control agents tested (Table 2) against P. aphanidermatum revealed that T.

viride exhibited maximum inhibition (53.33 per cent) followed by T. harzianum (51.11 per cent) and A.

terreus (25.55 per cent). The least inhibition of growth was observed in A. flavus (16.66 per cent).

With regard to bacterial antagonist, P.fluorescens exhibiting the maximum inhibition (76.66 per

cent) of test pathogen. Whereas, the least inhibition was observed withB.subtilis (73.33 per cent) (Table 3).

Effect of cell free culture filtrate of antagonist on growth of P.aphanidermatum

The culture filtrates of various fungal bio-control agents were tested for their antifungal properties

against P.aphanidermatum are presented in table 4.The culture filtrates of T.viride and T.harzianum showed

the maximum inhibition against P.aphanidermatum to a tune of (68.88 per cent) and T.harzianum (60.00

per cent) and the least inhibition of growth by pathogen was observed in A.flavus (28.88 per cent).

Discussion

The quantitative estimation of soil microbes revealed more fungal population followed by bacterial

and actinomycetes population. These results are in conformity with the findings of Shanmugam and

Sukumara Varma (1999).

In vitro inhibition of P. aphanidermatum by fungal antagonists.

The linear growth of P. aphanidermatum was highly suppressed by the growth of T. viride followed

by T.harzianum and A.terreus. The zone of growth inhibition at the initial stages of observation indicated

the production of some antibiotic substances produced by Trichoderma spp.

Several reports are available about inhibition of growth of fungal pathogen in vitro by Trichoderma

spp. They produced antibiotic like substances viz., viridin, gliotoxin and trichodermin. Also, the works done

by Kanapathipillai et al. (1998), Deccal and Melgarejo(1994) lends support to the present findings.



In vitro inhibition of P. aphanidermatum by bacterial antagonists

The radial growth of P. aphanidermatum was highly suppressed by the growth of P. fluorescens

followed by B.subtilis. The efficiency of bacterial antagonists was more towards test pathogen. Wolk and

Sarkar (1995) reported that the efficiency of P. fluorescens was higher against P. aphanidermatum.

However the antagonistic evidence of B. subtilis were obtained by earlier workers against P.ultimum

(Sadlers, 1996).

Effect of cell free culture filtrate of antagonists on the growth of P.aphanidermatum

In the present study, the culture filtrates of various bio-control agents especially T.viride exhibited

more inhibitive action against P.aphanidermatum followed by T.harzianum and A.terreus respectively. The

inhibitory effect of culture filtrate of Trichoderma spp may be due to the presence of some antifungal

compounds in the culture filtrates. The differences in the inhibitory effect of Trichoderma spp may be due

to the qualitative and quantitative antifungal principles present in them.

Several reports are available which supports our findings. Ghisalberti and Sivasithamparam (1991)

gave a detailed account about antifungal antibiotics produced by Trichoderma spp,Trichoderma spp

secretes lytic extra cellular β- 1,3 glucanase and Chitinase in the soil and medium. They cause lysis of the

cell wall of the pathogens, which might also be a reason for the growth inhibition in the presence of

antagonists (Chet and Baker, 1981). Karpagavalli and Ramabadran (2003) reported that the antifungal

substance of T.viride and T.harzianum was most effective against P.aphanidermatum. Kavitha et al. (2003)

reported that Trichoderma spp produces antibiotic 2, 4 DAPG which inhibits the mycelial growth of

P.aphanidermatum. The suppressive effect of Trichoderma spp against P.aphanidermatum observed in the

present study lends support to the phenomenon of antibiosis, mycoparasitism and lysis as reported by the

above mentioned workers.

Table 1. Quantitative estimation of rhizosphere microflora (Serial dilution plate method)

Sl. No Organisms Dilutions No. of colonies / plate Population / g. of soil

1 Actinomycetes 10-6 5 2.9 × 106

2 Bacteria 10-5 7 4.03 × 105

3 Fungi 10-4 13 11.05 × 104

Table 2. In vitro inhibition of P.aphanidermatum by fungal antagonists (Dual culture method)

Sl.No Isolates Radial growth (mm) Per cent inhibition

1 T.viride 42 53.33

2 T.harzianum 44 51.11

3 A.flavus 75 16.66

4 A.terreus 67 25.55

5 Control 90 -

SE

CD (p=0.05)

0.5163

1.4677



Table 3. In vitro inhibition of P.aphanidermatum by bacterial antagonists (By Pour plate method)

Sl.No Antagonists Radial growth (mm) Per cent inhibition

1 B.subtillis 24 73.33

2 P.fluorescens 21 76.66

3 Control 90 -

SE

CD (p=0.05)

0.6667

1.8950

Table 4. Effect of cell free culture filtrate of antagonists on growth of P.aphanidermatum

(Poisoned food technique)

Sl.No Antagonists Radial growth (mm) Per cent inhibition

1 T.viride 28 68.88

2 T.harzianum 36 60.00

3 A.flavus 64 28.88

4 A.terreus 55 38.88

5 Control 90 -

SE

CD (p=0.05)

0.6324

1.7977

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Ann. Rev. Phytopathol.10: 349-374.

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Pl. Pathol. 44: 909-917.

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sugarbeet and radish. J. Agric. Res. 4:279-392.

Ghilsalberti, B.L. and Sivasithambaram, K. (1991). Antifungal antibiotics produced by Trichoderma spp.

Soil Biol. Biochem.28: 1011-1020.

Jeyalakshmi, C., Madhiazhgan, K. and Rettinassbabady, C. (2005). Indentifying native bacterial

antagonist from the paddy ecosystem of Karaikal, U.T. of Pondichery. National Seminar on

ETPPSR held on March 7-8 at A.U., Chidambaram, India.

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ICAST22

In vitro anticancer potential of green-synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles from

leaves of Epipremnum aureum

Sharmila D1, L. Jeyanthi Rebecca2, K. S. N. Hridayanka3, Mudiganti Ram Krishna Rao4

1 Assistant Professor, Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and

Research, Chennai.

2Professor and Head, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Bharath Institute of Higher Education

and Research, Chennai.

3Student, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research,

Chennai

4Professor, Department of Industrial Biotechnology, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research,

Chennai .

Abstract

In the present study green synthesized nanoparticles of Zinc oxide with leaves of Epipremnum aureum has

been tested against PA-1 cell line (Ovarian Cancer) and the IC50 value was found. The Zinc oxide

nanoparticles were prepared from the leaves of Epipremnum aureum, commonly called money plant by

standard procedures. The anticancer study was conducted by MTT assay and the cytotoxic effect was

compared with standard Cisplatin. It was observed that the IC50 values for Cisplatin treatment was 2.728

whereas that of ZnO nanoparticles of E. aureum was 16.487. Thus it is clear that E. aureum does have

good cytotoxic effects on PA-1 cancer cell lines. It could give even better results if the concentrations of

treatment in increased towards which studies are on.

Key words

Epipremnum aureum, Zinc Oxide, Nanoparticles, MTT assay, Cytotoxic, Cisplatin



ICAST23

DETECTION OF GLAUCOMA USING DEEP LEARNING

M. BALAKARTHIKA [1], Dr. V. Vallinayagi [2]

Department Of Computer Science Sri Sarada College For Women

[email protected]

Abstract:

Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve, the health of which is vital for good

vision. This damage is often caused by an abnormally high pressure in eye. Glaucoma is one of the leading

causes of blindness for people over the age of 60. Glaucoma is the result of damage to the optic nerve.

As this nerve gradually deteriorates, blind spots develop in your visual field. We present an automatic

two- stage glaucoma screening system to reduce the workload of ophthalmologists. The system first

segmented the optic disc region using a DeepLabv3+ architecture but substituted the encoder module

with multiple deep convolutional neural networks. Convolution neural networks (CNN’s) are well suited

to resolve this class of problems as they can infer hierarchical information from the image which helps

them to distinguish between glaucomic and non-glaucomic image patterns for diagnostic decisions. This

paper presents an Artificially Intelligent glaucoma expert system based on segmentation of optic disc

and optic cup. A Deep Learning architecture is developed with CNN working at its core for automating

the detection of glaucoma. The proposed system uses two neural networks working in conjunction to

segment optic cup and disc. High-Resolution Fundus (HRF) Image Database is used for this work.

Keywords: Glaucoma – ophthalmologists – convolution neural network – deep learning – optic cup –

optic disc – high resolution image.

Reference:

1. Gupta, N.; Aung, T.; Congdon, N.; Lerner, F.; Dada, T.; Olawoye, S.; Resniko_, S.; Wang, N.; Wormald,

R. International Council of Ophthalmology Guidelines for Glaucoma Eye Care; International Council of

Ophthalmology: San Francisco, CA, USA, 2016.

2. Orlando, J.I.; Fu, H.; Breda, J.B.; van Keer, K.; Bathula, D.R.; Diaz-Pinto, A.; Fang, R.; Heng, P.A.;

Kim, J.; Lee, J.; et al. REFUGE Challenge: A unified framework for evaluating automated methods for

glaucoma assessment from fundus photographs. Med Image Anal. 2020, 59, 101570




ICAST24

COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT COOKING METHODS ON THE POLYPHENOL

CONTENT, ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTIDIABETIC ACTIVITY OF DIFFERENT

VARIETIES OF RICE AND MILLET

Ayesha Noor*, Kaukab Razi, Ritee Basu, Sukanya Dasgupta, Spoorthy N Babu, S. Govindarajan

Centre for Bio Separation Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore- 632 014, Tamil

Nadu, India.

* [email protected]

Abstract

Rice and Millets represents the main source of calorie intake in many parts of the world and about 60% of

the world population include these in their staple diet. Many health-promoting properties have been

associated to the consumption of wholegrain rice and millets. There is limited information on their

polyphenolic content in Rice & Millets before & after processing. Due to this reason, great attention has

been paid by the scientific community towards the identification and the quantification of bioactive

compounds present in them for their extraction along with the analytical approaches adopted for the

separation, identification and quantification of phenolic acids, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and antioxidants.

The main objective of this study was to focus on the evaluation of the effect of different cooking methods

(steaming, boiling and microwave) on six varieties of rice and millets and gather information related to our

health aspects as both are being consumed most. The polyphenols present in the rice and millets samples

were identified by HPLC. Various antioxidant assays were performed to evaluate the antioxidant potential

of rice and millet extracts. In addition, anti-diabetic activities were also performed. Among all the cooking

methods, steaming method proved to be better compared to boiling and microwave that preserved the

bioactive phytochemicals of rice and millets. The results also provide information that the consumption of

red rice and finger millet cooked by steaming ensures its highest nutritional quality. Therefore, the

appropriate cooking procedure of cereals is crucial for preservation of bioactive compounds.

Key Words: Polyphenol, Cooking Methods, Cereals, antioxidant, antidiabetic

1. Introduction

Rice and millets are the most commonly consumed food items in India. Consumption of grains aids in

lowering heart diseases, ischaemic strokes, metabolic syndrome, gastrointestinal cancers and also, type 2

diabetes(Fardet, 2010) In addition, whole grains contain many health-promoting components like vitamins,

minerals and phytochemicals which includes phenolic compounds(Kolahdouzan et al., 2013). Compounds

like phytic acid, tannins and phenols are present in millets and rice which are responsible for antioxidant

activity. These constituents play an important role in health, ageing and metabolic diseases(Seal,

2006)(Belobrajdic and Bird, 2013). Rice contains carbohydrates mainly starch, high quality proteins,

minerals, vitamins and traces of fat(Suman and Boora, 2015). Millets contain approximately fifty phenolic

compounds such as flavonols, phenolic acids and their derivatives, flavones that show a high antioxidant

activity(Pradeep and Sreerama, 2015)(Azad et al., 2019). Processing of food induces several biological,

physical and chemical modifications, resulting in sensory, nutritional and textural changes. Cooking




increases food safety, and enhances its digestibility (Dewanto et al., 2002). Additionally, it involves in the

formation of desired compounds like antioxidants, flavored compounds increasing the bioavailability of

nutrients by inactivating the anti-nutritional factors, growth inhibitors and hemagglutinins (Fabbri and

Crosby, 2016). To enhance the bioactive constituents’ profiles, few food processing methods like boiling,

steaming, microwave are used. There is limited information on their polyphenolic content in Rice & Millets

before & after processing. Due to this reason, much consideration has been given for the best cooking

method among steaming, boiling and microwave that ensures the highest nutritional qualities present in the

cooked and uncooked rice and millet samples(Thuengtung, Matsushita and Ogawa, 2019). The aim of the

study was to focus on the evaluation of the effect of different cooking methods on six varieties of rice and

millets and gather information related to our health aspects as both are most consumed grains.(Fracassetti

et al., 2020)

2. Materials and methods

2.1 Chemicals

All the chemicals are of analytical grade and being purchased from Sigma Aldrich and SRL, India.

Preparation of sample

Six different varieties of rice and millets were purchased from local market, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India. The

rice and millets samples were homogenized and kept for shaking with water and 70% ethanol for 24hrs.

The solution was centrifuged at 8000rpm for 20min and supernatant was taken up for preliminary analysis.

Processing of sample

The rice and millet samples were boiled for 30 minutes, steamed for 30 minutes and microwaved for 15

minutes. They were then centrifuged at 8000rpm for 20 min. The supernatant was collected and

lyophilized. The lyophilized samples were extracted with 70% ethanol and taken up for further

analysis(Khatoon and Prakash, 2006).

Phytochemical analysis for the uncooked and cooked samples

Determination of total polyphenols, total flavonoids, and total antioxidant

Total phenolic content was measured according to the Folin-Ciocalteu reaction using Gallic acid as

standard compound and absorbance was measured at 725nm(14).

The determination of total flavonoids was performed by the aluminium trichloride method using Quercetin

as the standard compound and absorbance was measured at 415nm(Patel, Patel and Patel, 2010; Babu

et al., 2019).

The total antioxidant activity was evaluated using phosphomolybdenum method, where ascorbic acid was

taken as the standard compound and absorbance was measured at 695 nm(Babu et al., 2019).

Identification of polyphenols BY RP-HPLC

The reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography was performed with the binary system using

the HPLC water pump 1525 binary pump system using water C18 column and UV detector having a

wavelength of 290 nm using gradient elution with 0.1% Acetic acid in water (solvent A) and 100%

Acetonitrile (solvent B)(Babu et al., 2019).

In vitro antioxidant assays of cooked and uncooked rice and millet samples

The antioxidant activity of the uncooked and cooked samples were determined by their ability to scavenge

the radicals DPPH, ABTS , H2O2 and through metal chelating activity (Babu et al., 2019). Ascordng acid

was taken as the standard reference compunds for all the assays.

The percentage of free radical scavenging activity and metal chelating activity was calculated as follows

Radical scavenging (%) = (Acontrol− Asample/ Acontrol) ×100, Where, Asample is the absorbance in the presence

of test sample and Acontrol is the absorbance of control.



In-vitro antidiabetic assays of cooked and uncooked rice and millet samples

The α-amylase inhibitory activity and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity for the rice and millets extracts were

evaluated according to the protocol of Babu et al, 2019 (Babu et al., 2019). Acarbose and voglibose was

used as standard for α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity respectively.The inhibition percentage

were calculated by using a formula given:

% inhibtion (%) = (Acontrol− Asample/ Acontrol) ×100

Where, Asample is the absorbance in the presence of test sample and Acontrol is the absorbance of control.

Statistical analysis

All the assays and experiments performed in this study were statistically analysed by Two-way ANOVA. All

the experiments and assays were performed in triplicates. The results expressed as mean± SD followed

by Fisher’s multiple comparison method using Graph Pad Prism 6. The differences between sample were

measured significant at p ≤ 0.05 to identify the differences in the cooked and uncooked extracts of samples.

Results

Phytochemical analysis of Uncooked and Cooked extracts of Rice and Millet varieties

Phytochemical analysis was done for all the uncooked extracts of rice and millet varieties with two different

solvents that are water and 70% ethanol. From Figure 1a & 1b, it is observed that the ethanol extract of

red rice and finger millet is significant compared to all other extracts of rice & millets showing highest total

polyphenol, total flavonoid and total antioxidant content of 48.3 mg/g, 11.2mg/g, 24.8mg/g and 149.2 mg/g,

82.1mg/g and 42.09mg/g respectively. The ethanolic extracts of the both the samples showed better

antioxidant activities than the other extracts of the plant because the polyphenols are better solubilized and

extracted in polar solvents.

Figure 1(a) Phytochemical analysis of Uncooked extracts (water and ethanol) of Rice varieties (b)

Phytochemical analysis of uncooked extracts (water and ethanol) of millet varieties

Based upon these results the samples were taken for further processing. It is observed that among the

cooked extracts (steaming, boiling and microwave) of rice and millet varieties, the polyphenol content

significantly decreased after cooking when compared to uncooked extracts (Figure: 2a, 2b) The total

polyphenolic and flavonoid content of rice and millets decreased drastically which is comparable with the



study of Hiemori et al. (Hiemori, Koh and Mitchell, 2009). It was reported that the thermal processing cause

significant destruction of phenolics which was attributed to their decomposition or degradation into other

products as well as vaporization during cooking. The effect of the cooking on the rice samples by microwave

method resulted in a steep decrease in the polyphenol content.

Figure 2 (a) Phytochemical analysis of cooked rice samples (steaming, boiling, microwave) (b)

Phytochemical analysis of cooked millet samples (steaming, boiling, microwave)

Identification of polyphenols present in cooked and uncooked samples

The retention time of known standards in RP-HPLC were matched with the retention time of the compounds

present in cooked and uncooked red rice and finger millet and were identified. Compounds such as Ascorbic

acid, Gallic acid, catechin, Naringin (flavanone), Taxifolin (flavanols), Myercetin (flavonoid), Pellargodin

chloride (anthocyanidin), Quercetin (flavonoid), were found to be present in the uncooked red rice extract.

Whereas, Ascorbic acid, Gallic acid, Taxifolin (flavanols), Myecetin (flavonoid), Pellargodin chloride

(anthocyanidin), Quercetin (flavonoid), were found to be present in the uncooked finger millet

extract(Vichapong et al., 2010; Babu et al., 2019). In the cooked red rice and finger millet extract, ascorbic

acid was found to be absent. Gallic Acid, Naringin, Taxifolin, Pellargodin Chloride, Myrcetin, Luteolin and

Quercetin were compounds found in both rice and millet cooked samples.



Table 1 Polyphenold identified through RP-HPLC

In vitro antioxidant property of Uncooked and Cooked extracts of Rice and Millet varieties

It wa observed that the inhibition of radical scaveinging activity and metal chelating activity was higher in

ethnolic samples of uncooked rice and millet samples when compared to that of uncooed water

samples.Amongst the cooking methods, steaming method showed better inhibition of radical scavenging

and metal chelation in all the antioxidant assays. It was also observed that the red rice and finger millet had

better antioxidant potential inrespecive of the cooking method employed. (Bhalodia, Acharya and Shukla,

2011; Babu et al., 2019) (FIGURE 3 and 4) The results from these assays suggest that there is an

improvement in scavenging property in the rice and millet samples after various processing methods. These

may be due to the increased composition of polyphenols as observed in HPLC analysis. These polyphenols

may donate a hydrogen to a free radical and inhibits the scavenging process. These results are in

accordance with various reports which suggests that the presence of polyphenols may help in improved

anti-oxidant property(Da Rosa et al., 2014; Babu et al., 2019)

Standards RT(Min)

Uncooked

red rice

Steamed

Red rice

Uncooked

Finger millet

Steamed

Finger Millet

Ascorbic Acid 3.88 + - + -

Gallic Acid 4.76 + +++

+ ++

Catechin 7.67 - - + ++

Naringin 11.53 + ++ + ++

Taxifolin 11.91 + ++ + ++

Pellargodin

Chloride 12.48 +

++

+

++

Myrcetin 13.94 + ++ + ++

Luteolin 15.42 - ++ + +

Quercetin 16.69 + + + +

Naringinin 17.24 - - + +

Kaempferol 17.408 - - - -



Figure 3 (a)DPPH scavenging activity of cooked and uncooked Rice and Millet samples (b) ABTS

scavenging activity of cooked and uncooked Rice and Millet samples

Figure 4 (a) Metal chelating activity of cooked and uncooked Rice and Millet samples (b) Hyhdrogen

peroxide scavenging activity of cooked and uncooked Rice and Millet samples

In vitro antidiabetic property of Uncooked and Cooked extracts of Rice and Millet varieties

The anti-diabetic activity was checked by performing Alpha-amylase and Alpha-glucosidase inhibitory

activity. Ethanol samples of uncooked rice and millets showed better α-Amylase and α-glucosidase activity

copared to that of water extracts.When comparing the cooking methods, it was observed that the steaming

methods was able to help in better inhibition of α-Amylase and α-glucosidase when compared to boiling an

microwave methods. Also, red rice and finger millet showed better inhibition of these enzymes in all the

three cooking methods.



Of the various available strategies to check the anti-diabetic activity, important one is reducing the

absorption of glucose in the gastrointestinal tract by inhibiting alpha glucosidase and alpha amylase enzyme

that are known for metabolizing carbohydrates. Amylases and glucosidases act by digesting

polysaccharides into monosaccharides thereby releasing glucose into blood stream which increases the

post-prandial glucose levels. Thus, inhibition of these enzymes can be targeted to slow down the absorption

of glucose.(Niaz, Khan and Shah, 2020). Red rice and finger millet can be used a supplement for diabetic

people as there is presence of different polyphenols that may act as alpha amylase and glucosidase

inhibitors(Babu et al., 2019).

Figure 5

(a) Alpha amylase inhibitory activity of Rice and Millet samples (b) Alpha glucosidase inhibitory activity of

Rice and Millet samples

Conclusion

We observed in this study that cooking methods alter phytochemical contents, antioxidant activity, and

antidiabetic activity of cereals. Red rice bran and finger millet contained the highest polyphenol constituents

and exhibited strong antioxidant and anti-diabetic activity. Hence it can be concluded that red rice bran and

finger millet appears to be a rich source of antioxidants and has potential application in the food industry.

All cooking methods resulted in the decrease of total polyphenols, total flavonoids and total antioxidant

activity. Among all the cooking methods, steaming method proved to be better compared to boiling and

microwave which can preserve the bioactive phytochemicals of rice and millets. These findings provide

important information to improve human health by encouraging the consumption of red rice bran and finger

millet and its use in food product development. However, further study is required to evaluate the effect of

cooking on bio accessibility in vivo.



References

Azad, M. O. K. et al. (2019) ‘Effect of different processing methods on the accumulation of the phenolic

compounds and antioxidant profile of broomcorn millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) flour’, Foods, 8(7), 1–13.

doi: 10.3390/foods8070230.

Babu, S. N. et al. (2019) ‘Evaluation of In vitro anti-diabetic and anti-oxidant activities and preliminary

phytochemical screening of gel, epidermis and flower extract of Aloe vera’, Research Journal of Pharmacy

and Technology, 12(4), 1761–1768. doi: 10.5958/0974-360X.2019.00295.6.

Belobrajdic, D. P. and Bird, A. R. (2013) ‘The potential role of phytochemicals in wholegrain cereals for the

prevention of type-2 diabetes’, Nutrition Journal, 12(1), 1. doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-12-62.

Bhalodia, N. R., Acharya, R. N. and Shukla, V. J. (2011) ‘Evaluation of in vitro Antioxidant Activity of

hydroalcoholic seed extratcs of Cassia fistula linn.’, Free Radicals and Antioxidants, 1(1), 68–76. doi:

10.5530/ax.2011.1.11.

Dewanto, V. et al. (2002) ‘Thermal processing enhances the nutritional value of tomatoes by increasing

total antioxidant activity’, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50(10), 3010–3014. doi:

10.1021/jf0115589.

Fabbri, A. D. T. and Crosby, G. A. (2016) ‘A review of the impact of preparation and cooking on the

nutritional quality of vegetables and legumes’, International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science, 3,

2–11. doi: 10.1016/j.ijgfs.2015.11.001.

Fardet, A. (2010) ‘New hypotheses for the health-protective mechanisms of whole-grain cereals: What is

beyond fibre?’, Nutrition Research Reviews, 23(1), 65–134. doi: 10.1017/S0954422410000041.

Fracassetti, D. et al. (2020) ‘Impact of cooking on bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of

pigmented rice cultivars’, Foods, 9(8), 1–12. doi: 10.3390/foods9080967.

Hiemori, M., Koh, E. and Mitchell, A. E. (2009) ‘Influence of cooking on anthocyanins in black rice (oryza

sativa L. japonica var. SBR)’, Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 57(5), 1908–1914. doi:

10.1021/jf803153z.

Khatoon, N. and Prakash, J. (2006) ‘Nutritional quality of microwave and pressure cooked rice (Oryza

sativa) varieties’, Food Science and Technology International, 12(4), 297–305. doi:

10.1177/1082013206068036.

Kolahdouzan, M. et al. (2013) ‘The association between dietary intake of white rice and central obesity in

obese adults’, ARYA Atherosclerosis, 9(2), 140–144.

Niaz, K., Khan, F. and Shah, M. A. (2020) ‘Analysis of carbohydrates (monosaccharides, polysaccharides)’,

Recent Advances in Natural Products Analysis, (March), 621–633. doi: 10.1016/b978-0-12-816455-

6.00018-4.

Patel, Avani, Patel, Amit and Patel, N. M. (2010) ‘Estimation of Flavonoid , Polyphenolic Content and In-

vitro Antioxidant Capacity of leaves of Tephrosia purpurea’, Internationa Journal of Pharma Sciences and

Research, 1(1), 66–77.

Pradeep, P. M. and Sreerama, Y. N. (2015) ‘Impact of processing on the phenolic profiles of small millets:

Evaluation of their antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory properties associated with hyperglycemia’, Food

Chemistry, 169, 455–463. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.08.010.

Da Rosa, C. G. et al. (2014) ‘Encapsulation of the phenolic compounds of the blackberry (Rubus

fruticosus)’, LWT - Food Science and Technology, 58(2), 527–533. doi: 10.1016/j.lwt.2014.03.042.



Seal, C. J. (2006) ‘Whole grains and CVD risk’, Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 65(1), 24–34. doi:

10.1079/pns2005482.

Suman and Boora, P. (2015) ‘ Effect of cooking methods on nutritional quality of rice ( Oryza sativa )

varieties ’, Asian Journal of Dairy and Food Research, 34(2), 136. doi: 10.5958/0976-0563.2015.00027.5.

Thuengtung, S., Matsushita, Y. and Ogawa, Y. (2019) ‘Comparison between microwave-cooking and

steam-cooking on starch properties and in vitro starch digestibility of cooked pigmented rice’, Journal of

Food Process Engineering, 42(6), 1–9. doi: 10.1111/jfpe.13150.

Thuengtung, S. and Ogawa, Y. (2020) ‘Comparative study of conventional steam cooking and microwave

cooking on cooked pigmented rice texture and their phenolic antioxidant’, Food Science and Nutrition, 8(2),

965–972. doi: 10.1002/fsn3.1377.

Vichapong, J. et al. (2010) ‘High performance liquid chromatographic analysis of phenolic compounds and

their antioxidant activities in rice varieties’, LWT - Food Science and Technology, 43(9), 1325–1330. doi:

10.1016/j.lwt.2010.05.007.



ICAST26

SENTIMENT ANALYSIS FOR DEPRESSION BASED ON SOCIAL MEDIA POST

S. Kavitha 1, Dr. V. Vallinayagi 2

1 Student, Master of Philosophy in Computer Science, Sri Sarada College for Women, Ariyakulam,

627011, TamilNadu, India.

2 Professor, Department of Computer Science, Sri Sarada College for Women, Ariyakulam, 627011,

TamilNadu, India.

[email protected]

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY:

Sentiment Analysis is also known as an opinion mining. It is used to review the sentence or data to identify

the emotion of the sentence by the use of the Natural Language Processing (NLP). Nowadays, people used

to show their opinions or emotions in the form of reviews on the web and it has been increasing day by day.

Modern society has made human life so full of activity, making it susceptible to mental disorders like

depression, nervousness etc. Depression can harm many aspects of human life. The detection and

avoidance of depression is so hard and has been the hottest topic of research since the precedent decade.

The Stresses, work plan and many other things affects the usual life and can reason depression.

Depression is considered as the mental cancer by the researchers. Some of the feelings that can happen

due to depression are loss of interest in Activities, Suicidal thoughts, feeling of insignificance or despair and

Worsened aptitude to imagine and concentrate. Sentiment Analysis deals with the manner of a writer with

high opinion to some topics or on the whole sentiment polarity of a text, such as positive or negative.

Sentiment Analysis works mainly on two issues sentiment polarity and sentiment score. Sentiment polarity

is defined as the binary value that is positive or negative. People are willing to share their views that give

them satisfaction and induce them to share their opinions through various social networking sites such as

Instagram, Twitter and etc. The assortative model focuses on social well being attributes (SWB) such as

age, sex, education, no of followers of twitter users to determine whether any kind of homophile exists

between them. The sentiment Polarity Classification is used for the process of reviewing. The main aspect

of the Sentiment Analysis is for classifying and identifying the polarity of the sentences in the web. The

Sentiment Analysis involves three phases for the classification of text that is Positive, Negative and Neutral.

The Sentiment Analysis is the text based analysis, so that it analyzes the better and worse data or review

in a sentence and it labels the data as positive and negative sentiment respectively. In this paper, one or

two techniques or methods are used for analyzing the polarity and finally the accuracy is calculated. This

word explains the basics of sentimental analysis, models of the sentimental analysis scores and the POS

tagging. A vast survey of literature from different sources has been performed. Python has been used to

implement this research realizing the need, features advantages and applications of it. A high-

end computer system was required to complete this work. The proposed system performs the process of

sentiment analysis on social media data. Its task is to predict whether a tweet contains positive, negative

or neutral sentiment about the data. This work follows the typical machine learning pipeline. First, the

required libraries and the dataset are imported. Then exploratory data analysis is done to see any trends

in the dataset could be found. Text processing is performed to renovate textual data to numeric data that

can be used by a machine learning algorithm. Finally, three machine learning algorithms are used to train

and test the sentiment analysis models and their performances are evaluated and compared.




Figure 1. Various sentiments and its score

Table 1. Usages of different parts of speech in %.

Key words: Natural Language Processing, sentimental polarity, Lexicon analysis

Part of speech PE,% NE,%

Nouns

Verbs

Pronouns

Adjectives

Articles

Adverbs

Conjunctions

19.37

22.05

13.50

6.75

7.85

13.65

3.65

25.16

20.25

10.00

7.82

8.85

12.10

2.95



REFERENCES:

1. A.K.Jose, N.Bhatia, and S.Krishna, Twitter Sentiment Analysis, National Institute of Technology,

Calicut, 2010.

2. M. Deshpande and V. Rao, “Depression detection using emotion artificial intelligence”, IEEE ICISS

Palladam, 2017, ISBN: 978-1-5386-1959-9

3. Chowdhury. G., ”Natural language processing”, Annual Review of Information Science and

Technology, 2003

4. Zi-qiang Wang, Xia Sun, De-xian Zhang, Xin Li, ”An Optimal SVM Based Text Classification

Algorithm”, International Conference on Machine Learning and

Cybernetics, 2006.

5. Xu, Shuo & Li, Yan & Zheng, Wang. (2017). Bayesian Multinomial Naïve Bayes Classifier to Text

Classification. 347-352. 10.1007/978-981-10-5041-1_57.



ICAST27

PHOTO-CATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF ORGANIC DYES BY USING SILICON

QUANTUM DOTS (SiQDs) SYNTHESISED FROM SAND

J KAVITHA 1, M. CHAMUNDEESWARI 1*,

Department of Biotechnology, 1. St.Joseph’s college of Engineering, Chennai - 600119

ABSTRACT

The Effluents released from Textile Industries contains toxic compounds which are carcinogenic in nature.

These untreated or partially degraded polluted Effluents are treated by various conventional techniques. Besides

there has been an outburst of attraction in the use of Nanoparticles(NPs) for Environmental Remediation, Bio-

imaging, Bio-sensing. Quantum dots (QDs) are one such popularly termed nanoparticles of size less than 10nm,

with the optical properties like absorbance, Photoluminescence and fluorescence emission due to Quantum

confinement effect. Silica nanoparticles have a potential photo-catalytic activity with a Absorbance. In this work,

silicon quantum dots (Si-QDs) are synthesized from the natural source of sand by leaching and Alkali fusion method

followed by its size reduction to quantum dots. The synthesized Si-QDs are characterized for its size by particle size

determination, FTIR, XRD, TEM and Fluorescence spectrophotometer for its fluorescence property. These silicon

quantum dots (Si-QDs) are capable of degrading organic dyes by the photo-catalytic activity under sunlight. Since

the Si-QDs can be synthesized from natural source by the simple method of leaching, it can be the replacable for

the pre-existing metallic quantum dots, which are costlier ethod of synthesis and toxic in nature.

Keywords – Dye Degradation, Textile effluents, Silicon Quantum dots, Photo-catalytic activity.



ICAST28

PREDICTION OF CARDIO VASCULAR DISEASE FROM RETINAL FUNDUS IMAGES USING IMAGE

PROCESSING AND MACHINE LEARNING ALGORITHMS

A. Ayirathal @ Aarthi1 , Dr. V. Vallinayagi 2

1Student, Master of Philosophy Computer Science and Sri Sarada College for women, Ariyakulam, 627

011, Tamil Nadu, India 2Professor, Department of Computer Science and Sri Sarada College for women, Ariyakulam, 627 011,

Tamil Nadu, India

[email protected]

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY:

The eyes used to decide the wellbeing of somebody. There are a couple of diseases in human, as vascular

disorders that leave clear markings inside the retina of characteristic eyes. The image of the retina will be

gotten almost with a camera. Consistently with electronic picture development there's lavishly top tier inside

the advancement of PC investigation of the retinal pictures were redone to recognize the results of illnesses

like cardiovascular infections in the human body. A retinal picture gives the information on going to occur

inside the body of a human. Essentially, the retinal vessel shows the state of the cardiovascular in the actual

body. Retinal pictures will offer the information concerning obsessive changes inside the actual body

caused because of the illness in the retina that uncovers cardiovascular sickness, turmoil, diabetes, and

stroke. PC supported framework investigated the picture of the retina for the symptomatic motivation behind

the disease. Computerization of retinal division that is troublesome because of that the retinal pictures are

loud, differentiation low, and accordingly the vessel breath frequently shifts from huge to little. By continuing

this venture, We intend to study and review the execution of programmed vessel division approach upheld

with the neural organization procedures to offer data in regards to vein and vein inside the human film. At

long last, cardiovascular infections and the elective sicknesses expected exploitation the particular method

of correlation of CENTRAL RETINAL EQUIVALENT OF VEIN and CENTRAL RETINAL EQUIVALENT

OF ARTERY estimations.

Figure 1: (A) colour retinal Image. (B) Blood Vessels segmentation



Figure 1: Exudates

Key words: Cardio Vascular Disease (CVD), Algorithm, Machine Learning (ML), Image Processing

REFERENCES :

[1] J.J. Staal, M.D. et al. "Ridge based vessel segmentation in color images of the retina", IEEE Transactions on

Medical Imaging, 2004, vol. 23, pp. 501-509.

[2].E. S. Gedraite and M. Hadad, "Investigation on the effect of a gaussian blur in image filtering and

segmentation," in ELMAR Proceedings, 2011.

[3].M. Nosrati, R. Karimi, "Detection of circular shapes from impulse noisy images using median and laplacian

filter and circular hough transform", Electrical Engineering Computing Science and Automatic Control (CCE) 2011

8th International Conference on, pp. 1-5, 2011.

[4].M. Abdullah, et al. "Localization and segmentation of optic disc in retinal images using circular Hough

transform and grow-cut algorithm", PeerJ, vol. 4, pp. e2003, May 2016.

[5] Poplin, Ryan, et al. "Prediction of cardiovascular risk factors from retinal fundus photographs via deep

learning." Nature Biomedical Engineering 2.3 (2018): 158-164.



ICAST29

CFD MODELLING OF PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE FUEL CELL

Arnab Kumar Roya * and B. Ashraf Alia

aDepartment of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal-575 025,

Karnataka, India

*E-mail: [email protected]

The Proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is an electrochemical device that can convert chemical

energy into electrical energy. Although having a compact size it can generate high power density hence

preferred for power generation. It has a low environmental impact as it runs on H2, there are no harmful

emissions, and the only by-product is water. In this work, the performance of a single channel PEMFC is

numerically investigated under isothermal conditions using CFD. The CFD simulations are performed using

commercial Ansys CFD software. The CFD predictions are in good agreement with available experimental

data and the maximum power generated from the cell is about 0.5 W/cm2 at a potential of 5.5 Volts as seen

in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Polarization curve of this work

The performance of the cell is first analysed by varying the pressure and it was found that the performance

of a fuel cell increases with an increase in pressure. Then the cell was operated under various relative

humidity and it was found that when the cell is operated at a relative humidity of 50-70% it performed

better. The predicted contours of mass fraction of H2O at the gas channel are analysed to identify the

optimum parameter for PEMFC. Following which the cell was run with various membrane thicknesses and

it was found that a decrease in membrane thickness helps improve the performance of the cell but it is a

square-off between performance and other operating parameters of the cell. PEMFC’s having thicker

membranes produce less power density and the optimum operating voltage is lower compared to PEMFC’s

having thinner membranes. Further obstacles are proposed and introduced in the flow channel and found

that it improves PEMFC performance significantly since it helps in better flow distribution of the gases in

the channels of the cell.

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2

Vo

ltag

e (

V)

Current Density (A/cm2)

Experimental work

This work



Keywords: Proton exchange membrane fuel cell, Computational fluid dynamics, Relative humidity,

Membrane thickness, Baffles.

References:

[1] Wang, L., Husar, A., Zhou, T. and Liu, H., 2003. A parametric study of PEM fuel cell

performances. International journal of hydrogen energy, 28(11), pp.1263-1272.

[2] Amadane, Y., Mounir, H. and Karim, E.M., 2018, December. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD)

investigation of two PEM fuel cells with straight single-channel (SC): SC-40mm and SC-50mm. In 2018

6th International Renewable and Sustainable Energy Conference (IRSEC) (pp. 1-6). IEEE.

[3] Lee, P.H. and Hwang, S.S., 2009. Performance characteristics of a PEM fuel cell with parallel flow

channels at different cathode relative humidity levels. Sensors, 9(11), pp.9104-9121.

[4] Jourdani, M., Mounir, H. and Marjani, E., 2017. Numerical simulation of the performance of proton

exchange membrane fuel cell with different membrane geometries. JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL

ENGINEERING AND SCIENCES, 11(3), pp.2941-2951.

[5] Heidary, H., Kermani, M.J. and Dabir, B., 2016. Influences of bipolar plate channel blockages on PEM

fuel cell performances. Energy Conversion and Management, 124, pp.51-60.



ICAST30

PERSPECTIVES OF BIOTRANSFORMING SOIL-LIKE MATERIAL (SLM) INTO

FERTILIZER VIA COMPOSTING METHOD: SUSTAINABLE APPROACH FOR

COMBATING ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION

TajSabreen B1* , Dr.R.Jayasree1

Rajalakshmi Engineering College (Autonomous), Thandalam, Chennai 602105

[email protected]

Pollution, a familiar health hazard caused by both human-made and natural sources, is a mixture

of solid and toxic particles in the environment when inhaled or ingested can be detrimental to

human health and the planet as a whole. River ecosystems and landfills are under pressure

because of several stressors among which inorganic pollutants are the top contributors. Soil-like

material constitutes 50% of the excavated materials from the dumpsite. The main source of this

SLM include poly aromatic hydro carbons (PAHs), Poly chlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs), and Heavy

metals etc are left untreated, which when percolated can affect the ground water table and can

cause deleterious health effects. In the present study an attempt was made to monitor these

PAHs, PCBs, HM in Soil-like material (SLM) from a landfill site Uttarakhand, Haldwani and to

convert this SLM to serve as a plant nutrient which should be in compliance with the standard

codes, by the end of the study Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus mannanilyticus are found

to degrade PAHs at a higher level, they were cultured individually and were added to the compost

and a overall 83% of degradation of PAHs was noticed.

Keywords: Soil-like materials, Polyaromatic hydrocarbons, Composting, Bioremediation

References:

1. Azim, K., Soudi, B., Boukhari, S., Perissol, C., Roussos, S., & Alami, I. T. (2018).

Composting parameters and compost quality: a literature review. Organic Agriculture,

8(2), 141-158.

2. Domenech, T., & Bahn-Walkowiak, B. (2019). Transition towards a resource efficient

circular economy in Europe: policy lessons from the EU and the member states.

Ecological Economics, 155, 7-19.

3. Melnyk, A., Dettlaff, A., Kuklińska, K., Namieśnik, J., & Wolska, L. (2015). Concentration and

sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in

surface soil near a municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill. Science of the Total Environment,

530, 18-27.

4. Somani, M., Datta, M., Ramana, G., & Sreekrishnan, T. (2019). Leachate characteristics

of aged soil-like material from MSW dumps: sustainability of landfill mining. Journal of

Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste, 23(4), 04019014.

5. Zhou, C., Xu, W., Gong, Z., Fang, W., & Cao, A. (2015). Characteristics and fertilizer

effects of soil‐like materials from landfill mining. CLEAN–Soil, Air, Water, 43(6), 940-947.




ICAST31

PRODUCTION OF A NOVEL BIOFERTILIZER FOR SALINITY STRESS IN PLANTS

Shivangi Agnihotri, Ashwini A. Waoo.

AKS University, SATNA, MP, India

Abstract

Biotic and Abiotic factors are environmental factors that play a vital role in plant growth and

productivity. Abiotic stress like drought, salinity environmental pollution has done major damage to the

productivity of crops. According to the study by the United Nations Environment Program approximately 20

% of agricultural land and 50 % of cropland in the world is under the salt-stress. Salinization of soil converts

agricultural land to barren land. There is an estimate that every year 1-2% decrease in agricultural land.

Salinity affects plant photosynthesis, protein synthesis, lipid metabolism. The growing population in the

whole world demands a simple lowcost method to reduce the effect of salinity on lands. The tremendous

use of chemical fertilizers has created environmental problems such as deterioration of soil quality and

surface as well as ground water quality. Reduced biodiversity and suppressed ecosystem function are side

effects of using chemical fertilizers. Thus, to overcome this ecological crisis, Microorganisms that allow

more increased nutrient availability in soil, can provide sustainable solutions for current and future

agricultural scenarios. Microorganisms that are native in saline soil are having the inherent properties such

as tolerance to saline conditions and beneficial interaction with the plants, by synthesis of compatible

solutes, production of plant growth-promoting hormones. These microorganisms improve plant growth

either by direct or indirect mechanisms such as solubilization of phosphate and production of ammonia,

which act as macronutrients, whereas bacterial chitinase, siderophores, HCN, etc. produced in the

rhizosphere can indirectly support the plant growth by suppressing hazardous effects of biotic stresses.

The isolation of novel microorganisms may provide an effective way to deal with the problem of salinity and

such organisms should be studied to understand the mechanism of action and also for biodiversity. This

competent microorganism can be converted to biofertilizers and the local farmers can be helped by

educating about this efficient environment safe biofertilizers

Keywords: Agriculture, Biofertilizer, Environment, Ecofriendly, Ecosystem, HCN, PGPR, Salinity,

Soil

INTRODUCTION

The today's world is facing global scarcity of water resources, environmental pollution and

increased salinization of soil and water. Increasing human population and reduction in land

available for cultivation are two threats for agricultural sustainability (Shahbaz and Ashraf,

2013).The environmental stresses like high winds, extreme temperatures, soil salinity, drought and

flood have severely affected the agricultural productivity ,and soil salinity is one of the most

devastating environmental stresses, which causes major reductions in cultivated land area, crop

productivity and quality (Yamaguchi and Blumwald, 2005; Shahbaz and Ashraf, 2013). A saline soil

is the one in which the electrical conductivity (EC) of the saturation extract (ECe) in the root zone

exceeds 4 dS m_1 (approximately 40 mM NaCl) at 25 ºC and has an exchangeable sodium of 15%.

The yield of most crop plants is reduced at this ECe, though many crops exhibit yield reduction at

lower ECes (Munns, 2005; Jamil et al., 2011). It has been estimated that more than 50% of the

arable land would be salinized by the year 2050 (Jamil et al., 2011).

Various environmental impacts associated with excess salt in soil include degradation of chemical

and physical properties of the soil, diminished groundwater quality, and impaired plant growth. This

results in substantial global agricultural and economic losses, sustenance issues for subsistence



farmers, and ecosystem imbalances (Qadir M, et al. The accumulation of salt often occurs in soils

due to crop irrigation, and thus this issue is created by human beings. (Qadir M, et.al).The water

used for irrigation tend to have high concentrations of calcium, magnesium, and sodium ions.

(Carillo P, et.al)

The use of this brackish water, without adequate drainage management, results in the

accumulation of salts in the rooting zone of plants due to evapotranspiration. (Qadir M, et.al.) The

Calcium and magnesium of water used tend to precipitate into carbonates, and sodium is left as

the most prevalent ion in the soil, and this negatively impacts plant growth and soil structure. Soil

salinization affects 20% of irrigated land worldwide, which equates to an area approximately the

size of France (62 million ha) (Ghassemi F, et.al)

In India, the area under salt-affected soils is about 6.73 million ha (Dagar 2005). While tracing out

the history of soil salinity, mentioned that the first complaint of soil salinity came in 1855 from village

Moonak in Haryana. Western Haryana and Uttar Pradesh lack fresh water availability. The rainfall

is scanty and the evapotranspiration is very high. The only source of water in these areas is highly

saline groundwater (or seawater in coastal areas). (Dagar, 2005).

Salinity has increased due to continued recirculation and reuse of marginal quality of water without

any disposal of saline water from outside system. .Kannauj, Auraiya, Raebareli, Unnao and

Manipuri are suffered by salinity in great degree (Priya 2015). The salinity and sodic surface are

mostly depending on irrigation water quality. Irrigation with alkaline water has caused to low fertility

capacity of top soil (Cauhan, Chauhan & Minhas, 2007). It was reported that middle area of Uttar

Pradesh in Gangetic plain is extremely affected by salinity and alkalinity. If we look according to

area (km2), then in year 2000, 5 districts are extremely affected; named Mainpuri, Kanpur, Unnao,

Raebareli and Pratapgarh. (priya 2015)

Problems of salinization

The plants growing in salt-affected soils exhibit two distinct phases- osmotic (water) stress and salt

stress- of growth inhibition (Munns, 1993). The osmotic stress, due to higher water potential in root

cells than surrounding soils, prevents water uptake by plant roots resulting in water deficit causing

many physiological and biochemical abnormalities that adversely affect plant growth (Hauser and

Horie, 2010).

The plants maintain higher cytosolic K+ /Na+ ratio via ion homeostasis but this ionic equilibrium is

disturbed in salinity. The similar radius of Na+ and K,makes transporting channels difficult to

distinguish between these two ions. Thus, K+ transporting channels exhibit excessive uptake of

toxic Na+ ions resulting in the disruption of normal cytosolic ionic balance which negatively affect

plant growth (Katiyar-Agarwal et al., 2005). The elevated Na+ concentrations prevent K+ absorption

and also adversely affect the activities of key enzymes involved in important metabolic processes

such as photosynthesis and protein synthesis (Hauser and Horie, 2010). The salinity affects water

and air movement, water holding capacity, plant root penetration, seedling emergence and tillage

operations (Murtaza et al., 2006).

The efficient resource management and crop/livestock improvement for evolving better breeds can

help to overcome salinity stress but these methods are costly. The rhizobacteria present in saline



soil directly or indirectly influence plant growth and development. The enhanced microbial biomass

and activities are important to ecosystem functioning and pollutant degradation and also improve

plant health as well as in contaminated environments (Neil; Wenzel 2009).

PGPR: Modes of action to improve Plant Growth

In developing countries, efficient and sustainable practices are needed to allow cost-efficient

production of adequate nutrition for the growing populations. To overcome the ecological problems

resulting from the loss of plant nutrients and to increase crop yields in the absence of resources for

obtaining costly fertilizers, microscopic organisms that allow more efficient nutrient use or increase

nutrient availability can provide sustainable solutions for present and future agricultural practices.

When microorganisms face high osmolality environment the water from their cell is drawn out which

reduces turgidity and causes dehydration of cell. Microbes have developed various adaptations to

counteract the outflow of water. The cells try to accumulate high salt to maintain ionic concentration

with surrounding. The first response to osmotic up shifts and the resulting efflux of cellular water is

uptake of K+ and also cells start to accumulate compatible solutes (Whatmore et al. 1990). The

combined application of salt tolerant microorganisms and organic amendment helps rice plants

alleviate salt stress and improves plant growth. (Amruta Bartakke Bhambure and Gopal Ramdas

Mahajan 2018 Paul and Nair (2008) reported that Pseudomonas fluorescence MSP-393, a PGPR

strain, as a means of salt tolerance, de novo-synthesized, the osmolytes, alanine, glycine, glutamic

acid, serine, threonine and aspartic acid in their cytosol. The several microrganisms like Rhizobium,

Bradyrhizobium, Azotobacter, Azospirillum, Pseudomonas, Bacillus, etc. have been isolated from

stressed environments like desert, acid soils, saline and alkaline areas (Selvakumar et al. 2009;

Upadhyay et al. 2009), and these are found to be involved in natural remediation of soil. Some

PGPR may exert a direct stimulation on plant growth and development by providing plants with

fixed nitrogen, phytohormones, iron that has been sequestered by bacterial siderophores, and

soluble phosphate and some by giving resistance to plants for several diseases. (Hyatt et al. 2010;

Rodriguez and Fraga (1999).

PGPR: A recent boon to sustaibable agricuture.

The PGPR strain, P. fluorescence IISR-6, significantly enhanced the root biomass of black pepper

vines. Rhizobacteria-mediated root proliferation has been well proved and it also works in stressed

soils (Diby et al. 2005). The root growth was enhanced by increasing root surface thus will absorb

more water and nutrients. (Diby et al. 2005; Paul and Sarma, 2006). The chlorophyll content in

maize was increased by inoculating Azotobacter strains, thus promoting plant growth. (Rojas-

Tapias et al. 2012) and the same observation was made in maize and canola. (Glick et al. 1998;

Nadeem et al. 2007).

The PGPR improves plant growth by secreting certain hormones like indole acetic acid, gibberellins

and other growth regulators and this will increase root length, root surface area and number of root

tips, leading to enhanced uptake of nutrients thereby improving plant health under stress conditions

(Egamberdieva and Kucharova 2009).

In plants grown under salt stress soils, 1-aminocyclopropane- 1-carboxylate (ACC) levels increase,

resulting in high ethylene concentration that ultimately increases plant damage (Botella et al. 2000).

Chemical inhibitors of ethylene synthesis, such as cobalt ions and amino ethoxyvinyle, glycine, are



often used to overcome the problems associated with salt stress. However, these chemicals are

not only expensive, but they have harmful effects on the environment (Dodd 2009). Rhizobacteria

have been reported to act as a sink for 1- aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (Saleem et al. 2007),

hydrolyzing it to ammonia and a-ketobutyrate and thereby lowering the level of ethylene in stressed

plants. In the presence of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase producing bacteria, plant

1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate is sequestered and degraded by bacterial cells to supply

nitrogen and energy (Mayak et al. 2004), facilitating plant growth under the salinity stress condition

(Nadeem et al. 2010; Siddikee et al. 2010).

The nutritional requirements of plants should be fulfilled as it is very important factor in combating

stress. The nutritional deficiency is caused by different factors like salinity competition in nutrient

uptake. This nutritional deficiency caused due to salinity in soil effect plant growth parameters.

Nitrogen, is present in many forms in plant in about 80 % of the total mineral nutrients absorbed by

plants, and inadequate nitrogen is often a growth-limiting nutritional stress (Marschner 1995).

In another study on costal saline soil, three microbes Pseudomonas multiresinivorans,

Microbacterium esteraromaticum, and Bacillus subtilis individually and their consortium with

farmyard manure (FYM) were compared against untreated control and FYM without the microbial

inoculantsIn another study on costal saline soil, three microbes Pseudomonas multiresinivorans,

Microbacterium esteraromaticum, and Bacillus subtilis individually and their consortium with

farmyard manure (FYM) were compared against untreated control and FYM without the microbial

inoculants. (Amruta Bartakke Bhambure and Gopal Ramdas Mahajan 2018). In another studySeed

dormancy enforced by salinity (100 mM NaCl) was substantially alleviated and the germination was

promoted by gibberellin, auxin, zeatin, from 54 to 97%. by innoculating strains Pseudomonas

aureantiaca TSAU22, Pseudomonas extremorientalis TSAU6 and Pseudomonas extremorientalis

TSAU20. (Dilfuza Egamberdieva 2009).

There is another study in Kutch region of Gujarat for the Isolation and characterization of halo

tolerant bacteria and its effects on wheat plant as PGPR. The bacteria isolated are showing positive

response for IAA significant role in phosphate solubilization, HCN production and nitrogen fixing

capacity (Marakana.et.al. 2018).

B. halotolerants strain FAB3 significantly declined various biochemical stress markers such as the

level of catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), superoxide dismutase SOD), proline and

malondialdehyde (MDA), and reduced salt stress to wheat. (Ahmad et.al.2018)

The study used osmoadaptive salt tolerant Azotobacter chroococcum and Azotobacter vinelandii,

isolated from salt-affected soils to tolerate salt and facilitate plant growth in saline soils. these salt

tolerant bacteria with wheat cultivation, improve crop productivity in saline (Allam 2018).

The growth enhancement of Chickpea in saline soils using Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria

was studied from the saline areas of Gujarat, India, that is, Bhavnagar and Khambat. These two

strains MSC1 and MSC4 were identified as Pseudomonas putida and Pseudomonas

pseudoalcaligens, respectively, according to sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene. (Patel.et.al

2012).

The study of PGPR ability to enhance growth of oats and barley in saline soil was studied in Canda.

Plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) strains that contain the enzyme 1-aminocyclopropane- 1-

carboxylate (ACC) deaminase can lower stress ethylene levels and improve plant growth. (Pearl

Chang).

Vigna radiate (mungbean) growth in the absence and presence of salt stress (9 dS m-1). The study

concluded that B. cereus promoted V. radiate plant growth even in the presence of salt



In a study in maize, it was found out that the PGPR strain Bacillus amyloliquefaciens SQR9 could

help maize plants to grow even in saline soil. (Chen et.al.2016).

Endophytic bacteria were isolated from date palm seedling roots, characterized, and tested for their

ability to help plants grow under saline conditions. (Mahmoud et al. 2015)

The research was conducted to study the effect of tomato and pepper inoculation with salt-tolerant

PGPR strains (Pseudomonas fluorescence, Bacillus pumilus, and Azospirillum lipoferum) for

tomato while, (Bacillus megaterium, Paenibacillus alvie, and Azospirillum lipoferum) for pepper in

combination with humic acid and organic manure (compost) the inoculation with PGPR increased

the content of oxidative enzymes such as nitrate reductase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase

and so improve plant defense against saline stress conditions (Hanfy et al.in 2012).

The Effect of biofilm-forming plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria on salinity tolerance in barley

was studied. Thus, we can conclude the bacterial activity of biofilm formation helps improve salt

stress tolerance of barley.

PGPR consortium with sugarcane husk and maize straw (biofertilizer formulation) increased 20-

30% plant growth chlorophyll, sugar, protein contents, antioxidants activities, and yield parameters

(Bano and Hassan 2016).

A field experiment was conducted during the Rabi season of 2010-2011 at Crop Research Centre

of S.V.P.U.A & T Meerut to study the impact of Bio-fertilizers with different NPK levels on growth

and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).( Singh, et al.2016)

PGPR: A competent biofertilizer

N is the most limiting nutrient to plant growth as the atmospheric N is not readily available for plant

uptake. Some bacteria are capable of N2 fixation from the atmospheric N pool and they are termed

as

The most exploited and known symbiotic N2-fixing bacteria are those belonging to the family

Rhizobiaceae (Rhizobia) and include the following genera: Rhizobium, Bradyrhizobium,

Sinorhizobium, Azorhizobium, Mesorhizobium, and Allorhizobium (Vance, 1998; Graham and

Vance, 2000)

Phosphorus is the second most limiting plant nutrient after N (Schachtman et al., 1998). Total P

content in soil is usually high, but most of this soil Phosphorus pool is not available in readily

available form for plant uptake. Bacteria that can mobilize P from unavailable soil pools and

increase P availability to plants are of great importance. Most predominant phosphorus-solubilizing

bacteria (PSB) belong to the genera Bacillus and Pseudomonas (Richardson, 2001).

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi can be used as biofertilizers. This inoculum can be applied as spores,

fragments of roots colonized by AM fungi, or a combination of the two and incorporated soil

mycelium. AM spores and hyphae can be isolated from the soil substrate and mixed with carrier

substrate. Commonly used carriers include pumice or clay, sand, perlite, vermiculite, soilrite, and

soil or glass pellets (Mallesha et al., 1992; Redecker et al., 1995; Gaur and Adholeya, 2000).

The microorganisms identified can be used to increase the yield of crops in salt affected area. The

microbial strains converted to bio fertilizers will be ecofriendly and healthy and safe alternative to

the present chemical fertilizers. It will help to convert barren land to fertile and will help to lessen

the use of chemical fertilizers and thus will further help to save the environment

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/action/doSearch?ContribAuthorStored=Chen%2C+Lin



CONCLUSION

The saline soil has affected the crop productivity to a large extent. Thus, it has became a global

issue that is needed to be addressed. Salinity is one of the key factors which hinders the growth

and productivity of crop, thus there is need to develop simple and low-cost biological methods for

salinity stress management, which can be used on short term basis.

Microorganisms found on saline soil those having properties such as tolerance to saline conditions,

genetic diversity, synthesis of compatible solutes, production of plant growth promoting hormones,

and their interaction with crop plants. These PGP can be by inoculated with the desired crop and

seedlings. These microorganisms improve plant growth either by direct or indirect mechanisms.

Such as solubilization of phosphate and production of ammonia, which act as macronutrients,

whereas bacterial chitinase, siderophores, HCN etc. produced in the rhizosphere can indirectly

support the plant growth by suppressing hazardous effects of biotic stresses. The isolation of novel

microorganism may provide an effective way to deal with the problem of salinity and such

organisms should be studied to understand the mechanism of action and also for the purpose of

biodiversity. This competent microorganism can be converted to biofertilizers and the local farmers

can be helped by educating about these efficient environment safe biofertilizers.

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Tapias, D.R., Bonilla, R., Galván, A.M., Pardo-Díaz S., Obando, M., Rivera D., & Bonilla, R. (2012).

Effect of inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) on amelioration of saline stress

in maize (Zea mays). Applied Soil Ecology 61, (264– 272).

Vance C.P. (2001). Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation and Phosphorus Acquistion.Plant Nutrition in a

World of Declining Renewable Resources. Update on the State of Nitrogen and Phosphorus

Nutrition

Thomas L., Singh I. (2019). Microbial Biofertilizers: Types and Applications. Biofertilizers for

Sustainable and Environment (pp 1-19)

Whatmore, A., Chudek, J.A., & Reed R. (1990). The effects of osmotic up shock on the intracellular

solute pools of bacillus subtilis. Journal of general microbiology ,136, (2527-2535).

Yu X, Bernard R., Greenberg, B.M., Gerwing, X.D., & Perry, D. (2014). Plant growth-promoting

bacteria facilitate the growth of barley and oats in salt-impacted soil implications for

phytoremediation of saline soils. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 16:(1133–1147).

Zahran, H.H. (1999). Rhizobium-Legume Symbiosis and Nitrogen Fixation under Severe

Conditions and in an Arid Climate. Microbiology and molecular biology reviews, Vol. 63, No. 4., p.

(968–989).

https://www.researchgate.net/journal/1431-0651_Extremophiles



ICAST32

STUDY OF MULTI-DRUG RESISTANCE OF UROPATHOGEN FOUND IN DIABETIC

AND NON-DIABETIC PATIENTS IN NASHIK

Jayashree Pagar1, Dr Venkat Hamde.2

1. Department of Microbiology, Yogeshwari Mahavidyalaya, Ambajogai,431 517 M.S. India.

Email id: [email protected]

2. Department of Microbiology, Yogeshwari Mahavidyalaya Ambajogai,431 517 M.S. India.

Email id:[email protected]

Introduction

Urinary Tract Infection is the second most common infection seen worldwide in all age groups and both

sexes. (Kunin, 1994; Raju and Tiwari, 2004),A patient with diabetes mellitus suffers from UTI more

frequently. In diabetic patients, UTI complications are seen with increased severity. Though there is a wide

variety of antibiotics present due to widespread use and misuse of antibiotics(Tambekar et al. 2006),

bacteria are constantly exposed to these drugs and develop resistance towards these antibiotics; the

resistance towards antimicrobial agents is the major problem observed.

Material Methods :

• Mead-stream urine samples from 126 Diabetic and 214 non-diabetic patients with UTI symptoms

were collected in sterile containers. The uropathogens were isolated and identified up to the genus

level.

• The antibiotic sensitivity was carried out using CLSI guidelines.15 antibiotics commonly prescribed

by the physician and diabetologist in Nashik for UTI were used.

• The Multidrug resistance was noted down, and MARI of isolates as well as antibiotics was studied.

Result and Discussion :

• Among 140 diabetic patients, 86 were suffering from UTI (61.42 %), and among 214 non-diabetic

patients, 73 patients (36.5 %) were suffering from UTI.

• The isolated uropathogenes were E coli(50%), Klebsiella sp.(13.5 %), Pseudomonas sp(5.71 %).

Enterococcus sp.(9.28 %), Enterobacter sp.(4.28 %), Morganella morganni ( 0.71 %), Candia (7.85

%)and Streptococcus sp(2.14 %).

• 26 uropathogens (18.57 %) showed resistance to more than 11 antibiotics out of 15.

• MAR Index for isolates was ranging from 0.73 to 1.0. Uropathogen showed the highest resistance

to Ofloxacin, followed by Doxycycline (MARI=0.064), Imipenem(MARI= 0.064) and Cefixime (MARI

=0.061 ).




Conclusion: Prevalence of UTI is more in diabetic patients than non-diabetic patients; MDR found was

18.57 %. MARI of isolates was ranging from 0.73 -1.0

References :

1. Kunin CM., Urinary tract infections in females. Clin. Infect. Dis. 18: 1-12 (1994).

2. Raju CB and Tiwari SC,(2004): ‘Urinary tract infection- A suitable approach. Lecture notes.’ J Ind

Academy of Clinical Med,2 (4): 333-334.

3. Tambekar DH and Dhanorkar DV, (2005): ‘The prevalence and antibiogram of potential bacterial

pathogen in clinical specimens’. 46 th Annual conference of the association of microbiologist in India,

Osmania University Hyderabad, Dec.8-10

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1Ec

1

Ec2

Ec3

Ec4

Ec5

Ec6

Ec7

Ec8

Ec9

Kl1

Kl2

Kl3

Kl4

Kl5

Ps1

Ps2

Ps3

Eb1

Mo

rg

MARI Of Gm Negative isolate

00.20.40.60.8

1

MARI of Gm Positive Isolate



ICAST33

Isolation of Pathogens from Urinary Tract Infection in HIV Patient in Nashik

and Its correlation with White Blood Cell Count. Dhananjay Dabir1, Dr. Venkat Hamde2

Department Of Microbiology, Yogeshwari Mahavidyalaya, Ambajogai, 431 517. Maharashtra, India.

[email protected], [email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION :

The human immunodeficiency virus causes a spectrum of conditions is HIV and AIDS

(Sepkowitz KA. 2001). HIV-positive patients are liable to acquire opportunistic infections. Urinary

tract infection (UTI) is an important health problem that can affect HIV-positive individuals. UTI is

defined as the presence of a significant number of bacteria (greater than or equal to 105) in the

urine ( Netsanet Nigusse Tessema et al. 2020). The study includes infection prevalence and cause

of infection & correlation with White Blood Cell Count.

2. MATERIAL & METHOD :

▪ Morning midstream Urine sample is collected in a sterile container & also 2 ml. of blood

collected in EDTA tube from Known HIV-positive patients.

▪ We carried out urine culture and isolated organisms in pure culture. Identification and

antibiotic sensitivity test are performed by manual method.

▪ Parallelly A Complete blood count is done on a fully automated Blood Cell Counter.

3. RESULT & DISCUSSION :

Total 115 specimens were tested and noted the following result; 55 (47.82%) of them

shown bacterial growth while 58 (50.43%) no bacterial Growth, and 2 (1.74%) are yeast.

Organisms isolated are Enterococcus sp. in sixteen cases (29.09%), E. coli in twelve cases

(21.81 %), Klebsiella sp. twelve (21.81%) Staphylococcus sp. in six cases (10.90%)

Pseudomonas sp. in five cases (9.09%), Enterobacter spp. four (7.27%). Usually, the

predominance of E.coli is observed in Urinary tract infection (Magliano E), but here we

noticed the predominance of Enterococcus faecalis. A good sensitivity pattern observed in

all patient except one MDR

WBC count does not reflect any significant variation. Out of 55 patients 46 (83.63%) are

with normal count, 06 (10.90%) with high count & 03 (5.45%).Hematologic abnormalities are

common in HIV and involve all blood cell lineages. White blood cells are the initial infection

marker, Usually, they show an elevated count in many infections and also in UTI, But we do

not observe any alterations in WBC count in the studied patients





Chart 1. Showing percentage of isolates.

Chart 2. Showing WBC count in patients

4. CONCLUSION

Refereeing to the above observation we can say that there is a significant UTI observed in

HIV patients, but the WBC count did not show any rise and remains normal in most cases.

5. REFERENCES

1. Sepkowitz KA. "AIDS – the first 20 years". The New England Journal of medicine. 2001;

344(23):1764-doi: 10.1056/NEJM200106073442306. PMID 11396444

2. Tessema, N. N., Ali, M. M., & Zenebe, M. H. (2020). Bacterial associated urinary tract infection,

risk factors, and drug susceptibility profile among adult people living with HIV at Haswassa

University Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Hawassa, Southern Ethiopia. Scientific

Reports, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-67840-7.

3. Magliano E, Grazioli V, Deflorio L, Leuci AI, Mattina R, Romano P, et al. Gender and age-

dependent etiology of community-acquired urinary tract

Kew words: HIV, AIDS, Urinary Tract Infection, Opportunistic infection, White Blood Cells

Isolates in percentage

Enterococcus fecalis

E. coli

Klebsella

Staphylococcus

Pseudomonas

Enterobacter

Count In HIV patients with UTI

Normal Count High Count Low Count



ICAST34

Silver nanoparticles: Biogenic synthesis, parameters affecting size and their

function towards biomedical relevance

Priyanka yadav1, Dr.Surendra Nimesh2 ,Dr. Sreemoyee Chatterjee3 and Dr. Nidhi Gupta*

1. Research Scholar, IIS (Deemed to be University), Department of Biotechnology, Jaipur,

Rajasthan.

2. UGC Assistant Professor, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer.

3. Associate Professor, IIS (Deemed to be University), Department of Biotechnology, Jaipur,

Rajasthan.

4. * Senior Research Scientist, IIS (Deemed to be University), Jaipur, Rajasthan.

Silver nanoparticles which are synthesised from plants have enormous supremacy in the field of medicine.

They are known as key stone in biomedical field because of their unique properties that are different from

bulk and dissolved equivalents. Various literatures discussed three methods of synthesising nanoparticles:

physical, chemical and biological. So, in this review we discuss about biological method, also called green

synthesis, maximize utility of bacteria, fungi and plant extracts which have reducing assets. This method

has an edge over the former two methods because it doesn’t require an extra interference to prevent particle

aggregation due to various amino acids, proteins and secondary metabolites present in the process. Other

assistances include high yield, controlled particle size and shape, low cost, high stability of the particles,

better quality, higher water solubility , and that it is eco-friendly and pollution free. Green approach also

requires some parameters which are involved in synthesis of these particles and they are silver nitrate

concentration, extract to silver nitrate ratio, temperature, time, surfactant etc. which importantly influence

the eminence and amount of the produced nanoparticles and ultimately affect their properties. Various

metals, non-metals and their compounds have been used like gold, silver, copper, titanium, zinc, carbon,

metal oxides, etc. of which silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have shown some promising results in medical

utility. So, in the last part of review antibacterial, antibiofilm, antifungal, chronic wound healing and many

medicinal properties of these biogenic silver nanoparticles were discussed.

Keywords: silver nanoparticles, biological method, medicinal field



ICAST35

STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION AND DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF LEAD

ZIRCONATE TITANATE AT Zr-RICH SITE

Brijesh Kumar Singh1*, Pawan Kumar Ojha1, Shrawan Kumar Mishra1

1School of Materials Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University),

Varanasi, 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India

* [email protected]

Abstract

Lead zirconate titanate Pb(ZrxTi1-x)O3, known as PZT, is one of the most important material used as

piezoelectric materials. Although there were a lot of works done on PZT at morphotropic phase boundary

region, very few works were done at Zr-rich site. Structural and dielectric properties of Zr-rich Pb(ZrxTi1-x)O3

(x = 0.80, 0.85, 0.90) ceramics synthesized through conventional solid state reaction method were

investigated. Samples were calcined at 600 oC for 6 h followed by sintering at 900 oC at 12 h. The phase

analysis and crystallinity of prepared samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD). The crystal

structure of PZT having space group R3m is found to be Rhombohedral obtained below Curie temperature

which were decreased from 365 oC to 300 oC. The lattice parameters were increased with increasing Zr/Ti

ratio. For each sample Permittivity and dielectric loss were decreased with increasing frequency.

Key words: Lead Zirconate Titanate, Rhombohedral, Solid State Reaction Method, Curie Temperature

Introduction

Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) having large relative permittivity is one of the most widely used piezoelectric

ceramic materials [1] due to its chemical inertness, physical strength, and low manufacturer costs [2,3]. Each

unit cell of PZT having perovskite crystal structure (ABO3) consists of a small tetravalent metal ion of Pb at

A site in a lattice of large divalent metal ions of Zr and Ti at B site with chemical formula Pb(ZrxTi1-x)O3. PZT

exhibits higher sensitivity and higher operational temperature in comparison with barium titanate, a

piezoelectric material based on metal oxide. PZT shows piezolectric properties below Curie temperature.

Being ferroelectric at the room temperature, PZT possesses piezo and pyroelectric properties. PZT also

holds inverse piezoelectric effect. A high sintering temperature is normally employed for PZT ceramics to

produce highly dense ceramics to get good dielectric properties [4,5]. The solid solutions of PZT exhibit

greater piezoelectric effect which are widely used in actuators, transducers, resonators, and other sensor

devices [6]. In PZT major concern is of lead as lead oxide is a hazardous material and is a major ingredient

in PZT materials, therefore PZT is not used in its pure form [7-9]. Although there are so many works were

done on PZT at morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) having Zr/Ti ratio 52/48 [10-12], only few works were

done at Zr-rich site [13]. PZT ceramics are relatively difficult to synthesize by conventional methods for pure

perovskite form. Comparing to other conventional methods synthesis of PZT through solid state reaction

method is most promising and stable method [14].



Experimental

PZT samples were fabricated using solid state reaction method. Lead (II) carbonate (PbCO3, mw = 267.21

g/mol with minimum assay 98% by HPLC Laboratory Reagent), zirconium (IV) oxide (ZrO2 powder, 5 μm,

mw = 123.22 g/mol with minimum assay 99% metals basis by Sigma-Aldrich), and titanium (IV) oxide (TiO2,

mw = 79.866 g/mol with minimum assay 98% by HIMEDIA) were mixed in acetone with appropriate

proportion to their molecular weights according to the following chemical reaction (for x= 0.80, 0.85, and

0.90) through mortar and pestle.

PbCO3 + xZrO2 + (1-x)TiO2 = Pb(ZrxTi1-x)O3 + CO2

Making powder form after drying, the ceramic samples were calcined in air at 600 oC for 6 h with a heating

rate of 180 oC/h and cooling rate of 60-80 oC/h. Then the powder samples get into a pellet form (by adding

binder poly vinyl alcohol) with a diameter of 10 mm and thickness of 2 mm. The pelletized samples sintered

at a temperature of 900 oC for 12 h in the excess of their initial prepared sample powders with a heating

rate of 180 oC/h and cooling rate of 60-80 oC/h. Then each pellet of the three compositions was grinded

and annealed at a temperature of 500 oC for 4 h. Later, annealed samples were examined by X-ray

diffraction in order to make a correlation between them. These correlations would help us to understand

the crystallinity of PZT at Zr-rich site. Dielectric properties measurements were also done with temperature

variation.

Crystallography and Microstructure

The three compositions of PZT were characterized by X-ray diffraction (HyPix-3000 Hybrid Pixel Array

Detector with Cu-Kα radiation, λ = 1.54059 Å, Rigaku Smart Lab) at 40 kV and 40 mA to determine their

crystal structure and phase composition. Data for intensity were collected by step-counting method with

step size 0.02 and scan rate 0.5 o/s. All peaks were assigned to a phase of perovskite crystal structure [15].

Rietveld refinement [16] was done of XRD data for each sample with FullProf Suite software. The crystal

structure of PZT at Zr-rich site were found to be Rhombohedral below Curie temperature and having space

group R3m. The refined patterns for all compositions of PZT are appeared as in the Fig. 1 with reference

JCPDS card 89-1276. The lattice parameters and unit cell sizes were increased with increasing Zr-content

from 0.80 to 0.90 and shown in Table 1.

Dielectric Measurement

To study the dielectric behaviour over temperature and frequency, dielectric measurements were done with

NOVOCONTROL Aipha-A High Performance Modular Measurement System. Temperature dependencies

of real part of dielectric permittivity (ε‘) [17] and dielectric loss (tan δ) of PZT samples at different frequencies

were shown in Fig.2. Curie temperature were decreased with increasing Zr/Ti ratio and recorded as 365 oC, 330 oC, and 300 oC for Zr/Ti ratio 80/20, 85/15, and 90/10 respectively. At Curie temperature, dielectric

permittivity and dielectric loss were decreased for each sample with increasing frequency. Table 2. show

the variation of dielectric properties over frequency for each sample.

Conclusion

Crystal structure and dielectric properties were studied at Zr-rich site for the lead zirconate titanate ceramic

samples. The samples were synthesized through solid state reaction method. The prepared samples of

PZT (for x = 0.80, 0.85, and 0.90) ceramics studied by X-ray diffraction and the structural nature and the



presence of single and multiphase within the structure. Crystal structure were found to be Rhombohedral

with space group R3m. Lattice parameters and unit cell sizes were increased with increasing Zr/Ti ratio.

For each sample, dielectric permittivity and dielectric loss were measured and found decreasing with

increasing frequency over their Curie temperature.

Acknowledgement

The authors would like to thank Centre of Materials Science, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar

Pradesh, India to providing the facility for sample fabrication and NOVOCONTROL Alpha-A High

Performance Modular Measurement System and Raman Research Institute, Bengaluru, Karnataka to

providing the facility of X-ray diffraction. Prof. Ravindra Dhar (Co-ordinator, Centre of Materials Science,

University of Allahabad) and Late Dr. Ravindra Singh Solanki (Ex DST-INSPIRE faculty, Centre of Materials

Science, University of Allahabad) are acknowledged for valuable discussion and helpful input. This work

was partially supported by DST Nanomission program by project no. IIT(BHU)/R&D/SMST/18-19/09.



Figure 1. Refined graphs of XRD patterns for (a) Pb(Zr0.90Ti0.10)O3, (b) Pb(Zr0.85Ti0.15)O3, (c)

Pb(Zr0.80Ti0.20)O3 with (d) JCPDS-89-1276 for Pb(Zr0.796Ti0.204)O3



Figure 2. Behaviour of dielectric constant (ε‘) and dielectric loss (tan δ) over temperature for (a)

Pb(Zr0.90Ti0.10)O3, (b) Pb(Zr0.85Ti0.15)O3, (c) Pb(Zr0.80Ti0.20)O3

Table 1. Variations of lattice parameters against Zr/Ti ratio in PZT

Zr/Ti ratio a = b (in Å) C (in Å)

80/20 5.815464 14.344304

85/15 5.838343 14.391373

90/10 5.842078 14.405197

Table 2. Variation of dielectric properties of PZTs at their Curie temperatures over frequency

Zr/Ti ratio Frequency Permittivity’ Permittivity’’ tan δ

80/20

(Tc = 365 oC)

1 kHz

10 kHz

100 kHz

1000 kHz

809.364

703.791

836.345

815.364

17.6164

50.9067

21.6243

15.7240

0.14043

0.05241

0.02759

0.04327

85/15

(Tc = 330 oC)

1 kHz

10 kHz

100 kHz

1000 kHz

2312.19

2220.90

2178.70

1647.77

147.461

44.8545

20.6604

-5.9242

0.06378

0.02020

0.00948

-0.00360

90/10

(Tc = 300 oC)

1 kHz

10 kHz

100 kHz

1000 kHz

1149.10

1080.12

1020.25

932.86

69.8502

49.5435

35.7748

26.5736

0.06079

0.04587

0.03506

0.02849

References:

1. Ketsuwan, P. et al. (2009) “Effects of niobium doping on dielectric and ferroelectric properties of

chromium modified lead zirconate titanate ceramics,” Ferroelectrics, 380(1), pp. 183–189.

Available from: doi:10.1080/00150190902880365.



2. Singh, V. et al. (2006) “Effect of Lanthanum substitution on ferroelectric properties of Niobium

doped PZT ceramics,” Materials letters, 60(24), pp. 2964–2968. Available from: doi:

10.1016/j.matlet.2006.02.041.

3. Hammer, M. and Hoffmann, M. J. (1998) “Sintering model for mixed-oxide-derived lead zirconate

titanate ceramics,” Journal of the American Ceramic Society. American Ceramic Society, 81(12),

pp. 3277–3284. Available from: doi: 10.1111/j.1151-2916.1998.tb02768.x.

4. Chaisan, W. et al. (2005) “Dielectric properties of solid solutions in the lead zirconate titanate–

barium titanate system prepared by a modified mixed-oxide method,” Materials letters, 59(28), pp.

3732–3737. Available from: doi: 10.1016/j.matlet.2005.06.045.

5. Wongsaenmai, S. et al. (2006) “Improving ferroelectric properties of Pb(Zr0.44Ti0.56)O3 ceramics

by Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 addition,” Materials science & engineering. B, Solid-state materials for

advanced technology, 128(1–3), pp. 83–88. Available from: doi:10.1016/j.mseb.2005.11.014.

6. Chu, S.-Y. et al. (2004) “Doping effects of Nb additives on the piezoelectric and dielectric properties

of PZT ceramics and its application on SAW device,” Sensors and actuators. A, Physical, 113(2),

pp. 198–203. Available from: doi:10.1016/j.sna.2004.02.020.

7. Bobic, J. D., Vijatovic Petrovic, M. M. and Stojanovic, B. D. (2018) “Review of the most common

relaxor ferroelectrics and their applications,” in Magnetic, Ferroelectric, and Multiferroic Metal

Oxides. Elsevier, pp. 233–249. Available from: doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-811180-2.00011-6.

8. Haertling, G. H. (1999) “Ferroelectric ceramics: History and technology,” Journal of the American

Ceramic Society. American Ceramic Society, 82(4), pp. 797–818. Available from:

doi:10.1111/j.1151-2916.1999.tb01840.x.

9. Barr, J. A. et al. (2018) “High-throughput density functional calculations to optimize properties and

interfacial chemistry of piezoelectric materials,” Physical review materials, 2(2). Available from:

doi:10.1103/physrevmaterials.2.025002.

10. Rouquette, J. et al. (2002) “Transition to a cubic phase with symmetry-breaking disorder

inPbZr0.52Ti0.48O3at high pressure,” Physical review. B, Condensed matter, 65(21). Available

from: doi:10.1103/physrevb.65.214102.

11. Rouquette, J. et al. (2005) “Pressure-induced rotation of spontaneous polarization in monoclinic

and triclinicPbZr0.52Ti0.48O3,” Physical review. B, Condensed matter and materials physics,

71(2). Available from: doi:10.1103/physrevb.71.024112.

12. Schönau, K. A. et al. (2007) “Nanodomain structure ofPb[Zr1−xTix]O3at its morphotropic phase

boundary: Investigations from local to average structure,” Physical review. B, Condensed matter

and materials physics, 75(18). Available from: doi:10.1103/physrevb.75.184117.



13. Cordero, F. et al. (2016) “Piezoelectric softening in ferroelectrics: Ferroelectric versus

antiferroelectricPbZr1−xTixO3,” Physical review. B, 93(17). Available from:

doi:10.1103/physrevb.93.174111.

14. Zhang, N. et al. (2014) “The missing boundary in the phase diagram of PbZr(1-x)TixO₃,” Nature

communications, 5(1), p. 5231. Available from: doi:10.1038/ncomms6231.

15. Schultheiß, J., Roscow, J. I. and Koruza, J. (2019) “Orienting anisometric pores in ferroelectrics:

Piezoelectric property engineering through local electric field distributions,” Physical review

materials, 3(8). Available from: doi:10.1103/physrevmaterials.3.084408.

16. Hinterstein, M. et al. (2011) “Structural description of the macroscopic piezo- and ferroelectric

properties of lead zirconate titanate,” Physical review letters, 107(7), p. 077602. Available from:

doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.077602.

17. Bobnar, V. et al. (2011) “Influence of dc bias electric field on Vogel-Fulcher dynamics in relaxor

ferroelectrics,” Physical review. B, Condensed matter and materials physics, 83(13). Available

from: doi:10.1103/physrevb.83.132105.



ICAST36

ISOLATION AND MOLECULAR IDENTIFICATIONS OF PHOSPHATE SOLUBILIZING

BACTERIA FROM DIFFERENT CROPPINGS LANDS AND TEST FOR ITS PGPR

ABILITIES WITH POT EXPERIMENT.

Ashitha K Sanuj*,Vanitha .N,Nihamath .M

Department of Microbiology, Hindusthan College of Arts and Science Avinashi Road, Coimbatore-28,

India.

Calicut university, Department of Microbiology, EMEA college of Arts and Science, Kondotti-673638,

Kerala, India.

Correspondence: [email protected]

Phosphorous (P) is an essential macronutrient required for the proper growth and development of the

plants. The insoluble form of Phosphorus present in the soil is not readily accessed by the plants. A group

of microorganisms known as phosphate solubilizing microbes (PSMs), can hydrolyze phosphorus

compounds to a soluble form making it available for the plants. With the aim to obtain phosphate solubilizing

bacteria exhibiting plant growth promoting traits, the present study was undertaken bacteria isolated from

phosphate solubilizing rhizobacteria isolates obtained from rhizosphere of different crops were tested for

phosphate solubilizing index (PSI) and alkaline phosphatase activity. A total of 9 phosphate solubilizing

bacterial colonies were isolated on PKV agar medium,containing tricalcium phosphate (TCP). 6 isolates

from the rice rhizosphere (PSB R1 , R2 , R3 , R4 , R5 , R6) and 3 isolates from the rhizosphere of

banana(B1, B2, B3) showed clear zone. The maximum phosphate solubilization was noted in PSB R1,

R6,B1& B2 with PSI 4. The isolate with highest PSI were seen in PSB R1 which is used for further study

The concentration of soluble P released by PSB R1 is equal to 83.67µg/ml and the pH of the medium

dropped from 7 to 4.Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the strain was identified as Acinetobacter

baumannii. Its metabolic capabilities that may contribute to PGPR potentials were tested; and from pot

experiments, found that the bacteria considerably enhanced the seed germination rate of Pisum

sativum.Based on the PGPR capabilities, this bacteria is a potential candidate to be employed in agriculture

in phosphate limiting soils as a promising alternative to chemical fertilizers without risking environmental

safety.

References:

1.Azziz, G., Bajsa, N., Haghjou, T., Taulé, C., Valverde, Á., Igual, J.M. and Arias, A., 2012. Abundance,

diversity and prospecting of culturable phosphate solubilizing bacteria on soils under crop–pasture

rotations in a no-tillage regime in Uruguay. Applied Soil Ecology, 61, pp.320-326.

2.Alori, E.T., Glick, B.R. and Babalola, O.O., 2017. Microbial phosphorus solubilization and its potential

for use in sustainable agriculture. Frontiers in microbiology, 8, p.971.

3.Bhattacharyya, P. N., and Jha, D. K. (2012). Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR): emergence

in agriculture. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 28, 1327–1350

4.Falkowski, P.G., Fenchel, T. and Delong, E.F., 2008. The microbial engines that drive Earth's

biogeochemical cycles. science, 320(5879), pp.1034-1039.

5.Sharma, S., Kumar, V., & Tripathi, R. B. (2011). Isolation of phosphate solubilizing microorganism (PSMs)

from soil. Journal of microbiology and Biotechnology Research, 1(2), 90-95.



ICAST37

ANALYSIS OF GENOMIC INFORMATION- A WAY TO TRANSFORMATION

Dr. V. Vallinayagi2 and M.Vijayalakshmi1*

Department of Computer Science, Sri Sarada College for Woman (Autonomous), Tirunelveli-627 011,

Tamil Nadu, India

* [email protected]

Life’s [Human, animals, Plants, Microorganisms] hereditary information, which passes from parents to

siblings for leading their life is present in every single gene. A genome is a collection of all the genes in an

organism and has instruction for producing and nourishing life. Genomics is the discipline of understanding

the functionality of genome. Every organism has Unique structure of Genome. Gene mutations can increase

risk for disease. Genomic Sequencing can help to understand the entire functionality of whole sets of genes

in an organism. Any change in the functionality of a single gene will affect the entire body of the organism

as each and every gene are interrelated. Analysis of Genomic Information(Sequencing) can help to find the

influence of genetic factors in a disease (John Bell, 2004). Analysing Genome Sequencing for unique gene

variations with the huge amount of sequence data available in Human Genome Project can help the

stakeholders of health care system for the development of new treatment [Precision Medicine], new drugs

and new policies (Searls,2000). Gene annotation is also used to find functional variation in gene. In

Bioinformatics, analysis of Genomic information has the advantage of providing precise medical diagnosis

and management [Figure 1].

Figure 1. Major steps involved in analysis of Genomic information which provide Precision Medicine.

Table 1. Primary Nucleotide Databases

NucleotideSequence

Databases Information Search and Retrival System

GENBANK Entrez (molecular biology database system)

EMBL SRS (Sequence Retrival System) for flat file format.

DDBJ Getentry (flat file search system, by accession

numbers)



Genome databases store information about both coding and non-coding sequences. The advantages of

Analysing Primary Nucleotide Databases [Table 1] for research purpose, health and wellbeing, Disease

study, and Drug designing is a way to transformation.

Key words: Genomics, Genome Sequencing, Bioinformatics, Computational Genomics,

References:

John Bell, (2004) Predicting disease using genomics. Nature. 429: 453–456.

Searls, D.B., (2000) Bioinformatics tools for whole genomes. Annual Review of Genomics and Human

Genetics. vol. 1, pp. 251-279.



ICAST38

Intruder Alert System

M. Ramkumar

Department of Computer Science, Virudhunagar, India. 625701

ABSTRACT

Due to workload, people are spending more time away from their homes. For security purpose, the use of

CCTV cameras plays a major role in helping house owners and shop owners to protect their property and

find if any intruder gets into their property. We developing an intruder alert system with the integration of

motion detection and face recognition. The motion detection is responsible to detect the motion in a camera

view of field and estimate the motion level exceeds the threshold value which triggers the face recognition

module to capture an image and check with the database to distinguish the authorised person and intruder.

If an unauthorised person recognised and alert message sent to concerned owner.



ICAST39

CLASSIFICATION OF AMNIOTIC FLUID VOLUME DETECTION USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE

TECHNIQUES

R.RAMYA1, K.SRINIVASAN 1, J.VISHNU 2, M.SIVANANDHAN AND SIDHARTH G1*

Department of EIE, Sri Ramarishna Engineering College, Coimbatore, 641022, Tamilnadu, India

* [email protected]

Perinatal mortality and morbidity cause abnormalities in amniotic fluid.Parameters that need to be

accessed include foetal growth and development. An image of the abdomen is taken using ultrasound

technology. It is segmented into four equal coordinates and the sum of these quadrants gives the Amniotic

Fluid Index (AFI).Every year, growth restriction is observed in 30 million infants and there is an association

between oligohydramnios (less amniotic fluid) and Intrauterine Growth Restriction with increased perinatal

mortality. For the purpose of classification Performance of Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference classifier is

applied. The project undertaken detects Amniotic Fluid Volume automatically along with semantic

segmentation of Fully Connected Convolution Neural Network for the implementation. The role of this

approach is to detect malformation during the second and third trimester of pregnancy. This approach is to

reduce the diagnosis time and the risk factors in previous stages of pregnancy using Machine learning and

deep learning techniques.

Figure 1. Model blocks of DNN

Table 1. Statistics of last three versions of BEST



Fetal Age Manual Measurement (cm) Proposed Method

(cm) Status

15 weeks 1.77 1.77 Normal

25 weeks 4.26 4.26 Polyhydramnios


17 weeks 0.94 0.94 Oligohydramnios


Key words: Deep learning, Convolution Neural Network, Amniotic Fluid Volume, Oligohydramnios.

References:

[1] Kenneth J Moise (2013), ‘Toward Consistent Terminology: Assessment and Reporting of Amniotic

Fluid Volume’, Seminars in Perinatology, Elsevier, pp. 370-374.

[2] Onwuzu S W I, Eze C U, Ugwu L C, Abonyi O E and Adejoh T (2016), ‘Ultrasound Biometry of

Normal Human Amniotic Fluid Index in a Nigerian Population’, Journal of Radiography, Elsevier,

Vol. 120, No. 3, pp. 1-7.

[3] Preethi G, Sornagopal V (2014), ‘MRI Image Classification Using GLCM Texture Features’,

International Conference on Green Computing Communication and Electrical Engineering,

Coimbatore, India, pp. 1-6.

[4] Chen Sagiv, Solange Akselrod and Ron Tepper (1999), ‘Application of a Semiautomatic Boundary

Detection Algorithm For The Assessment Of Amniotic Fluid Quantity From Ultrasound Images’,

Ultrasound in Medical and Biology, Elsevier, Vol. 25, No. 4, pp. 515–526.

[5] Sahin B, Alper T, Kokcu A, Malatyalioglu E and Kosif R (2003), ‘Estimation of the Amniotic Fluid

Volume using the Cavalieri Method on Ultrasound Images’, International Journal of Gynecology

and Obstetrics, Vol. 82, No. 4, pp. 25–30.

[6] Sridevi S and Nirmala S (2015), ‘ANFIS based Decision Support System for Prenatal Detection of

Truncus Arteriosus Congenital Heart Defect’, Journal of Applied Soft Computing, Elsevier, Vol. 23,

No. 1, pp. 1-11.

[7] Garima Yadav, Saurabh Maheshwari and Anjali Agarwal (2014), ‘Contrast Limited Adaptive

Histogram Equalization Based Enhancement For Real Time Video System’, International

Conference on Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics, New Delhi, India,

pp. 2392-2397.



ICAST40

VISITANT CRITICISM ON HEALTHCARE SITE

Jefferson C1, Nethaji P2, Rampraveen K3



Hospitals use appointment systems to manage patient access. Appointment rule,

which consists of the length of the booking window, block capacity, and block service time, is critical to

achieve efficiency and timely access to health care delivery. In this paper, we use a renewal process model

to evaluate inter day appointment planning and design improved appointment rules for hospitals, especially

for those with limited or insufficient resources. We present an associated embedded Markov chain to derive

the steady-state distribution. To balance the waiting time and probability of health care access, we propose

three performance measures, namely, slot utilization, appointment success rate, and patient waiting time,

for our evaluation. Appropriate location is an important prerequisite for the long-term survival and

development of hospital. However, in both theory and practice, the issue of location decision-making for

hospital has not been fully studied. We therefore aimed to provide a feasible scheme for the location of new

hospital.

REFERENCE

[1] C. Zacharias and M. Armony, “Joint panel sizing and appointment scheduling in outpatient care,”

Manage. Sci., vol. 63, no. 11, pp. 3978–3997, 2016

[2] J. Feldman, N. Liu, H. Topaloglu, and S. Ziya, “Appointment scheduling under patient preference and

no-show behavior,” Oper. Res., vol. 62, no. 4, pp. 794–811, 2014

[3] M. H. Vahidnia, A. A. Alesheikh, and A. Alimohammadi, ‘‘Hospital site selection using fuzzy AHP and its

derivatives,’’ J. Environ. Manage., vol. 90, no. 10, pp. 3048–3056, Jul. 2009.

.[4] N. Liu, “Optimal choice for appointment scheduling window under patient no-show behavior,” Prod.

Oper. Manage., vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 128–142, 2016.

[5] S. Li, Z. Wei, and A. Huang, ‘‘Location selection of urban distribution center with a mathematical

modeling approach based on the total cost,’’ IEEE Access, vol. 6, pp. 61833–61842, 2018.



ICAST41

AIR QUALITY MONITORING SYSTEM

Harish Pandi M, Niranjan M, Saravanakumar , Vijay sriram K

Computer Science and engineering,

Kamaraj College Of Engineering and

Technology, Madurai – 625701, TamilNadu

, India.

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

The level of pollution is increasing rapidly due to factors like industries, urbanization,

increasing in population, vehicle use which can affect human health. IOT Based Air Quality Monitoring

System is used to monitor the Air Quality over a web server using Internet. It will trigger an alarm when the

air quality goes down beyond a certain level, means when there are sufficient amount of harmful gases

present in the air like CO2, smoke, alcohol, benzene, NH3 and NOx. It will show the air quality in PPM on

the LCD and as well as on webpage so that air pollution can be monitored very easily. The system uses

MQ-135 sensor for monitoring Air Quality as it detects most harmful gases and can measure their amount

accurately.

Keywords - Air pollution, MQ-135 sensor, ESP-8266, IOT.

INTRODUCTION

Air pollution is the biggest problem of every nation, whether it is developed or developing.

Health problems have been growing at faster rate especially in urban areas of developing

countries where industrialization and growing number of vehicles leads to release of lot of

gaseous pollutants. Harmful effects of pollution include mild allergic reactions such as irritation of

the throat, eyes and nose as well as some serious problems like bronchitis, heart diseases,

pneumonia, lung and aggravated asthma.

Air pollution is the biggest problem of every nation, whether it is developed or

developing. Health problems have been growing at faster rate especially in urban areas of developing

countries where industrialization and growing number of vehicles leads to release of lot of gaseous

pollutants. Harmful effects of pollution include mild allergic reactions such as irritation of the throat, eyes

and nose as well as some serious problems like bronchitis, heart diseases,

pneumonia, lung and aggravated asthma. According to a survey, due to air pollution 50,000 to 100,000

premature deaths per year occur in the U.S. alone. Whereas in EU number reaches to 300,000 and over

3,000,000 worldwide. IOT Based Air Pollution Monitoring System monitors the Air quality over a web server

using Internet and will trigger an alarm when the air quality goes down beyond a certain threshold level,

means when there are sufficient amount of harmful gases present in the air like CO2, smoke, alcohol,




benzene, NH3 and NOx. It will show the air quality in PPM on the LCD and as well as on webpage so that

it can monitor it very easily. The system will show temperature and humidity. The system can be installed

anywhere but mostly in industries and houses where gases are mostly to be found and gives an alert

message when the system crosses threshold limit. A webpage is used to display the air quality values to

the user.

LITERATURE SURVEY

The drawbacks of the conventional monitoring instruments are their large size, heavy weight and

extraordinary expensiveness. These lead to sparse deployment of the monitoring stations. In order to be

effective, the locations of the monitoring stations need careful placement because the air pollution situation

in urban areas is highly related to human activities (e.g. construction activities) and location dependent

(e.g., the traffic chokepoints have much worse air quality than average). IOT Based Air Pollution Monitoring

System monitors the Air Quality over a webserver using internet and will trigger an alarm when the air

quality goes down beyond a certain level, means when there are amount of harmful gases present in the

air like CO2, smoke, alcohol, benzene, NH3, Nox.

The system will show the air quality in PPM on the LCD and as well as on webpage so that it can

be monitored very easily. Temperature and Humidity is detected and monitored in the system.

MQ135 sensor is used for monitoring Air Quality as it detects most harmful gases and can measure

their amount accurately. In this IOT project, it can monitor the pollution level from anywhere using your

computer or mobile using the webpage. This system can be installed anywhere and can also trigger some

device when pollution goes beyond some level, like we can send alert SMS to the user.

REQUIREMENTS

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS :

1. Breadboard

2. MQ-135 sensor

3. DHT 11 Temperature and humidity sensor

4. Node MCU (ESP 8266)

5. Jumper wires

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS :

1. Arduino IDE

2. Embedded C

3. Ubidots



SYSTEM DESIGN :

Fig1. Design block diagram

WORKING :

Proposed Air Pollution Monitoring System is based on the block diagram as shown in Fig.1.

The data of air is recognized by MQ135 gas sensor and MQ6 LPG gas sensor. The MQ135 sensor can

sense NH3, NOx, alcohol, Benzene, smoke, CO2. So it is dynamic gas sensored for our Air pollution

Monitoring system. When it will be connected to Nodemcu then it will sense all gases, and it will give the

Pollution level in PPM (parts per million). MQ135 gas sensor will give the output in form of voltage levels

and we have to convert it into PPM. So for converting the output in PPM, we have used a library for MQ135

gas sensor and MQ6 sensor. Sensor is giving us value of 90 when there is no gas near it and the air quality

safe level is 350 PPM and it should not exceed 1000 PPM. When it will exceed the limit of 1000 PPM, it will

cause Headaches, sleepiness and stagnant, stuffy air. If it exceeds beyond 2000 PPM then it will cause

increased heart rate and many different diseases. When the value will be less than 1000 PPM, then the

LCD and webpage will display “Fresh Air”. When the value will increase from 1000 PPM, then the buzzer

will start beeping and the LCD and webpage will display “Poor Air, Open Windows”. And when it will

increase 2000 and give an alert message on smartphone .

The LCD and webpage will display “Danger! Move to fresh Air”. It will contain temperature and

humidity so it will possibly show the current temperature and humidity of the air. For temperature we have

used DHT 11 sensor. According to the model the 4 sensors works as input data, they transmit data for

knowing which gas it is, what is the temperature and humidity. LCD is the output device. LCD shows the

data of the gases in ppm (parts per million) and a webpage is used to display values to the user.

IMPLEMENTATION :

Fig 2. Connection of sensors with nodemcu.



Fig 3. A webpage shows air quality.

APPLICATIONS :

1. Industrial perimeter monitoring

2. Indoor air quality monitoring.

3. Making data available to users.

ADVANTAGES :

1. Easy to Install.

2. Updates On mobile phone directly.

3. Real time monitoring.

CONCLUSION :

The system to monitor the air of environment using Nodemcu microcontroller, IOT Technology

is proposed to improve quality of air. With the use of IOT technology enhances the process of monitoring

various aspects of environment such as air quality monitoring issue proposed in this paper. Here, using the

MQ135 sensor gives the sense of different type of dangerous gas and nodemcu is the heart of this project

which control the entire process. Wi-Fi module in the nodemcu connects the whole process to internet and

displays the monitor values in the webpage and LCD is used for the visual Output.

REFERENCES :

1. Xiaoke Yang, Lingyu Yang, Jing Zhang (2017), A WiFi-enabled indoor air quality monitoring and control

system, Control & Automation (ICCA), 13th IEEE International Conference.

2. Sujuan Liu, Chuyu Xia, Zhenzhen Zhao (2016), A low-power real-time air quality monitoring system using

LPWAN based on LoRa, Solid-State and Integrated Circuit Technology (ICSICT), 2016 13th IEEE

International Conference.

3. M.F.M Firdhous, B.H Sudantha, P.M Karunaratne (2017) IoT enabled proactive indoor air quality

monitoring system for sustainable health management, Computing and Communications Technologies

(ICCCT), 2017 2nd International Conference.



4. R du Plessis, A Kumar, GP Hancke (2016) A wireless system for indoor air quality monitoring, Industrial

Electronics Society , IECON 2016 - 42nd Annual Conference of the IEEE.

5. Sneha Jangid, Sandeep Sharma (2016) An embedded system model for air quality monitoring,

Computing for Sustainable Global Development (INDIACom), 2016 3rd International Conference.

6. H. Ali, J. K. Soe, Steven. R. Wel (2015) A real-time ambient air quality monitoring wireless sensor network

for schools, Smart Cities Conference (ISC2), 2015 IEEE First International conerence.

7. Yonggao Yang, Lin Li (2015) A smart sensor system for air quality monitoring and massive data

collection, Information and Communication Technology Convergence (ICTC), 2015 International

Conference.

8. Giovanni B. Fioccola, Raffaele Sommese, Imma Tufano, Roberto Canonico and Giorgio Ventre (2016)

Polluino: An efficient cloud-based management of IoT devices for air quality monitoring, Research and

Technologies for Society and Industry Leveraging a better tomorrow (RTSI), 2016 IEEE 2nd International

Forum.

9. Liu, Xiufeng; Nielsen, Per Sieverts (2017) Air Quality Monitoring System and Benchmarking, International

Conference on Big Data Analytics and Knowledge Discovery.

10. Raja Vara Prasad Y, Mirza Sami Baig, Rahul K. Mishra, P. Rajalakshmi, U. B. Desai and S.N. Merchant

(2011) Realtime wireless air quality monitoring system, ICTACT Journal on Communication Technology.

11. M. Pavani, P. T. Rao (2016) Real time pollution monitoring using Wireless Sensor Networks, IEEE 7th

Annual Information Technology, Electronics and Mobile Communication Conference (IEMCON).

12. Mohamed Fezari and Mohamed Seghir Boumazai (2015) WSN for AIR Quality Monitoring in Annaba

City, ICIT 2015 The 7th International Conference on Information Technology.

13. Raja Vara Prasad Y. et al (2011), Real Time Wireless Air Pollution Monitoring

System, ICTACT Journal on Communication Technology.

14. Roseline, R.A., Devapriya, M, Sumanthi, P (2013) Pollution monitoring using sensors and wireless

sensor networks, a survey. Int. J. Appl. Innov. Eng. Manag. 2(7), 119–124

15. R.Senthilkumar, P.Venkatakrishnan, N.Balaji (2020) Intelligent based novel embedded system based

IoT enabled air pollution monitoring system, Microprocessors and Microsystems Volume 77.

16. Vishakha Dhoble, N. Mankar, Supriya H Raut, Meenakashi Sharma (2018) IOT Based Air Pollution

Monitoring and Forecasting System Using ESP8266, International journal of scientific research in science,

engineering and technology.

17. B.Bhanu Satwik D.Yaswanth (2014) A Study on Pollution Monitoring system in Wireless Sensor

Networks, Global journal of computer science and technology.



18. P. A. Mai, J. Nurminen, M. D. Francesco (2014) Cloud Databases for Internet-of-Things Data, IEEE

International Conference on Internet of Things(iThings).

19. Su, P., Lin, D., Qian, C. (2018) Study on Air Pollution and Control Investment from the Perspective of

the Environmental Theory Model A Case Study in China, Sustainability2018,10, 2181.

20. Yang, Y., Yang, W. (2019) Does Whistleblowing Work for Air Pollution Control in China? A Study Based

onThree-party Evolutionary Game Model under Incomplete Information, Sustainability2019,11, 324.



ICAST42

STUDY ON THE MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR OF HIGH PERFORMANCE

CONCRETE WITH PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT BY ZEOLITE

R.S.Gandhimathi1, T.Divya2, Silpa.N 2and M.Mohanaram3

1Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,Annapoorana Engineering College, Salem,636

308, Tamilnadu, India

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,Annapoorana Engineering College, Salem,636

308, Tamilnadu, India

3Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering,Annamalai University, Chidambaram, 608 002,

Tamilnadu, India

* [email protected]

Cement production consumes a lot of resources, so finding an alternative product that can replace cement

is a good idea for the environment. Zeolite is a hydrated, crystalline microporous aluminosilicates, whose

structures surround and fill cavities of molecular dimensions (0.3–1.5 nm diameter).This research work

aims to find the optimized range for the replacement of cement with zeolite. In the optimized range of

replacement, fibres were added to increase the performance of concrete. The glass fibre and polypropylene

fibre were added in the selected interval range. By replacing zeolite in concrete, the general performance

of the concrete was improved like reduced segregation, lower bleeding of concrete and cohesiveness of

concrete was also increased. This was achieved due to the higher specific area of the zeolite that any other

additive material like fly ash, rice hush ash, ground granulated blast furnace slag. When load carrying

capacity was experimented, it was found to increase due to the usage of zeolite. For testing, in each mix,

three numbers of specimens were cast for testing. Deflectometeris setup to find the deflection again load

at the centre. Therefore from findings, load vs deflection graphs were plot for all mix and comparisons were

done.

Figure 1.Crack in beam and load carrying capacity of beam

From graph shows that the performance of propylene added zeolite concrete performs better than all other

mixes. Propylene added zeolite concrete carries more load with reduced deflection, 32.8% of the load-

carrying capacity of the beam was increased when compared with the controlled beam. When compared

with 10% zeolite replaced beam 15.6% of load-carrying capacity was increased. Performance of glass fibre

added zeolite concrete was satisfactory when compared with 10% zeolite replaced concrete, but glass

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 2 4 6

Load

, In

kN

Deflection, In mm

CM

MZ 10

Z 0.2 G

Z 0.2 P



fibres performance was lower than the propylene fibre added to zeolite concrete. Glass fibre added to

zeolite concrete had 28.3% increased load carrying capacity when compared with the controlled concrete.

The overall performance of the 10% zeolite concrete was found to be optimized and the addition of fibre

was added to 10% zeolite replaced concrete.By comparing results, it was found that adding 0.2% of

propylene fibre, strength was the increase in all aspects

Key words: zeolite, fibres, specific area, high performance concrete, load carrying capacity

References:

MeysamNajimi , JafarSobhani , BabakAhmadi , Mohammad Shekarchi (2012) An experimental study on

durability properties of concrete containing zeoliteas a highly reactive natural pozzolan. Construction and

Building Materials 35 1023–1033

B.Uzal, L.Turanli (2012) Blended cements containing high volume of natural zeolites: Properties, hydration

and paste microstructure. Cement and Concrete Composites 34 101-109.

Mahdi Valipour, FarhadPargar, Mohammad Shekarchi, Sara Khani (2013). Comparing a natural pozzolan,

zeolite,tometakaolin and silica fume in terms of their effect on the durability characteristics of concrete: A

laboratotystudy.Construction and Building Materials 41 879-888.



ICAST43

STUDY OF PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF

PROSOPIS JULIFLORA LEAF EXTRACT

Ritu Jangida, Shalini Jainb, Mukesh Kumar Sharmac, *Sreemoyee Chatterjeea

aDepartment of Biotechnology, IIS (deemed to be University), Jaipur, 302020, Rajasthan, India

bDepartment of Zoology, IIS (deemed to be University), Jaipur, 302020, Rajasthan, India

cDepartment of Zoology, SPC Government College, Ajmer, 305001, Rajasthan, India

*[email protected]

1. Abstract

Introduction: Prosopis juliflora (Vilayti babul) belonging to the family Fabaceae is a well-known herbal

plant in Ayurvedic System of Medicines. It has been used as a folk remedy for the treatment of various

ailments and contain natural chemical constituents that can alter physiologic actions in humans. Keeping

in view of the above properties and usefulness of Prosopis juliflora, the present investigation has been

undertaken to investigate the phytochemical constituents and antibacterial potential of Prosopis juliflora

ethanolic leaf extract.

Methods: Plant parts of Prosopis juliflora were collected from Mukandpura Jaipur, Rajasthan. The ethanolic

(50%v/v) leaf extract of the plant was prepared by Soxhlet apparatus and further tested for phytochemical

and antimicrobial activities.

Results: The ethanolic leaf extract was of dark green color and had a pungent smell on evaporating the

solvent. Tannins, alkaloids, terpenes, flavonoids, etc. were present when phytochemical analysis of the

ethanolic leaf extract of the Prosopis juliflora was conducted. FTIR analysis further confirmed the presence

of functional groups in the extract. The antibacterial activity was done by Paper Disc Diffusion method (Kirby

– Bauer test) at different concentrations. The ethanolic leaf extract showed promising antibacterial activity

against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria.

Conclusion: From the present study it can be concluded that, due to the presence of many active

phytochemicals in Prosopis juliflora ethanolic leaf extract, it shows potent antibacterial activity in terms of

dose dependent increase of zone of inhibition. Thus, it may be helpful for rationale use in the modern

system of healthcare and also for the treatment of bacterial infections.

Keywords: Prosopis juliflora, phytochemical, antimicrobial, leaf extract

2. Introduction

Herbal medicines have promising potential and played a significant role in improving different health issues

of humankind for thousands of years (Lakshmibai & Damodarasamy, 2015). Over 75-80% of the world

population in developing countries are using herbal remedies for primary health care as reported by the

World Health Organization (Khandelwal et al., 2016). Herbal products contain many biologically active

components of therapeutic values that can produce physiological actions on the human body (Odhiambo

et al., 2015). Prosopis juliflora, commonly referred as Mesquite, belongs to the family Leguminosae

(Fabaceae) (Dave & Bhandari, 2013; Patnaik et al., 2017). It is grown in arid and semi arid regions of

America, Africa, and Asia. It is a traditional medicinal plant in India, popularly named as Angaraji babul,

Kabuli kikar, Vilayati babul, Vilayati khejra, and Vilayati kikar with versatile therapeutic properties (Dave &

Bhandari, 2013). P. juliflora exists as a tree with a maximum height of 12 m and also exists as a shrub of 3

m height (Dave & Bhandari, 2013). Henciya et al. reported that almost every part of P. juliflora contains

http://[email protected]



phytochemicals of therapeutic values that are beneficial for treating different human health hazards

(Henciya et al., 2017). The leaves of the plant contain secondary metabolites that are found to possess

many pharmacological properties. The leaves of the plant are effective in curing headache, painful gums,

and bladder infection (Ukande et al., 2019). P. juliflora is also beneficial in treating pain disorders, eye

problems, wound healing, and dermatological or digestive ailments. P. juliflora is an important source for

fuel, food, medicine, biopesticides, bio sorbent, and carbon activation (Patnaik et al., 2017). On the basis

of the above properties of Prosopis juliflora, the main purpose of this study was to investigate the

phytochemical constituents and explore the antibacterial activities of ethanolic leaf extract against Gram-

positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

2. Methods

2.1. Plant collection

The leaves of Prosopis juliflora were collected from (Lat.-27.119984 & Long.-75.613077) Mukandpura

Jaipur, Rajasthan. The plant sample was washed thoroughly with fresh water and extraneous matter such

as mud and sand particles were removed.

2.2. Preparation of Prosopis juliflora leaf extract

The fresh leaves of Prosopis juliflora after washing and drying were powdered by using a mixer grinder and

sieved. The powdered material was packed in a thimble and subjected to sequential Soxhlet extraction with

50% v/v ethanol for 3 days at a temperature not exceeding 60°C. Then the complete drying was done in

hot air oven at 60°C. The percentage yield and pH of the extract was calculated and the dried extract was

stored in airtight container at 4°C further for studies on antibacterial activity and phytochemical screening

under laboratory conditions.

2.3. Preliminary Screening of Phytochemicals

Qualitative phytochemical screening of the leaf extract of Prosopis juliflora was performed for the presence

of biologically active compounds by the following procedures listed in the Table 1 below:

Table 1 Phytochemical screening tests

S.No. Phytoconstituents Tests References

1. Carbohydrates Benedict’s test (Khandelwal et al., 2016)

2. Amino acid / Protein Millon's test (Khandelwal et al., 2016)

3. Tannins Ferric chloride test (Badri et al., 2017)

Gelatin test (Khandelwal et al., 2016)

4. Phenols Ferric chloride test (Khandelwal et al., 2016)

5. Terpenoids Salkowski’s test (Singh, 2012)

6. Saponins Froth test (Khandelwal et al., 2016)

7. Flavonoids Alkaline reagent test (Thakur et al., 2014)

General test (Singh, 2012)

Shinoda test (Thakur et al., 2014)

8. Steroids Liberman – Burchard’s test (Singh, 2012)



9. Alkaloids Mayer’s test (Thakur et al., 2014)

Wagner’s test (Johri et al., 2019)

Hager’s test (Amin et al., 2019)

Dragendorff’s test (Singh, 2012)

2.3.1. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) evaluation

FTIR spectroscopy allows the qualitative determination of functional groups as the characteristic vibrational

mode of each molecular group causes the appearance of bands in the infrared spectrum at a specific

frequency, which is further influenced by the surrounding functional groups. FTIR of ethanolic leaf extract

was taken in the region of 400-4000 cm-1, that indicates presence of various functional groups,

corresponding to the bioactive compounds present in the leaf extract.

2.3.2. Total phenolic content (Saoudi et al., 2020)

The total phenolic content of ethanolic leaf extract of Prosopis juliflora was analyzed by Folin – Ciocalteu

reagent in which absorbance was measured at 760nm by using UV visible Spectrophotometer. The total

phenolic content was calculated using the following regression equation:

y = 0.091x + 0.167

where, x = concentration of extract, y = absorbance.

The total phenolic content was expressed as Gallic acid equivalent µg/g of the extract of Prosopis juliflora

leaf.

2.4. In vitro microbial overload

The in vitro microbial overload was performed on Nutrient agar medium for ethanolic leaf extract. The

Nutrient agar medium was sterilized by autoclaving at 121°C for 15 min. In the sterilized area, the medium

was poured into plates and kept for cooling. After that, weighed sample spread on plates in the sterilized

area. Plates were kept downwards. The microbial overload of ethanolic leaf extract was observed after 24

h for bacteria.

2.5. Antibacterial Assay

2.5.1. Test microorganisms

The 24 hr culture of Gram positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa

maintained in nutrient broth.

2.5.2. Preparation of culture medium and inoculation

Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) medium (38g) was mixed with 1000 ml of sterile distilled water and sterilized by

autoclaving at 120°C for 20 minutes. Under aseptic conditions, in the laminar air flow hood 15 ml of MHA

medium was dispensed into pre – sterilized petri dishes to yield a uniform depth of 4 mm.

2.5.3. Antibiotic susceptibility testing

The antibacterial activity of the ethanolic extract of the leaves was evaluated by Paper Disc Diffusion

method (Kirby – Bauer test) on MHA plates. Overnight bacterial cultures were inoculated evenly on MHA

plates and sterilized paper discs (6 mm diameter), soaked in different concentration of the crude extract of

Prosopis juliflora in double distilled water was applied over each of the culture plates. An antibiotic disc of

Ampicillin was used as positive control while sterilized paper disc soaked in double distilled water without



extract and antibiotics was used as vehicle control for the bacteria. The cultures were then incubated at

37°C for overnight. Antibacterial activity was performed for various concentrations of the extract, by

measuring the diameter of the zone of growth inhibition in mm around each paper disc.

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Percentage yield and pH count of Prosopis juliflora leaf extract

The ethanolic leaf extract was of dark green color and had a pungent smell on evaporating the solvent. The

percentage yield of crude extract after soxhlet extraction was 12.03% and the pH was slightly acidic to

neutral.

3.2. Preliminary Screening of Phytochemicals

The preliminary phytochemical analysis showed the presence of carbohydrates, proteins, phenolic

compounds, terpenes, flavonoids, steroids, alkaloids in the ethanolic leaf extract of Prosopis juliflora (Table

2). Tannins and saponins were present in the aqueous leaf extracts of Prosopis juliflora. Phytochemical

screening of Prosopis juliflora leaves showed the presence of flavonoids, phenolic compounds, glycosides,

alkaloids, carbohydrates and proteins in ethanolic leaf extracts of Prosopis juliflora (Lakshmibai, 2015). In

another study, it was found that preliminary phytochemical screening of Prosopis juliflora leaves revealed

the presence of tannins, glycosides, flavonoids, and alkaloids (Sathiya. M and Muthuchelian, 2008). It was

also revealed in a study that phytochemical screening of the Prosopis juliflora leaf extract showed the

presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, phenolics, and tannins (Renganathan et al., 2015).

Table 2 Results for phytochemical screening tests

S.No. Tests for

phytoconstituents

Name of the tests Results Observation

1. Carbohydrates

Benedict test + Green color

2. Amino acid/ Protein

Millon’s test + Brick red precipitate

3. Tannins

Gelatin test - No White buff precipitate

Ferric chloride test /

General test

+ Black precipitate

4. Phenols

Ferric chloride test + Dark green color

5. Terpenes

Salkowski’s test + Reddish brown ring

6. Saponins

Frothing test - No frothing

7. Flavonoids

General test

(Ammonia)

+ Yellow color

Alkaline reagent test + Colorless



Shinoda’s test - No Pinkish/ Red color

8. Steroids

Libermann –

Buchard’s test

+ Reddish brown ring and

green color ring in the

upper layer

9. Alkaloids

Mayer’s test + White/cream precipitate

Wagner’s test + Reddish brown color

Hager’s test + Yellow precipitate

Dragendorff’s test + Orange color precipitate

(+) = present, (-) = absent

3.2.1. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) evaluation

The FTIR spectrum was used to identify the functional groups of the active components present in extract

based on the appearance of peak in the region of IR radiation (4000 – 400 cm-1). When the extract was

subjected to IR radiation, specific functional groups of the extracts were identified on the basis of the band

pattern obtained. The results of FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of alcohol, alkanes, alkenes,

aromatic compounds, alkyl halide, and halogen compounds (Table 3 and Figure 1).

Table 3 FTIR spectral peak values and functional groups obtained for the leaf extract in ethanol of

Prosopis juliflora

S.No. Wavenumber

(cm-1)

Functional group Intensity

1. 3390.84 Alcohol /Amine (O-H /N-H stretch) Broad / Medium

2. 2927.86 Alkanes (C-H) Broad

3. 1621.24 Aromatic Medium to weak

4. 1412.26 Alkenes (C=C stretch) Medium to weak

5. 1069.36 Alkyl halide (C-Cl ) Medium to weak

6. 858.02

Fingerprint region (Phenyl rings)

Medium to strong

7. 756.41

8. 670.82



Figure 1 FTIR spectrum of ethanolic leaf extract of Prosopis juliflora

FTIR analysis confirms the presence of alkaloids in the leaf extract which includes functional groups such

as primary amines, alcohols, alkenes, aromatics (Nagalakshmi & Anuradha, 2016), Secojuliprosopinal

(Choudhary et al., 2005), Juliflorine, Juliprosine (Ahmad et al., 1989), Isojuliprosine, and Juliprosinene

(Nakano et al., 2004) are the major alkaloids found in leaf of Prosopis juliflora (Ibrahim et al., 2013)

3.2.2. Total phenolic content

Phenolic compounds contribute to quality and nutritional factors like taste, aroma, and flavor. It has many

beneficial effects on human health and are also used to prepare cosmetics such as sunscreens, and hair

colour, etc. (Chauhan & Antarkar, 2020). Results of quantitative study revealed that the total phenolic

content of the ethanolic leaf extract was in the range of 5871 ± 0.081 ug GA/g ±SD.

3.3. In vitro microbial overload

Total plate counts were within the normal range and in total microbial overload all bacterial strains were

absent. Thus, the microbial load authenticated the safety aspect of the formulation from the analytical

perspective.

3.4. Antibacterial Assay

The ethanolic leaf extract of Prosopis juliflora was subjected to in vitro preliminary antibacterial bioassay

against Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. The results showed that the ethanolic leaf extract of

Prosopis juliflora significantly inhibited the growth of both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria i.e.

Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Control experiments of solvent (distilled water)

used for extract preparation showed no inhibition of any bacteria, indicating that the plant extract itself and

not solvent inhibited the growth of the test bacteria. Ampicillin showed variable inhibition diameters against

Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. In our study a dose dependent increase in the zone of inhibition

was observed both in Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria compared to Ampicillin. The highest

inhibition was observed in 200mg/ml concentration of leaf extract with 20 mm and 22 mm inhibition zone in

Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, respectively (Table 4). The results are in correlation with an

another study, in which the ethanolic extract against Staphylococcus aureus showed zone of inhibition of



(12.20 ± 0.76 mm), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed zone of inhibition of (11.50 ± 0.55 mm) using

the agar disc diffusion assay (Sathiya & Muthuchelian, 2008). It was suggested that the alkaloids isolated

from leaf extract of Prosopis juliflora was found to possess significant antibacterial activity (Dos Santos et

al., 2013).

Table 4 Antibacterial activity of leaf extract of Prosopis juliflora

Bacterial

strains

Zone of inhibition (mm) Mean ± SD

Concentrations (mg/ml)

Ampicillin Distilled

water

50mg/ml 100mg/ml 150mg/ml 200mg/ml

Staphylococcus

aureus

13.66±0.57 NI 14.33±0.57 14.66±0.57 18.66±0.57 19.66±0.57

Pseudomonas

aeruginosa

16.66±0.57 NI 17.00±1.00 18.66±0.57 19.00±1.00 21.00±1.00

NI = No inhibition, SD = Standard deviation

4. Conclusion

Phytochemical screening of Prosopis juliflora ethanolic leaf extract showed the presence of tannins,

phenols, terpenes, flavonoids as bioactive compounds. The total phenolic content was high as 5871 μg

GA/g of plant leaf extract. The rich source of phytochemicals explains the promising antibacterial activity of

the extract against both Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial cultures.

5. References

Ahmad, V. U., Sultana, A., & Qazi, S. (1989). Alkaloids from the Leaves of Prosopis juliflora. Journal of

Natural Products. 52(3), 497–501. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1021/np50063a005

Amin, N., Parmar, K., Patel, V., & Kottayi, M. (2019). Evaluation of medicinal constituents and properties

of Linum usitatissimum, Prosopis juliflora and Guizotia abyssinica. Journal of Pharmacognosy and

Phytochemistry. 8(4), 2238–2244.

Badri, A., Garbi, M., Gmaraldeen, S., Magzoub, A., Ibrahim, I., Saleh, M., Kabbashi, A., & Mohamed, S.

(2017). Antioxidant activity and phytochemical screening of Prosopis juliflora leaves extract. Medicinal Plant

Research. 5(3). Available from: https://doi.org/10.30918/AMPR.53.17.020

Chauhan, N., & Antarkar, S. (2020). Qualitative and Quantitative Estimation of Total Phenolics and Total

Flavonoids in Pod Extract of Prosopis Juliflora. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences.

9(4), 977-999. Available from: https://doi.org/10.20959/wjpps20204-15909

Choudhary, M. I., Nawaz, S. A., Azim, M. K., Ghayur, M. N., Lodhi, M. A., Jalil, S., Khalid, A., Ahmed, A.,

Rode, B. M., Gilani, A., & Ahmad, V. U. (2005). Juliflorine: A potent natural peripheral anionic-site-binding

inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase with calcium-channel blocking potential, a leading candidate for Alzheimer

Õ s disease therapy. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 332(4), 1171–1179.

Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.05.068

https://doi.org/10.1021/np50063a005

https://doi.org/10.30918/AMPR.53.17.020

https://doi.org/10.20959/wjpps20204-15909

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.05.068



Dave, P. N., & Bhandari, J. (2013).Prosopis julifera: A Review. International Journal of Chemical Studies,

1(3), 16. Available at: www.chemijournal.com

Dos Santos, E. T., Pereira, M. L. A., da Silva, C. F. P. G., Souza-Neta, L. C., Geris, R., Martins, D., Santana,

A. E. G., Barbosa, L. C. A., Silva, H. G. O., Freitas, G. C., Figueiredo, M. P., de Oliveira, F. F., & Batista,

R. (2013). Antibacterial activity of the alkaloid-enriched extract from Prosopis juliflora pods and its influence

on in vitro ruminal digestion. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 14(4), 8496–8516. Available at:

https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms14048496

Henciya, S., Seturaman, P., James, A. R., Tsai, Y. H., Nikam, R., Wu, Y. C., Dahms, H. U., & Chang, F. R.

(2017). Biopharmaceutical potentials of Prosopis spp. (Mimosaceae, Leguminosa). Journal of Food and

Drug Analysis, 25(1), 187–196. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfda.2016.11.001

Ibrahim, M., Nadir, M., Ali, A., Ahmad, V., & Rasheed, M. (2013). Phytochemical analysis of Prosopis

juliflora Swartz DC. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 45(6), 2101–2104.

Johri, S., Bartariya, G., Jha, N., & Chauhan, N. (2019). Preliminary phytochemical screening of foliar extract

of Prosopis juliflora. International Journal of Chemical Studies. 7(6), 1426-1429.

Khandelwal, P., Sharma, R. A., & Agarwal, M. (2016). Phytochemical Analyses of various parts of Prosopis

cineraria. International Journal of Pharmacy and Chemistry, 2(1), 6-9. Available at:

https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijpc.20160201.12

Lakshmibai, R., & Damodarasamy, A. (2015). Preliminary Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant

Activities of Prosopis juliflora and Mimosa pudica leaves. International Journal of Scientific Engineering and

Technology Research 4(30), 5766-5770.

Nagalakshmi, G., & Anuradha. (2016). FTIR Analysis and In vitro Antibacterial Activity of Prosopis juliflora.

European Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research. 4(1), 322-326.

Nakano, H., Nakajima, E., Hiradate, S., Fujii, Y., Yamada, K., Shigemori, H., & Hasegawa, K. (2004).

Growth inhibitory alkaloids from mesquite (Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC.) leaves. Phytochemistry, 65(5), 587–

591. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2004.01.006

Odhiambo, R. S., Patrick, K. G., Helen, K. L., Gathu, N. C., Kimani, F., Waithaka, W. R., & Kipyegon, C.

(2015). Antibacterial activity of ethanolic extracts of Prosopis juliflora against gram negative bacteria.

European Journal of Experimental Biology. 5(11), 43-46.

Patnaik, P., Abbasi, T., & Abbasi, S. A. (2017). Prosopis (Prosopis juliflora): Blessing and bane. Tropical

Ecology. 58, 455–483.

Renganathan, S., Sahu, S. K., & Kandasamy, K. (2015). Phytochemical and molecular docking analysis of

Prosopis juliflora derived phytochemicals against anti-apoptotic protein BCL-2. World Journal of

Pharmaceutical Research. 4(4), 1487–1496.

Saoudi, S., Khennouf, S., Mayouf, N., Amira, S., Dahamna, S., & Hosni, K. (2020). Phytochemical screening

and in vivo and in vitro evaluation antioxidant capacity of Fargaria ananassa, Prunus armeniaca and Prunus

persica fruits growing in Algeria. Progress in Nutrition. 22(1), 236–252. Available at:

https://doi.org/10.23751/pn.v22i1.8011

Sathiya, M., & Muthuchelian, K. (2008). Investigation of Phytochemical Profile and Antibacterial Potential

of Ethanolic Leaf Extract of Prosopis juliflora DC. Ethnobotanical Leaflets. 12, 1240-45.

Singh, S. (2012). Phytochemical Analysis of different parts of Prosopis juliflora. International Journal of

Current Pharmaceutical Research. 4(3), 59-61.

https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms14048496

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfda.2016.11.001

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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2004.01.006

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Thakur, R., Singh, R., Saxena, P., & Mani, A. (2014). Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of Prosopis Juliflora

(Sw.) Dc. Leaves. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 11(3), 182-8.

Available at: https://doi.org/10.4314/ajtcam.v11i3.26

Ukande, M. D., Shaikh, S., Murthy, K., & Shete, R. (2019). Review on Pharmacological potentials of

Prosopis juliflora. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics, 9(4), 755–760. Available at:

https://doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v9i4-s.3372

https://doi.org/10.4314/ajtcam.v11i3.26

https://doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v9i4-s.3372



ICAST44

EVALUATION OF MEDICALLY IMPORTANT HERBS FOR THE FORMULATION OF

FACE CARE POWDER AGAINST FACE PIMPLES SAMPLES

K. Pragathesh Singh*, Dr.N. Vanitha

PG And Research Department of Microbiology, Hindusthan College of Arts & Science.

Coimbatore.

* Corresponding author email: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Face pimples is the most communal chronic inflammatory skin disorder of pilosebaceous unit that

disturb areas containing the prime oil glands, including the face concerning abnormalities in sebum

production. The sample is characterized by both inflammatory (papules, pustules) and lesions. Face

pimples is a world level sticky disease stirring in all races and affecting both boys and girls.

Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus aureus are common pus-forming microbes responsible for

the expansion of various forms of acne vulgaris and the same organisms were isolated from the human

volunteer. This research mainly focuses on the treatment of face pimples using various herbs and making

a polyherbal formulation. The comparative analysis of both solvent and aqueous extraction was done to

reveal the fact of that the selected element can be used as a polyherbal face care powder for cosmetic

purpose. The aqueous and methanolic extraction shows better antibacterial activity against the isolated

organisms. Thus, in the present work, herbs having good properties for the face care powder formulation

have been identified.

KEY WORDS: Herbal Extract, Medicinal Plant Parts, Face Pimples, Staphylococcus aureus.

1. INTRODUCTION

Acne begins just before adolescence when the sebaceous glands extend and reaches a extreme

prevalence in early teenage years when sebum output reach its peak.[1] An increase in partying androgens

at the onset of puberty stimulates the making of sebum into the pilosebaceous unit.[2] These events bloc

to create an environment within the pilosebaceous unit that is auspicious for the colonization of the bacteria,

[3] Sebum plays a central role in the pathogenesis of pimples. [4,5]

From the period of primeval times, medicinal herbal plant therapies are used for the treatment of

pimples. This includes various herbal extracts, oil, herbal powder and their ayurvedic preparation.[6,7]

There is a variety of medication for face pimples including topical agents, oral antibiotics, oral retinoid and

oral hormonal therapies.[8] The use of natural remedies, particularly medicinal herbal plant medicine, dates

back thousands of years.[9] Over the last decade, in view of increasing resistance to existing anti-microbial

agents, side effects and sometimes high cost of therapy, some of interest in the medicinal herbals has been

progressively increased.[10]

The outline of novel herbal formulations for the treatment of pimple may produce many advantages

over previously used remedies.[11] These herbal drugs are effective against a variation of Gram-positive

and Gram-negative Bacteria.[12] The herbal extracts have negligible adverse effects compared with current

medicine for the treatment of pimples. The effectiveness of the medicinal herbal properties for pimple

treatment is not only based on antimicrobial activity but also on the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory

properties by which neutrophil passage is self-conscious.[13] Thus, natural substances, which are obtained

from the medicinal herbal plant, having antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activity, are commonly employed

for the treatment of pimple.[14] In the treatment of pimple herbal extracts, herbal powder or oil or any

substances are may be used as monotherapy.[15] The main act of the herbal cosmetics is their non-toxic



nature, and reduce the allergic reactions and time-tested the worth of many ingredients. The aim of this

study was to evaluate the medicinal herbal plant antibacterial activity of poly herbal extract against the

isolated bacteria from the samples of face pimple. The qualitative analysis of the antibacterial activity is

performed in both solvent of aqueous extract and methanol extract.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1. SAMPLE COLLECTION:

Samples were collected from human face pimples by breaking open pimple pores on the face of

patients. Swab sticks were used in collecting samples. These Samples were obtained by collecting Pus

from the Pimples. The swabs were streaked on nutrient broth and Mannitol salt agar plates. This process

was repeated for all the samples. The streaked plates were incubated at 37ºC for growth.

2.2. SUBCULTURE:

The colonies from the plates were experiential for the morphological difference. Each colony that

differs morphologically from another was picked with a sterilized wire loop and inoculated in a freshly

prepared nutrient agar slant bottles and incubated for 24 hours at 37ºC in order to obtain pure colonies of

the isolates.

2.3. GRAM STAINING:

A drop of distilled water was placed on a clean grease free glass slide and a colony in isolates was

picked with a sterilized wire loop and emulsified. The glass slide was passed over the flame three times to

heat fix. The smear was flooded with crystal violet for 60 seconds and rinsed with distilled water. Gram’s

iodine was added, then decolourized with ethanol and rinsed immediately with distilled water. The smear

was counter stained with Safranin for 1-2 minutes and rinsed with distilled water. The smear was air dried

and viewed under the compound microscope.

2.4. BIOCHEMICAL TESTS

A. COAGULASE TEST:

A drop of physiological saline was put on a clean glass slide, followed by making a smear of 24 hours old

isolate of the test organism. Then a drop of human plasma was added into it to make a suspension.

Clumping indicated that the test organism has the ability to produce coagulase.

B. CATALASE TEST:

One drop of H2O2 solution and a loopful of inoculum were placed on a clean glass slide; the presence of

gas bubbles indicated a positive result.

C. CITRATE TEST:

This detects the ability of an organism to use citrate as the sole source of carbon. Simmon citrate agar

was prepared and test organism was inoculated and incubated at 37°C for 24 hours.

D. TRIPLE SUGAR IRON AGAR (T.S.I AGAR):

The medium contains three sugars: glucose, sucrose, and lactose. The homogenized agar was dispensed

into test tubes. It was then allowed to solidify in slanting position. The organism was inoculated by streaking

into medium and incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. Fermentation of any of the sugars is indicated by the

change in colour from red to yellow and crack or raise in the medium indicates gas production is a positive

result, while no change is a negative result.



E. INDOLE TEST:

The test organism was inoculated in peptone water and incubated at 37°C for 24 hours, 0.5ml Kovac’s

indole reagent was added and gently shaken. In a positive test, indole (present in the culture) dissolves in

the reagent which then becomes pink or red and forms a layer at the surface of the medium.

F. METHYL RED TEST (MR TEST):

The test organism was inoculated into MR-VP broth and incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. Few drops of

methyl red were added to the culture. MR positive test is indicated by red colour formation while no change

is negative test.

G. VOGES- PROSKAUER TEST (VP TEST):

The test organism was inoculated in the MR-VP broth and incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. After incubation

Barrit’s reagent A and B in the ratio 3:1 is added mixed well. The presence of red colour indicates a positive

test for Voges-proskauer.

Table 1. Medicinal Herbal plant name & botanical name

Poolankizhangu Amorphophallus paeoniifolius

Avaram poo Senna Auriculata

Thulasi Ocimum tenuiflorum

Vetiver Chrysopogon zizanioides

Rojaethal Rosa Rubiginosa

Maramanjal Berberis Aristata

Vasambu Acorus Calamus

Marikolunthu Artemisia pallens

Figure 1: Biochemical test Figure 2: Staphylococcus aureus

Figure 3: Sample staining



Staphylococcus aureus

Figure 4 &5: Pimple patient

2.5. HERBAL EXTRACTION:

The herbs were procured from the kaadhikraft shop (Table No.1). The collected herbs were dried and

powdered then passed external testing and mixed geometrically. The dried powder of combined form had

passable flow property which is suitable for a face pack. The particle size of the powder was found to be

15 -25μm. The microscopical characters of dried powder of united form were noted.

Fresh leaves of the medicinal plants were shadow dried at 37°C. Drying was done to reduce the moisture

content of leaves to less than 10%. Dried leaves were grounded to make fine powder for the extraction of

desired materials. The fine powdered material was extracted to obtain the active substances with the

suitable solvent (methanol). 10 grams of powdered leaves were extracted in 100ml of 75% methanol for

2days under shaking condition.[13]

2.6. ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY:

The extract was poured on the Muller Hinton agar swabbed with the culture. After 24 hours

incubation, the zone of inhibition was observed. It indicated that the herbal extraction has the ability to

prevent the growth of organisms.

3. RESULTS:

From the research we have isolated the Gram-positive rods and cocci from the pimple samples of

individuals using sterile swab sticks. The organisms include Staphylococcus aureus. It was found that acnes

have the highest percentage frequency of (36.8%) followed by Staphylococcus aureus (32.5%). The

biochemical analysis conducted showed positive test results. In that, the result Staphylococcus aureus were

identified. The antibacterial activity of herbal extraction was measured. The results showed that the herbal



extractions were effective but specifically the 60% concentration of aqueous herbal extract was good. The

zone of inhibition and Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was increased on Staphylococcus aureus.

4. CONCLUSION:

In future, further optimization studies are required in this study to find the useful benefits of face care

powder on human use as the cosmetic product. Also, further studies like organoleptic evaluation and

physicochemical characterization and general herbal powder, microscopical characters, chemical

evaluation, etc.

REFERENCES:

1. Loveckova Y, Havlikova I. A microbiological approach to ance vulgaris. Biomed. Paper 2002; 146 (2):

29–32.

2. Goulden V, McGeown CH, Cunliffe WJ. The familiar risk of adult acne: a comparison between first-

degree relatives of affected and unaffected individuals. Br J Dermatol 1999; 141 (2): 297–300.

3. Fitzpatrick TB, et al. Color atlas and synopsis of clinical dermatology. McGraw-Hill comp. 1997; 2–14.

4. Chu T, Munn S, Basarab T. Current issues in dermatology. Acne. London: Maxim Medical 1996; 1–57.

5. Kučerová R, Buček M, Viktorinová M, Sheetyová R. Acne vulgaris jako terapeutický problém – současné

možnosti léčby v zrcadle našich zkušeností. Olomoucké dermatologické přednáškové odpoledne, Olomouc

1998.

6. Shinkafi SA, Ndanusa, H Antibacterial activity of citrus lemon on acnevulgaris (pimples). IJSIT, 2013;

2(5): 397-409.

7. Seenivasan PJ, Manickkamand.Savarimuthu I. In vitro antibacterial activity of some plant essential oils.

Bmc.Complem.Altern M 2006; 6:39.

8. Stephen titus MD, Joshua Hodge MD, Fort Belvoir Community Hospital Family Medicine Residency, Fort

Belvoir, Virginia DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF ACNE.

9. Shweta Kapoor, Swarnlta Saraf. Topical herbal therapies an alternative and complementary choice to

combact Acne medical plant, 2011 ISSN 1819-3455 / DOI: 10.3923/rjmp.2011.

10. Tepe BD Daferera M, Sokmen M, Polissou, Sokmen A, et al. Invitro Antimicrobial and antioxidant

activities of the essential oils and various extracts of Thymus eigii. J.Agric.food chem. 2004; 52:1132-1137.

11. Kimberly W. Lai, BS, Mary Gail Mercurio MD. Update on the treatment of Acne vulgaris.

12. Gollnick H, Cunliffe WJ, Berson D, et al. Management of acne: a report from a global alliance to improve

outcomes in acne. J Am Acad Dermatol 2003; 49:S1–37.

13. Chandrasekar S, et al. Herbal-chitosan nanocomposites for durable antibacterial finishing on cotton

materials. International Journal of Biopharmaceutics, 2013; 4(3): 219-224.

14. Kwong T. Durable antibacterial finish on cotton fabric by using chitosan based polymeric core-shell

particles. Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 2006; 102(2): 1787-1793.

15. Dorman HJ, Deans SG. Antimicrobial agents from plants: Antibacterial activity of plant volatile oils. J.

Appl. Microbiol 2000; 94; 223-253.



ICAST45

EVALUATION OF FORTIFIED COOKIES FOR TRYPSIN INHIBITOR ACTIVITY AND

PREDICTED GLYCEMIC INDEX

Nivya Devi R ¹, Dr.S.Thiruvengadam ¹*

Department Of Biotechnology, ¹ Rajalakshmi Engineering College (Autonomous), Thandalam, Chennai -

602 105

*Corresponding author ([email protected])

ABSTRACT

Food, Shelter and clothing are the three fundamental things required by any human being in the Earth.

Wealth is defined by health. In today’s modern world, food in various forms are being evolved with various

processes being held that can make anyone wonder. One such cherish-able thing are the fortified snacks,

combat with the major of ruling out dietary deficiencies and provide enriched nutrients through a snack,

which is widely accepted by all the age groups. And one such snack are the cookies. They are also prepared

based on the purpose it will be serving, for example as a diabetic or a digestive cookie or for fortification

purposes. Whilst the other population can go for this light meal easily, the diabetic community has to be

careful on the intake, not disrupting their follow-up diet and causing abnormal spikes in blood glucose levels.

Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a highly prevalent disease that can lead to complications. To keep the disease in

control and to prevent it, one must confer to lifestyle modifications and indulge in activities to live a healthy

life. To combat this issue, this study was conducted to provide quality proteins, where a combination of

flours were used to enrich cookies with nutrition that can serve as an alternative snack to the population in

need of low glycemic indexed foods and an added advantage of being gluten free. While assessing the

physical parameters obtained with the use of emulsifiers and low calorie sweeteners on the final product,

the proximate composition studies were also done to reveal the nutritional quality of the product. Trypsin

inhibitor assay and predicted glycemic index were carried out to study the beneficial effect the product will

be exhibiting on the diabetic consumers.

Keywords : Glycemic index, Trypsin inhibitor, Diabetic Mellitus, Nutritious flours, Gluten free cookies.



ICAST46

AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON THE PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT

USING HYPOSLUDGE AND FLYASH IN M25 GRADE CONCRETE

P.Selvapriya1, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Annapoorana Engineering College,

Salem, India.

R.A.Shivasakthivadivelan2, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Annapoorana

Engineering College, Salem, India

M.Chandran3, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Annapoorana Engineering College,

Salem, India

L.Balasuganya4, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Annapoorana Engineering

College, Salem, India

[email protected],[email protected],[email protected],prembala317@g

mail.com4

ABSTRACT: Producing cement uses a great deal of energy, so finding a waste product that can

substitute for cement makes good environmental sense. In this paper, a detailed study on the partial

replacement of Cement using hypo sludge and fly ash was studied. Both fly ash and hypo sludge are

wastages from the Hydro Electric Power Station and Paper Industry. From the various Literature studies

and case studies, it was clearly observed that the partial replacement of Cement using fly ash and Hypo

sludge will give the better solution for making durable Concrete as per the Indian standard Requirements.

The Properties of materials were studied and they were compared with the values given by the various IS

Codes. Also properties of Fly ash and Hypo sludge will give the better Bonding to the Cement with specific

percentage of replacement. The Mix proportions are calculated as per Indian Standard Code Design of Mix

for M25 Grade of Concrete. 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% and 60% replacement of Hypo sludge and Fly

Ash with addition of 2% of Silica Fume. The Cube, Cylinder specimens will is prepared and kept it all for

the specified days of Curing.The maximum compressive strength and Split tensile strength values are

obtained after 28 days curing with 30% of cement replacement. Hence the cement concrete shall be used

with 30% of cement replacement by hypo sludge and fly ash.

Keywords: Hypo sludge, Fly ash, Cement, Silica Fume, Compressive Strength, Split tensile strength

CONCLUSIONS

Based on the results of this experimental investigation, the following conclusions are drawn

1. The maximum compressive strength value is obtained after 28 days curing with 30% of cement

replacement.

2. The maximum split tensile strength value is also obtained with 30% of cement replacement.

Hence the cement concrete shall be used with 30% of cement replacement by hyposludge and fly ash

with the addition of 2% of silica fume.



TEST RESULTS OF CUBE SPECIMENS IN 28 DAYS CURING

Sl.

No.

Cement

replacement

(%).

Specimen

Designation

Age Of

Concrete

in Days

Compressive

Strength in

N/mm2

Average strength in

N/mm2

1 0

C1

C2

C3

28

28

28

26.70

27.38

25.98

26.68

2 10

C1

C2

C3

28

28

28

27.40

26.34

27.98

27.40

3 20

C1

C2

C3

28

28

28

26.65

27.44

27.03

27.04

4 30

C1

C2

C3

28

28

28

27.89

28.34

25.01

28.21

5 40

C1

C2

C3

28

28

28

25.82

27.01

26.14

26.99

6 50

C1

C2

C3

28

28

28

25.89

24.95

25.87

25.57

7 60

C1

C2

C3

28

28

28

23.22

24.67

26.20

25.70

TEST RESULTS OF CYLINDRICAL SPECIMENS IN 28 DAYS CURING

1 0

T1

T2

T3

28

28

28

2.63

2.01

2.77

2.47

2 10

T1

T2

T3

28

28

28

2.40

2.34

2.98

2.57



0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

7 days 17.26 17.07 17.68 18.88 17.92 16.01 15.13

14 days 21.81 21.4 21.97 22.36 21.64 20.07 19.53

28 days 26.68 27.4 27.04 28.21 26.99 25.57 25.7

Avg s

tren

gth

in

N/m

m2

Compressive strength values and graphs for cube specimens

3 20

T1

T2

T3

28

28

28

2.60

2.40

2.00

2.33

4 30

T1

T2

T3

28

28

28

2.90

2.50

2.10

2.76

5 40

T1

T2

T3

28

28

28

2.80

2.00

2.20

2.40

6 50

T1

T2

T3

28

28

28

2.8

2.9

2.8

2.35

7 60

T1

T2

T3

28

28

28

2.2

2.6

2.0

2.26



FIG. 6.8 COMPARISONS OF TEST RESULTS OF CYLINDRICAL SPECIMENS

REFERENCES

a. Felix F.Udoeyo, Hilary Inyang, David T.Young & Edmund E.Oparadu “Potential Of Wood

Waste Ash As An Additive In Concrete” in Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering ,ASCE,

July/August 2006, pp.605-612.

b. K.Ganesan K.Rajagopal an K.Thangavelu “Effects of the Partial replacement of cement

with agro waste ashes on strength and durability of concrete” Proceedings of International

conference on recent advances in concrete and construction technology, organized by

Department of Civil engineering , S.R.M Engineering College, Chennai- 07-09 December

2005.

c. IS 383 -1970 “Specifications for Coarse and Fine Aggregates from Natural Sources for

Concrete”, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.

IS 10262 -1981 “IS Method of Mix Design”, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi

IS 516 -1959 “Methods of Tests for strength of concrete”, Bureau of Indian Standards, New

Delhi.

d. IS 456 -2000 “Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete”, Bureau of Indian

Standards, New Delhi.

e. Valeria Corinaldesi A, GiacomoMoriconi A, Tarun R. Naik B, “Characterization of Marble

Powder for Its Use in Mortar and Concrete”.

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

7 days 1.84 1.79 1.75 1.91 1.79 1.67 1.64

14 days 2.14 2.18 2.08 2.21 1.98 1.89 1.77

28 days 2.47 2.57 2.33 2.76 2.40 2.35 2.26

Avg s

tren

gth

in

N/m

m2

Split tensile strength values and graphs for cylindrical specimens



ICAST47

A REVIEW ON BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY APPLIED TO TOLL

AUTHENTICATION SYSTEM

K. Amutha1 and Dr.V. Vallinayagi2

Research Scholar, Sri Sarada College for Women, Tirunelveli-627011

Affiliated to Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli-627012

Head &Associate Professor, Sri Sarada College for Women, Tirunelveli-627011

[email protected] 1 and [email protected]

Abstract

Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is a developing concept that is believed to help realise the vision of

intelligent transportation systems (ITS). In recent years it is one of the important research areas of impactful

applications due to the rapid advancements in vehicular technologies, high throughput satellite

communication, Internet of Things and cyber-physical systems. It allows the integration of smart vehicles

with the Internet and system components attributing to their environment such as public infrastructures,

sensors, computing nodes, traffic signals and other vehicles. It needs to secure the data exchange and

storage will be in the information exchange platform. In decentralized and immutable nature, IoV

applications enabled by blockchain are supposed to have a number of desirable properties such as

decentralization, security, transparency, immutability, and automation.

The existing part includes the research efforts and in-depth discussion on the

adoption of blockchain for IoV situations, with a specific focus on vehicular data security, vehicle

management, and on-demand transportation facilities. The best part of the blockchain-empowered IoV

architectures, including the potential integration of blockchain, edge computing, vehicular communication

systems, automotive technologies, etc. It will easily identify the important tasks associated with blockchain

integration with IoV, including security & privacy, performance, IoV-specific & optimized consensus, and

incentive mechanisms. In this paper, we present a modern survey on the latest technologies used in

blockchain for IoV. Also, we present the future opportunities and discover further research directions of IoV

as a key enabler of ITS.

Index Terms—Blockchain, Connected Vehicles, Internet of Things, Internet of Vehicles, Intelligent

Transportation System.

References:

[1] F. Tschorsch and B. Scheuermann, “Bitcoin and beyond: A technical survey on decentralized digital

currencies,” IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, vol. 18, no. 3, pp. 2084–2123, 2016.

[2] J. Bao, D. He, M. Luo, and K.-K. R. Choo, “A survey of blockchain applications in the energy sector,”

IEEE Systems Journal, pp. 1–12, 2020

[3] Y. Du, J. Cao, J. Yin, and S. Song, “An overview of blockchain-based swarm robotics system,” in Artificial

Intelligence in China. Springer, 2020, pp. 353–360

[4] S. Nakamoto, “Bitcoin: A peer-to-peer electronic cash system,” Manubot, Tech. Rep., 2019

[5] E. J. De Aguiar, B. S. Faic¸al, B. Krishnamachari, and J. Ueyama, “A survey of blockchain-based

strategies for healthcare,” ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR), vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 1–27, 2020.





ICAST48

Wildlife trade of Birds in India

Dr. Asha and Sharda

Dept. of zoology, Chaudhary Bansi Lal University, Bhiwani

Research Scholar, Dept. of zoology, CBLU, Bhiwani

Abstract

Wildlife trade is money making trade and is flourishing globally. India is not an exception to this. Both legal

and illegal ways are being adopted for wildlife trade. Illegal wildlife trade is also called as wildlife trafficking.

Many reasons for this trade includes socio-economic, food consumption, ornamentation, medicines, Black

magic and keeping pets amidst others. The wildlife harvesting, trapping and trading against the legislation

pose great threats to wildlife diversity and their conservation. The present study is an effort to know the

different species of birds which are traded illegally in India by analyze news reports. About 200 news reports

collected and analyzed from different source. For this, search engine were used to collect the news on

illegal seizure of birds from India. Various keywords such as bird seizure, bird poaching, bird confiscation,

Bird smuggling, Bird trafficking and bird trade in india were used for the same. The study showed that birds

belong to Psittacidae, Psittaculidae, Esterildidae, Phosianidae and Cacatuidae were traded mostly.

Keywords: Confiscation, Seizure, Poaching, smuggling



ICAST49

FABRICATION, CHARACTERIZATION AND EVALUATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL

ACTIVITY OF BIOPLASTIC BAGS SYNTHESIZED FROM ANANAS COMOSUS AND

IPOMOEA COMPOSITES

Monica.M1*, Dr.M.Millicent Mabel1

1. Rajalakshmi Engineering College (Autonomous), Thandalam, Chennai-602105


ABSTRACT

Biodegradable films is expected to transform many areas of food science as there is demand for fresh foods

shelf life as well as against foodborne organisms and urging for the development of antimicrobial

biodegradable films using the biopolymer embedded. Biofilms are mul`ticellular sessile microbial

communities embedded in hydrated extracellular polymeric matrices. Their formation is common in

microbial life in most environments, while those formed on food processing surfaces are of considerable

interest in the context of food hygiene. This present study investigates the extraction of pure starch from

the waste composite of Ananas comosus (Pineapple stem) and Ipomoea batatas (Peel waste),

characterized and evaluated for antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa,

Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. The unique green organic inorganic biodegradable film (Food based

chitosan- waste extracted starch) were developed by gel casting method by incorporating the extracted

starch from waste composite in food grade chitosan for the bioplastic. The starch and chitosan coated

starch shows better results against bacterial strains. These result indicated that starch-chitosan coated

films can potentially use as antimicrobial activity for Bioplastic and food preservation studies.

Keyword: Biodegradable films, Chitosan, Food borne organisms, Food spoilage.



ICAST50

A Review on Causes and Impacts of Micro Plastic Pollutions from Automobiles on

Environment

1R.Vishali, R.V.Sarmila, A. Vignesh, 2R.Rajkumar

1UG Scholars, 2Assiatant Professor, Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, Kongu

Engineering College, Erode, Tamilnadu – 638060, India

ABSTRACT:

Micro-plastics and rubbers are one of the major pollutants spread widely throughout the entire

environment through air, soil, marine and freshwater are posing a significant risk to all living organisms. The

major source of the micro rubbers are tyre ware coming out of automobile tyres. These tyre wares are readily

entering the environment in larger amount as unnoticed wastes. The growth in modern automobile sector

and transportation further increases the pollution caused by tyre ware. Micro-plastics are contaminant by

enhancing Eco toxicological concern in aquatic environments as well as for human health. In current

scenario, it is a major environmental problem which causes air, soil and water pollution. Since the size of

the micro plastics/rubbers are in nano measurements, the pollution caused is left unnoticed. Owing to their

size, micro-plastics are tremendously difficult to remove from the environment and are easily consumed by

organisms. Hence, these particles will get accumulated and settled on the body through many ways which

creates numerous health issues. Micro-plastics are directly ingested by organisms via polluted water and

air, while food consumption. The effects of micro-plastics are extensive, impacting all living organisms life,

economics, tourism, marine aesthetics, and human health. It is very important to review the causes and

impacts of micro-plastic pollution on the environment to take decisive steps to limit the amount of this type

of wastes. This article aims to produce detailed review on causes and impacts of such micro-plastic pollution

from automobile tyres to take necessary action to make the environment pollution free.

Keywords: Automobile tyre, Ecology, Environment, Micro-plastic, Pollution, Tyre ware.

INTRODUCTION:

In this current world, pollution is the major concern to our environment. There are many factors

involved in causing pollution. The plastic polluter you never thought about it is wear and tear of tyres (Micro-

plastics). There are many reasons to make the earth warmer than the usual temperature, among that

pollution plays a major role. The pollution due to tiny plastics are not accountable as a major concern. But

it causes a very serious effect on the environment. The plastic waste is present in all size and shape but

the material which is less than 5 mm in length before it enters into the environment are known as micro-

plastics. It comes from different sources, including from large plastic waste that degrades into smaller and

smaller pieces. Thus, the micro-plastics are tiny pieces of plastic material [18]. Micro-plastics are classified

into two types, they are primary and secondary micro-plastics [19] [20] [21]. And sub-divided into two

categories as Microbeads and Microfibres [22] [23] [24].

Primary micro-plastics are the plastics in a size of 5mm or less designed for commercial uses like

microfibres shed from clothes and other textiles, microbeads and nurdles. These Micro-plastics enter the

environment directly through product use (e.g. personal care products) [25]. Secondary micro-plastics are



particles formed from the breakdown of larger plastic products for over period time such as plastic bottles,

plastic bags, fishing nets [26], this happens when large plastics undergo weathering through the exposure

like wave action, wind abrasion and UV radiation from sunlight [25]. The presence of micro-plastics in

oceans and water bodies capture the big media and scientific attention in these recent years.

The sources of both macro-plastics and micro-plastics are many and diverse. However, these effect

in ecological and human health and the impact built on our economy are still unknown. More researches

are needed to point out these sources in order to enable the identification and implementation of cost-

effective measures to reduce the plastic pollution sources. Automobile tyres releases wear particles through

mechanical abrasion like accelerating, braking and by friction. Several studies have suggested that wear

and tear from automobile tyres is an important source of micro-plastics in the environment [25].

The aim of the present review is to bring together the fragmented knowledge on wear and tear of

automobile tyres emitted into the environment and provide a global assessment of the effect in human

health of this emerging source of micro-plastics. Pollution causing from the tyre wear are more worse than

the exhaust emissions. On an average, a normal four wheeler releases 4kg of tyre wear during its lifetime

[34].

Owing to their physical and chemical properties, particles generated by the abrasion of tyre tread

against road surfaces, or tyre wear particles, are recognized as micro-plastics. By recent studies it is

observed that the tyre wear is the major contributor of Micro-plastics pollution [14]. Hence the current study

aims to present the impacts of tyre wear particles in the road side drains and our natural environment.

These automobiles tyres are made up of natural rubber (19%), plastic polymers (24%) and the rest of the

portion is made up of other metal compounds. The size of the particulate is around 15nm to 50nm and the

diameter is 27nm. While driving our vehicle during accelerating, breaking and corner turning causes wear

and tear of plastic particles on the road. Tyre wear pollutants is the second largest pollutant in the

environment. This is very important to control and capture the tyre dust before step into the environment.

Massive redesign of our tyre without using plastic is practically not possible. So that it is proposed

to obtain massive reduction in the tyre wear drop down into the environment. At present collecting the micro-

plastic particles before they reach the atmosphere is the only possible solution. Most of the time it is

unnoticed and some immediate action is required to control the tyre wear pollution. A tyre wear is the

stealthy source of micro-plastic in the earth. Nowadays, the market is dominated by the thermoplastics in

four main class as polyethylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polypropylene and polyvinyl chloride. As a

result, the growing production of plastics made a huge mismanagement of waste. It has been estimated

that between 4.8 to 12.7 million metric tonnes of plastic ended only in ocean in the year of 2019 [15][17].

The pollution caused by the micro-plastic are invisible and not under consideration. Tyre micro tubers

causes huge impact on soil, water and land.

It is proposed to collect the particles by the electrostatic technology. Static electricity is the result

of an imbalance between negative and positive charges in an object. By the friction between road and the

tyre the partices were released and it is going to be collected before entering into the surface. Hence, the

deposition of hazardous micro particles in atmosphere will be protected. Also the collected particles can

recycled. The main aim of the study is to design and develop the micro-plastic controller to prevent the

emission of tyre wear. The researchers calculated that the emission of tyre dust per person equals to an

average of 0.8 kilograms per year. By seeing on a person seems to be very low but on the whole it is very

high pollution. It can create huge effects on the environment and capable of damaging the entire nature

cycle.



HISTORIC INCREASE:

In world level, the annual growth in number of vehicles was used to extrapolate wear and tear.

Possible changes in annual mileage, fleet composition and wear resistance were neglected. The United

States, Department of Energy estimated the world’s total number of cars, buses and trucks in the year of

1950 is 70,400,000. For 2020 the same amount was estimated as 1,208,005,000 [6] [7]. The growth in

number of vehicles in year by year is given in Figure 1.

Figure 2. Increase in Vehicle year by year

AIR POLLUTION:

The amount of micro-plastic particles in the water varies widely between different areas in the same

environment [26]. According to [19], the micro-plastics are being inhaled by the people and by other wildlife

and there exists a possibility of nano plastics of size below 1 μm in the air which can enter our cells. A study

in 2019 found that plastic fibers (the most common source of airborne micro-plastics) make up 60 million

metric tons of the world’s plastic production [26]. Micro-plastics entering into air, Example: When you drive

a car, your tyres are slowly wearing down due to the friction and the heat is generated. In this millions of

tiny micro-plastic pieces of rubber and plastic particles enter into the air. The percentage of uncollected

micro-plastics waste available to enter the ocean was estimated as 61% on average with a minimum of

36% and a maximum of 95% [10]. Most of the tyre wear will float in the water column, while lighter particles

will drift on the water surface. Depending on the flow rate of the river, the heavier particles will migrate along

the riverbed [8]. In the river, tyre wear can get covered by micro-organisms forming a biofilm that may cause

the particles to sink to the riverbed [9]. Inhaling micro-plastics leads to health effects such as: kidney and

liver damage, infertility, feeling disoriented, cataracts, jaundice, cancer of the skin, lungs, bladder, liver, or

stomach. Many micro-plastics are little enough to be inhaled, straightly enter into the lungs [26].

LAND POLLUTION:

Micro-plastic pollution is the main global problem because of its very severe impact on the

environment. Vehicle tyre are probably biggest source of plastic pollution in rivers, oceans and other water



bodies. The recent research shows that, more surprising environmental threat is from road traffic and it is

mainly come from tyre wear. The global annual plastic pollution is 359 million tons in 2019 [27]. The wearing

process of tyre is depends on the suitable tyre for the vehicle. The automobile tyre particles ends up in

sewers, surface waters and air and a major source of air and water pollution. Around 28% of micro-plastics

pollutes the ocean land surface from tyres shedding synthetic rubbers. For the route Via runoff, the tyre

wear trapped on the runway road and get into the land surfaces as well as the soil [12]. Whereas the large

particles of the tyre wear is deposited on the road surface where some parts will get trapped and some

other will be runoff into the soils, sewers and surface water by the rainwater. There is no way to capture the

tyre wear from the runoff. This implies that, about 30% of the tyre wear mixed rainwater is discharged

untreated into surface waters [28]. This particles ultimately affects the humans and other living organisms,

the most relevant exposure route is inhalation of airborne particles [29].

OCEAN POLLUTION:

Ocean plastic pollution is the accumulation of plastic products in the environment that badly affects

the wildlife, its habitat and humans [30]. Around 322 million tonnes are currently littering in ocean surface

and for every second this is increasing in incredible speed [31]. Nearly 51 trillion micro and 25 trillion macro

plastics litters in oceans all around the world. In that 269,000 tonnes were floats on the surface. As per

records, 4 billion plastic microfibers /square kilometer litters the sea [32]. In Arctic Ocean, around 40 micro-

plastic particles were present in per cubic meter of water [33]. Particularly due to tyre wear particle, it is

estimated to be 5% to 10% [17]. A new research says, Particles emitted from vehicle tyres could be a

significant source of micro-plastics in the marine environment. According to research, more than 200,000

tonnes of tiny plastic particles are blown from the roads into the oceans every year [34].

HEALTH EFFECTS:

Finally, humans and ecosystems are exposed to the tyre wear and tear released into the

environment. For humans, the most relevant exposure route is inhalation of airborne particles where in air

the amount of tyre wear are present [11] [12]. Marine and other aquatic organisms will be exposed to tyre

wear and tear through ventilation (gills) and feeding [13]. Filter feeders and sediment dwelling organisms

will be expected to have the highest exposure because of their feeding strategy involves the direct uptake

of food particles from the water and/or by sediment. Many of these organisms, e.g., mussels and oysters,

are important commercial seafood species.

CONCLUSION:

In this today world, Micro-plastic pollution, global climate change, ozone depletion and ocean

acidification are major environmental problems. The contamination of micro-plastics in the environment will

degrade the habitat of flora, fauna, humans and life of the natural resources and thus conditional measures

needs to be taken for conserving all our resources for our future generations. The possible solution for this

particular problem is to attract the micro plastic material, the easy method is to harness the positive

electrostatic charge of the tyre particles, which is created by friction through which they are expelled. Static

electricity is the result of an imbalance between negative and positive charges in an object. These charges

can build up on the surface of an object until they find a way to be released or discharged. Friction involves

rubbing on material with another, resulting in electrons moving from one surface to another. Friction is

useful for charging insulators, which are materials that aren't good conductors. That the tyre particles

acquire charges by friction between tyre and road. The proposed idea is to implement the series of copper

plates to collect the emitted charged tyre particles. Copper plates are charged when it is connected to the



vehicle alternator. The positively charged tyre particles are get attracted by the negatively charged copper

plates. In order to catch the particles before they enter into the environment, the developed device will be

placed in the path of natural airflow around the spinning wheel to collect almost all the emitted particles

from tyres. And the micro-plastics collected from the copper plates are reusable in cosmetics& cleansers

and textile. Micro-plastics reaching 322 million tonnes/year in the world, by the proposed solution it can be

reduced up to 70-80%. Reduction in emission will control the pollution.

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1. Verschoor, A.J. Towards a Definition of Microplastics. Considerations for the Specification of

Physico-Chemical Properties; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment: Bilthoven,

The Netherlands, 2015;

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Protection in Germany Texte 64/2015; Report No. (UFA-FB) 002147/E; Umweltbundesamt:

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3. Lassen, C.; Hansen, S.F.; Magnusson, K.; Hartmann, N.B.; Rehne Jensen, P.; Nielsen, T.G.;

Brinch, A. Microplastics: Occurrence, Effects and Sources of Releases to the Environment in

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Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, U.S. Department of Energy: Oak Ridge, TN, USA, 2016.

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A.D. Summary Report Plastic Litter in Rhine Meuse and Scheldt Contribution to Plastic Litter in the

North Sea; Deltares: Delft, The Netherlands, 2013.

9. Besseling, E.; Quik, J.T.; Sun, M.; Koelmans, A.A. Fate of nano- and microplastic in freshwater

systems: A modeling study. Environ. Pollut. 2017, 220, 540–548.

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European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute of Energy and Transport: Ispra, Italy, 2014.

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Julian; Galloway, Tamara S. (2013-06-06). "Microplastic Ingestion by Zooplankton" Environmental

Science & Technology.

23. “Where does marine litter come from?” Marine Litter Facts. British Plastics Federation.

Retrieved 2018-09-25

24. Boucher, Julien; Friot, Damien (2017). Primary microplastics in the oceans: A global evaluation of

sources.

25. Kara Rogers, Microplastic- plastic particulate

26. Air-quality, microplastics-effects-on-air-pollution , 2020.

27. Steering Board members, Plastics Europe. Plastics—the facts 2019.

28. Carrington, Damian (2020-12-22). "Microplastics revealed in the placentas unborn babies". The

Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077

29. Ragusa, Antonio; Svelato, Alessandro; Santacroce, Criselda; Catalano, Piera; Notarstefano,

Valentina; Carnevali, Oliana; Papa, Fabrizio; Rongioletti, Mauro Ciro Antonio; Baiocco, Federico;

Draghi, Simonetta; d'Amore, Elisabetta; Rinaldo, Denise; Matta, Maria; Giorgini, Elisabetta (2021-

01-01). "Plasticenta: First evidence of microplastics in human placenta". Environment

International. 146: 106274.

30. Pascu Mihail Sebastian, Ciobanu Romeo, Ursan George-Andrei, Environmental Pollution Control,

2019.

31. Yin Huang and Cheng Chang, Monitoring Methods Study on the Great Pacific Ocean Garbage

Patch, 2010

32. Condor ferries, plastic-in-the-ocean-statistics & facts 2020-2021

33. Helen-regan, CNN, From Norway to Canada, the Arctic Ocean is being polluted by tiny plastic fibers

from our clothes, Updated 13th January 2021

34. Becky Root, car tyres are major source of ocean microplastics – study, 2020.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)



ICAST51

A REVIEW ON ANTHOCYANIN FROM NATURAL SOURCES AND ITS POTENTIAL

AS ANTIOXIDANT.

M B Abinaya & Dr.V.Renuka


ABSTRACT

Different examinations have showed that anthocyanins rich food squanders acquired from organic

products, vegetables, cereal and other food handling businesses can be utilized as possible wellspring of

organic dynamic compounds.Anthocyanins are naturally occuring ,water soluble plant pigments belong to

flavonoid group of polyphenolic compounds, which are responsible for the red,orange and blue colors of

plant organs such as fruits, flowers, and leaves.Numerous studies have been made about their potential

for the development of better industrial colorants, health promoting foods, supplements and also on the

improvement/ development of solar-based, renewable energies.The most common way to obtain

anthocyanins is to extract them from flowers ,fruit/vegetable peels, pulp,seed, rind using several method

namely solid liquid extraction, microwave and ultrasound-assisted extraction, etc. Anthocyanins have been

shown to have several natural activities including anti-oxidants,anti-diabetic,anti-inflammatory and anti-

carcinogenic.Antioxidant activity which is responsible for biological activities that can help the body to fight

against oxidative stress. It has strong antimicrobial property it could be the best option as food preservatives

alternative to the synthetic one used in food industries.However, anthocyanins are highly susceptible to

degradation in high pH, light, heat, and oxygen during processing and storage. Conventional

microencapsulation techniques fail to qualify stability to anthocyanins under physiological environments

mainly because of their large particle size , low zeta potential and encapsulation efficiency. Physicochemical

Stability and Bioavailability can be enhanced by converting into Nano liposome form.It also exhibit

anticancer activity by inhibiting carcinogen-metabolizing enzymes, cell proliferation, and oncogene

expression etc. The present study summarizes our knowledge on the bioavailability, antioxidant activity and

health enhancing components of anthocyanin-rich foods and extracts.

Keywords: Anthocyanin, Bioactive Compounds, Nanoliposome, Health Benefits, Antioxidant, Antimicrobial,

Anticarcinogenic



ICAST52

Garbage Detection Using Deep Learning Techniques

Mahibalan S, Kathiravan M, Praveen J



Abstract

Object detection is a central task in computer vision, with applications ranging

across the process of smart city construction, city managers always spend a lot of energy and money

cleaning street garbage due to the random appearances of street garbage, As deep network solutions

become deeper and more complex, they are often limited by the amount of training data available. With this

in mind, to spur advances in analyzing and understanding images, Open CV or Google AI has publicly

released the Open Images dataset. Open Images follows the tradition of PASCAL VOC, Image Net and

COCO, now at an unprecedented scale. In this project we to implement the Consequently, visual street

cleanliness assessment is particularly important. However, existing assessment approaches have some

clear disadvantages, such as the collection of street garbage information is not automated, and street

cleanliness information is not real-time best performing algorithm for automatically detecting objects.

Finally, the results are incorporated into the street cleanliness calculation framework to ultimately visualize

street cleanliness levels, which provides convenience for city manager.

REFERENCE

[1] U. Aguilera, O. Pe˜ na, O. Belmonte, and D. L´opez-de Ipi ˜ na, “Citizen-centric data services for smarter

cities,” Future Generation Computer Systems, vol. 76, pp. 234–247, 2017.

[2] M. Armbrust, A. Fox, R. Griffith, A. D. Joseph, R. Katz, A. Konwinski,

G. Lee, D. Patterson, A. Rabkin, I. Stoica et al., “A view of cloud computing,” Communications of the ACM,

vol. 53, no. 4, pp. 50–58, 2010.

[3] C. Badii, P. Bellini, D. Cenni, A. Difino, P. Nesi, and M. Paolucci, “Analysis and assessment of a

knowledge based smart city architecture providing service apis,” Future Generation Computer Systems,

vol. 75, pp. 14–29, 2017.

[4] C. Balchandani, R. K. Hatwar, P. Makkar, Y. Shah, P. Yelure, and M. Eirinaki, “A deep learning

framework for smart street cleaning,” in IEEE Third International Conference on Big Data Computing

Service and Applications, 2017, pp. 112–117.

[5] A. Borozdukhin, O. Dolinina, and V. Pechenkin, “Approach to the garbage collection in the smart clean

city project,” in Information Science and Technology (CiSt), 2016 4th IEEE International Colloquium on.

IEEE, 2016, pp. 918–922.



ICAST53

MANUFACTURING OF ENVIRONMENTAL FRIENDLY PAPER FROM Musa

paradisiaca Linn

Prarthana P* and Reya Issac

Department of Biotechnology, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, 641114,

Tamilnadu, India.

*Email ID: [email protected]

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Paper has a prominent role in our daily life and it is manufactured from cellulose fibers by processing them

synthetically. The chemicals which were utilized for papermaking are not so environment-friendly and it can

also affect the organisms that have their way of life in soil and water. Furthermore, these long fibers were

usually extracted from the softwood trees. So, they are in the necessity to cut down trees and it may lead

a way to increase the level of deforestation. To lessen these issues, an experiment is carried out to make

a paper from the unconsumed parts of fruits and vegetables. In this research, Banana peel is used. In the

end, the quality of the paper is evaluated by calculating GSM and tensile strength.

S.No Objectives Tensile

strength(N/cm^2)

GSM

(g/m^2)

Standard Commercial paper 0.471 61.3

Experiment Paper from banana peel 0.445 55.6

Table 1.Results of the experiment

From the above table, we can conclude that paper produced from banana peel has good tensile strength

and GSM value.

KEYWORDS: cost-effective, environment-friendly, fruit residuals, banana peel

REFERENCES:

6. Agustina, E.W. and Susanti, V.E., 2018, May. Natural wrapping paper from banana (Musa

paradisiaca Linn) peel waste with additive essential oils. In Journal of Physics: Conference

Series (Vol. 1022, No. 1, p. 012032). IOP Publishing..

7. Bajpai, P., 2018. Brief description of the pulp and papermaking process. In Biotechnology for pulp

and paper processing (pp. 9-26). Springer, Singapore.

8. Corcelli, F., Fiorentino, G., Vehmas, J. and Ulgiati, S., 2018. Energy efficiency and environmental

assessment of papermaking from chemical pulp-a Finland case study. Journal of cleaner

production, 198, pp.96-111.

9. Ramdhonee, A. and Jeetah, P., 2017. Production of wrapping paper from banana fibres. Journal

of environmental chemical engineering, 5(5), pp.4298-4306.

10. Tripathi, S.K., Bhardwaj, N.K., Chechi, S. and Varadhan, R., 2019. Suitability of banana stem pulp

as replacement of softwood pulp for making superior grade unbleached paper from agro residue

pulp. Appita Journal, 72(3), pp.163-178.




ICAST54

Green Synthesis and Characterisation of Silver Nanocomposite synthesized

using Hydrilla Verticillata and Moringa oleifera and its application to organic dye

degradation

Karthik C., M B Abinaya., J R Devilaxmi


Abstract

Nanotechnology is the controlled engineering of atoms and molecules in the scale of nanometric level (1-

100nm).The nanotechnological research concentrates on Production ,Manipulation ,Characterisation and

application of various dimensional nanomaterials( 1-D, 2-D, 3-D).Among other metallic nanoparticles silver

nanoparticle have attracted the attention of scientific community and industries due to their wide range

applications in preparation of consumer products and biomedical fields.In this work, silver nanoparticle was

synthesised using aqueous extract of Hydrilla verticillata, an efficient green reduction agent for reduction of

silver nitrate solution into silver nanoparticles, Silver nanocomposite was formulated by combining aqueous

silver nanoparticle and powdered flower of Moringa oleifera. The silver nanocomposite was characterized

by UV–vis, FTIR, XRD and FESEM Analysis .Silver nanocomposite was confirmed by the presence of peak

at 400 - 420nm observed in UV-Visible spectrophotometer.The crystalline nature of silver nanoparticles

was further confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis which showed 3 different peaks at 28.39°, 32.59°,

and 46.33°. The peaks revealed that the synthesiszed nanoparticles are composed of pure crystalline silver.

From FESEM images the morphology of silver nanocomposite was spherical and size ranges from 30-60

nm..FTIR analysis results showed the functional groups present in the sample. The antibacterial activity

was confirmed by the inhibition zone (5mm in diameter) generated during disc diffusion assay.The dye

degradation efficiency of silver nanocomposites was studied against methylene blue dye and the

optimisation of parameters such as time, temperature and rpm that influence the adsorption process were

also studied. The nanoparticles showed excellent catalytic activity in the degradation of methylene blue

dye.

Keywords: Nanotechnology, AgNps, Hydrilla verticillata, Moringa oleifera, Nanocomposite, Antibacterial

activity , Methylene blue, Dye Degradation



ICAST55

FABRICATION OF COMPOSITE HYDROGEL USING PLANT RESINS

AND FIBERS

Manonmani S1, Mahibala M2 , Vinotha V2 and Manonmani S 1*

1 Department of Biotechnology, Bannari amman institute of technology (An autonomous Institute affiliated

to Anna university, Chennai) sathyamangalam-638401

*[email protected]

Abstract

Natural fibers have been widely used nowadays for its favorable properties like biodegradability,

abundance, low-cost, non-toxicity, biocompatibility that makes fibers as a good source for the preparation

of composite hydrogels. The fibers are extracted from the two different plant sources namely Cactus

repandus and Euphorbia antiquorum. Hydrogels are water absorbing polymers which are prepared using

hydrophilic polymers and cross-linkers. This study aims to prepare composite hydrogel with natural resins

which will be collected from two different plant sources namely Azadirachta indica and Moringa oleifera.

These hydrogels will be characterized based on swellability, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

(FTIR) analysis Biodegradability, Antimicrobial property and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) analysis.

The synthesized hydrogel studied for its water retain capacity.

Keywords: Composite hydrogel, Plant fiber, Resin, Swellability

Introduction

Polymers found to have wide applications and recently, superabsorbent polymers are also identified

to be applied in many areas for their unique characteristics. Superabsorbent polymer, which is polymer

network crosslinked in three dimensional or linear structure that can retain certain water molecules. This is

possible through the functional groups of hydrophilic that is carboxyl and hydroxyl groups which includes -

CONH2, -OH, -SO3H and -CONH [1]. The capability of hydrogel to uptake water and retain without altering

its 3-dimensional structure is because of chemical or physical crosslinking. Crosslinking helps in preventing

hydrogels from disintegration [2]. Chemical crosslinking in hydrogel found to be permanent junction which

is formed by covalent bonds. Physical crosslinking is identified to be the temporal connection caused of

hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonding or electrostatic interactions among polar groups [3]. Both the

crosslinking techniques have been employed for the preparation of hydrogel. Chemical crosslinking is

achieved by adding crosslinking agents which includes glutaraldehyde, borates, glyoxal etc., Physical

crosslinking can be achieved through freezing or thawing made by ionic interaction, hydrogen bonding or

complex coacervation [4]. Apart from physical or chemical crosslinking, the hydrogels are also classified

based on their source of polymers, configuration and physical appearance. Also, by analyzing the

composition and polymeric source, the nature of hydrogel can be categorized synthetic, natural or hybrid.

On the other hand, based on physical structure, hydrogels can be categorized as amorphous or semi-



crystalline. All these polymers are grouped under biopolymers which are biocompatible and eco-friendly

nature, now-a-days different natural sources are chosen for the preparation of hydrogel [5, 6]. These are

now-a-days applied in many fields such as medical especially in tissue engineering and agriculture for their

swelling and adsorption property. These hydrogels are known as one of the effective vehicles for drug

delivery, by making the absorbing/desorbing of drugs or fluids with respect to changes in environmental

such as pH, temperature, ionic strength and in the presence of enzyme [7]. As a biomaterial, these

hydrogels have been used in tissue engineering as a composite for cartilage, joint replacements and various

applications in tissue engineering [8]. Because of this feasibility and properties, hydrogels are also known

as intelligent or smart biomaterial [9]. In agriculture sector, these are employed in encapsulation of

pesticides or fertilizers, seed germination and in soil fertility. However, formation of hydrogel for agriculture

application is quite easy compared with hydrogel for drug delivery in medical field [10]. Cellulose based

hydrogels can be preferred more because of its availability from the plant source [11].

Natural fibers are also polymers, which are most available polymer from plant source especially when

collected from seeds, leaves, stems and fruits [12]. The fibers are mainly made up of cellulose,

hemicellulose and lignin [13]. Natural fibers contain hemicellulose and lignin, which can help develop a

superstructure [14]. Cellulose have found to be the most obtainable polymer which forms the fundamental

structure.

Now-a-days, the natural fibers are applied in various industries which includes furniture, automobile,

construction, animal feed, cosmetics, medicines and also in agriculture [15, 16]. In this work, plant fibers

were collected from Euphorbia antiquorum and Cactus repandus and were utilized for the preparation of

hydrogel. This study aims to prepare a composite hydrogel of using chitosan, plant gum and fiber to be

applied in agricultural sector. Basically, plant resins are gums are produced by the plant when it is wounded

and it is a polysaccharide compound. The neem gum/resin may collect from Azadirachta indica (Neem tree)

and the gum comes under the galactan gums family which is complex protein and heteropolysaccharides

condensate. Mostly the tree gums are composed of carbohydrates and that will be in high concentration

(relatively about 97%). They are generally made up of L-arabinose and D-galactose units and it also have

protein content in low concentration (<3%). But the neem gum has exceptional feature in structure

compared with other plant gums i.e., it is composed of proteins and D-glucosamine [17, 18, 19]. In similar,

the moringa resin can be collected from the Moringa oleifera tree which belongs to Moringaceae family. In

compare with other natural gums, moringa gum is known to be the promising polymer which can be utilized

for the formation of pharmaceutical excipient and other novel formulations. It also possesses numerous

pharmacological activities against various diseases and have abortifacient, astringent, antioxidant,

biodegradability, biocompatibility and non-toxicity [20, 21]. This study further investigates the composite

hydrogel made of using neem and moringa gum with chitosan and the addition of plant fibers. To

characterize it, swellability, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis

(TGA), antibacterial and biodegradability analysis were done [22].



2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1 SAMPLE COLLECTION

Leaves of Euphorbia antiquorum was collected from the Herbal garden located in Department of

Biotechnology, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam. Fresh plant sample of Cactus

repandus was also collected and purified by washing it with water and further used for fiber extraction.

2.2 PREPARATION OF PLANT FIBER

In order to prepare fibers, the samples were treated with 10% NaOH solution. The natural fibers

were extracted from the plants by incubating them for 2 hours at a boiling temperature of 95º C. By

incubating the samples, the other components like lignin, pectin are removed from the sample. After the

period of incubation, the samples were taken out and washed out with distilled water. So that the NaOH will

be completely removed. After that the pH of the washed liquid was verified, pH 7 confirms the complete

removal of NaOH. The washed fibers were cut into 2cm long and dried in hot air oven at 60ºC for 12 hours.

Then the dried sample was powdered to be utilized for the preparation of hydrogel.

2.3 COLLECTION OF RESIN

The Neem (Azadirachta indica) tree resin and the Moringa tree (Moringa oleifera) resin was

purchased from a store Marudham, Puliyampatti. 100 grams of each resins was bought and stored in a

container.

2.4 PURIFICATION OF RESIN

The stored resins are taken in separate beaker of about 50 grams. These resins are soaked in 75

ml of ethanol for 20 minutes. After that, the resins are kept in tissue paper to absorb the moisture content

in the resin and also maintained in sterile condition. Each resin was transferred to separate petri dishes. To

make it dry, petri dishes are kept in Hot air oven at 50℃ for 60 minutes.

2.5 PREPARATION OF HYDROGEL

2% chitosan solution was blended with 4% gelatin solution together with the help of magnetic stirrer

by maintaining constant stirring at 50℃ at 5000 RPM. 0.1N of HCL was prepared for 10ml and 0.5ml was

added to solution. 3 drops of glutaraldehyde were added into the solution. The required homogenize

solution was obtained and it was allowed for freezing at 4℃ for 24 hours.

2.6 PREPARATION OF FIBER EXTRACT

25 ml of distilled water was taken in boiling tube and added 2g of extracted plant fiber (Cactus

rependus) was added and allowed it for homogenization in the homogenizer for 20 minutes at 3000 RPM.

In the same way another plant fiber (Euphorbia antiquorum) was prepared.



2.7 PREPARATION OF RESIN SOLUTION

4% (4g) of purified neem resin taken in a beaker. 100 ml of distilled water was added to this beaker.

This beaker is kept in magnetic stirrer for 30 minutes at 5000 RPM and maintained at 50℃. The moringa

resin solution also prepared by same procedure.

2.8 OPTIMIZATION OF FIBER AND RESIN CONCENTRATION

2% chitosan solution was blended with 0.1% gelatin solution and resin solution at different

concentration (4%, 8%, 12%, 16%, 20%) together with the help of magnetic stirrer by maintaining constant

stirring at 50℃ at 5000 RPM. 2ml of homogenized plant extract was added at different concentration (2%,

4%, 6%, 8%) into the solution. 0.1N of HCL was prepared for 10ml and 0.5ml was added to solution. 3

drops of glutaraldehyde were added in to the solution. The required homogenize solution was obtained and

it was poured in six well plate and allowed for freezing at 4℃ for 24 hours.

2.9 SWELLABILITY TEST

The prepared hydrogel samples are taken out from the six well plate and noted the weight of each

hydrogels. The samples are dipped in a beaker containing 25ml of distilled water. After 60 minutes of time

interval the samples taken out from water and noted the weight. The samples are again dipped in the same

beaker and checked for every 60 minutes time interval until the gel absorbs maximum amount of water.

2.10 FTIR ANALYSIS

Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTIR) analysis is a technique used to detect the range

of functional groups present in the sample. Hydrogel samples are taken in separate petri dishes and kept

in hot air oven at 40℃ for 3-4 hours. The dried samples are further made into fine powder. A pinch of sample

and KBr are grinded together finely. This powder is made into pellet and analyzed for FTIR at the range

400 – 4000cm-1 [Shimadzu] in chemistry lab, Department of Chemistry, Bannari Amman Institute of

Technology (BIT), Sathyamangalam, Erode.

2.11 TG/DTA ANALYSIS

Thermogravimetric examination (TGA) has risen as another option, more affordable, quick, and

simpler to utilize strategy for deciding synthesis of lignocellulosic biomass. TGA is valuable in light of its

high-throughput nature (at-line) and is perfect for evaluating polymers. The hydrogel sample was analyzed

between the range of 31℃/10.0(k/min)/500℃ in the instrument NETZSCH STA 2500, DST-FIST lab,

Department of Biotechnology, BIT, Sathyamangalam, Erode.

2.12 ANTIMICROBIAL TEST

The antimicrobial activity of the hydrogel was performed by using the test microorganism obtained

from the Microbiology laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, BIT, Sathyamangalam, Erode. It was



checked for two strains such as Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Bacillus subtilis. These microorganisms were

cultured on the sterilized Nutrient agar medium. E. coli and B. subtilis was cultured for 24 hours at 37℃ in

the incubator. A pinch of sample was placed in these plates. After incubation, the plates are observed for

its Zone of Inhibition after 24 and 48 hours.

2.13 BIODEGRADABLE TEST

The biodegradability study of hydrogel was carried out by soil burial method. Here, a beaker of

250ml capacity was filled with 300g of red soil from the agricultural land of BIT, Sathyamangalam, Erode.

The hydrogel sample were buried in the beaker at the depth of 10 cm. To maintain the soil in moisture

content 10ml of water was added slowly. The beaker was maintained at the room temperature of 30±2℃.

The hydrogel’s degrading behavior was examined at regular time interval (day 3, day 6, day 12) by washing

it with distilled water to remove the soil in the sample. The degradation of the sample was characterized by

physical appearance and weight loss of the sample.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Swellability test

The prepared hydrogels are tested for its swellability by dipped it in measured amount of water. All

the hydrogels that are control and samples were shown good swelling capacity. At particular interval the

weight of the gels was measured. The weight of the control and four sample that is S1, S2, S3, S4 hydrogels

in 0 minutes were found to be 10.3, 7.6, 7.65, 7.6, 7 grams respectively. Then, it was dipped in 15ml of

distilled water and after 30 minutes the weight of the hydrogels was taken. It shows gradual increase that

were weighed from control to sample 4 16.7, 11.15, 12.03, 10.5, 11.06 grams respectively. Again, an hour

the weight was measured and likewise, till the hydrogels stopped to intake the water, the weight of the

hydrogels was taken. The following are the graph plotted between time and weight of the hydrogels

measured in respected time.

Graph 1. control vs Neem gum with Cactus fiber Graph 2. control vs Neem gum with Euphorbia



Graph:3

control vs Moringa gum with Cactus fiber Graph:4 control vs moringa gum with Euphorbia

The results shows that all the samples had the ability to intake water. But in comparison with control,

sample 2 that is mixture of neem resin with euphorbia fiber shows better swelling characteristics and sustain

with same weight like control. Rest of all shows slight variation with respect to time and also intake of water

was less.

3.2 FT-IR analysis

As the Figures 1 and 2 shown for control (chitosan-gelatin based hydrogel) and sample (chitosan-

neem gum with euphorbia-based hydrogel). The peak at 3757.33 cm-1 in both hydrogels indicates the

presence of N-H group. The medium sharped peak at 3423.65 in control is due to the presence of O-H

stretching. The peak aroused at 2926.01 and 2927.94 cm-1 in both the hydrogel sample indicates the N-H

stretching due to the presence of amine groups. The appearance of peak at 2374.37 cm-1, 2337.72 cm-1 in

control and 2374.37 cm-1,2337.72 cm-1 in sample hydrogel is due to O-H stretching of carboxylic acid.

Figure 1. FT-IR curve for control Figure 2. FT-IR curve for sample

In control, the peak was obtained at 1728.22 cm-1 which indicates the presence of C=O stretching

of aldehyde group. It was found in sample and so, that may due to functional group in gelatin. In sample,



the peak shifted compared with control to 1676.14 and 1649 cm-1 was obtained and it is caused of C=C

stretching which present in the alkene group. The peak obtained between 1670-1600cm-1 mainly caused

due to C=C stretching. The peak observed at 1570 cm-1 is caused of C=C stretching which represents the

alkene group. The peak obtained in between 1500-1550 cm-1 indicates the presence of nitro compound

and so, the stretching of N-O happens, which justifies the peak at 1521.84 cm-1 and 1519.91 cm-1. The O-

H bending caused the peak at 1417 cm-1 and 1400.32 cm-1 which indicates the presence of carboxylic acid.

The O-H bending of phenol group caused the peak at 1319.31 and 1334.74 cm-1. The peak aroused at

1249.87 and 1246.02 cm-1 was due to the C-N stretching of amine group present in the hydrogels. The

stretching of aromatic amine at C-N causes the peak at 1072.41,1031.92, 1076.98 and 1028.06 cm-1. Hence

the FT-IR studies indicates the presence of amine groups and carboxyl group which makes the hydrogel

hydrophilic and so, it crosslinks together and possess the good swellable property. This study also confirms

the crosslinking property of neem gum with plant fiber and chitosan.

3.3 THERMOGRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS

Figure 3. TGA analysis of control Figure 4. TGA analysis of sample

As the above Figure 3 and 4 depicts the thermogravimetric analysis of chitosan-based

hydrogel(control) and chitosan-plant gum hydrogel with euphorbia fiber respectively. The residual mass of

control was found to be 34.79% which was lesser than neem gum hydrogel i.e., it shows 37.48%. Hence,

the hydrogel made of neem gum can withstand temperature of 498℃ and so, it could be applied in many

applications.

3.4 Anti-Microbial test

Figure 5. antibacterial activity of hydrogel



As the Figure shows, the prepared hydrogels inhibit the growth of both the strains which were

Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Compared with chitosan – gelatin-based hydrogel, the resin made

hydrogel also shown better zone of inhibition. In E. coli incubated plate, the ZOI was found to be 1mm and

0.9mm for the control and prepared sample respectively. Against bacillus species, it shows the zone of

1.05mm and 0.88mm with control and sample respectively. The antibacterial activity of neem resin is due

to various chemicals which were potassium chloride, sodium chloride and also tannins, vitamin C, saponins,

silica and similarly, in moringa gum petrygospermin have found to be the promising antimicrobial agent.

From these results, it was noticed that the prepared composite hydrogel can be utilized for various

applications and the presence of antibacterial activity is due to the existence of various chemical

components present in selected plant gums i.e., neem and moringa tree gum [21,22].

3.5 Biodegradable test

Figure 6. Biodegradability of hydrogel

The neem gum combined with euphorbia hydrogel was checked for its biodegradability by putting

it in red soil. The sample and control were weighed before dipped in soil. Initially, the weight of the hydrogel

was found to be 3.5g and the weight of the control was 5.6g. Then, it was buried in soil and after 3 days, it

was taken out to check its degradability. The samples were taken out from the soil and washed for checking

the weight. There was found to be gradual decrease in weight of the control and sample hydrogel that is

1.8g and 3.8g respectively. Then, again it was buried in the same soil and the 6th day again the weight of

the hydrogels for control and sample was taken i.e., 0.78g and 1.05g respectively. Then, after 12 days only

fine particles of hydrogel were remained and showed the weight of 0.003g and 0.006g. It was shown in the

below table,

Table 1. Biodegradability test result of hydrogel

This study

proves that prepared composite hydrogel possess biodegradable property and it was due to the microbes

S. No Days Weight of the hydrogel in Grams

Control(g) Sample(g)

1. 1 3.5 5.6 2. 3 1.8 3.8 3. 6 0.78 1.05 4. 12 0.003 0.006



present in the soil which will consume the protein and polysaccharides present in the hydrogel as its

substitute for living.

CONCLUSION

This study proves possibility of plant gums in the preparation of hydrogel which has various

applications in day-to-day life. Both moringa and neem gum found to be a suitable polymer for the formation

of hydrogel but swellability study shows that the neem gum could uptake more water compared to moringa

gum. Further studies were done with neem gum incorporated with euphorbia fiber and chitosan. It shows a

similarity with chitosan-based hydrogel in all the analysis which includes FT-IR, biodegradable, TGA and

antibacterial. Due to its biodegradable and biocompatible property, it can be applied to any field such as

biomedical, agriculture, tissue engineering etc., Current work concludes that the plant gum can be

incorporated for preparing a composite hydrogel.

REFERENCES

1. Bashir,S., Hina, M, Iqbal,J., Rajpar,AH, Mujtaba,M.A., Alghamdi,NA., & Ramesh,S., 302020.

Fundamental Concepts of Hydrogels:Synthesis, Properties, & Their Applications. Polymers, 12(11), 2702.

2. Rizwan, M., Yahya, R., Hassan, A., Yar, M., Azzahari, A.D., Selvanathan, V., Sonsudin, F. and

Abouloula, C.N., 2017. pH sensitive hydrogels in drug delivery: Brief history, properties, swelling, and

release mechanism, material selection and applications. Polymers, 9(4), p.137.

3. Ahmed, E.M., 2015. Hydrogel: Preparation, characterization, and applications: A review. Journal of

advanced research, 6(2), pp.105-121.

4. Vasile, C., Pamfil, D., Stoleru, E., & Baican, M., 2020. New developments in medical applications of

hybrid hydrogels containing natural polymers. Molecules, 25(7), 1539

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Journal, 88, 373-392



8. Sannino, A., Demitri, C., & Madaghiele, M., 2009. Biodegradable cellulose-based hydrogels: design and

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pp.330-356.

13. Khalil, H. A., Hossain, M. S., Rosamah, E., Azli, N. A., Saddon, N., Davoudpoura, Y., ... & Dungani, R.,

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14. Mwaikambo, L.Y. and Ansell, M.P., 2006. Mechanical properties of alkali treated plant fibres and their

potential as reinforcement materials II. Sisal fibres. Journal of materials science, 41(8), pp.2497-2508.

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natural fibers and its composites: An overview. Natural Resources, 7(3), 108-114.

16. Sanjay, M. R., Arpitha, G. R., Naik, L. L., Gopalakrishna, K., & Yogesha, B., 2016. Applications of

natural fibers and its composites: An overview. Natural Resources, 7(3), 108-114.

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networks. Advances in carbohydrate chemistry and biochemistry, 24, 267-332.

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Compounds in Neem (Azadirachta Indica) Gum and Isolation of D-glucosamine. Indian journal of

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20.Badwaik, H. R., Al Hoque, A., Kumari, L., Sakure, K., Baghel, M., & Giri, T. K., 2020. Moringa gum and

its modified form as a potential green polymer used in biomedical field. Carbohydrate Polymers, 116893.



21.Koley, R., Kasilingam, R., Sahoo, S., Chattopadhyay, S., & Bhowmick, A. K., 2019. Synthesis and

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hemocompatible, and antimicrobial neem gum–grafted poly (acrylamide) hydrogel using (3) 2 factorial

design. Emergent Materials, 2(1), pp.95-112.

28. Zhang, H., Yang, M., Luan, Q., Tang, H., Huang, F., Xiang, X., Yang, C. and Bao, Y., 2017. Cellulose

anionic hydrogels based on cellulose nanofibers as natural stimulants for seed germination and seedling

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magnetic field treatment on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings. Journal of Spectroscopy, 2015.

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Nanoparticles, 2014.



32. Neihaya, H. Z., Zahraa, S. H., & Kadhem, H. Antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities of Neem gum

(Azadirchta indica) and Arabic gum (Acacia senegal) extracts on human pathogenic bacteria.

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REVIEW ON ITS PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES. Plant Archives, 20(1), 3794-

3805.



ICAST56

CLINICAL& EPIDIMEOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF DENGUE OUTBREAK

IN NASHIK (MS) INDIA

Suvarna Deshpande 1 Dr. Ramesh Abdar2

Affiliated by Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad.

Department of Zoology: Shri AmolakJain’sVidyaPrasarak Mandal’s Shri S.K. Gandhi Art’s Shri

Amolak Science college KadaTal.AshtiDist Beed (MS)India

[email protected]

Background: Dengue is rapidly spread Vector born disease all over the world in tropical and sub-tropical

regions nearly2.5 to 3 billion people are affected each year from the approximately 96 million are clinically

diagnosed. Dengue is caused by a virus and spread by mosquito Ades Agypti and Ades albopictus. For the

last two decades, there has been a global increase in the frequency of dengue fever, dengue hemorrhagic

fever, and dengue shock syndrome and their epidemics with a constant increase in disease incidence. This

is an acute mosquito-transmitted viral disease Characterized by fever headache muscle and joint pain,

rash, nausea, and vomiting. they are caused by four types of viruses DENV-1,2,3,4 which are closely

related to the antigenic infection with one serotype provide lifelong immunity while others are not In the

Nashik area of Maharashtra Dengue cases observed throughout outyearBut there is outbreak observed in

the year 2019 where the dengue cases observed in a large no all over the district. Data collected from the

PHC center and private hospitals in Nashik and a computerized database developed in the city.For this

collection of demographic data of name age sex of the patient.Along with these symptoms and onset of

disease. Clinical and Laboratory confirmed cases are studied during an outbreak.

Statistical analysis: To study the clinical and epidemiological dengue outbreak in Nashik w Population

data collected from PHC and calculated the prevalence incidence and case attack rates

Figure No. 1

Sum of POSITIVE CASES

Baglan

Chandwad

Deola

Dindori

Igatpuriq

Kalwan

Malegaon

Nandgaon




Result: A total of 5676 cases of dengue fever recorded during the outbreak year 2019 from them laboratory-

confirmed cases are 1443 Majority of the cases were reported in NMC.The main symptom during an

outbreak is joint pain fever, headache, observed in clinical forms in 4233 patient

C0nclusion: For the first time district observed a major outbreak in the last 5 yrs. this outbreak shows that

investment in all areas for the prevention and control of dengue and other arbovirus is must be increased

this year.

1Journal (Depina et al., 2019)

1National vector-borne disease control program Nashik Division Nashik.

3 ‘Clinical and Epidemiological Characterization of Dengue Outbreak in Cabo Verde in 2009-2010

TALUKA POSITIVE

CASES %

Nashik 33 2.286902287

Baglan 19 1.316701317

Chandwad 2 0.138600139

Deola 6 0.415800416

Dindori 23 1.593901594

Igatpuriq 8 0.554400554

Kalwan 13 0.900900901

Malegaon 3 0.207900208

Nandgaon 3 0.207900208

Niphad 22 1.524601525

Peth 5 0.346500347

Sinner 14 0.97020097

Surgana 10 0.693000693

Trimbak 7 0.485100485

NMC 1124 77.89327789



ICAST57

CHARACTERISATION AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF DRUG INFUSED

CHITOSAN NANOPARTICLE FOR WOUND HEALING

K Nivedha 1* , Dr. G Carlin geor malar 1


ABSTRACT

Wound healing is a normal biological process in the human body which is achieved by three phases:

inflammatory, proliferative and maturation or remodeling phase. It is not easy to achieve a successful wound

healing as it can be influenced by several factors like infection, oxygenation, diabetes, medication, which

may cause delay in wound healing. In recent times, it is noted that nanotechnology plays a significant role

in drug delivery and also has given various opportunities to invent new therapies for wound healing. This

study investigates the effect of cissus quadrangularis plant on wound healing by performing antimicrobial

studies, characterization of cissus infused chitosan nanoparticle. Cissus quadrangularis is a traditional plant

which has a wound healing property and Chitosan a natural polymer and a promising drug delivery vector

which is nontoxic, biocompatible and biodegradable. Therefore the use of chitosan nanoparticle for drug

delivery will increase the efficacy of cissus quadrangularis, potentially results in an effective treatment of

wound healing. To prove this, initially the plant was subjected for solvent extraction. Phytochemical analysis

was performed for the extracted plant sample. Then the plant sample was infused into the Chitosan

nanoparticle. Further the plant infused Nanoparticle has been characterized and tested for antimicrobial

activity.

Key words: wound healing, cissus quadrangularis, nanotechnology, Chitosan nanoparticle,

characterisation, antimicrobial activity.



ICAST58

Design and Development of Solar Powered Soil Stirrer and Pesticide Sprayer

R. Rajkumar, T. Jagathesh, N. Mounisha, S. Aadarsh

Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, Kongu Engineering College, Perundurai,

Erode – 638 060. Tamil Nadu, INDIA.

Email: nmounisha2000gmail.com

Spinach is one of the green leafy vegetables grown throughout the world. The spinach leaves contains

numerous active components, includes flavonoids which is used to exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidative

and antiproliferative properties in human biological systems. Normally, in the spinach cultivation process,

first the soil is ploughed with the help of tractor, and then the seed is sown. After sowing the seeds soil is

to be stirred evenly without any ridges and grooves. This stirring process helps spinach in rapid growth and

also to grow in healthier manner which leads to high yield. Commonly, the farmers go around with the

conventional method of stirring the soil. In conventional method, the stirring process is done manually with

the help of excessive manpower which incurs high labour cost, time and effort. For a one acre of land it

needs four to five persons to stir the soil. Hence this kind of method demands more man power. If the

number of persons gets reduced, time of stirring and effort of farmers gets increased. These days’ labour

wages are rising immensely day by day which takes more than 70% of expenditure. The aim is to design a

four wheel wireless machine with a soil stirrer which makes farmers more beneficial. The wireless method

is implemented because, if the machine is driven manually using handle setup the machine operator will

walk over the stirred field, which leads to the tightening of soil and dormancy condition. In the proposed

method, the movement of the machine is controlled using Radio Frequency controller. The bot which is

used for a machine operation consist of dimensions of about 600 mm length and 400 mm breath. The stirrer

is fixed at the back of the bot which is used to stir the soil contains a length of about 1371 mm. The stirrer

consists of a many rod like structure called tiller blades which is used to stir the soil evenly has a length of

about 76 mm. The distance between each rod is 38 mm. The solar panel is fixed above the bot, the height

between the solar panel and the bot is 457 mm which is used to charge the battery. The wiper motor is

fixed at the each wheels has a torque range of about 13 to 120 Nm. The electronics circuit assembly

comprises of power supply and controlling unit with Battery and RF module for wireless machine operation.

The operation can be activated and deactivated by a joystick push button. Depending upon the values of

VRx and VRy the speed of the DC motors can be controlled. The arduino Uno is applied for the whole

wireless operation. AT mega 328P Processor is the processor used in the proposed machine. The controller

is used to control the speed and the direction of the motors which is managed for the movement of wireless

machine. RF controller is used here since it has a wide range. The frequency of RF controller use here is

433 MHz which operates at the voltage range of 6 to 12V. The transmitter and receiver which is used to

transmit and receive the commands between two devices consist of three pins – Data, VCC and GND. The

antenna is also connected to slightly increase the range. The driver gets input from the controller. Motor

driver operation is similar to the operation of relay. Two motors can be controlled by using a single motor

driver. Left side motor is controlled by using motor 1 whereas Right side motor is controlled by using motor

2. PWM pin and DIR is used from the motor driver. PWM pin is connected to the digital pin of the arduino

and DIR pin is used to change the direction of the motor rotation. . If there is a need of change in the

direction of the motor rotation 5V will be given to the DIR pin. When the motor driver started to run and

machine gets move then the soil stirrer attached with the machine moves and stirs the soil effectively. Thus

the stirring process is done efficiently with the proposed machine. In addition to soil stirrer the pesticide



sprayer is also attached to the machine to spray pesticides periodically to the crops without any human

intervention.

Real Time Prototype Model

References:

1. Ajeet Singh, Pradeep K. Dubey, Rajan Chaurasiya, Nitin Mathur, Gangesh Kumar, Sujeet Bharati,

P. C. Abhilash, “Indian spinach: an underutilized perennial leafy vegetable for nutritional security in

developing world”, Energy, Ecology and Environment, 2018.

2. R. Rajkumar, T. Jagathesh, R. Deepak, N. Gokul Raja, S. Saran, “Design and Development of

Solar Powered Autonomous Multi Cropping Machine”, Annals of Roman Society for Cell Biology,

ISSN:1583-6258, Vol. 25, Issue 2, 2021

3. Georgewill M, Onengiye, Ezeofor J. Chukwunazo, “Design and Implementation of RF based

Wireless Remote Control Generator System”, International Journal of Engineering and Advanced

Technology, Volume-5, Issue-4, 2016

4. S. K. Chaudhary, Nitish Das, Namit Maske, Vinayak Khawas, “Agricultural Fertilizers and

Pesticides Sprayers - A Review”, International Journal for Innovative Research in Science &

Technology, Volume 1, Issue 11, April 2015

5. T Anuradha, K Ramya, R Selvam, “Design and Implementation of Solar Powered Automatic

Pesticide Sprayer for Agriculture”, International Conference on Physics and Photonics Processes

in Nano Sciences, Volume 1362, 2019.

Solar Panel

Nozzle

Pesticide Tank

Pump

Soil Stirrer



ICAST59

IMMUNOSTIMULANT EFFECT OF HERBS-SPICES SYRUP IN TYPE 2 DIABETIC

RATS

Nethra. V & P. Rajasekar*

*Corresponding Author, Department of Biotechnology, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Thandalam,

Chennai-602 105, Tamil Nadu

ABSTRACT

Diabetes is a metabolic disorder associated with the impaired/poor insulin action. The defective insulin

action mediated activation of the inflammatory pathway has been considered for the worsening of glycemic

control and its associated complications in diabetes. Furthermore, diabetes with improper management is

more prone to get other infections due to poor immunity. The available antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory

drugs and antibiotics have been producing numerous side effects. Thus, the present study is aimed to

explore the effect of herbal-spices syrup (HSS) on the alloxan (ALX) induced type 2 diabetic rats in terms

of glycemic control, delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH), and antibody titer. Rats were divided into five

groups namely group 1 untreated control, group 2 alloxan injected untreated diabetic rats, group 3 and 4

alloxan-induced diabetic rats treated with HSS and metformin (2mL/Kg b.wt/40 days), respectively and

group 5 control rats administered with HSS. On the 40th day of the experimental period, the levels of blood

glucose, sheep red blood cells (SRBC) induced DTH, and antibody titer (hemagglutination assay) were

performed. HSS was also subjected to Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and atomic

absorption spectroscopy (AAS) analyses for the determination of its bioactive compounds and minerals

contents, respectively. The ALX injected group 2 diabetic rats were displayed increased blood glucose

levels, SRBC antigen injection mediated remarkable increment in footpad thickness and decreased

antibody titer when compared to the untreated control rats. The HSS received ALX rats were displayed the

decreased blood glucose and significantly reduced DTH reaction and increased antibody titer when

compared to the untreated ALX rats. The metformin administered group 4 ALX rats were showed decreased

glycemic control with slightly decreased SRBC challenged footpad thickness and reduced antibody titer

when compared to the ALX+HSS group. The treatment of group 5 control rats with HSS was exerted a

highly significant effect on the studied parameters when compared to the untreated control rats. The

obtained AAS and GC-MS spectra of HSS were confirmed the enrichment of different bioactive compounds

with multiple pharmacological activities such as antibiotic, antiviral, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory

actions and various minerals essential for hematopoiesis. The findings of this study confirmed that the

antidiabetic, immune-boosting, and anti-inflammatory effects of HSS in the animal model of diabetes. The

daily intake of HSS could enhance the immunity of diabetic subjects through its multiple therapeutic effects.

Keywords: Herbs-Spices, immune stimulant, alloxan, type 2 diabetes.



ICAST60

IN SILICO ANALYSIS OF MOLECULAR INTERACTION OF THE ANTICANCER

PHYTOCHEMICAL 6-GINGEROL AND PTEN

Merina Jean M and V. M Berlin Grace

Department of Biotechnology, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, 641114, Tamil

Nadu, India.

1 Corresponding author email id: [email protected]

Cancer is one of the leading major cause of death worldwide. Some of the naturally available phytochemical

gives a hope to prevent this killer disease. 6-Gingerol a derivative of ginger, a phytochemical which is easily

found and available at a very low cost. Literature studies have found that the compound 6-Gingerol has a

great anticancer activity. An insilico study has been done with the anticancer phytochemical 6-Gingerol and

PTEN. PTEN is a tumour suppressor involved in the PI3k/AKT pathway. A mutation in the PTEN of

PI3k/AKT pathway may cause abnormal cell proliferation which results in cancer. The insilico study, that is

the PTEN and 6- Gingerol interaction was done using the tool Autodock vina. The 3D structures of the

PTEN and 6-Gingerol are downloaded from the online database PDB and PubChem. Both the protein and

the ligand preparation were done such as deleting the water molecules, adding kollman charges using MGL

tools. Molecular docking was done by using Autodock vina. The results obtained were analyzed based on

the binding energy. From the output of Autodock vina ,9 different poses were formed and out of that the 1st

pose among the 9 poses has the lowest binding energy of -6.2 kcal/mole. In addition, the rmsd value which

is the average distance between the atoms is zero for the 1st pose. 6-Gingerol didn’t violate any of the

properties of the Lipinski rule of drug likeliness. Hence 6-Gingerol will be a promising phytochemical when

focused on drug development against cancer.

Table 1: Output of Autodock vina

Keywords: 6-gingerol, anticancer, PTEN, Autodock vina.

Reference:

1. Saptarini, N.M., (2013) Structure-based in silico study of 6-gingerol, 6-ghogaol, and 6-paradol, active

compounds of ginger (Zingiber officinale) as COX-2 inhibitors.

2. Kumara, M., Shylajab, M.R., Nazeemc, P.A. and Babu, T., (2017) 6-Gingerol is the most potent

anticancerous compound in ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.). Journal of Developing Drugs, 6(1), pp.1-6.

Mode Affinity(kcal/mol) Dist from best

mode rmsd l.b.

Dist from best

mode rmsd u.b.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

-6.2

-6.1

-6.1

-6.1

-6.0

-6.0

-5.8

-5.8

-5.8

0.000

2.290

1.832

3.560

2.309

3.539

2.694

2.796

1.993

0.000

8.255

8.288

7.874

8.474

7.479

7.351

4.985

7.784



ICAST61

ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF COAGGREGATION BIOFILM FORMING

BACTERIA FROM ORAL CAVITY

Subhashini S, Anand R, Johanna Rajkumar and Saravanan Periasamy*



ABSTRACT

Oral microbial ecology plays either a protective (probiotics) or pathogenic role in oral health which depends

upon their microbial composition and its development. Oral biofilms are initially colonized by Gram-positive

cocci, primarily streptococci, adhering to the tooth surface for the formation of pellicles. Coaggregation is a

highly specific interaction of genetically distinct bacteria which lead to adherence of one another via specific

cell surface molecules. Anaerobes contribute to form most diversified microbial communities in the human

oral cavities. One of the important features of anaerobes is their ability to form biofilms which are associated

with dental caries and periodontal disease. Our present work mainly focuses on the isolation and

characterization of coaggregation biofilm forming anaerobic bacteria from oral samples such as saliva,

dental plaque and swabs. Randomly 10 colonies were selected based on colony morphology and their

biofilm formation. Selected oral isolates were characterized by both phenotypic and molecular 16S rDNA

sequencing (Genotypic methods). TSB media supplemented with 2% sucrose exhibited higher biofilm

formation as observed in microtiter plate assay. Further two best biofilm formers were characterized by 16S

rDNA sequencing and their phylogenetic analysis revealed the isolates ASREC2 and SREC4 to be

Streptococcus salivarius and Staphylococcus arlettae respectively. Coaggregation assay revealed that S.

salivarius (ASREC2) has the potential to interact with S. arlettae (SREC4) and other oral bacterial isolates.

Keywords: Anaerobic biofilms, 16S rDNA, Oral biofilm.



ICAST62

INVESTIGATION ON GREEN AND CHEMICAL DEGUMMING OF Musa balbisiana

PSEUDOSTEM EXTRACTED FIBERS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY

Mira chares Subasha, Muthiah Perumalsamya*

aDepartment of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, India

*Corresponding author: Dr. M. Perumalsamy, Associate Professor,

National Institute of Technology. Tiruchirapalli.


ABSTRACT

Modernization and urbanization impulse the thirst for sustainable and biodegradable fibers for

textile applications. The thirst for natural fibers could be satisfied by practicing Musa balbisiana fibers in

textile industries. The Pseudostem, linchpin of Musa balbisiana is the major source of Musa balbisiana

fibers. On an average, banana pseudostem contains 49.33% cellulose, 12.04% hemicellulose, 13.88%

lignin, 5.23% extractives, 4.95% ash content and 12.43% moisture content(Li et al., 2015). Fibers are

renowned for incredible durability, biodegradability, spinning quality, fineness, and tensile strength (Bello

et al., 2018). Textile processing of Musa balbisiana fiber necessitates the removal of the hemicellulosic

substance. Neglection of hemicellulosic substances is usually done by chemical degumming which is

hazardous. Chemical degumming modifies the properties of the natural fiber. The objective of the research

is the degumming of Musa balbisiana fibers by an eco-friendly method. In our investigation, we have

adopted chemical and green degumming of Musa balbisiana fibers to understand the practical difficulties

of degumming technology. In this investigation, we have reported the utilization of bacterial consortium for

the production of hemicellulose degrading enzymes and their application in natural fiber degumming. The

biological degumming method possess more advantages compared to the conventional methods The

degummed Musa balbisiana fiber has remarkable application in fabrication, cutlery application, and textile

industries(Balakrishnan et al., 2019).

Keywords: Musa balbisiana; fiber; degumming; textile industries.

REFERENCES

1. Balakrishnan, S., Wickramasinghe, G.L.D., Wijayapala, U.S., 2019. Investigation on improving

banana fiber fineness for textile application. Text. Res. J.

https://doi.org/10.1177/0040517519835758

2. Bello, K., Sarojini, B.K., Narayana, B., Rao, A., Byrappa, K., 2018. A study on adsorption behavior

of newly synthesized banana pseudo-stem derived superabsorbent hydrogels for cationic and

anionic dye removal from effluents. Carbohydr. Polym. 181, 605–615.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.11.106

3. Li, W., Zhang, Y., Li, J., Zhou, Y., Li, R., Zhou, W., 2015. Characterization of cellulose from banana

pseudo-stem by heterogeneous liquefaction. Carbohydr. Polym. 132, 513–519.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.06.066




ICAST63

IN SILICO, IN VITRO AND IN VIVO, OF ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME

ACTIVATOR, A SOLUTION FOR HYPOTENSION.

V. Manivasagan , A. Cyril Stephen , K. Saranya , V. Brundha , V. Ishwarya*

Department of Biotechnology, Adhiyamaan College Of Engineering (Autonomous), Hosur - 635130, Tamil

Nadu- India.


The Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) play an important factor in regulating the blood pressure,

presence of ACE was detected between the eye and heart of zebra fish, in vitro analysis performed by

using lippuryl -L- histidyl-L-leusine as a substrate of zebrafish containing ACE enzyme .From heart and

eye where eye shows maximum enzyme activity. The screening of ACE activator is done from the plant

Ocimum Sanctum and this plant shows increasing activities of ACE enzymes. Invivo was carried using

Zebra fish embryos’ and it increase the heartbeat from normal to high level . The plant extract was

subjected to GC-MS analysis and it detect various 19 compounds and all the 19 compound was subjected

to docking studies using the auto docking with ACE enzyme among these various compounds ,camphene

,alpha copene ,beta elemene ,limonene ,eugenol shows maximum affinity and can be used for ACE

activator.

Keywords : Angiotensin Converting Enzyme activator, zebrafish, Ocimum Sanctum, Hypotension.

REFERENCES :

1. Yang Hyt, Erdos EG, Levin Y.1970. dipeptidylcarboxypeptidase converting angiotensin I which

inactivates bradykinin .Biochim Biophys Acta,.214,.374-376.

2. Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J, Bosch J, Davies R, Dagenais G. . N Engl J Med 2000. The Heart Outcomes

Prevention .Evaluation Study Investigators,.342,.145–153.

3. Erdos, E., and R. A. Skidgel. 1987. The angiotensin I-converting enzyme. Lab. Invest,.56,.345-348.

4. Lentz KE, Skeggs LT, Woods KR, Kahn JR, Shumway NP. 1956. Biochemical relationship to

hypertensin I. J Exp Med,.104,.183-191.

5. Stevens RL, Micalizzi ER, Fessler DC, Pals DT. 1972. ACE of calf’s lung.The methods of assay and

the partial purification.Biochemistry,.11,.2999- 3007.



ICAST64

PHYTOCHEMICAL EVALUATION OF LEAF EXTRACT FROM CANAVALIA

ROSEA

VASANTHI R Vasanthi R, Ph.D Research Scholar, PG& Research, Department of

Biotechnology,Sri Vinayaga College of Arts and Science, Ulundurpet,India,606107. Dr.V.

Balamurugan Dr.V. Balamurugan, Head , PG & Research, Department of Biotechnology, Sri

Vinayaga College of Arts and Science, Ulundurpet,

ABSTRACT

The coastal sand dunes (CSD) are exclusive ecosystems, plays a foremost role in defending the

zone from erosion, and flood, also abundant in biotic and abiotic resources. The bioactive compounds and

phytochemicals from these plants were stated to have copious pharmacological applications. The present

research work done utilizing a sand dune plant, Canavalia rosea.The study involves sample collection (leaf),

identification and preliminary phytochemical analysis with different solvents namely aqueous, chloroform

and methanol. The phytochemical analysis of the leaf extract indicates the presence of major bioactive

compounds. Secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, tannins, phlobatannins,

phytosterols, saponins, terpenoids, triterpenoids, steroids, xanthoprotein, flavonoids and coumarin are

present in methanolic leaf extract.

Keywords: Canavalia rosea, Qualitative Phytochemical analysis, bioactive complexes



ICAST65

Deep learning Approach for detecting Brain Tumor using Convolutional Neural

Network

G.Uma, Assistant Professor, Annai Hajira Women's College, Melapalayam, Tirunelveli, India,

[email protected]

ABSTRACT:

The brain tumors, are the most common and aggressive disease, leading to a very short life expectancy in

their highest grade. Thus, treatment planning is a key stage to improve the quality of life of patients.

Generally, various image techniques such as Computed Tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging

(MRI) and ultrasound image are used to evaluate the tumor in a brain, lung, liver, breast, prostate…etc.

Especially, in this work MRI images are used to diagnose tumor in the brain. However the huge amount of

data generated by MRI scan thrts manual classification of tumor vs non-tumor in a particular time. But it

having some limitation (i.e) accurate quantitative measurements is provided for limited number of

images. Hence trusted and automatic classification scheme are essential to prevent the death rate of

human. The automatic brain tumor classification is very challenging task in large spatial and structural

variability of surrounding region of brain tumor. In this work, automatic brain tumor detection is proposed

by using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) classification. The deeper architecture design is performed

by using small kernels. The weight of the neuron is given as small. Experimental results show that the CNN

archives rate of 97.5% accuracy with low complexity and compared with the all other state of arts methods.

We also bulid a user friendly web application for brain tumour detection.

Keywords: Computed Tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Convolutional Neural

Networks (CNN).

I - INTRODUCTION

Brain tumor is a mass or collection of abnormal cells in brain. Brain tumor arises due to abnormal

growth of cells that have proliferated in an uncontrolled manner. When normal cells grow old and die or get

damaged cell death. Some mutation occur in cellular DNA that give rise to more cells that all contain

abnormal DNA. The accumulating cells from the mass is called growth or tumor. A brain tumor is an

abnormal growthof tissue in the brain or central spine that can disrupt proper brain function.

The cause of most brain tumors is unknown, it may occur due to radiation like ultraviolet, mobile

phones, genetic mutation, heriditatory reasons but the evidence is not clear several research studies have

claimed that diseases caused due to impaired gene function like neurofibromatosis and Li-Fraumeni

syndrome also put at high risk of brain tumors. Although brain tumors can occur at any age, elderly people

are known to be at a high risk of suffering from this disease.

In the year 2006 at TATA Memorial Hospital in Mumbai, India 372 people were diagnosed with

Brain and Central Nervous System Tumors, out of which 250 (67%) were males and 122 (33%) were

females. A total of 1,529,560 new cancer cases and 569,490 deaths from cancer are projected to occur in

the United States in 2010. Overall cancer incidence rates decreased in the most recent time period in both

men (1.3% per year from 2000 to 2006) and women (0.5% per year from 1998 to 2006), largely due to

decreases in the 3 major cancer sites in men (lung, prostate, and colon and rectum [colorectum]) and 2



major cancer sites in women (breast and colorectum). The reduction in the overall cancer death rates

translates to the avoidance of approximately 767,000 deaths from cancer over the 16-year period

The most effective and common tool for diagnosing a brain tumor is the use of a Magnetic

Resonance Imaging (MRI) scan, although Computed Tomography (CT or CAT) scans are also used. A

Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan is used at first to find out more about a tumor while a patient is

receiving treatment or if the tumor comes back after treatment. A variety of therapies are used to treat brain

tumors. The type of treatment recommended depends on the size and type of the tumor, its growth rate,

brain location, and the general health of the patient. Treatment options include surgery, radiation therapy,

chemotherapy, targeted biological agents, or a combination of these. Surgical resection is generally the

first treatment recommendation to reduce pressure in the brain rapidly.

In the past two decades, researchers have developed new techniques of delivering radiation that

target the brain tumor while protecting nearby healthy tissues. These treatments include brachytherapy,

Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT) and radiosurgery.

Radiation therapy may be advised for tumors that are sensitive to this treatment. Conventional

radiation therapy uses external beams of x-rays, gamma rays or protons aimed at the tumor to kill cancer

cells and shrink brain tumors. The therapy is usually given over a period of several weeks. Whole brain

radiation therapy is an option in the case of multiple tumors or tumors that cannot be easily targeted with

focal treatment. Types of radiation therapy include:

An advanced mode of high-precision radiotherapy that utilizes computer-controlled x-ray

accelerators to deliver precise radiation doses to a malignant tumor or specific areas within the tumor. The

radiation dose is designed to conform to the three-dimensional (3-D) shape of the tumor by modulating or

controlling the intensity of the radiation beam to focus a higher radiation dose to the tumor while minimizing

radiation exposure to healthy cells. A highly precise form of radiation therapy that directs narrow beams of

radiation to the tumor from different angles. For this procedure, the patient may wear a rigid head frame.

Computed Tomography (CT) or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) help the doctor identify the tumor's

exact location and a computer helps the doctor regulate the dose of radiation. Stereotactic radiotherapy is

similar physically to radiosurgery but involves fractionation (multiple treatments). This modality would be

recommended for tumors within or close to critical structures in the brain that cannot tolerate a large single

dose of radiation or for larger tumors.

This paper, propose three principled approaches to compute the prescription dose. First, we

minimize the surviving fraction of tumor cells after irradiation for the most probable tumor cell density.

Second, we minimize the expected survival fraction tumor cells after irradiation. Third, we present an

approach to correct the prescription dose to take into account the presence of adjacent organs at risk. The

computed probability distribution over tumor cell densities, together with the cell survival model, is used to

define the prescription dose distribution, which is the basis for subsequent Intensity Modulated Radiation

Therapy (IMRT) planning. Depending on the clinical data available first, we include the uncertainty in the

segmentation process. We show how our method allows the user to compute a patient specific radiotherapy

planning conformal to the tumor growth. The presented approach and its proof of concept may help in the

future to better target the tumor and spare organs at risk.

II - RELATED WORK

In [1], K. Farahani et al., proposed the new set-up and results of the Multimodal Brain Tumor Image

Segmentation Benchmark (BRATS) organized in conjunction with the MICCAI 2012 and 2013 conferences.

Quantitative evaluations revealed considerable disagreement between the human raters in segmenting

http://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/glossary/glossary.cfm?gid=290







various tumor sub-regions (Dice scores in the range 74%–85%), illustrating the difficulty of this task. We

found that different algorithms worked best for different sub-regions (reaching performance comparable to

human inter-rater variability), but that no single algorithm ranked in the top for all sub-regions

simultaneously.

J. Murray et al.,[2] proposed a mathematical model to describe the growth and invasion of glioma

cells throughout an anatomically accurate virtual human brain as well as the effects of operation on these

lesions.

Olivier Saut et al.,[4] construct a clinical-scale model of GBM whose predictions uncover a new

pattern of recurrence in 11/70 bevacizumab-treated patients. The findings support an exception to the

Folkman hypothesis: GBM grows in the absence of angiogenesis by a cycle of proliferation and brain

invasion that expands necrosis. Furthermore, necrosis is positively correlated with brain invasion in 26

newly-diagnosed GBM.

J. Unkelbach, et al.,[5] propose to analyze the model with respect to implications for target volume

definition and identifies its most critical components. A retrospective study involving 10 glioblastoma

patients treated at our institution has been performed. To illustrate the main findings of the study, a detailed

case study is presented for a glioblastoma located close to the falx.

H. Delingette et al.,[6] propose a novel method for estimating the full extent of the tumor infiltration

starting from its visible mass in the patients’ MR images. This estimation problem is a time independent

problem where we do not have information about the temporal evolution of the pathology nor its initial

conditions. Based on the reaction-diffusion models widely used in the literature, we derive a method to

solve this extrapolation problem. Later, we use this formulation to tailor new tumor specific variable

irradiation margins.

III - PROPOSED SYSTEM

In the proposed system, We use a deep learning method which is called as Convolutional Neural

network(CNN) to classify the given Brain MRI Image, whether it is a normal image or tumour detected MRI.

Our convolutional model will provide an accuracy of above 92% during validation and testing. We will

develope a user friendly web application. The developed application will be very simple and easy to handle.

And the user can able to get their Brain MRI results easily.

Training



Fig 1. Proposed block

A. Data Collection

In our project we have totally 510 images, in that 510, 400 images are used for Training purpose and

110 images are used for validation purpose. In that 400 image files 200 images are brain tumor +ve images

and remaining 200 images represents brain tumor –ve images

Training

T

e

Pre Co

Ma Fla

Ful Tra

Convolutional Neural Network

Testing

U

s

e

r

Pretrained CNN Model

PS

h



B. Pre Processing

At first these 400 images are pre-processed by using pre-processing techniques such as zooming,

shearing, rescaling and horizontal flipping.

A pre-processing or filtering step is applied to minimize the degradation related to the noise. There has

been a lot of work in structuring the efficient noise suppression filters. The noise such as the shadow in the

input images are removed using the pre-processing filters such as average filter. This stage is necessary

to enhance the lungs image quality and made the feature extraction component more reliable for the

improvement of broad and narrow input image.

C. Convolutional Neural Network

In deep learning, a convolutional neural network (CNN, or ConvNet) is a class of deep neural

networks, most commonly applied to analyzing visual imagery.

CNNs are regularized versions of multilayer perceptrons. Multilayer perceptrons usually mean fully

connected networks, that is, each neuron in one layer is connected to all neurons in the next layer. The

"fully-connectedness" of these networks makes them prone to overfitting data. Typical ways of

regularization include adding some form of magnitude measurement of weights to the loss function. CNNs

take a different approach towards regularization: they take advantage of the hierarchical pattern in data and

assemble more complex patterns using smaller and simpler patterns. Therefore, on the scale of

connectedness and complexity, CNNs are on the lower extreme.

Fig.2 Architecture of Convolutional neural network

Steps in CNN

• Step 1: Convolution

• Step 2: Max pooling

• Step 3: Flattening

• Step 4: Fully connection

1. Convolution Layer

When programming a CNN, the input is a tensor with shape (number of images) x (image height)

x (image width) x (image depth). Then after passing through a convolutional layer, the image becomes

abstracted to a feature map, with shape (number of images) x (feature map height) x (feature map width) x

(feature map channels). A convolutional layer within a neural network should have the following attributes:

• Convolutional kernels defined by a width and height (hyper-parameters).

• The number of input channels and output channels (hyper-parameter).

• The depth of the Convolution filter (the input channels) must be equal to the number channels (depth)

of the input feature map.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_learning

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_neural_network

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_neural_network

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regularization_(mathematics)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multilayer_perceptron

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overfitting

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensor

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_depth



Fig.3 Appling ReLu Activation function to decrease the linearity in the image, because the image

originally nonlinear

2. Pooling Layer

A pooling layer is another building block of a CNN. Its function is to progressively reduce the

spatial size of the representation to reduce the amount of parameters and computation in the

network. Pooling layer operates on each feature map independently. The most common approach used

in pooling is max pooling.

Fig.4 Max / Avg. Pooling

3. Flattening

Flattening is converting the data into a 1-dimensional array for inputting it to the next layer.

We flatten the output of the convolutional layers to create a single long feature vector. And it is connected

to the final classification model, which is called a fully-connected layer



Fig.5 Flattening

4. Fulling Connection

Fully connected layers connect every neuron in one layer to every neuron in another layer. It is in

principle the same as the traditional multi-layer perceptron neural network (MLP). The flattened matrix goes

through a fully connected layer to classify the images.

Fig.6 fully connected process

IV SIMULATION RESULTS

The Brain MRI images area collected from the ‘prostatemrimage’ database and the different stages of the

MRI images of a single patient is collected and tested in this work. The following figure 1 and represents

the test images sample images. Where the figure 1 is starting stages of the brain tumor and the figure 2

represents the prostate stage of the brain tumor.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-layer_perceptron

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-layer_perceptron



Figure 1 sample test image with initial brain tumor

Figure 2 sample test image with prostate brain tumor

The following figure represents the 8 stages of the brain tumor MRI images.

Figure 3 Eight stages of brain tumor

The preprocessing and segmentation is taken for the tumor region and the following figure is

showing the eight different stages of the brain tumor images, the tumor regions are represented with the



help of binary images. The tumor image is indicated by the white pixels and the background pixels are

represented as black.

Figure 4 segmented tumor ROI of brain tumor

The labeling of the segmented region is most helpful for the radiotherapy implementation and the

dosage can be planned based in the labeling on the original images.

Figure 5 labeled tumor ROI of brain tumor

The area of the tumor region is calculated based o the morphological operations and the pixels

count is the actual area of the tumor ROI. The area measurement are converted form the pixel units into

millimeter units. And the following figure is showing the Area representation of the different stages of the

Brain tumor ROI.

Figure 4 area representation of brain tumor



Day Area in (mm^2) Growth model

Day1 325.54 Initial

Day2 240.80 decrease

Day3 320.61 increase






(i) Performance Evaluation

This section delivers the performance of the grade classification work where the proposed work

has classified the test samples with two classifiers called SVM and KNN classifiers

(a) Accuracy

Accuracy is the degree to which the result of a measurement, calculation, or specification conforms

to the correct value or a standard

Accuracy = 𝑇𝑃+𝐹𝑁

𝑇𝑃+𝑇𝑁+𝐹𝑃+𝐹𝑁

The proposed work is achieving the maximum accuracy level as 98.91% and also obtaining the

maximum recognition rate for this deep learning based work. Performance measure procedure was done

by comparing the segmentation results to the reference image. There are four values resulted from the

validation procedure, True Positive (TP), False Positive (FP), True Negative (TN) and False Negative (FN).

True Positives is a number of images correctly detected as normal, False Positive is a number of images

incorrectly detected True Negatives is a number of images correctly detected as tumor image and False

Negative (FN) is a number of image incorrectly detected as tumor.

Table.1: Target vs predicted

Target vs

Predicted

Normal pixel

(Predicted)

Tumorous

pixel

(Predicted)

Normal pixel

(Target)

True positive

(TP)

False positive

(FP)



Tumorous

pixel

(Target)

False

Negative

(FN)

True Negative

(TN)

For evaluation purpose, all the parameters are determined for each image in the dataset.

Sensitivity, Specificity and Predictivity, Recall, True Positive Rate, False Positive Rate are used as

performance measures.

Fig 5. Accuracy graph

(b) Sensitivity

Sensitivity is the probability that a test result will be positive when the selected pixel is normal. It is

defined as the ratio between True positive (TP) and addition of True positive (TP) and False negative (FN).

Sensitivity =𝑇𝑃

𝑇𝑃+𝐹𝑁

Fig 6. Sensitivity graph



V. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORKS

In this project, we have proposed a novel Brain Tumor CT infection segmentation network, named

Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), which utilizes an implicit reverse attention and explicit edge-attention

to improve the identification of infected regions. Our system has great potential to be applied in assessing

the diagnosis of brain tumor, e.g., quantifying the infected regions, monitoring the longitudinal disease

changes, and mass screening processing. This proposed model is able to detect the objects with low

intensity contrast between infections and normal tissues.

References

[1] C. Wang, P. W. Horby, F. G. Hayden, and G. F. Gao, “A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health

concern,” The Lancet, vol. 395, no. 10223, pp. 470–473, feb 2020.

[2] C. Huang, Y. Wang et al., “Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan,

China,” The Lancet, vol. 395, no. 10223, pp. 497–506, feb 2020.

[3] “Coronavirus COVID-19 global cases by the center for systems science and engineering at johns

hopkins university,” https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html, accessed: 2020-04-02.

[4] T. Ai, Z. Yang et al., “Correlation of chest CT and rt-pcr testing in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)

in China: A report of 1014 cases,” Radiology, vol. 2019, p. 200642, feb 2020.

[5] G. D. Rubin, L. B. Haramati et al., “The role of chest imaging in patient management during the COVID-

19 pandemic: A multinational consensus statement from the fleischner society,” Radiology, p. 201365, apr

2020.

[6] F. Shi, J. Wang et al., “Review of Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Imaging Data Acquisition,

Segmentation and Diagnosis for COVID-19,” IEEE Reviews in Biomedical Engineering, 2020.

[7] Y. Fang, H. Zhang et al., “Sensitivity of chest CT for COVID-19: Comparison to RT-PCR,” Radiology, p.

200432, 2020.

[8] B. Menze, A. Jakab, S. Bauer, J. Kalpathy-Cramer, K. Farahani et al., “The multimodal brain tumor

image segmentation benchmark (BRATS),” Medical Imaging, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 34, no. 10, pp.

1993–2024, 2015.

[9] K. Swanson, E. Alvord, and J. Murray, “Virtual resection of gliomas: effect of extent of resection on

recurrence,” Mathematical and Computer Modelling, vol. 37, no. 11, pp. 1177–1190, 2003.

[10] R. Rockne, E. Alvord Jr, J. Rockhill, and K. Swanson, “A mathematical model for brain tumor response

to radiation therapy,” Journal of mathematical biology, vol. 58, no. 4-5, pp. 561–578, 2009.

[11] E. Scribner, O. Saut, P. Province, A. Bag, T. Colin, and H. M. Fathallah-Shaykh, “Effects of anti-

angiogenesis on glioblastoma growth and migration: model to clinical predictions,” PloS one, vol. 9, no. 12,

p. e115018, 2014.

[12] J. Unkelbach, B. H. Menze, E. Konukoglu, F. Dittmann, N. Ayache, and H. A. Shih, “Radiotherapy

planning for glioblastoma based on a tumor growth model: implications for spatial dose redistribution,”

Physics in medicine and biology, vol. 59, no. 3, p. 771, 2014.

[13] E. Konukoglu, O. Clatz, P.-Y. Bondiau, H. Delingette, and N. Ayache, “Extrapolating glioma invasion

margin in brain magnetic resonance images: Suggesting new irradiation margins,” Medical image analysis,

vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 111–125, 2010.



[14] O. Saut, J.-B. Lagaert, T. Colin, and H. M. Fathallah-Shaykh, “A multilayer grow-or-go model for gbm:

effects of invasive cells and anti-angiogenesis on growth,” Bulletin of mathematical biology, vol. 76, no. 9,

pp. 2306–2333, 2014.

[15] F. Raman, E. Scribner, O. Saut, C. Wenger, T. Colin, and H. M. Fathallah-Shaykh, “Computational

trials: Unraveling motility phenotypes, progression patterns, and treatment options for glioblastoma

multiforme,” PloS one, vol. 11, no. 1, 2016.



ICAST66

TWO STAGE BIO-MECHANICAL TREATMENT FACILITY PROTOTYPE FOR

REMEDIATION OF Cr(VI) CONTAMINATED WATER BODIES

Chirasmita Mohanty1, Pratyush Kumar Das1,2 *

1, 2Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar- 751003 Odisha, India

2Heredity Life Sciences Pvt. Ltd., KIIT-TBI, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar - 751024, Odisha, India

* [email protected]

Industrial revolution has brought about several changes in human life style. The last few decades has

seen several advancements in global economy which may be attributed to the rapid industrialization

process. Mining sector forms the base for majority of industrial installations and is considered the backbone

of an economy. However, mining processes and industrial emissions of toxic substances including heavy

metals is a major environmental concern. Hexavalent chromium or Cr(VI) is a toxic metal that forms an

integral part of effluents released from mining sites, and several bulk and small scale industries, thereby

imparting deleterious effect on the environment (Das et al., 2020). Remediation of toxic Cr(VI) is highly

essential and the need of the time. The current study works upon a two stage bio-mechanical water

treatment facility for remediation of this toxic heavy metal. The first stage is based upon the principles of

phytoremediation followed by the second stage of treatment which involves engineering mechanics utilizing

adsorbents. The water treatment facility prototype has been found to effectively reduce more than 15 litres

of water with Cr(VI) concentration of more than 200 ppm within 2 weeks and could be up-scaled for large

scale water treatment systems at sites polluted heavily with Cr(VI). The study also focuses on the toxic

effect of the heavy metal on aquatic life and compares the same before and after the treatment process.

Several other biochemical parameters of the Cr(VI) contaminated waste water have also been studied and

provide interesting results.

Figure 1. Toxic impact of Cr(VI) contaminated water on Anabas testudineus (A) Fish experiencing body

imbalance at 100 ppm of Cr(VI) concentration. (B) Death of fishes within 12 hours of treatment

with 200 ppm of Cr(VI).




Figure 2. Morphological analysis of dead fish after exposure to 200 ppm of Cr(VI) shows characteristic

swelling of gills and degradation of skin

Key words: Environment, Heavy metal, Hexavalent chromium, Phytoremediation, Waste water



ICAST67

Demand and Supply of Cut Flowers Production in Tamil Nadu, India - An

Economic Approach

R. Thulasiram

Associate Professor, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and

Research, Selaiyur, Chennai, India.

Abstract

The awareness on usage of cut flowers for various occasions has raised the demand for cut flowers in the

market. The objective of the study is to estimate the demand, supply and annual income of cut flowers in

Krishnagiri district. The marriage season is the most important influencing factor of demand for flowers

throughout the year. It could be observed from the study that the important period of demand for cut flowers

in Hosur block are events and festivals like Navratri, Christmas, New Year, Valentine Day, Therthiruvizha,

Ramjan and Bakrith. There was 164 days in a year which would be auspicious or during which some event

or function or celebration occur in the city. An average 450 bunches of rose, 320 bunches of gerberas and

150 bunches of carnations are used in an event in addition to some other flowers. The technical efficiency

measures for Roses indicated that most farmers belonged to the least efficient category (<90 per cent) with

a proportion of 62.50 per cent to total. There is a huge demand supply gap and presently it is being met by

supply of cut flowers from Karnataka.

Keywords: Navaratri, Mapping, Demand, Technical Efficiency



ICAST68

Experimental Investigation on Combined Effect of paraffin and liquid cooling on

Battery Thermal Management System

B ManojKumar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Arambakkam, India 601201 Dr.

Chidambaranathan Bibin Ph.D ,G GOKULKRISHNA, SAJITH, S ELAVARASAN Associate

Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering, India, Department of Mechanical Engineering,

Arambakkam, India 601201, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Arambakkam, India 601201,

Department of Mechanical Engineering, vellore , India

ABSTRACT

The increase in pollution across the world dur to the usage of fossil fuels has been the talk of the town. The

results of these and for the replacement of petrol diesel vehicles, The EV vehicle has evolved recently due

to it's significant advantage. But the main source of energy for the EV vehicle is li-ion battery as petrol and

diesel for automobile. As these fossil fuel has drawbacks like pollution, depletion, Similarly EV vehicle

source of energy li-ion battery have main drawbacks of heating issues. Because of this heating effect there

is a possibility of fast discharging process, low life cycle of batteries etc. So to reduce the heat from the

battery a Battery Thermal Management System (BTMS) is used. Under this Air cooling, Liquid cooling

Phase Change Material (PCM) method are there. But these air cooling and liquid cooling has some

drawbacks like slow cooling effect and the latter has usage of external material etc. Even phase Change

material also has low thermal conductivity issue. So to over come these issues a Hybrid BTMS is designed

in this experimental work. Paraffin as PCM material is used along with liquid cooling is coupled. The results

showed that PCM coupled with liquid cooling has more effect on thermal conductivity when compared to

enhanced PCM. The Paraffin has good latent heat storage so it is used for good temperature distribution

and liquid cooling is used to significantly reduce the heat from the pcm.



ICAST69

Finite State Controller Design with Clock Gating Technique for Power

Optimization in DPWM Architecture

V.Radhika Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College V.Madhan Babu, S.Jayaprakash Sri

Ramakrishna Engineering College

Abstract

Counter is most critical module in the design of DPWM architecture for regulating the output voltage of DC-

DC converter. Hence power consumption of the counter is also a major concern in the design of DPWM

architecture. In this paper DPWM architecture is developed with a 4 bit counter and 16 bit one hot encoder with

the clock gating technique to generate a variable duty cycle PWM pulse. The design is implemented with Spartan

3A FPGA. Simulation results are obtained for the proposed architecture for different duty cycle control inputs.

Power analysis report with and without clock gating is derived with Xilinx XPower Analyzer. Comparative power

analysis has been done and about 20% power has been minimized with the proposed architecture

Index Terms— Clock gating; DPWM; power dissipation, FSM



ICAST70

IDENTIFICATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS THROUGH DNA BARCODING

Adlene Jenitta1* and Kavita Subbiah1

1Department of Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biosciences

Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, 641114, Tamil Nadu, India

*Email ID: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Plants and their secondary metabolites have been used for medicinal purposes since time immemorial and

is also a constituent in modern western medicines. Identification of such plants can be achieved with

methods like Image processing or Machine Learning Technologies, but in recent decades, molecular

techniques have gained more popularity because of their rapidness and accuracy. One such technique is

DNA Barcoding. DNA Barcoding is a species identification tool which involves the production of PCR

amplicons from particular regions to sequence them and these sequence data are then used to identify that

species to make a distinction from other species. The most commonly used barcode region for animals is

the COX1 gene (mitochondrial DNA) and for plants are ITS2 (Internal Transcribed Spacer), rbcLa- Ribulose

Bisphosphate Carboxylase (chloroplast DNA) and matK- MaturaseK gene (plastidial gene). These regions

are chosen because of their universality and ease with which they can be amplified and analysed. Although

few applications have been published, DNA barcoding has emerged in recent years as a tool for the

authentication and identification of medicinal plants. In this study, the feasibility of three regions namely

ITS2, rbcLa and matK were analysed. A total of 18 samples were collected, sequenced and blasted to know

the molecular identification capability of each region. Results showed that ITS2 is the most promising

candidate for barcoding of medicinal plants.

Keywords: DNA Barcoding, ITS, rbcLa, matK,

INTRODUCTION

Medicinal plants are considered as rich sources of ingredient which can be used in drug development or in

manufacturing synthetic drugs. Medicinal plants are less expensive than the synthetic drugs and majority

people in rural areas have blind faith on them. Although herbal medicines are less powerful in comparison

to synthetic drugs but are also less toxic in contrast to synthetic drugs. Because of these reasons people

are shifting back again to natural sources of medicines. Examples of medicinal plants include chamomile,

ginseng, neem, ginger and feverfew. Medicinal plants are important species not only for personal health

care but also for their economic value as they are marketed by local communities. Hence, an effective

taxonomic method of species identification for medicinal plants that goes into the preparation of a medicine

is very important. Image processing is one of the most widely used methods of species identification. In this

technique, morphological features and texture features are considered. So, this method renders inefficient

for morphologically alike species. Another drawback is that the image given as an input must be in a proper

orientation. If the orientation of the image is disrupted, the result may get affected. Machine learning is yet

another method for identification but in the pre-processing step, taking pictures using a camera results in

the presence of shadows on the image. If the shadow is not removed, this will affect all measurement. So,

a better method which is more rapid and accurate should be used for identification of medicinal plants. One

such approach is the DNA Barcoding. DNA Barcoding is a molecular tool for species detection based on

the analysis of standardized gene sequences. DNA Barcoding might help to overcome the limitations of

morphological characters and help in speeding up of species identification process. DNA barcoding has



been used to identify various plant species, such as lichens, fungi, weeds, trees, and economically

important plants such as crops and medicinal and aromatic plants. DNA Barcoding can be used at any

stage of development or species isolated from small and incomplete tissue, whether it is fresh or dried.

DNA Barcoding may also help to discover new species and to identify cryptic species. It is fast and

economical. Some advantages of this method include:

• Only a small amount of biological samples needed (10-20mg)

• Applicable for all life stages

• Differentiates among phenotypically alike species.

This method is already well established for identification of animals, by using COX1- Cytochrome Oxidase

1 gene (mitochondrial DNA) as a standard region. CO1 and other mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) markers

cannot be used for plant DNA Barcoding because mtDNA evolves slowly in plants, so the levels of variation

is very low and renders insufficient while recognizing species. Following this, a number of candidate gene

regions were suggested as potential barcodes for plants including coding genes and non-coding genes.

Universality of primers for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing is one of the most important

factors which determine the success rate of DNA barcoding. For a region to be qualified as a barcode, it

must contain enough variability to be informative for identification, hence should contain unique identifiers,

must be short enough so that it can be sequenced in a single reaction and must contain invariant region

that can be used to develop universal primers.

Studies suggested that there were no other multi-loci which could provide greater species resolution than

the matK+rbcL combination. The Plant Working Group of the Consortium for the Barcode of Life (CBOL)

standardised the combination of matK and rbcL as the universal plant barcode. The ITS2 sequence has

been considered an ideal DNA barcoding sequence for species identification of fungi and higher plants,

which revealed a 92.7% of resolution success rate at the species level. In the past decade, several other

plastid genome regions such as atpF-H, matK, psbK-I, rbcL, ropC1, rpoB, trnH-psbA and trnL-F that are

frequently used in plant molecular systematics have been extensively evaluated. rbcL and matK were

proposed as the core barcodes of plant species, the sequence trnH-psbA and ITS as the supplement

barcodes. Presently, rbcL genes are being widely used for phylogenetic analysis within family and even

among different group of seed plants. The core barcode matK is 1550 bp in length and is located at the

intron region in chloroplast (trnK) gene and encodes for an enzyme that is involved in type II intron splicing

during transcription. matK is one of the fastest evolving genes in the chloroplast genome. The evolution

rate of matK was found to be 2 to 3 times higher than that of rbcL and half lower than the ITS sequence.

ITS is a spacer DNA located between the larger and smaller sub-unit of the rRNA. Eukaryotes have two

ITS in their genome namely, ITS1 and ITS2. These are highly conserved from bacteria, fungi and other

complex plants. A large amount of data of this gene is available in GenBank and is also the most commonly

used sequence for barcoding of medicinal plants. However, in some complex plants, this combination alone

may not be sufficient. So, investigating these markers will contribute to the development of useful barcodes

for plant identification. Two international initiatives working towards the development of DNA barcodes

include the Consortium for the Barcode of Life (CBOL) and the International Barcode of Life (iBOL). DNA

barcoding is an efficient and accurate method for true product identification that is not affected by the

condition of the sample material.

Previous Advances in Barcoding

• Species discrimination had become easy and rapid by means of DNA barcoding technology.

• Community phylogenetic reconstruction, via a super-matrix approach with the barcode combination

(rbcL+matK+psbA-trnH) provided a well-resolved phylogenetic framework. Thus, a DNA barcoding-



based phylogeny could assign almost all species to a proper evolutionary position in a systematic

classification.

• Biodiversity index evaluation proved to be more effective and comparable with the aid of

standardized plant DNA barcoding procedures.

METHODOLOGY

Specimen Collection and Tissue Sample Preparation

In this study 12 samples were collected from different regions in Tamil Nadu. Plant samples were collected

during their vegetative and reproductive growth stage and vouchers were prepared by giving proper sample

ID. Young leaves from the collected plant samples were cleaned properly and dried at room temperature

or heat dried at 37°C for 5 days. Properly dried samples were stored in re-sealable packets.

Table 1. List of samples used for species identification

Sample ID Species Family DNA Extraction

Yield (ng//μl)

PCR result Contig

ITS rbcL

ANDP Paniculata Acanthaceae 142.3 ✔ ✔ ✔

MEOL Officinalis Lamiaceae 898.8 ✔ ✔ ✔

VJR Jatamansi Valerianaceae 618.4 ✔ ✘ ✔

PIP Sarmentosum Piperaceae 560.2 ✔ ✘ ✔

PHN Niruri Phyllanthaceae 1972.9 ✔ ✔ ✔

ASP Racemosus Asparagaceae 97.3 ✔ ✔ ✔

CMG Mukul Burseraceae 171.2 ✘ ✘ ✘

PIA Incarnata Passifloraceae 2004.6 ✔ ✔ ✔

EPH Parviflorum Onagraceae 106.4 ✔ ✘ ✔

MLF Oleifera Moringaceae 680.1 ✔ ✘ ✔

TTF Terrestris Zygophyllaceae 457.6 ✔ ✔ ✔

BMF Charantia Cucurbitaceae 316.7 ✔ ✔ ✘

DNA Isolation

DNA was extracted from plant tissue by rupture of cell wall and nuclear membrane. Cell wall was ruptured

by grinding and the cell membrane was solubilized using an ionic detergent like CTAB. After the release of

nucleic acid from the cell, the DNA was protected from degradation by adding EDTA, which chelates Mg

2+ needed for DNase activity. RNA can be removed by treatment with RNase. Absolute Ethanol (99%),

which has a lower dielectric constant than water, promotes ionic bond formations between the Na+ and the

PO3- (from the DNA backbone), causing the DNA to precipitate. 70% ethanol solution is used during the

DNA washing steps as it promotes pellet formation. In order to remove impurities and concentrate the DNA

in solution, ammonium acetate was used. Phenyl: Chloroform: Isoamyl alcohol (25:24:1) was added to



reduce foaming between interphase, to prevent the emulsification of a solution and to remove secondary

metabolites like tanins and terpenoids. Finally the pellets were dissolved in TE Buffer which protects the

nucleic acid from degradation and stored at 4°C until further use.

ITS/ rbcL Amplification

Previously synthesized ITS/rbcL primers were used. PCR amplification was done using 48-wells Thermal

Cycler. Amplification reactions were performed for 10 μL reaction volumes in 0.2 mL microtubes. The

reaction consists of 5 μL EmeraldAmp GT-PCR MasterMix, which consists of an optimized buffer, Taq DNA

Ploymerase, dNTP mixture, gel loading dye (green) and a density reagent in 2X premix format along with

1 μL ITS or rbcL forward primer, 1 μL ITS or rbcL reverse primer, 0.5 μL of the template and 2.5 μL of

ddH2O. The ITS thermocycling profile was : an initial denaturation of 3 min and 45 seconds at 94°C, 32

cycles of 45 seconds denaturation at 94°C, 1 min annealing at 58°C, and 1 min extension at 72°C; and a

final extension for 5 min at 72°C. The rbcL thermo cycling profile was: 94◦C for 1 min, 32 cycles of 94◦C for

45 s, 52◦C for 1 min, 72◦C for 1 min, with a final extension of 72◦C for 10 min. The amplified products/

amplicons were separated on a matrix made of 0.8% agarose gel stained with Ethidium Bromide using 50X

TAE buffer by electrophoresis and visualized with gel documentation.

Sequencing and Data Analysis

PCR amplified products with a clear single band were recovered, and each amplicon was sequenced by

Biokart, Bangalore, India using Sanger Sequencing with amplification primers (ITS and rbcL). Sequences

were proofread and edited with Codon Code Aligner software, and the low-quality sequences and primer

regions were removed. Only 10 sequences generated contigs for further process. The sequence was

blasted using NCBI BLAST software and the top search result indicated and confirmed the species.

RESULTS

Table 2. BLAST Analysis results from NCBI

Sr. No

Sample ID BLAST Analysis

Result

Query Cover Per.

Ident.

Accession ID

1 ANDP Andrographis paniculata - -

-

2 MEOL Melissa officinalis 100% 100%

JQ669335.1

3 VJR Valeriana jatamansi 100% 100%

GU477681.1

4 PIP Piper sarmentosum 100% 98.21% EF450309.1

5 PHN Phyllanthus niruri 100% 97.29%

AB441771.1

6 ASP Asparagus racemosus 100% 100% MK513801.1

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/JQ669335.1?report=genbank&log$=nucltop&blast_rank=1&RID=607S7NRK016

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/GU477681.1?report=genbank&log$=nucltop&blast_rank=1&RID=5Y31SJB401R

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/EF450309.1?report=genbank&log$=nucltop&blast_rank=1&RID=609HZAWU01R

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/AB441771.1?report=genbank&log$=nucltop&blast_rank=1&RID=609A2CGS016

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/MK513801.1?report=genbank&log$=nucltop&blast_rank=1&RID=5Y25872K013



7 PIA Passiflora incarnata 100% 100%

GQ248835.1

8 EPH Epilobium parviflorum 99% 100%

MG237828.1

9 MLF Moringa oleifera 99% 100%

JX092069.1

10 TTF Tribulus terrestris 98% 100%

FJ609736.1

DISCUSSIONS

DNA barcoding is a novel system designed to provide rapid, accurate, and automatable species

identifications by using short, standardized gene regions as internal species tags. This method will make

the Linnaean taxonomic system more accessible and will be beneficial to ecologists, conservationists, and

the diversity of agencies charged with invasive species, and food safety. DNA barcoding has the potential

to accelerate the pace of species discovery by allowing taxonomists to rapidly sort specimens and by

highlighting divergent taxa that may represent new species. Like most methods at the cutting edge of

molecular biological technology, Barcoding has enormous and rapidly evolving potential. The discrimination

success of plant barcodes is a lower than that of animal groups such as fishes and birds.

Major Challenges:

• Analysing massive DNA barcoding sequence data, which needs powerful computational systems

and critical infrastructures to perform large-scale and multidisciplinary research projects

• Promoting theoretical innovation, calls for raising novel scientific hypotheses and publishing a

series of influential papers in top academic journals.

Despite these challenges, plant DNA barcodes proved to be very useful for number of applications as

described above. Future technological advances will undoubtedly lead to further development of this

approach. For a barcode to be considered universal, it must be tractable across a wide range of species

and should be relatively short in length to facilitate easy DNA extraction, amplification, and sequencing.

The ITS region

The ITS (Internal transcribed spacer) region is located between the 16S and 23S rRNA genes. It was

recommended only as a supplementary locus by CBOL and not a core barcode marker because of two

reasons: Firstly, the ITS region is different to amplify and sequence. Secondly, it has an incomplete

concerted evolution. But in contrast, ITS2 has a conserved sequence which is easy to analyse and amplify.

So, ITS2 was accepted as a universal barcode for plant taxa. Studies revealed that ITS2 has the potential

to increase the PCR efficiency and can be used for barcoding degraded DNA samples.

The rbcL region

Ribulose 1, 5- bisphosphate carboxylase (rbcL), 600-750 bp, is a promising candidate for plant barcoding

as it has the ability to detect generic level evolutionary relationships. rbcL is easy to amplify, sequence and

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/GQ248835.1?report=genbank&log$=nucltop&blast_rank=20&RID=5Y3ZAG1G016

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/MG237828.1?report=genbank&log$=nucltop&blast_rank=1&RID=6085FV5E01R

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/JX092069.1?report=genbank&log$=nucltop&blast_rank=1&RID=608JFVGB01R

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/FJ609736.1?report=genbank&log$=nucltop&blast_rank=1&RID=608SVGBJ016



align in plants. Hence, it is a good DNA barcoding region for plants at the family and genus levels. But since

this region has a low divergence of plastid genes in flowering plants, it is not suitable for discrimination at

the species level. Moreover, the length is also a drawback as four primers are required for its double-

stranded sequencing. However, despite its limitation rbcL is still being widely used for plant barcoding due

to a large amount of easily accessible data and straightforward recovery of the entire gene sequence.

Although rbcL by itself does not meet the desired qualities of a barcoding locus, but when combined with

various plastids or nuclear loci, can make accurate identifications.

CONCLUSION

The findings of this study indicate that currently used primers of ITS and rbcL in DNA Barcoding is able to

amplify most of the region of medicinal plant DNA. DNA sequencing was successful for both regions. Blastn

search was successful and species of the medicinal plants were identified using ITS2 region, whereas rbcL

region was not accurately aligned. The results highlight that among the two regions used in this study, ITS2

region could serve as the best DNA barcodes for the medicinal plants. DNA barcodes will contribute to the

identification, conservation, and quality control of valuable medicinal plant species. This approach will also

help in identifying adulterations present in the natural drug market. In conclusion, DNA barcoding enables

us to speed up the work of taxonomists in species identification. Despite some drawbacks of DNA

barcoding, the study reported here showed the success of using the barcoding region ITS2 in distinguishing

medicinal plant species. The study recommends that in the future, efforts should be taken to develop

nuclear barcodes to complement the barcoding regions that are currently in use for even more accurate

barcoding results.

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ICAST71

Carotenoid producing Rhodotorula mucilaginosa isolated from stressed

environment with specific anticancer activity

Chidambaram Kulandaisamy Venil*,1, Mahalingam Malathi2, Ponnuswamy Renuka Devi1

1Department of Biotechnology, Anna University, Regional Campus-Coimbatore,

Coimbatore – 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India.

2Department of Chemistry, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam - 638 401, Tamil

Nadu, India.

[email protected]

Abstract

Microbial pigments are promising compounds in the prevention and treatment of various cancers. In this

study, the antioxidant and cytotoxic effect of pigment from Rhodotorula mucilaginosa was investigated.

Optimization of the pigment production from Rhodotorula mucilaginosa was studied using one factor at a

time approach and the pigment was analysed using UV-VIS, FTIR, HPLC, GC analysis. The biological

activities of the pigment was evaluated by DPPH, MTT assays. The strain was identified as Rhodotorula

mucilaginosa with its ability to produce carotenoid type pigment. The EC50 of the pigment was evaluated as

5.4 mg/mL. The anticancer effects of breast cancer cell line was found to be moderate and there was no

inhibition to normal human derman fibroblast cells. The results of this study show that this strain can be

potentially used in future as a promising microorganism for the commercial production of carotenoids for

anticancer therapy.

Keywords: carotenoids; optimization; Rhodotorula sp.; anticancer




ICAST72

Current progression in anode materials for lithium-ion batteries: Review

D.Saritha *, Gubbala V.Ramesh, N. Mahendar Reddy

Chaitanya bharathi institute of technolygy, Department of Chemistry, Hyderabad, India.

*Email: [email protected].

Abstract

Lithium ion batteries are the one of the dynamic energy storages devices presently. Li-ion batteries have

broadly explored for an extensive variety of areas comprising electric, information technology, hybrid

vehicles and aerospace, etc. Nano structure anode materials with superior reversible capacity and constant

cycling life are vital for superior performance of Li-ion batteries. Consequently, various new anode materials

have been projected as a replacement for graphite in modern years. Nanostructures electrodes have

excellent properties including high surface area, low diffusion path and decent dimensional steadiness for

Li-ion batteries applications. Numerous categorizations of the anode materials including the

intercalation/de- intercalation, alloy/de-alloy, and conversion materials are demonstrated coherently. The

projections of these materials in emergent high-performance lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles and

extensive energy storage applications are also emphasized. In this review, we summarize the recent

research progress of nanostructured anode materials for the next generation Li-ion batteries with amazing

capacity, superior rate capability, and admirable cycling steadiness.

Keywords: Li ion batteries, Anode materials



ICAST73

DETERMINATION OF PROBIOTIC PROPERTIES OF LACTIC ACID BACTERIA

FROM CURD

J. JAYACHITRA1 P.SIVASAKTHIVELAN1 and E.BABU2

1-Assistant Professor, Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Annamalai

University, Annamalai Nagar – 608002, Tamil Nadu – India.

2-Lecturer, Department of Polymer Technology, Tamilnadu Government Polytechnic College Madurai,

Tamil Nadu – 625 011 Mail: [email protected]

Abstract

The aim of this study is to characterize probiotic properties of isolated lactic acid bacteria from curd sample.

Curd sample was cultured on MRS Agar media with appropriate dilution for the isolation of potential

probiotics strains and pure cultures were obtained by continuous sub-culturing. Identification of lactic acid

bacterial (LAB) was done by Gram’s staining and catalase test and named it as LAB1,LAB2 and LAB3 ..

These isolates were examined for probiotic properties including tolerance to different concentrations of bile

salt and , antimicrobial activity. Probiotics are supposed to those bacteria which have beneficial effects for

the host.. The results proved that LAB isolated from curd exhibited promising probiotic properties and seem

favourable for use in functional fermented foods as preservatives.

Keywords: Probiotic; curd, Lactic acid bacteria; Antimicrobial activity

Introduction.

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are commonly associated with fermented dairy products such as cheese,

buttermilk, curd, sreekhand etc. Curd is fermented milk product which is also good source of lactic acid

bacteria. The curd bacteria especially LAB have been well accepted as GRAS (generally regarded as safe).

curd as part of milk that coagulates when the milk sours or is treated with enzymes, curd is used to make

cheese; or/and a coagulated liquid that resembles milk curd. Curd is also cheap and easily available source

. LAB are group of Gram-positive cocci and rods, catalase negative occurring naturally in variety of niches

( Mohania et al., 2008). Probiotics are defined as “Live microorganisms when administrated in adequate

amounts confer a health benefit on host” (FAO/WHO, 2011). Most probiotics available today belong to

genera Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. LAB are most important group of microorganisms used in food

fermentation, they contribute to the fast and texture of fermented products and inhibit food spoilage and

pathogenic bacteria by producing antimicrobial substances (lactic acid, hydrogen peroxide, bacteriocin)

(Phillip et al ., 2012).Several mechanisms by which probiotics mediates their health benefits on the host

have been suggested, and can be divided in to three categories: (i) certain probiotics have antibacterial

activity and can exclude or inhibit pathogens; (ii) probiotics bacteria can enhance the intestinal epithelial

barrier; (iii) probiotics bacteria are believed to modulate host immune response ( Lebeer et al., 2010). To

perform their effect in the intestine probiotics bacteria should be capable of surviving passage through

gastro intestinal tract (GIT).Thus it is essential for bacteria to have protection systems to withstand the low

pH in the stomach, digestive enzymes and bile of the small intestine ( Jensen et al., 2012). LAB were

successfully isolated from curd samples (Ghosh et al., 2011). The aim of this study was to isolate lactic acid

bacteria from curd and to determine their probiotics potential.



2.Materials and Methods

Isolation of Lactic Acid Bacteria from Curd For isolating lactic acid bacteria curd sample was suspended,

appropriately diluted in sterile normal saline, spread plated on de Mann Rogosa Sharpe (MRS) agar and

incubated at 37°C for 2 days. The isolated colonies were transferred to MRS broth and purified by streaking

twice on MRS agar plate (Mahantesh et al., 2010). Gram staining was performed as described by Rakesh

J. Patel (2008). Catalase test was performed by streaking MRS slant in the test tube by each of isolates.

Slants were incubated for 37°C for 2 days. After incubation 3% H2O2 was added in that slants and slants

were observed for gas production. Gram-positive and catalase negative isolates were taken as lactic acid

bacteria (Rasha et al., 2012). Gram positive and catalase negative isolates were preserved on MRS agar

slant in culture tube and stored at 4°C. Sub culturing was carried out after every 15 days.

Probiotic Properties of Isolates •

Resistant to Low pH Being resistant to low pH is one of the major selection criteria for probiotics strains.

It is often used in vitro assays to determine resistance to stomach pH. For this purpose active cultures were

used. Cells were harvested by centrifugation. Pellets were washed once in phosphate buffer saline (PBS)

(pH 7.2). Then cell pellets were re suspended in PBS (pH 3) and incubated at 37°C. After 0,1,2,3 h viable

inoculations was carried out in MRS broth. These MRS broths were incubated at 37°C for 48 h and growth

was monitored after incubation at OD620.

• Tolerance against Bile Salts

The mean intestinal bile salt concentration is believed to be 0.3% and staying time of food is

suggested to be 4 h. The experiment was applied at this concentration of bile for 4 h. For this purpose

active cultures were used. Cells were harvested by centrifugation and MRS broth containing 0.3% bile salts

were added to pellets. During incubation of 4 h, at every hour inoculations were carried out in to MRS broths

and they were incubated at 37°C for 48 h and growth was monitored after incubation at OD620.

Antibacterial Activity

Antibacterial activity was determined against: Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis,

L.monocytogenes Escherichia coli, , All of LAB isolates were incubated for 48 h at 37°C. After incubation

cells were removed by centrifugation and pH of supernatants were set 6.5 and it was filtered through

0.22µm filter to obtain cell free supernatants (CFS). This CFS is used as antimicrobial agent using agar

well diffusion method. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by measuring zone of inhibition against the test

organism.

Result and discussion

Isolation of Lactic Acid Bacteria from Curd

Totally 4 isolates were obtained from which only 3 were catalase negative. All the three organisms

were found to be gram positive rod shaped bacteria. Hence three Lactic acid bacteria were named it as

LAB1,LAB2and LAB3.

Probiotic Properties of Isolates •

Resistant to Low pH According to this experiment the three isolates were found resistant to pH 3. Results

were shown as graph (Figure 1). Tolerance against Bile Salts According to this experiment both the

isolates were found resistant to 0.3% bile salt concentration. Results were shown as graph (Figure 2This

results are in lined with findings of Debashis Halder and Shyamapada Mandal (2015) who reported that

The curd isolates of L. fermentum and L. casei, showed tolerance to low-pH values (3 and 4) and bile salts



(0.2 and 0.3%; w/v), and found luxuriant in MRS broth even after 24 h under atmospheric carbon dioxide

at 37 oC

Figure 1: Survival in pH 3-OD620 values

Figure 2: Survival in 0.3%Bile salts-OD620 values

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

1.4

0 1 2 3

OD

(62

0n

m)

Time in hour

Resistant to Low pH 3.0

LAB1 LAB2 LAB3

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1 2 3 4

OD

62

0(6

20

nm

)

Time in hours

Resistant to bile salt 0.3%

LAB1 LAB2 LAB3



Survival rate of LAB1,LAB2 was higher than LAB3 at 0.3% bile salts concentrations. • Antibacterial

Activity

All the three strains have shown inhibitory activity against food borne pathogen strains. The

diameters of zone of inhibitions were measured. LAB1 recorded highest mean inhibition zone (16.57mm)

followed by LAB2 the lowest mean inhibition zone (11.30mm) they are shown in Table1.

Table –1 Antimicrobial activity of probiotic lactobacillus strains against certain food borne

pathogens

Inhibition zone (in mm) Mean

Inhibition

zone(mm) Isolate Staphylococcus

aureus

Bacillus

subtilis

L.monocytogenes Escherichia

coli

LAB - 1 19.30 17.10 18.60 11.30 16.57

LAB- 2 16.50 14.50 13.20 9.70 13.47

LAB- 3 14.40 12.30 10.30 8.20 11.3

Conclusion

Lactic acid bacteria were successfully isolated from curd. Probiotic activities of all the three isolates were

determined. All of them showed resistant to low pH, tolerance against bile salts and antimicrobial activity

against certain food borne pathogens microorganisms. Thus main criteria of being probiotics strains were

determined.

References

1. Debashis Halder, Shyamapada Mandal Curd Lactobacilli with Probiotic Potentiality.2015.

2. Translational Biomedicine 6(2)15-21.

3. Jensen, Grimmer, Natersad and Axellson. 2012. In vitro testing of commercial and potential lactic

acid bacteria. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 153, pp. 216-222.

4. Mahantesh M. Patil, Ajay Pal, T. Anand, and K V Ramana. .2009. Isolation and characterization of

lactic acid bacteria from curd and cucumber. Indian journal of biotechnology, 9, pp. 166-172.

5. Mohania, Nagpal, Kumar, Bharadwaj, Yadav O., Jain, Marotta, A. Yadav. 2008. Molecular

approaches for identification and charecterization of lactic acid bacteria. Journal of Digestive

Diasease, pp. 190-198.

6. Leeber, Vanderleyden, De Keersmaecker S C. 2010. Host interactions of probiotic bacterial surface

molecules: comparison with commensals and pathogens. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 8, pp.171-

184.

7. Rasha H. Bassyouni, Mostafa J. Fadi, Walla S. Abdel-all, Saed Abdel-all. .2012. Charecterisation

of lactic acid bacteria from dairy products in egypt as probiotic. Life science journal, 9 (4), pp. 2924-

2928.



ICAST74

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT PLANT EXTRACT BY DEVOLOPING BIOFORMULATION

FOR CONTROL OF Cryptotermes brevis (TERMITES)

Vani c1, Thanga Balaji2.

Department of Biotechnology: Karunya Institute of Technology sciences (Deemed to be University)

Coimbatore - 64114, Tamil Nadu, India.


This study was carried out to find the effect of some commonly present plant products on termite

species Cryptotermes brevis. In the hot water extraction method, five major concentrations (5mg/ml) of

various solutions from Neem, Garlic, Chilli, Lemon, and Cow's Urine were used. Ten termites are used to

treat each concentration. The termite mortality is studied over time periods of 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72

hours. Termite mortality is highly successful in 72 hours. The successful formulation was developed and

tested in gas chromatography to obtain the pesticide likeness based on the following findings.

OVERALL MORTALITY PERCENTAGE:

Keywords: Termites, hot water extraction, mortality, different concentration, formulation, gas chromatography.

REFERENCES:

• Nazeer Ahmed, Zelle Huma, Misbah ul Haq, Saif -Ur- Rehman, Misbah Ullah. 2016. Effect of

Different of Plant Extract on Termite Species (Heterotermis indicola). Journal of Bioresource

management. 9(2): 9-16.

• Sezanur R., Sudhangshu Kumar., Nirmal Chandra B., Tamanna F., 2016. Plant Extract as

Selective Pesticide for Integrated Pest Management. Biotechnology Reserch Journal.Vol 2(1):6-

10.

• Park IK, Shin SC (2005). Fumigant activity of plant essential oils and components from garlic (Allium

sativum) and clove bud (Eugenia caryophyllata) oils against the Japanese termite (Reticulitermes

speratus Kolbe). J Agric Food Chem. 53, 4388-7392.

• Mohamed Z.M.Salem., Mona F.Ali., Maisa M.A.Mansour., Hayssam M.Ali., Esraa M.Abdel

Moneim., Ahmed.A.M., 2020. Anti Termite activity of three plant extract, chlorpyrifos, and a

bioagent compound against Termite Microcertotermes eugnathus Silvestri (Blattodea: Termitidae)

in Egypt. MDPI.11:756.

• Chen_Yang Jia., Fan Wang., Ge Fei Hao., Guang Fu Yang., 2019. Physiochemical properties and

Evaluating insecticide likeness of small molecules. Journal of chemical engineering and modelling.

59(2):630-635

0

50

100

150

24HRS 48 HRS 72 HRS

% mortality by timeCon A B C D E F

% MORTALIT

FORMULATIONS BY TIME




ICAST75

Hepatoprotective effect of Glycyrrhetinic acid methyl ester in Palmitate Oleate

induced steatosis in HepG2 cells

K. Buvaensvaragurunathan*, V. Porchezhiyan, S. Nagulkumar, P. Pandikumar

Division of Ethnopharmacology, Entomology Research Institute, Loyola College, Nungambakkam,

Chennai – 600 034. Tamil Nadu, INDIA.


Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) is the major pentacyclic triterpenoid present in the stems of Glycyrrhiza

glabra L. (Fabaceae). These stems have been traditionally used to treat various liver ailments and GA was

shown to have ameliorative effect against Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD). In this study, we

isolated GA from G. glabra and prepared one of its semisynthetic derivative which is the methyl ester of

GA. The structure of the derivative was confirmed with FT-IR, NMR and mass spectra. The anti-NAFLD

effect of GA and its methyl ester was evaluated in Palmitate – Oleate induced steatotic HepG2 cells

between 3.25 and 25 µM concentrations. MTT assay showed the lack of significant cytotoxicity by the

compounds up to 100 µM. The methyl ester of GA significantly lowered the intracellular lipid accumulation

in steatotic HepG2 cells and its efficacy was comparatively superior to that of GA. Further deeper

explorations will throw more light on the usefulness of GA methyl ester for the treatment of NAFLD.

References:

Cao, L., Ding, W., Jia, R., Du, J., Wang, T., Zhang, C., Gu, Z., Yin, G., 2017. Anti-inflammatory and

hepatoprotective effects of glycyrrhetinic acid on CCl4-induced damage in precision-cut liver slices from

Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. jian) through inhibition of the nf-kƁ pathway. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 64,

234-242.

Jeong, H.G., You, H.J., Park, S.J., Moon, A.R., Chung, Y.C., Kang, S.K., Chun, H.K., 2002.

Hepatoprotective effects of 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury: inhibition of

cytochrome P450 2E1 expression. Pharmacol. Res. 46, 221-227.

Jiang, M., Zhao, S., Yang, S., Lin, X., He, X., Wei, X., Song, Q., Li, R., Fu, C., Zhang, J., Zhang, Z., 2020.

An essential herbal medicine - licorice: A review of phytochemicals and its effects in combination

preparations. J. Ethnopharmacol. 249, 112439.

Langer, D., Czarczynska-Goslinska, B., Goslinski, T., 2016. Glycyrrhetinic acid and its derivatives in

infectious diseases. Curr. Issues Pharm. Med. Sci. 29, 118-123.

Le, M.H., Devaki, P., Ha, N.B., Jun, D.W., Te, H.S., Cheung, R.C., Nguyen, M.H., 2017. Prevalence of non-

alcoholic fatty liver disease and risk factors for advanced fibrosis and mortality in the United States. PLoS

One 12, e0173499.



ICAST76

Notes on important medicinal plants used for the treatment of reproductive

ailments by the non-institutionally trained Siddha practitioners of Tiruvannamalai

district

V. Porchezhiyan*, K. Buvaensvaragurunathan, S. Nagulkumar, P. Pandikumar

Division of Ethnopharmacology, Entomology Research Innstitute, Loyola College, Nungambakkam,

Chennai – 600 034.


Infertility is one of the likely under-estimated global healthcare concerns. This study aimed to

document the medicinal plants used by the non-institutionally trained Siddha practitioners of

Tiruvannamalai district in Tamil Nadu, India for infertility treatment. This study was conducted between July

2017 and April 2019. This study documented the use of 158 plant species for preparing 124 formulations.

The species like Saraca asoca, Ficus religiosa, Erythrina variegata, Punica granatum, Caesalpinia

crista and Nigella sativa were used to treat female infertility. The species like Curculigo orchioides, Ficus

religiosa, Ficus benghalensis, Ficus racemosa, Hygrophila auriculata, Hybanthus enneaspermus, Moringa

oleifera and Mucuna pruriens were used to treat male infertility. The traditional uses of many species are

not supported with scientific evidences and there is a need for robust studies. The use of potentially toxic

species like Aristolochia bracteolata indicated the importance of deeper studies in this field.

References:

1.Akour, A., Kasabri, V., Afifi, F.U., Bulatova, N. 2016. The use of medicinal herbs in gynecological and

pregnancy-related disorders by Jordanian women: A review of Folkloric practice Vs. Evidence-based

Pharmacology. Pharmceutical Biology. 54, 1901-18.

2.El-Khatib, F.M., Yafi, N.R., Yafi, F.A. 2019. Over-the-Counter supplements and men's health, in: Yafi,

F.A., Yafi, N.R., (Eds.). Effect of lifestyle in Men’s Health, Academic Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

3.Rajeswari, R., Murugesh, S., 2019. Ethnogynaecological disorders of medicinal plants used by tribal

people in Gedamalai, Namakkal District, Southern Eastern Ghats, Tamil Nadu. International Journal of

Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 40, 5559-64.

4.Ravishankar, T., 2007. Ethnobotany of Dharmapuri and North Arcot Districts in Tamil Nadu, South India.

Biodiversity, 8(1), 12-20.

5.Sheoran, P., Sarin, J. 2015. Infertility in India: Social, religion and cultural influence. International Journal

of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics & Gynecology. 4, 1783-8.

6.Venugopal, P. M., 1968. Cūlmaruttuvam (Obstetrics). Tamil Nadu Siddha Medical Council, Chennai –

600 106.



ICAST77

HYDROGEN PRODUCTION BY WATER ELECTROLYSIS AND MODELING AND

SIMULATION OF ELECTROLYZER

KRISHNENDU SEN

Department of Chemical Engineering, NIT TRICHY,TAMILNADU 620015

"Hydrogen, the clean energy carrier with the highest specific energy density, is considered as the best

alternative to fossil fuel in order to ensure sustainability of energy. However, at present, 96% of hydrogen

is still produced from hydrocarbon sources, such as natural gas, oil and coal . Plenty of CO2, the

greenhouse gas, is released to atmosphere, and destroys the eco-environment. Meanwhile, poisonous CO

in hydrogen produced from hydrocarbon sources can deteriorate seriously the property of fuel cell which

converts chemical energy of hydrogen to electric energy . In the long run, it is not a sustainable manner to

produce hydrogen from non-renewable hydrocarbon sources. Hydrogen must be produced by clean

processes which use renewable sources and avoid completely the emission of carbon dioxide. Water

electrolysis for hydrogen production has many advantages such as high purity, simple process, no pollution

and plenty of sources. Industrial water electrolysis cells have been established for one hundred years .

However, water electrolysis is only used in special cases that need hydrogen with high purity .

The aim of this study incude ; 1. To study various hydrogen production methods and advantages

& disadvantages of those process; 2. To study various water electrolysis process and property analysis of

various materials like electrode, electro-catalyst ,electrolytes and membrane involved in the electrolysis. 3.

Design of electrolyzer modeling; 4. Modeling and simulation of electrolyzer on various parameter.

"

Keywords: water electrolysis,electrolyzer,electrode,electro-catalyst,electrolytes,simulation



ICAST78

MODELLING AND PERFORMANCE STUDIES OF SOLAR DRYER FOR

PROCESSED BANANA

C. Ajay Mugundan1, K.N.Sheeba1, P.Sureshkumar2

Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, 620015, Tamil

Nadu, India

National Research Centre for Banana, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India

Abstract:

This paper presents the performance evaluation of a solar dryer with different types of bananas and study

of the drying kinetics. The objective of this work is to study the performance analysis of solar dryer system

and to predict which drying kinetics model is most suitable for bananas by simulating in MATLAB. In this

study we make use of only Direct dryers. Direct dryers are those types of dryers that use the sunlight directly

to affect the evaporation of water content from the fruits. These kinds of dryers don’t use any types of

blowers, ID fans, etc. They are simple in construction and economically cheaper. Drying of fruits is used to

remove or reduce the water content in the fruits to increase its shelf life. When water content is low the

action of biological microorganisms and bacteria is reduced. This process is mostly used in tropical and

arid countries like Cambodia, Chile, Brazil, Argentina, Ethiopia, etc. to avoid the wastage of food and make

sure even the poor and poverty-stricken people also get their required amount of nutrition. Here in our case

banana is dried and made into banana flour. The study is based on these kinds of bananas.

Keywords: Direct dryers, kinetic model, dehydration, tropical, simulation

Introduction:

The advent of Dryer Technology has improved a lot. Now a days in the world even though agricultural

products such as fruits and vegetables are produced in a large scale but they are not consumed fully and

there is a lot of wastage. So, to preserve them and to increase their shelf life, they are cut and dried under

the open sun to remove all the water content. However, due to various interference from external impurities

and irregular drying rates, this manner of drying degrades the nature of the dried products. So, they are

dried in a closed environment (Dryer). Three types of solar dryers are basically available; direct solar dryers,

indirect solar dryers, and hybrid dryers. Direct type dryers don’t use ID fans, blowers, etc. Hence, they are

cost effective and require low maintenance also. This project is focused on modelling of direct type solar

dryers. Considering all the possible parameters that could affect the drying rate, like moisture content, avg.

ambient temperature, etc. Over the past three decades, R&D drying has evolved almost exponentially on

a global scale. Improving drying operations in order to save energy, increase product quality and reduce

the environmental effect. The key objectives of any drying device development have remained. Solar drying

is one of the most attractive and cost-effective methods for agriculture drying. In different parts of the world,

numerous types of solar dryers have been designed and produced, yielding various degrees of technical

efficiency. Four types of solar dryers are basically available; (1) open sun dryers, (2) direct solar dryers, (3)

indirect solar dryers and (4) mixed-mode dryers. The focus of our Project is on Direct Dryers.

1 Corresponding author, Email id: [email protected]



Milk items (milk, whey, creamers), coffee, coffee surrogates, tea, flavours, powdered beverages, refined

cereal-based foods, potatoes, starch derivatives, sugar beet pulp, fruits, vegetables and spices are common

applications for drying techniques. The removal of water from the wet germinated grain is used in the

manufacture of malt, a method known as kilning. The drying stage is important for the malting process and

is necessary to produce the desired colour and flavour. In case of bananas, it is also desirable to dry the

bananas in order to not only increase its shelf life but also to increase its taste. For example, drying of

banana dipped in honey will lead to value added product and hence its price will also be high in the market.

This kind of processing will lead to new kinds of products in the market and will promote the sales of the

product. Drying and processing is also a marketing strategy.

Different types of Drying-Kinetic models

S.No Model name Model

1 Wang and Singh MR =1+ at + bt2

2 Logarithmic MR = a.exp( − kt)+ c

3 Two term MR = a.exp( − kot)+ bexp( − k1t)

4 Verma et al. MR = a.exp( − kt)+ (1− a)exp( − g t)

5 Page MR = exp(−ktn)

6 Modified Page MR = exp {−(kt)^n}

7 Two-term exponential MR = a.exp( − k t)+ (1− a)exp( − k a t)

8 Newton MR = exp (− kt)

9 Diffusion approach MR=aexp( −kt)+(1−a)exp( −k b t)

10 Modified Henderson and MR = a.exp( − kt)+ b.exp( − g t)+

Pabis c.exp(-ht)

11 Henderson and Pabis MR = a.exp( − kt)

12 Thompson t = a.ln(MR) + b(ln(MR))2

13 Midilli and Kucuk MR = a.exp( − ktn )+ bt

14 Hasibuan and Daud MR = 1 - atnexp (-ktm)

15 Hii MR = a exp (-ktn) + c. exp (-g*t*n)

16 Haghi and Angiz – III MR= a exp(-kt)

17 Sripinyowanich and MR = exp (-ktn) + bt + c

Noomhoom



Table 1: Drying-Kinetic models and their equations

Where,

MR = Moisture Ratio

t = total time taken in drying

a,b,n are arbitrary constants

Criteria for Model Selection

1) Statistical Evaluation

The Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) is one of the main criteria for selecting the befitting equation is a

good measure of how accurately the model predicts the response, and if the model's primary objective is

prediction, it is the most important criterion for fit. The best measure of model fit depends on the goals of

the researcher, and more than one is always helpful.

Where, Mpre,i and Mobs,i are respectively the expected and observed dimensionless moisture ratio, and

N is the number of measurements.

2) Mean Absolute Error (MAE)

Where fi is the forecast and yi is the true value; |ei| is the absolute error average. The MAE units are the

same as the yi units; there is no overweighting with large variations. Compensation between under, and

overprediction is avoided. And thus, as a normalizing mechanism, MAE functions. In a series of predictions,

the MAE calculates the average severity of the errors, without taking their direction into account. For

continuous variables, it calculates precision. The mean absolute error utilizes the same scale as the

calculated data. This is regarded as a measure of scale dependent accuracy and can therefore not be used

to use various scales to make comparisons between sequences.

3)Modelling Efficiency



Modelling Efficiency (EF) considers upper or lower bound distance measurements to compare entirely

different cases. It thus performs the job of normalizing the data in order to eliminate any overshoot and

outliers in the data. The NSE becomes negative in the case of a modelled time series with an estimation

error variance that is substantially greater than the variance of the observations. When the observed mean

is a better predictor than the model, an efficiency less than zero (NSE < 0) occurs.

4) Equilibrium Moisture content

In these simulations, equilibrium moisture content of banana was assumed when the mass becomes

constant after a long period of time, where the temperature and relative humidity extrapolated. The

equilibrium moisture content (EMC) of the hygroscopic material, which is at least partly surrounded by air,

is the moisture content at which no moisture is obtained or lost by the material. The EMC's value depends

on the material and the relative humidity and temperature of the air it is in contact with. Equilibrium moisture

content (EMC) is the amount of moisture where the wood does not gain or lose moisture as it is in

equilibrium with the natural environment's relative humidity and temperature.

5)Calculation of Moisture Ratio

where, MR is dimensionless moisture content ratio

M is the moisture content at any given time

Mo is the initial moisture content

Me is the equilibrium moisture content

Variance of Moisture Ratio is the measure of how fast a substance is being dried. MR is

a dimensionless number that indicates the ratio moisture content at a given time to the

initial moisture content.

MATLAB Code



The results obtained can be fed into the MATLAB code and the drying kinetics graph can be plotted. The

model that has the closest resemblance to our experiment can be found out by the EF i.e., efficiency factor

number. If EF is close to one, then the model describes the experimental data.

Fig.2: MATLAB Code to plot graph.

The results obtained either from experiments or by simulation is fed to the above MATLAB code and the

graph for drying kinetics is plotted. After the graphs are plotted, we can infer from them which model is

suitable for this by performing the statistical operations like curve fitting, etc.



Results:

After input of the values obtained from experiment or simulation in the MATLAB code, we get the graphs

as given in the following pages.

Table 3: The moisture content of banana flour at different time intervals at different temperatures are

given above.

Table 4: After taking the natural logarithm of MR (Moisture Ratio), log MR vs time graph is plotted. This

kind of logarithmic graph is useful in analysis.



Fig.5: Graph of MR (Moisture Ratio) vs time (min)

The Results of different models taking arbitrary values for constants

Table 6: The statistical parameters of RMSE, MAE, EF are calculated for each modelling equation by

comparing it with the obtained results.

Since average Modeling Efficiency is close to 1, it is inferred from these results that models of 1)Hasibuan

and Daud & 2) Sripinyowanich and Noomhoom are matching the data more closely than any other model.

Hence, we can say that the drying characteristics of Banana fits these two models.

Drying Rate

DR (Drying rate) is defined as rate of change of specific moisture content.



Formula:

Rate of Drying = weight of water removed/ (weight of the substance *time of drying *surface area

exposed)

Mt is the moisture content at any time t

Mt+dt is the moisture content after time dt

Table.7: Drying Rate vs time at different temperatures

Fig.8: Drying rate vs Moisture content

Summary & Conclusions:

Thus, from the results obtained in this paper it can be concluded that banana follows Hasibuan and Daud

kinetics or Sripinowanich and Noomhorm kinetics. In addition to these generally thin bananas tend to

comply with Page II model. Dried banana can be used to transport bananas to remote parts of the globe

were there is no availability of the fruit or either that it cannot be transported in wet form there without

decaying. Cut the banana into thin slices and put on the baking sheets and dry for 2to3 hours in a low oven.

You may also use a dehydrator to dry them or dry them in the sun. The bananas, when they're ready, will

be very light in colour. Place the banana in a thermomix or highspeed blender and grind into the finest flour.

In this way bananas are made into flour form and transported in packets. Paving way for banana to be sold



in containers and also being transported without any damage that would happen when it would be

transported in its natural form. Thus, this new product through the development in technology and R&D has

guaranteed the food security and availability to all parts of the nation.

References:

[1] SOLAR DRYING TECHNOLOGY: POTENTIALS AND DEVELOPMENTS by B.K.Bala and Nipa Khulna

University of Engineering and Technology, Khulna 9203 , Bangladesh

[2] NEW TECHNOLOGIES OF SOLAR DRYING SYSTEMS FOR AGRICULTURAL AND MARINE

PRODUCTS by Ghasem Sadeghi, Okhtay Taheri and Farokh Mobadersani Department of Mechanical

Engineering, Urmia University of Technology Band Road, Urmia, Iran

[3] DIRECT TYPE NATURAL CONVECTION SOLAR DRYER: A REVIEW by Pranav C. Phadke, P. V.

Walke, V. M. Kriplani

[4] MATHEMATICAL MODELLING AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON SUN AND SOLAR

DRYING OF WHITE MULBERRY by E. Kavak Akpinar

[5] PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT IN MIXED-MODE SOLAR DRYER WITH ADDITION OF

PARAFFIN-BASED THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE by Denil Roy Joshua, Richu Zachariah, D M Anumod

[6] BANANAS MOISTURE CONTENT PREDICTION SYSTEM USING VISUAL-NIR IMAGING by Septi Tri

Wahyuni Siregar, Windri Handayani, and Adhi Harmoko Saputro

[7] DRYING KINETICS AND MODELING OF SAVORY LEAVES UNDER DIFFERENT DRYING

CONDITIONS January 2018 International Food Research Journal 25(4):1357-1364 by Amin Taheri-

Garavand and V.Meda

[8] A REVIEW OF THIN LAYER DRYING OF FOODS: THEORY, MODELING, AND EXPERIMENTAL

RESULTS May 2010 Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 50(5):441-64 by Zafer Erbay and Filiz

Icier

[9] DRYING KINETICS OF BANANA (MUSA SPP.) June 2015 Interciencia 40(6):374-380 by Adewale O.

Omolola, Afam I.O. Jideani, Patrick F.

[10] EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL INVESTIGATION OF DRYING KINETICS OF BANANA

SLICES by Burak Türkan and A.B. Etemoglu January 2020 Pamukkale University Journal of Engineering

Sciences 26(4):643-653

[11] THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF THE DRYING KINETICS OF BANANAS by

M.R. Queiroz and S.A.Nebra February 2001 Journal of Food Engineering 47(2):127-132

[12] EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT DRYING METHODS ON THE PRODUCT QUALITY AND DRYING

KINETICS OF BANANA SLICES by Zhian Zheng, Dalong Jiang and Lei Gao

[13] DRYING KINETICS OF BANANA SLICES (CVS. MUSA NANA AND MUSA CAVENDISH) by Raquel

Pinho Ferreira Guine and Mario Joao Barroca July 2013 Conference: WASET – International Conference

on Food Processing and Technology 2013 At: Londres, Reino Unido



ICAST79

PREPARATION OF 3D COMPOSITE SCAFFOLD FROM NATURAL PLANT FIBERS

Manonmani S*, Brintha M, Hemalatha G and Hemasree S

Department of Biotechnology, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology (An autonomous Institute affiliated

to Anna University, Chennai Approved by AICTE accredited by NAAC with ‘A’ grade)

[email protected],9790679898

ABSTRACT

3D Composite scaffold have been extensively explored for biomedical application. This work aims

to prepare 3D scaffolds for the applications of cell or tissue regeneration. Our project deals with preparation

of 3D scaffold using Cardiospermum halicacabum fibre. Cardiospermum halicacabum plant has a promising

wound healing property, anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritis. The scaffold prepared by extracted fibre and

chitosan-gelatin solution, at various concentrations. Prepared scaffolds were characterized by comparable

study between different concentrations of scaffolds such as Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

(FTIR), Thermal Gravity analysis (TGA), Physico-chemical analysis and swelling test.

Keywords: Plant fiber, 3D Composite scaffold, Swellability, Tissue engineering.



ICAST80

High incidence of Oligozoospermia, Asthenozoospermia, Teratozoospermia in

human semen Infected with aerobic bacterial spps

Samidha Patil1 Dr. Hamade Venkat2

1Nivedita IVF centre Nashik -05 (MS)

Affiliated br Dr.Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University ,Aurangabad.

2 Department of Microbiology, Yogeshwari Mahavidyalaya Ambajogai 431517(MS).

Email:[email protected], Mobile no :9881207696

Male infertility refers to a male’s inability to cause pregnancy in a fertile female.In humans it

accounts for 40-50% of infertility. It affects approximately 15% of all men.Male infertility is commonly due

to deficiencies in the semen and semen quality is used as a surrogate measures of male fecundity.There

are number of reasons for male infertility for example Genetic defect ,Endocrine disorder,Anatomical

defect,Varicocele. Besides that bacterial infection is one of the cause of abnormal semen

characteristics,that leads to male infertility.The incidence of bacteria in semen has been reported to be

higher in infertile men than fertile men.Hence identifying the bacterial species in semen and studying their

effect with sperm parameter would help to rule out male subclinical infertility.In this present study we co-

incubated aerobic bacterial spp. i.e. Staphllococcus aureus,Eschrichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis

separately in five different normozoospermic semen samples.Semen and sperm parameters were

evaluated before inoculation of bacterial spps.and after the 8 hr of co-incubation.The purpose of this study

to find out whether exposure to aerobic Bacterial spp. influences the sperm characteristics.such as Sperm

concentration,Motility,Morphology,Viability,DNA fragmentation,Acrosome reaction.

. Table: 1 showing adversed effect of bacterial pathogen on sperm parameter.

Bacterial

Isolates

Initial 0

hr

After 8 hr

of co

incubatio

n

Concentratio

n %

Motility

%

Morpholog

y %

Viability

%

DNA

Fragmentatio

n %

Acrosome

Reaction

After

staining

Control: 1)Initial

2)After

40

35

80

60

21

21

76

70

7

8

No

significant

difference

s seen

Staphylococc

us aureus

1)Initial

2)After

34±8.6

8.0±2.4

71.0±6.

6

7.0±2.4

20.4±3.1

11.8±1.7

81.2±3.

7

18.0±7.

4

5.0±2.0

22.0±4.8

After 8 hr

drastic

change in

colour

observed



Eschrichia coli 1)Initial

2)After

35±13.0

9.0±3.7

73.0±5.

0

12.0±2.

4

22.4±4.4

9.4±3.2

82.5±5.

0

13.0±5.

0

5.8±1.7

24.6±5.8

After 8 hr

drastic

change in

colour

observed

E.faecalis 1)Initial

2)After

40.0±7.0

10.0±3.1

74.0±7.

3

14.0±3.

7

26.2±5.7

13.6±3.1

80.2±5.

3

22.2±5.

2

7.8±2.1

21.8±5.2

After 8 hr

drastic

change in

colour

observed

Above findings has led to the veiw that a slient sub-clinical infection of the male reproductive tract could

be the cause of abnormal semen characteristics in infertile men.

References:

1.RH Mehata1,H Sridhar1,BR Vijaykumar1,,TC Anand Kumar.High incidence of oligozoospermia and

teratozoospermia,in human semen infected with aerobic bacterium Streptococcus faecalis.Hope infertility

clinic,12 Aga Abbas Ali Road ,Bangalore 560029,India.

2.Vijay Kumar * and Neekam Garg. Effect of Escherichia coli on Semen Quality of Infertile Human Male.

Department of Microbiology ,Kurukshetra.Volume 3 Issue 3,DOI:10.23880/vij-16000214.

3.S.Hosseinzadeh,I.A.Brewis,A.Eley,A.A.Pacey.Co-incubation of human spermatozao with Chlamydia

trachomatis serovar E causes premature sperm death.Human Reproduction,Volume 16,Issue

2,February2001,Pages 293-299.



ICAST81

Micelles as efficient catalysts for the oxidation of xanthine alkaloids under

conventional and non conventional conditions

S.Shylaja*, K.C.Rajanna

Department of Biotechnology, Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology, Gandipet, Hyderabad-500075.

Telangana, INDIA

Email:[email protected]

Xanthine alkaloids (xanthines) are purine bases, found in body tissues and fluids and in some plants. They

are probably the most widely known and used alkaloids, being constituents of popular daily beverages tea

and coffee. In the study of Oxidation of these biologically important compounds such as xanthine(XAN) and

derivatives of xanthine alkaloids, using commonly available laboratory desktop eco friendly reagents, we

have developed a simple and efficient method for oxidation of xanthine alkaloids using micelle forming

surfactants. Xanthine alkaloid oxidation is too sluggish in solution phase but moderately progressed in

presence of micelles. However, there actions are dramatically enhanced under microwave irradiations.

Present protocol has several advantages, particularly solvent-free conditions, during work-up, fast reaction

times, high yields, eco-friendly operational and experimental simplicity, readily available additives as

catalysts.

References:

D. E. Metzler, “Biochemistry: The Chemical Reactions of Living Cells,” Academic Press, New York, 1977,

p. 882.

A. White, P. Handler and E. L. Smith, “Principles of Bio- chemistry,” McGraw-Hill, New York, 1973, p. 947.

J. H. Fendler and R. J. Fendler, “Catalysis in Micellar and Micro-Molecular Systems,” Academic Press,

New York, 1975.

E. J. Corey and W. Suggs, “Pyridinium Chlorochromate an Efficient Reagent for Oxidation of Primary and

Sec- ondary Alcohols to Carbonyl Compounds,” Tetrahedron Letters, Vol. 16, No. 31, 1975, pp. 2647-

2650.

C. K. Z. Andrade and L. M. Alves, “Environmentally Benign Solvents in Organic Synthesis: Current

Topics,” Current Organic Chemistry, Vol. 9, No. 2, 2005, p. 195.



ICAST82

EVALUATION OF TOLERANCE DURING SEEDLING GROWTH OF SELECTED

RICE (Oryza sativa L.) CULTIVARS ON Cr(VI) CONTAMINATED SOIL CONDITIONS

1Bikash Kumar Das,1Pratyush Kumar Das, 2Bidyut Prava Das, 1Patitapaban Dash

1Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar, Odisha,

India – 751003

2Department of Botany, Sailabala Women’s Autonomous College, Cuttack, Odisha, India – 753001

E-mail: [email protected]

The pollution of environmental components by hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is a major environmental

concern and intimately connected with developmental activities like industrialization. Previous works

reported the incidence of wide spread contamination of lithosphere and hydrosphere with the release of

Cr(VI) rich industrial effluents. The Cr(VI) contamination of agricultural lands or water used for irrigation

adversely affects the survival of seedlings of rice cultivars. The seedling mortality is one of the causes of

reduced crop yield in the contaminated area due to Cr(VI).The present work is an attempt to evaluate the

tolerance of selected rice cultivars to Cr(VI) stress conditions. Three rice cultivars like Kalachampa, BINA

and Pratikshya have been selected for the study on the basis of their yield and associated attributes. Post

treatment soil sample analysis was carried out following standard methodologies. The seedlings survival

percentage of cultivars under stress condition revealed the influence of seedling age and dose of treatment

on their survival. The current research will provide an impetus for improvement in crop yield under Cr(VI)

stress conditions.

The increase in hexavalent chromium concentration in the lithosphere and hydrosphere is an abiotic

environmental constraint and affecting the survival of crops under stress condition. Rice is a major crop of

tropical and sub-tropical regions across the globe [1].

The current experiment was designed with the objectives to evaluate the Cr(VI) tolerance of three selected

rice cultivars at seedling stage and to promote the horizontal expansion of grain yield. Experiment was

conducted under simulated condition in randomized block design and triplicate manner. The soil samples

collected from the experimental conditions were analyzed following standard methodology [2].

The tolerance test data favours Pratikshya as a suitable cultivar for cultivation under Cr(VI) stress

conditions. The tolerance of seedlings under Cr(VI) stress is correlated with age of the seedlings and

concentration of Cr(VI) in the soil (Fig-1).

The results of this study support the possible use of Pratikshya for growth under Cr(VI) rich soil conditions

to mitigate crop loss.

Keywords: Chromium, Crop, Cultivars, Industrial, Seedlings, Tolerance

Fig 1- Seedling of Pratikshya

under Cr(VI) stress condition.



References

1. Singh AK, and Kumar, PN. Nutrient management in rainfed dryland agro ecosystem in the

impending climate change scenario. Agriculture Situation in India. 2012;LXVI(5):265-70.

2. Mäkelä M, Watkins G, Pöykiö R, Nurmesniemi H, Dahl O. Utilization of steel, pulp and paper

industry solid residues in forest soil amendment: Relevant physicochemical properties and heavy

metal availability. Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2012 Mar 15;207:21-27.



ICAST83

PREDICTIVE ANALYSIS OF COVID19 DIAGNOSTIC METHOD USING ARTIFICIAL

INTELLIGENT SETTING

Heleena and Kavitha S*

Department of Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biosciences

Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences (Deemed University), Coimbatore-641 114,

Tamil Nadu, India

*E mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The sudden outbreak of novel corona virus 2019 (covid19) effect on daily lives, public health and

the global economy. Artificial Intelligent (AI) reduced physician workload in region with the outbreak, and

improve the diagnostic accuracy for physician before they could acquire enough experience with the new

disease. Correlate the performance of RT-PCR, CT SCAN and X-RAY to diagnostic fast, time consuming

and cost effectiveness to detect the positive cases as early as possible so as to prevent the future spread

of this epidemic and to quickly affected patients. AI tools that would allow the diagnostic of covid19 in less

than one minute and also it provides new ways of getting a faster and more efficient diagnostic. The most

widely used novel corona virus (covid19) detection technique is a real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-

PCR) test kit. RT-PCR test kits are costly and take time 6-9 hours to confirm infection in the patient. Due to

less sensitivity of RT-PCR it provides high false negative results to resolves this problem such as chest x-

ray and CT scan are used to detect and diagnostic of covid19. The algorithm used the images collected by

a CT scanner, proper screening, tracking and predicting the current and future patient.

Key words : Artificial intelligent , Covid19 , RT-PCR , CT-SCAN , X-RAY , algorithm, deep neural network,

convolution neural network , deep learning , artificial neural network .



ICAST84

Green Synthesis of Cobalt Oxide Nanoparticles Using Aloe vera Extract,

Characterization and Its Evaluation Of Antimicrobial Properties.

Patatri Pramanik [1], Shubhanipa Maity [2], Shubhadipa Maity [3], G. Padma Priya [4]

[1][2][3]- Undergraduates, Department of Chemistry, Jain (deemed-to-be) University, Bengaluru, Karnataka-

560027.

[4]- Assistant Professor, Department of Chemistry, Jain (deemed-to-be) University, Bengaluru, Karnataka-

560027.

Email- [1][email protected] [2][email protected] [3][email protected] [4][email protected]

Abstract

Keeping in mind about the ever-growing concern about the environment’s health and focusing on the most

trending studies on Nanotechnology field, we aimed to synthesize cobalt oxide [Co3O4] nanoparticles (NPs)

using a biogenic (plant source- Aloe vera leaf) extract as the reducing agent, by green synthesis method.

This is a method classified under the Bottom-up Synthesis (small atoms/molecules are converted to

nanoparticles) technique, which is an eco-friendly method, is cost-effective and follows a simple protocol.

This work was initiated because, NPs are proven to be more efficient in industrial and pharmaceutical

arenas which can replace many chemical compounds and substrates in the market to give better and safer

results. On the other hand, we concentrated on Cobalt Oxide because it has numerous applications (for

example: studies show the potential applications of modified Co3O4-NPs in biomedical fields, in micro

batteries and many more) and yet, less work has been done on this. Aloe vera is used because of its

therapeutic applications, mineral composition, and worldwide availability which are very evident. And, here

Cobaltous Chloride is used as the precursor which interacts with the biogenic agent to reduce the desired

product (occurs steadily in three steps).

After synthesizing, the NP was characterized using three distinct techniques to validate our aim, using

Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM)

and EDAX Mapping. Results were compared with literatures and analyzed thoroughly, to confirm the

formulation of the NPs as Co3O4 and not Co2O3 or CoO. The NP was further used to check its efficiency as

an Antimicrobial agent using the Minimal Inhibition Concentration (MIC) technique. Results obtained,

concluded that the cobalt oxide nanoparticles are better resistance for bacterial cultures compared to fungal

strains.

Keywords

Nanoparticles, Cobalt Oxide, Aloe vera, Characterization, Biomedical Applications.







ICAST85

DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF A COOLING SYSTEM FOR SINGLE POINT

CUTTING TOOL USING PELTIER EFFECT

V.Krishna Teja2*, Dr. R.Sreenivasulu1, O .V .Gnaneswara Reddy2, J. J. Samuel Isaac2, Y.Shivaram2,

Y. Mohana Ayyappa2, S .S .V .Kartheek2

1Asst Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, R.V.R & J.C College of Engineering

(Autonomous), Guntur, AP, India - 522019.

2Final year B.Tech Students, Department of Mechanical Engineering, R.V.R & J.C College of Engineering

(Autonomous), Guntur, AP, India - 522019.

*E-Mail: [email protected]

Abstract

The heat generated at tool tip during metal cutting operations has been recognized as one of the prime

factors diminishing tool life. However, more sophisticated cooling techniques using liquid coolants have

been improved, they have several disadvantages. In the current study a cooling system is designed and

simulated ,which works on Peltier Effect. A single point cutting tool is designed out of two different materials

having desired thermoelectric properties. The tool material used is B4C doped with different compositions

of Titanium Carbide. For one half zero percent titanium carbide is used and for the other half 25.4% titanium

carbide is used .The simulation process is done in ANSYS software , thermal-electric module is used. The

inputs of the study are voltage across the cross section and a temperature boundary condition. Several

iterations are done by varying the voltage values , so that different temperature differences are observed

to accommodate high cutting temperatures. From the study, it is observed that considerable temperature

differences are observed. The cooler joint in the cutting tool occurs at the cutting tip of the tool. Further, this

data is transferred to transient thermal module to study the temperature distribution along the tool body.

During this study, the data from the previous studies (temperature differences) is used as input and as the

solution, temperature distribution is observed along the tool body. From the studies it is evident that

considerable cooling effect is achieved and found to be the lowest temperature of 14.96o C is observed at

the junction of the materials which is nearer to the cutting tip

Key words: Peltier Effect, Thermoelectric properties, ANSYS, Single point cutting tool

INTRODUCTION:

In the machining process by cutting, a part of mechanical energy used to remove material from the

workpiece is transformed into thermal energy developing heat sources which causes heating of the

elements of the machining system (tools and workpiece). The major quantity of thus generated heat goes

away with chips, while a minor part is retained within the workpiece and the cutting tool. From the practical

aspect, the heat transferred to the tool and workpiece is of special importance. This primarily reflects the



machinability of a workpiece, that is, the accuracy of shapes and dimensions, quality of the machined

surface and tool wear. The heat sources on the tool are located on the cutting wedge. Knowledge of the

temperature fields in chips, workpiece and, before all, the tool makes it possible to adjust better the cooling

conditions and therefore to reduce unfavourable influences of thermic actions. Lowering of the temperature

in the cutting tool is of special importance for reduction of wear and improvement of accuracy of machining.

The phenomenon of heat generation as well as the methods of reducing it have been studied in detail, in

an effort to prolong the periods between regrinds and get more metal removal in a shorter period of time.

One of the simplest and most widely used method used is to play a jet of cutting fluid at the point on the

tool where the cutting is taking place. However, the fluid would be carried away by the outward flowing chip

more rapidly than it was drawn between the interstices between the chip and tool by capillary forces. In

order to increase the effectiveness, additives are added to the coolants which have negative effects on job,

they are even more costly and toxic to humans. The other technique used was to blow carbon dioxide gas

on to the tool chip interference, which is also dangerous. In case of increased requirements for the quality

of the machined surface high-speed machining is more increasingly used where it is not possible to apply

classical means for cooling and lubrication. In such cases the only economically justified process is dry

machining with no cooling. Such conditions of machining increase heating of the cutting tools which leads

to its more intensive wear as well.Thermoelectric modules (TEM) in the cooling system in industry find very

broad and diversified use. In order to solve the problem of cooling in dry machining the idea has developed

to try with application of thermoelectric cooling of cutting tools. The central topic of this paper is theoretical

investigation of the possibility of applying thermoelectric cooling of cutting tools. Using the known

mathematical models of temperature fields in the tools as a base a mathematic model was developed which

takes into consideration cooling by thermoelectric module.

Peltier effect refers to the cooling and heating of two electrified junctions when an electric current is passed

between two dissimilar conductors. Peltier chips have positive and negative sides which are connected to

the battery via wire. It contains different ceramic plates at upper and lower side. Inside the peltier, square

shaped thermoelectric N, P elements are available which can produce a temperature difference in each

block (Fig. 1). Basically, peltier elements are solid-state devices with no moving parts; they are extremely

reliable and do not require any maintenance. When a voltage (12 V) is applied, the peltier chip creates

temperature difference in both sides by reverse thermoelectric cooling process. In thermo-electric process,

temperature differences at two side of wire are applied and a voltage is obtained as output. DC voltage is

applied to the peltier chip (reverse thermo-electric process). As a result, one side of the peltier chip becomes

cold, whereas the opposing side becomes hot. As the voltage is higher, the temperature difference

becomes higher. It can make 15 to 18 °C temperature difference on its two sides. This paper shows the

way to reduce the hot side temperature and to utilize the cold side temperature to decrease the cutting zone

temperature.



Fig. 1 Tool- work thermocouple technique by Peltier effect to measure temperature

BACKGROUND LITERATURE:

Research Investigators have attempted to measure these cutting temperatures with various techniques.

The main techniques used to evaluate the temperature during machining (tool chip thermocouple,

embedded thermocouple, and thermal radiation method) have been reviewed by Barrow [1]. Machining

without the use of any cutting fluid (dry or green machining) is becoming increasingly more popular due to

concern regarding the safety of the environment [2]. Interfacial temperatures in machining play a major role

in tool wear and can also result in modifications to the properties of the workpiece and tool materials. As

there is a general move towards dry machining, for environmental reasons, it is increasingly important to

understand how machining temperatures are affected by the process variables involved. Sullivon etal [3]

conducted initial experiments which involves the simultaneous measurement of forces and temperature.

These experiments focused on the use of embedded thermocouples (in the workpiece) and using the

infrared thermal camera to monitor the process. Accurate and repeatable heat and temperature prediction

remains challenging due to the complexity of the contact phenomena in the cutting process. latest work on

estimation of heat generation, heat partition and temperature distribution in metal machining is reviewed by

N.A.Abukhshim etal [4]. Patwari etal [5] provided a concept of using peltier cooling effects during aluminium

milling operation has been presented and adopted with an aim to improve surface roughness of the

machined surface. Previously numerous authors used different techniques in measurement of temperature

exerted during machining and found thermoelectric methods best suitable techniques conventionally [6].

The effect of the cutting temperature is mostly detrimental to both the tool and the job. The major portion of

the heat is taken away by the chips. In shear zone, maximum heat is produced because of the plastic

deformation of metal, and all of this heat is carried away by the chip. A very small amount of this heat (5-

10%) is conducted to work piece. In friction zone, the heat is produced due to friction between moving chip

and tool face and slightly due to secondary deformation of the built up edge. In work-tool contact zone, the

heat is produced due to friction between tool and workpiece. It should be noted that the maximum

temperature occurs slightly away from the cutting edge and not at the cutting edge [10]. McLachlan etal [7]

stated that by selecting an optimum combination of different materials mprove the thermoelectric

properties. Chakraborty etal [8] provide an detailed information towards the future of carbon-based

thermoelectrics in their critical review and also discussed on basic design of various thermo electric

materials. Darukhanavala [9] discussed in detail about thermo electric cooling methods especially in lathe

cutting tool in his text book.

MODELING USING SOLIDWORKS 2020:

A single point cutting tool was designed with tool signature of 0-7-6-8-15-16-0.8, in Solidworks2020. A slot

was provided to the shank to accommodate voltage input and the whole shank was split into two sections

as to provide different material properties. The reduced strength in the tool can be compensated by using

non-metallic bushes in between the slot. The isometric and top views of the tool are shown below.



Fig. 1 Single point cutting tool model developed in solid works

SIMULATION USING ANSYS 16.0:

In workbench the thermal-electric standalone system was selected. In the engineering data the

thermoelectric properties of boron carbide with different composition of titanium carbide are fed according

to the reference cited. Two new materials namely B4C-0 & B4C-25.4 are created and the corresponding

properties are given.

Properties of B4C-0:

the model snap shots for isotopic thermal conductivity, isotropic resistivity and seebeck coefficient are

depicted in the following tables from the ANSYS software.



Properties of B4C-25.4:

the model snap shots for isotopic thermal conductivity, isotropic resistivity and seebeck coefficient are

depicted in the following tables from the ANSYS software.

Now the CAD model of the tool was imported into the workbench in the IGES format. The material

assignment to corresponding parts is done .The tetrahedral dominant meshing is done with the element

size of 2mm. The mesh statistics are as follows

No:of nodes 96084

No:of elements 59295



Fig. 2 Meshed model and setup when input voltage of 5V

RESULTS:

From the results, the lowest temperature of 14.96o C is observed at the junction of the materials which is

nearer to the cutting tip. Due to this lower temperature zone produced, the heat generated during machining

operations can be taken away from the tool tip. Although high temperature zone is created at the other end

of the tool, it is not subjected to any wear or forces. Hence, it will be less significant. Various iterations are

done by varying the input voltage and the obtained outputs are summarized in the table 1.

Table.1 Output data from the simulation for different input itarations

VOLTAGE(V) LOW TEMPERATURE(o C) HIGH TEMPERATURE(oC)

4 18.97 87.99

5 14.96 131.5

6 10.93 208.69

The setup is solved for temperature distribution along the body.



Fig.3 Temperature distribution along the cutting tool

CONCLUSION:

In this simulation study conducted on dry machining (without any cutting fluids) of turning operation with

single point cutting tool connected by thermo couples and cooling effect created to the tool by peltier effect

principle and found that, the cutting tool was cooled below the room temperature that is lowest as 14.96o C

by varying the voltages across the tool.

References

1. Murarka, P.D., Hinduja, S. and Barrow, G., 1981. Influence of strain, strain-rate and temperature on the

flow stress in the primary deformation zone in metal cutting. International Journal of Machine Tool Design

and Research, 21(3-4), pp.207-216.

2. Sreejith, P.S. and Ngoi, B.K.A., 2000. Dry machining: machining of the future. Journal of materials

processing technology, 101(1-3), pp.287-291.

3. O’Sullivan, D. and Cotterell, M., 2001. Temperature measurement in single point turning. Journal of

materials processing technology, 118(1-3), pp.301-308.

4. Abukhshim, N.A., Mativenga, P.T. and Sheikh, M.A., 2006. Heat generation and temperature prediction

in metal cutting: A review and implications for high speed machining. International Journal of Machine Tools

and Manufacture, 46(7-8), pp.782-800.

5. Patwari, M.A.U., Habib, M.A., Ehsan, M.T., Ahnaf, M.G. and Chowdhury, M.S., 2017. An Innovative

Green Cooling Approach Using Peltier Chip in Milling Operation for Surface Roughness

Improvement. International Journal of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, 11(7), pp.1303-1307.

6. Byrne, G., 1987. Thermoelectric signal characteristics and average interfacial temperatures in the

machining of metals under geometrically defined conditions. International Journal of Machine Tools and

Manufacture, 27(2), pp.215-224.

7. Nan, C.W., Paderno, Y. and McLachlan, D.S., 2000. Effect of titanium carbide addition on the

thermoelectric properties of B4C ceramics. Solid state communications, 115(10), pp.523-526.

8. Chakraborty, P., Ma, T., Zahiri, A.H., Cao, L. and Wang, Y., 2018. Carbon-based materials for

thermoelectrics. Advances in Condensed Matter Physics, 2018.

9. Darukhanavala, J.P., 1965. Thermoelectric cooling of a lathe cutting tool.

10. Stephenson, D.A. and Agapiou, J.S., 2016. Metal cutting theory and practice. CRC press.



ICAST86

PREDICTIVE ASSESSMENT OF SUITABLE TREATMENT PROCESS FOR TEXTILE

INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER

DIKSHA RAMESHWARAM

Department of Biotechnology, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore- 641114

Tamil Nadu, India


Industrialization is considered as one of the most vital factor to development of countries in economic terms.

However, improper disposal of industrial wastes is the root of environmental damage. Textile effluent

usually contains chemicals using dye that are toxic, carcinogenic or mutagenic. Textile industry is assumed

to use 80,000 tons of reactive dyes. With the increased demand for textile products, there is increase in the

textile industry and its wastewater, making it the main source of severe pollution problems worldwide. The

cotton-textile industry consumes significant amounts of water during manufacturing, creating high volumes

of wastewater needing treatment. There are various technologies available to combat the problem of textile

wastewater. The following are a few processes widely used in the textile industry: Nanofilteration,

Adsorption, Ultrafiltration, Ozonation, Multiple effective evaporation, etc. In this paper, predictive

assessment of suitable treatment process for textile industrial wastewater is presented. The objective is to

analyse the characteristics of available textile effluent and the available attributes of textile wastewater and

to optimize the treatment using SVM (Support Vector Model). It data set contains of six variables – pH,

colour, chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chromium and cadmium.

Key words : Textile, Effluent, SVM, COD, BOD, pH

References :

» Akunna, J.C., Clark, M., 2000. Performance of a granular-bed anaerobic baffled reactor (GRABBR)

treating whisky distillery wastewater. Bioresource Technology 74

» Boopathy, R., Tilche, A., 1991. Anaerobic digestion of high strength molasses wastewater using

hybrid anaerobic baffled reactor. Water Research 25 (7),

» A. Hajiali, “Total and suspended solids removal evaluation in effluent from anaerobic bioreactor

and effluent from cyclic ozonation biotreatment in dyeing industry wastewater treatment,’’

Proceedings of the International Conference on Energy and Environment (CIEM) - IEEE, pp. 115-

119, 2017.

» Sangyond, K., Chulhwan, P., Tak-Hyun, K., Jineon, L. and Seung-Wook, K. (2003) “COD Reduction

and Decolorization of Textile Effluent using a Combined Process”, Journal of Bioscience and

Bioengineering, Vol. 95, Issue 1

» Fernandez, J.L, Maria, R.M. and Abel C.C, Analysis of the volmer-Krishtaltic mechanism for the c

hlorine electrode reaction, Electrochem. Commun., 2 (2000)

» Anjum NA, Gill SS, Tuteja N. (Eds.) Enhancing cleanup of environmental pollutants. Enhancing

Cleanup and Environmental Pollutants 2017

» Rubeena KK, Reddy PHP, Laiju AR, Nidheesh PV. Iron impregnated biochars as heterogeneous

Fenton catalyst for the degradation of acid red 1 dye. Journal of Environmental Management 226

(2018),

» APHA. (1995). American Public Health Association, Standard Methods for the Examination of

Water and Wastewater AWWA-WPCF (17th ed.). Washington, USA: APHA




ICAST87

PREDICTIVE ANALYSIS OF HYPOTHYROIDISM AND HYPERTHYROIDISM USING

MACHINE LEARNING APPROACH

Sneha Latha B. and Kavitha S.*

Department of Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biosciences

Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences (Deemed University), Coimbatore-641 114,

Tamil Nadu, India

*E mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The function of the thyroid gland is regulated by a feedback mechanism involving the brain. The

hypothalamus in the brain produces a hormone known as thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) that causes

the pituitary gland (located at the base of the brain) to release thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). TSH

stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones (T3 and T4). Hypothyroidism is the disorder in

which thyroid gland can’t make enough hormones to function well. Hyperthyroidism, as its name suggests,

it occurs when your body makes too much of the thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine

(T3), and becomes overactive. There are varieties of causative factors for the incidence of both disorders.

The objective wass to examine the various causative factors that are responsible for hypothyroidism and

hyperthyroidism using machine learning approach. The factors are selected and the information was

collected from the datasets. This information is used to run through Support Vector Machine (SVM)

algorithm. “Support Vector Machine” (SVM) is a supervised machine learning algorithm which can be used

for both classification and regression challenges. However, it is mostly used in classification problems.

Support Vectors are simply the co-ordinates of individual observation.

Key words: Hypothyroidism, Hyperthyroidism, Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm



ICAST88

Phycocyanin from a cyanobacterium of Sundarbans

Pinaki Hazra, Sahana Ghosh, Gargi Saha Kesh*

Department Of Microbiology, Vijaygarh Jyotish Ray College, Kolkata 700032, West Bengal, India

*Corresponding Author Email: [email protected]

Abstract: Cyanobacteria comprise of a varied bacterial phylum that are responsible for the oxygenation of

the environment. Cyanobacteria perform 10 to 25 % of total photosynthesis. The main photosynthetic

accessory pigments in cyanobacteria are phycobiliproteins. One of the different types of phycobiliprotein is

Phycocyanin (λmaxat 620 nm). Cyanobacteria possess not only antioxidant protection, but it has been seen

to be responsible for anti-inflammatory activities. World’s one of the biggest mangrove forests is

Sundarbans in the Bay of Bengal. We have isolated phycocyanin from a cyanobacteria strain, AP9F

(GenBank accession number FJ847844). Ammonium sulphate was used for sequential precipitation of

crude extract. Increased purity ratio of phycocyanin was achieved through dialysis of the protein sample,

anion exchange chromatography using a DE 52 column and Sephadex G-100 column chromatography.

The protein consists of two subunits of ɑ (20 kDa) and β (25 kDa) each in (ɑβ) 2 dimer association. The

molecular weight of purified PC was found to be 90 kDa. Antioxidant activity was shown by the purified

CPC. Increase in PC concentration decreased the rate of haemolysis. We hereby suggest that the

phycocyanin isolated is quite similar other phycocyanin from various freshwater as well as marine

cyanobacteria.

References

1. Berkelman T R, Lagarias J C (1986) Visualization of bilin-linked peptides and proteins in

polyacrylamide gels. Anal Biochem 156(1): 194-201.

2. Hazra P, Saha Kesh G (2017) Isolation and purification of phycocyanin from cyanobacteria of a

mangrove forest. Appl Biol Chem 60: 631.

3. Laemmli U K (1970) Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of head of bacterial phage

T4. Nature 277: 680-685.

4. Lucas J S (1995) Physiological ecology of cyanobacteria in microbial mats and other communities.

New Phytol 131(1): 1-32.

5. Nyok-Sean L, Minami M, Amirul Al-A A (2015) Cyanobacteria: Photoautotrophic microbial factories

for the sustainable synthesis of industrial products. BioMed Res Int 2015: 1-10.

6. Pramanik A, Sundararaman M, Das S, Ghosh U (2011) Isolation and characterization of

cyanobacteria possessing antimicrobial activity from the Sundarbans, the world’s largest tidal mangrove

forest. J. Phycol 47(4):731-43.

7. Roche-Nagle G, Connolly E M, Eng M, Bouchier-Hayes D J (2004) Antimetastic activity of a

cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor. Br J Cancer 91: 359–365.

8. Romay C, Gonzalez R, Ledon N, Remirez D (2003) C-phycocyanin: A biliprotein with antioxidant,

anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. Curr Protein PeptSci 4: 207-216.

9. Romay C., Gonza´lez R (2000) Phycocyanin is an antioxidant protector of human erythrocytes

against lysis by peroxyl radicals. J Pharm Pharmacol 52: 367–368.

10. Sanaa MM, Soha SM Mostaf, Shanab Emad A Shalaby , Ghada I Mahmoud (2012) Aqueous

extracts of microalgae exhibit antioxidant and anticancer activities. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2 (8): 608-

615.




11. Shukkur M F, Nithin B B, Devarajan A, Shamala D S (2014) C-Phycocyanin confers protection

against oxalate-mediated oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunctions in MDCK cells. PLoS One 9(4):

e93056.

12. Singh J S, Kumar A, Rai A N, Singh D P (2016;) Cyanobacteria: A precious bio-resource in

agriculture, ecosystem, and environmental sustainability. Front. Microbiol 7:529.

13. Sonani R R, Rastogi R P, Patel R, Madamwar D (2016) Recent advances in production, purification

and applications of phycobiliproteins. World J Biol Chem 7(1): 100-109 (4a.).

14. Udomluk S, Peter R H, Colin B, Yuwadee P (2005) The distribution of cyanobacteria across

physical and chemical gradients in hot springs in northern Thailand. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 52 (2005): 365–

376.

15. Williams V P, Glazer A N (1978) Structural studies on phycobiliproteins. J Biol Chem 253 (1):202-

211.



ICAST89

PREPARATION OF NUTRITIVE BISCUITS USING VEGETABLE PEEL WITH

NATURAL SWEETNER AND FRUIT AS BINDING AGENT

Kalavathy G*, Baskar G , Dharun R, Sathish Kumar C

Department of Biotechnology, St. Joseph’s College of Engineering, Chennai.


Food in any form are consumed ultimately to gain energy and also to meet the nutrition requirements of

the body in order to have healthy metabolism. But it is true that all the food we consume does not meet

the energy requirements and nutrition. Thus, leaving most population undernourished which leads to

many deficient related disorders. This can be overcome by including maximum nutrients in a single food

with low calories which can be included in everyday diet. Our major objective of current research work

focuses on providing diet biscuits formulated with natural ingredients at low calorie, knowing biscuit is

one commercial product with wide spectrum of consumers invariantly of all age. This project mainly aims

at utilizing vegetable peel which has become an environmental waste to provide nutrition enriched

biscuits at affordable cost to everyone. Also, to include sweet in biscuits are most commonly refined

sugar which has high calorific value as 387cal/100gm of biscuit, which is not healthy for people with

hyperglycemic index. Hence, to avoid that a natural sweetener was used for baking process with low

calories than existing value. Fruits like banana (89cal / 100gm) and pumpkin (26cal / 100gm) were used

as binders in order to replace egg with high calorie (155 cal / 100 gm). Nutrients like Protein,

Carbohydrate are not only essential to growing children but also to adults for healthy metabolism. So, it

is always important to make sure to take sufficient amounts of each. The protein content in biscuits with

banana, pumpkin as binders are 3.24g/100g and 3.52g/100g respectively. The amount of carbohydrate

in biscuits with banana and pumpkin are found to be 2.37g/100g and 2.53g/100g. Our product is not only

filled with top-notch nutrition but also rich in energy on par with biscuits in the market. The energy in our

biscuits with banana and pumpkin are 59.79Kcal/100g and 61.55Kcal/100g. Thus a product with high

nutrition quality and economically affordable was developed to provide high nutrition irrespective of the

economic class.

KEYWORDS:

Vegetable peel, Enriched biscuits, Natural sweetener, Low calorific binder.

REFERENCES:

1) Aslam HKW, Raheem MIU, Ramzan R, Shakeel A, Shoaib M & Sakandar HA (2014). Utilization of

mango waste material (peel, kernel) to enhance dietary fiber content and antioxidant properties of

biscuit. J Glob Innov Agric Soc Sci 2(2): 76-81.

2) Ashoush IS & Gadallah MGE (2011). Utilization of mango peels and seed kernels powders as

sources of phytochemicals in biscuit. W J Dairy Food Sci 6(11): 35-42.

3) Al-Sayed HMA & Ahmed AR (2013). Utilization of watermelon rinds and sharlyon melon peels as

a natural source of dietary fiber and antioxidants in cake. Ann Agr Sci 58: 83-95.



ICAST90

BIOSYNTHESIS OF SELENIUM NANOPARTICLES AND ITS APPLICATIONS

Elizabeth John, Kavitha Subbiah and Mahesh M

Department of Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biosciences,

Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences (Deemed University), Coimbatore-64114,

Tamil Nadu, INDIA.


Selenium nanoparticles have been widely used in various areas especially in medical field for its high

biological activity and low toxicity which is of interest in particular. The nanoparticles of a wide range of

materials can be prepared by a number of methods such as physical, chemical and biological. Generally,

the physical methods have low yields and the chemical methods cause contamination. Hence, there is a

growing need to using environmental friendly, safe, reliable and clean methods for the preparation of

nanoparticles that does not produce toxic wastes in their process synthesis protocol. The present work was

aimed at synthesis of selenium nanoparticles by microbes. In this study, microbes were isolated from

estuary water samples and screened for oxido-reductase activity. Secondary screening was done by

inspecting the synthesis of selenium nanoparticles by recording the culture broth’s UV-Vis absorption

spectra and visual colour change. To improve the production of selenium nanoparticles, optimisation of

physical parameters were done. The synthesized selenium nanoparticles were further characterized. The

Antibacterial activity of the nanoparticles were further analyzed by well diffusion method against E.coli,

S.aureus, P.aeruginosa, S.mutans, B.cereus and antifungal assay against the strains of C.albican and

A.niger. The nanoparticles also showed promising antioxidant properties confirmed through DPPH and

ABTS Assay. Biosynthesized nanoparticles using microbes emerges as a potential medicine in curing

different disorders because of its potent antioxidant and antimicrobial activity.

References:

• Kora, A.J. Bacillus cereus, selenite-reducing bacterium from contaminated lake of an industrial

area: a renewable nanofactory for the synthesis of selenium nanoparticles. Bioresour.

Bioprocess. 5, 30 (2018).

• Greeshma, B.C. and Mahesh, M. (2019). Biosynthesis of selenium nanoparticles from Bacillus

species and its applications. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 11(4): 810 – 815

• Shoeibi S, Mashreghi M. Biosynthesis of selenium nanoparticles using Enterococcus faecalis and

evaluation of their antibacterial activities. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2017 Jan; 39:135-139.

• Rajasree S.R., Radhika & Sathyamoorthy, Gayathri. (2015). Extracellular biosynthesis of Selenium

nanoparticles using some species of Lactobacillus. 44. 766-775.




ICAST91

CURCUMIN: NEW INSIGHTS INTO HPV ASSOCIATED CERVICAL CANCER

Sakshi Singh

B. tech Biotechnology, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences,

Coimbatore, 641114, Tamil Nadu, India


Cervical cancer is the most common cancer among the women worldwide. There are a lot of techniques

which we use for the treatment of the cervical cancer which include surgery radiation and chemotherapy

accept. Conventional chemotherapy also fails to obtain the therapeutic response from the patient, and it

may serve some type of toxicity. Therefore, developing a natural product will be more beneficial and safer

for the treatment of the cancer. Curcumin is a well-known polyphonic compound which exhibits a lot of

anticancer activity such as Proliferation, oncogenic and chemoresistance associated gene or proteins.

Thanks, to its rapid degradation and poor bioavailability which helps to limit the clinical uses. To enhance

the properties of curcumin some parameters are reported a poly (lactic-co-glycolic acids) based Curcumin

or nano formulation curcumin. From the previous studies it shows that nano formulation curcumin is more

beneficial for inhibiting cell growth, induce apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in neoplastic cell lines. Nano

curcumin treatment modulates MI RNA-like transcription factors and protein-related carcinogenesis in tiles.

Besides, Nano-CUR viably diminished the tumor trouble during a pre-clinical orthotopic mouse model of

cervical malignant growth by diminishing oncogenic miRNA-21, stifling atomic β-catenin and annulling

articulation of E6/E7 HPV oncoproteins including smoking compound benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) initiated E6/E7

and IL-6 articulation. During this examination, we explored that the curcumin incited necrobiosis by means

of DNA harm, chromatin build-up in human cervical disease HeLa cells. This part audits about the in vitro

and in vivo models for the investigation of medication and definitions focusing on the sicknesses which is

that the main sources of death universally, to be specific, malignancy which are the principle focal point of

this content. Cervical cancer is the second leading cause of the death among the worldwide and still a lot

of different methods are available through which we can do a little early diagnosis and treatment but still it's

major issue for the public health concern. Although there have been many pharmacological inventions for

this disease, but still some alternative approach is required. Over the years, there has been a growing

interest in the research on the potential cancer chemotherapy preservation properties of dietary derivative

agents. Out of so many polyphenolic compounds, there is one compound Curcumin which tooks maximum

attention for prevention and treatment of cervical cancer. Curcumin was demonstrated to stop the

proliferation of HPV associated cervical cancer cell and it also having the property to induce apoptosis

tumor growth inhibition of DNA synthesis. Curcumin was also very useful to prevent depression fatigue lack

of appetite and many other symptoms induced by the cancer. Other than this curcumin is also very

beneficial for the face treatment and it is having some limitations due to its low bioavailability and to

overcome with this problem studies are still going on.

References:

Meissner J. D. Nucleotide sequences and further characterization of human papillomavirus DNA present in

the CaSki, SiHa and HeLa cervical carcinoma cell lines. J Gen Virol 80(Pt 7), 1725–1733 (1999).

Wang W. et al.. MicroRNA-21 and the clinical outcomes of various carcinomas: a systematic review and

meta-analysis. BMC Cancer 14, 819 (2014).

Garajova I. et al.. Molecular mechanisms underlying the role of microRNAs in the chemoresistance of

pancreatic cancer. Biomed Res Int 2014, 678401 (2014).

World Health Organization. Global Action against Cancer. World Health Organization; Geneva,

Switzerland: 2005.



ICAST92

Bacillus flexus isolated from Harmonia axyridis (Pallas) causing bacteriosis in

Bombyx mori L.

Kamidi Rahul1*, Gulsan Kumar Behera1, Anil Pappachan1, Mihir Rabha1 & Vankadara Sivaprasad1

1Central Sericultural Research & Training Institute, Central Silk Board, Ministry of Textiles, Govt. of India,

Berhampore, Murshidabad, West Bengal - 742 101

*Corresponding Author’s E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Insects in mulberry ecosystem have been found to harbor diverse microorganisms such as Nosema

bombycis, Vairimorpha sp., Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus (BmNPV), Beauveria bassiana,

Aspergillus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Micrococcus spp. and Bacillus spp. that are

pathogenic to silkworms. Harmonia axyridis, the multicolored Asian lady beetle is one of the most common

insect of the mulberry habitat. Three bacterial strains were isolated in pure cultures from H. axyridis and

their pathogenicity to silkworm was determined in the present study. 16S rRNA gene sequencing was

employed to identify the bacterial strains. The three strains belonged to genus Bacillus and exhibited

similarities to B. licheniformis, B. flexus & B. siralis. The infectivity of the isolated bacterial strains to silkworm

was assessed. B. flexus was pathogenic to silkworm up to a tune of 38% whereas B. licheniformis & B.

siralis were non pathogenic.

Keywords: Alternate hosts, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas), Mulberry eco-system, Cross infectivity, B. mori

Introduction

Mulberry silkworm B. mori is susceptible to diverse microorganisms resulting in cocoon crop losses

up to 40% (Jiang et al., 2013; Sharma et al., 2003). Various strategies including disinfection of rearing

house & rearing appliances, utilization of disease free layings, application of bed disinfectants and

maintenance of rearing & personal hygiene are routinely followed to prevent silkworm diseases. Despite

following the aforementioned preventive measures, silkworm disease incidence remains unmanageable.

One major factor is the dissemination of pathogens harbored by insects/pests of mulberry to silkworm. A

vast number of insects/pests (Eupterote mollifera, Spilosoma obliqua, Diaphania pulverulentalis,

Dendrothrips mori, Maconellicoccus hirsutus, Dialeuropora decempuncta, Leptocorisa acuta, Syntomeida

epilais, Myllocerus subfasciatus, Aleurodicus dispersus, Glyphodes pyloalis, Harmonia axyridis, Scolia spp.

and Cercopoidea spp.) inhabit the mulberry eco system. Some of the aforementioned pests render

significant quantitative loss besides reduction in the quality of mulberry leaves. These insects/pests harbor

a wide range of microorganisms [bacteria (Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., Micrococcus spp.,

Bacillus spp.), fungi (Beauveria bassiana, Aspergillus spp.), viruses (Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis

virus, densonucleosis virus, infectious flacherie virus, cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus), microsporidia

(Nosema bombycis, Vairimorpha sp.)] that are pathogenic to the silkworm.

In order to design effective silkworm disease management strategies, it is not only important to

delineate the source of silkworm pathogens but also to isolate, identify and characterize the same. The




purpose of the present study is to isolate & identify bacterial strains harbored by Harmonia axyridis (Pallas),

the multicolored Asian or Asian ladybeetle inhabiting the mulberry ecosystem and determine their

pathogenicity to silkworm.

Materials and Methods

Isolation and culturing of bacteria

Insects [Harmonia axyridis (Pallas)] were collected in the early hours of the day in falcon tubes and

subjected to surface sterilization with 0.5% sodium hypochlorite solution followed by thorough rinsing with

sterile distilled water to wash off the sterilant. The surface sterilized insects were crushed in 0.85% NaCl

solution using mortar and pestle and a few microliters was spread onto nutrient agar (g l-1: peptone, 5; beef

extract, 1.5; yeast extract, 1.5; NaCl, 5 and agar, 15) plates and incubated at 28+2 °C for 48 hours. The

bacterial colonies thus obtained were purified by repeated streaking onto the same medium. Contamination

from other bacterial strains was determined by observing the characters of the culture viz., color of the

culture, colony morphology and by examining microscopically (Cappuccino and Sherman, 1988). Gram-

staining of the bacterial isolates was performed using a Gram-staining kit [HiMedia (Cat No: K001)] following

manufacturer’s instructions. Pure cultures were stored at 4 °C in refrigerator and intermittent transfer to

fresh medium was done every ten days.

Molecular identification of bacteria & Phylogenetic analysis

16S rRNA gene sequencing was employed to determine the identities of the isolated bacterial

strains. Well grown bacterial colony was suspended and dispersed in 50 microliters of nuclease free water.

The same was lysed in a thermocycler (Eppendorf) at 92 °C for 10 minutes and used as a template. The

PCR reaction mixture comprised 1 μl each of forward and reverse primers [F-27 (5'

GAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG 3') and R-1489 (5' GGTTACCTTGTTACGACTT 3')], 2.5 μl template DNA, 8

μl DNase free water and 12.5 μl master mix (Brosius et al., 1978; Lane et al., 1985; Imhoff et al., 1998;

Imhoff and Pfennig, 2001). The mixture was subjected to a single cycle of initial denaturation at 96 °C for 2

min, followed by 35 cycles of denaturation at 96 °C for 40 sec, annealing at 50 °C for 40 sec, extension at

72 °C for 1 min and final extension at 72 °C for 7 min. The amplicons were refrigerated until further use.

Five micro liters each of the PCR products and DNA ladder (HiMedia 100bp DNA Ladder, MBT130)

were electrophoresed on a 2% agarose gel, ethidium bromide stained and the same was observed in a gel

documentation system (EZ imager of Biorad). The amplicons were subjected to sequencing at M/s.

AgriGenome Labs Pvt. Ltd., Kochi, Kerala. The nearest phylogenetic relatives were determined by

submitting the sequence to EzBioCloud 16S database (Yoon et al., 2017). The phylogenetic relatedness

between the individual sequences was determined by MEGA 5.2 software (Tamura et al., 2011). Sequence

alignments were performed by employing CLUSTAL W algorithm. Distances were calculated by using the

Kimura correction in a pairwise deletion manner (Kimura, 1980). Neighbour-joining method was used to

construct phylogenetic trees. Percentage support values were obtained using a bootstrap procedure based

on 1000 replications.

Bioassay studies

The infectivity of the isolated bacterial strains to silkworms was determined by a bioassay study.

All the bacterial strains that were isolated were inoculated per-orally at a concentration of 1 x 107 cfu/ml to

healthy silkworms (Nistari) on the first day of the III instar by leaf disc method. Bacterial enumeration was

determined by serial dilution technique. Three replications of fifty larvae were maintained for each

treatment. 250 µl of inoculum was smeared uniformly onto a mulberry leaf disc, measuring 25 cm2 in

diameter. Each batch of 50 larvae was fed with 2 such leaf discs. A control batch of larvae fed with mulberry

smeared with distilled water was also maintained. Mortality due to bacteriosis was documented based on



visual symptoms and microscopic examination. The pathogenicity of the bacterial isolates was ascertained

by performing infectivity test in accordance to Koch’s postulates. Post inoculation, flacherie infected larvae

from the treatment batches were collected and bacteria were re-isolated and purified following the same

methodology as delineated above.

Results & Discussion

Three bacterial strains in axenic form were isolated from H. axyridis (Pallas) and designated with

strain numbers HA1-3. Colonial morphological characters viz., colour, pigmentation, texture, margin, size,

elevation and shape of all the isolated strains were recorded (Table 1). Cellular morphology of the pure

cultures upon Gram staining is presented in Table 2. 16S rRNA gene sequencing and subsequent BLAST

search analysis in EzBioCloud database indicated that the isolated bacterial strains HA1-3 belonged to the

genus Bacillus and exhibited varied similarities with type strains of B. licheniformis, B. flexus & B. siralis

respectively.

Mortality due to bacteriosis from an experimental bioassay conducted during July-August, 2018

indicated that B. flexus HA 2 inflicted a mortality of 38% where as strains HA 1 and HA 3 were found to be

non-pathogenic to silkworms. B. flexus HA 2 could be successfully re-isolated from the diseased worms of

the treatment batches, thereby establishing its pathogenicity. There are no prior reports indicating the

pathogenicity of B. flexus to silkworms. Although, Bacillus sp. HA 2 shared its highest sequence similarity

with B. flexus, it is also in closest phylogenetic affiliation with B. megaterium (Fig. 1) which is reported to be

pathogenic to silkworms (El-Ela et al., 2015). Many insects including silkworms harbor B. licheniformis and

B. flexus as native microflora (Thirupathaiah et al., 2020; Devi et al., 2020; König, 2006). Although in the

present study, B. licheniformis HA 1 was found to be non pathogenic to silkworms, earlier reports indicated

that a few strains of B. licheniformis in solitude or in combination with BmCPV are pathogenic to silkworms

(Chandana et al., 2020; El-Ela et al., 2015).

Silkworm pathogens viz., Nosema bombycis, Vairimorpha sp., Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis

virus (BmNPV), Beauveria bassiana, Aspergillus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp.,

Micrococcus spp. & Bacillus spp. were isolated from diverse range of mulberry pests/insects (Diaphania

pulverulentalis, Maconellicoccus hirsutus & Spilosoma obliqua) and their pathogenicity to silkworms was

ascertained (Singh, 2017; Bashir et al., 2011; Sharma et al., 2003; Kishore et al., 1994). Most of the studies

have concentrated on establishing the cross infectivity of microsporidian infections from mulberry pests to

silkworm. Reports on cross infectivity of other major pathogens of silkworm from insects/pests of mulberry

are very much limited. This study is the first report on isolation of bacteria from H. axyridis (Pallas) and

determining their pathogenicity to silkworm.

Table 1. Colony morphology of the bacterial strains isolated from H. axyridis

Strain Colour Shape Elevation Margin Size Texture Pigmentation

HA 1 White Irregular Raised Undulate Moderate Mucoid

Non Pigmented HA 2 Translucent Round Flat Entire Moderate Mucoid

HA 3 Brown Irregular Raised Undulate Large Smooth

Table 2. Cell morphology, motility, Gram stain character and 16S rRNA gene sequence

similarities of bacterial strains isolated in the present study



Strain

Cell

morphology Motility

Gram

staining

16S rRNA gene sequence

similarity (%)

GenBank-NCBI

accession

HA 1

Rods Motile Gram positive

100% - Bacillus licheniformis MW821351

HA 2 99.58% - Bacillus flexus MW821352

HA 3 99.73% - Bacillus siralis MW821353

Figure 1. Phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences depicting the relationship of Bacillus sp.

HA2 with its closest phylogenetic neighbours

Acknowledgement

The Authors acknowledge the financial support provided by Central Silk Board, MoT for execution of the

present work. The assistance of Dr. Pooja Makwana in bacterial identification studies and Mr. Sanjoy Kr.

Mondal, Mr. Badrul Anam, Mr. Sibananda Basu & Mrs. Minati Pramanik in conducting bioassay is duly

acknowledged.

References

Bashir, I., Sharma, S. D. & Bhat, S. A. (2011) Screening of different insect pests of mulberry and other

agricultural crops for microsporidian infection. International Journal for Biotechnology and Molecular

Biology Research. 2 (8), 138-142.

Brosius, J., Palmer, M. L., Kennedy, P. J. & Noller, H. F. (1978) Complete nucleotide sequence of a 16S

ribosomal RNA gene from Escherichia coli. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United

States of America. 75, 4801-4805.

Cappuccino, J. G. & Sherman, N. (1998) Microbiology – A laboratory manual. Fifth edition

Benjamin/Cummings Science Publishing, California.



Chandana, M., Bhaskar, R. N. & Sadatulla, F. (2020) Effect of Per-oral inoculation of BmCPV and flacherie

bacterial isolates on rearing parameters of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. (PM×CSR2). International Journal of

Chemical Studies. 8(4), 105-109.

Devi, Y., Lourembam, D., Shantibala, T., Subharani, S., Modak, R. & Rajashekhar, Y. (2020) Assessment

of gut microbiota associated with Oak Tasar silkworm, Antheraea proylei J. (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae).

Authorea. DOI: 10.22541/au.159620873.39022932.

El-Ela, A. A. A., Abdelaleim, Y. F. & Kariman, M. M. (2015) Isolation and identification of some bacteria

causing infections in silkworm (Bombyx mori L.). International Journal of Current Research in Biosciences

and Plant Biology. 2 (12), 69-74.

Imhoff, J. F. & Pfennig, N. (2001) Thioflavicoccus mobilis gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel purple sulfur bacterium

with bacteriochlorophyll b. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 51, 105-110.

Imhoff, J. F., Süling, J. & Petri, R. (1998) Phylogenetic relationships among the Chromatiaceae, their

taxonomic reclassification and description of the new genera Allochromatium, Halochromatium,

Isochromatium, Marichromatium, Thiococcus, Thiohalocapsa and Thermochromatium. International

Journal of Systematic Bacteriology. 48, 1129-1143.

Jiang, L., Zhao, P., Cheng, T., Sun, Q., Peng, Z., Dang, Y., Wu, X., Wang, G., Jin, S., Lin, P. & Xia, Q.

(2013) A transgenic animal with antiviral properties that might inhibit multiple stages of infection. Antiviral

Research. 98, 171-173.

Kimura, M. (1980) A simple method for estimating evolutionary rate of base substitutions through

comparative studies of nucleotide sequences. Journal of Molecular Evolution. 16, 111-120.

Kishore, S., Baig, M., Nataraju, B., Balavenkatasubbaiah, M., Sivaprasad, V., Iyengar, M. N. S. & Datta, R.

K. (1994) Cross infectivity of microsporidians isolated from wild Lepidopterous insects to silkworm, Bombyx

mori L. Indian Journal of Sericulture. 33 (2), 126-130.

König, H. (2006) Bacillus species in the intestine of termites and other soil invertebrates. Journal of Applied

Microbiology. 101, 620-627.

Lane, D. J., Pace, B., Olsen, G. J., Stahl, D. A., Sogin, M. L. & Pace, N. R. (1985) Rapid determination of

16S ribosomal RNA sequences for phylogenetic analyses. Proceedings of the National Academy of

Sciences of the United States of America. 82, 6955-6959.

Sharma, S. D., Chandrasekharan, K., Nataraju, B., Balavenkatasubbaiah, M., Selvakumar, T., Thiagarajan,

V. & Dandin, S. B. (2003) The cross infectivity between a pathogen of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. and

mulberry leaf roller, Diaphania pulverulentalis (Hampson). Sericologia. 43 (2), 203-209.

Singh, L. (2017) Identification of bacterial pathogens from some mulberry pests causing diseases in

silkworm Bombyx mori L. Post Graduate Diploma in Sericulture (PGDS) Dissertation. Central Sericultural

Research & Training Institute-Berhampore.

Tamura, K., Peterson, D., Peterson, N., Stecher, G., Nei, M. & Kumar, S. (2011) MEGA5: Molecular

Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) using Maximum Likelihood, Evolutionary Distance and Maximum

Parsimony Methods. Molecular Biology and Evolution. 28, 2731-2739.

Thirupathaiah, Y., Sivaprasad, V., Sumathy, R. & Kusuma, L. (2020) Identification of potential probiotics in

the midgut of mulberry silkworm, Bombyx mori through metagenomic approach. Probiotics & Antimicrobial

Proteins. 12, 635-640.



Yoon, S. H., Ha, S. M., Kwon, S., Lim, J., Kim, Y., Seo, H. & Chun, J. (2017) Introducing EzBioCloud: A

taxonomically united database of 16S rRNA and whole genome assemblies. International Journal of

Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 67, 1613-1617.



ICAST93

ASSESSMENT OF WATERBORNE EXTERIOR FUNCTIONAL ELASTOMERIC

COATING SYSTEMS FOR PROTECTION OF CONCRETE SURFACES

Ketankumar G. Chitte1, Vinod Hatkar1, Jitendra S. Narkhede1*

1University Institute of Chemical Technology,

Kavayitri Bahinabai Chaudhari North Maharashtra University, Jalgaon-425001-India

Executive summary

Being an environmentally pleasant attractiveness, waterborne coatings are the most popular type of

coatings for protection of concrete surfaces. Improving the exterior performance of waterborne coatings

remains prominent area for researchers. Exposed roof and walls are the real faces exposed and continue

to sustain several deviations[1]. However, the alternation in hydration of cementitious material is susceptible

to form microcracks and hamper the aesthetic appearance as well compromise with the structural

protection. To overcome such situations functional elastomeric coatings are the promising approach.

In this study commercially available (table 1) waterborne exterior coatings were studied regarding their

protection level against water resistance and elastomeric nature by various mean. However, going ahead

an attempt has been made to formulate elastomeric coatings matching to the determined requirement.

Initial outcome, highlighted that the wet scrub resistances of wall with applied coatings are in the range

of 3100 to 3600 while the roof structure has 3900 to 4500 cycles which may be due to organic-inorganic

cross-linked structure, percentage binder and dissimilar composition [2]. However if we compare these

data of adhesion to substrate at different condition it was also noticed that loss ofadhesive strength in wet

condition cause of weakening of intermolecular hydrogen bonding due to the diffusion of water[3].Presence

of acrylic copolymer emulsion in coatings exhibit superiority towards film forming and elastomeric

characteristic[4] Obtained results suggest that the formulated elastomeric coating have greater percentage

elongation in comparison with others and also a flawless correlation between wall coating and roof coatings

was not observed. Rilem tube method and funnel test used to study the film properties illustrate the

inconsistency in free film swelling and water penetration which may be due to uneven distribution of the

pigments and porous structure of film.

Keywords: Elastomeric coatings, Water resistance, Percent Elongation, Pull of adhesion

Area of

application Nomenclature Description

Horizontal

Surface/ Roof

RC-1

Acrylic paint for exterior use, acrylic resin dispersion, solids b.w.: 55 ±

2.5%. , Mix Density : 1.19±0.2,

Self-priming 3:1 by % V/V with water with one coat (5.06 m2/l) after 3

hrs two coats of undiluted coatings (1.4 m2/l)

RC-2


1.0 %.

Self-priming 3:1 by % V/V with water with one primer coat (2.3 m2/l)

after 3 hrs Undiluted coating with one coat (2.3 m2/l)



Vertical

Surface/ Walls

WC-1


2.5%. , Mix Density : 1.19±0.2,

Self-priming 10 % V/V with water with one coat (8.3 m2/l) after 3 hrs

undiluted coatings 2 coats application (4.2 m2/l per coat)

WC-2


1.0 %.


after 3 hrs Undiluted coating with one coat (3.25 m2/l))

EXP-1 EXP-1


1.0 %.


after 3 hrs Undiluted coating with one coat (1.5 m2/l)

Table 1 : Describe the type of coating used for different surface, Roof coatings (RC-1 and RC-2) and

wallcoatings (WC-1 and WC-2). EXP-1 described the details of formulated Coating.

Figure 6 : a-Scrub Resistance of Wall Paintsas per ASTM D 2486,b- Pull-Off Strength of Coatings Using

Portable Adhesion Testers as per ASTM D4541-17, c-Tensile and break elongation Properties of Organic

Coatings as per ASTM D412, ASTM D2370, d- Free film swelling and water penetration as per ASTM D

471 and funnel method respectively.

References:

[1] Khanjani J, Pazokifard S, Zohuriaan-Mehr MJ. Improving dirt pickup resistance in waterborne

coatings using latex blends of acrylic/PDMS polymers. Prog Org Coatings [Internet].

2017;102:151–166. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2016.10.009.



[2] Naghash HJ, Mallakpour S, Kayhan N. Synthesis and characterization of silicone modified acrylic

resin and its uses in the emulsion paints. Iran Polym J (English Ed. 2005;14:211–222.

[3] Brown GL, Scullin JP. Water Penetration of Emulsion Polymer Films. Ind Eng Chem [Internet].

1953;45:743–745. Available from: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ie50520a027.

[4] Kirsch S, Pfau A, Frechen T, et al. Scrub resistance of highly pigmented paints. Prog Org Coatings

[Internet]. 2001;43:99–110. Available from:

https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0300944001002223.

[5] Coppola L, Coffetti D, Crotti E. Innovative carboxylic acid waterproofing admixture for self-sealing

watertight concretes. Constr Build Mater [Internet]. 2018;171:817–824. Available from:

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.03.201.



ICAST94

ASSESSMENT OF SOLAR HUB POTENTIAL AT NEIGHBOURHOOD LEVEL –

CASE STUDY COIMBATORE, TAMIL NADU, INDIA

Pallavi Tiwari1, Aditi Arora2, Hiba Gul3

1,2,3 Assistant Professor, School of Architecture, Lingayas Vidyapeeth,

Faridabad, 121002, Haryana, India

[email protected]

Executive Summary

The global agenda of sustainable

development and communities emphasises

on the role of adoption of cleaner and

greener energy sources. Renewable energy

resources presently account for India’s

23.39% of the total installed generation

capacity. There is an ever-increasing

demand for energy in spite of the rising

prices of oil & other fossil fuel / depletion of

fossil fuels. The Government of Tamil Nadu

is committed to mitigate the climate change

effects by bringing out policies conducive to

promote renewable energy generation in the

State. The state of Tamil Nadu has a solar

potential of approximately 17.67Gwp out of

which the installed capacity with the state is only 1143.412MW. This clearly states that there is huge

potential in the direction of solar power within the state. When we look at the city of Coimbatore we find that

the city has around 305 sunny days in a year and an average annual radiation of about 5.08 kWh/m2/day,

with maximum radiation being received during the first half of the year. Currently there are few solar projects

running successfully within the city. Through this research paper we are proposing solar hub at the

neighbourhood level consisting of many solar initiatives like solar roof top, solar street lights, solar benches

and solar bus stops, etc. and aim at reduction of carbon emission. The paper explores a framework for the

assessment of the potential for the development of solar - hub at neighbourhood level by considering

features like land ownership, land use, building use, building height, tree canopy and roof area availability..

Also the current electricity usage of the ward is high, 14 MU and the ward is a hotspot area due to the high

amount of carbon emissions. Based on the sun path, the building heights and shaded and non-shaded

areas, the site zoning is done, identifying the potential locations where rooftop panels can be installed in

the site. Potential have been further assessed by quantifying the various benefits of such a solar hub

including the environmental and social impacts of the development of such a project. Focus on the reduction

in the carbon emissions with respect to the energy production and consumption has been quantified in the

paper.

References

1. ENVIS Centre, M. o. (2020). Energy Sector. ENVIS.

2. J. Vishnupriyan and P. S. Manoharan, “Multi-criteria decision analysis for renewable energy

integration: A southern India focus,” Renew. Energy, 2018,

Figure 7 Solar hub potential in ward no. 72 Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu

(Source: Based on analysis)



3. M. Goel, “Solar rooftop in India: Policies, challenges and outlook,” Green Energy Environ., 2016

4. A. Ummadisingu and M. S. Soni, “Concentrating solar power - Technology, potential and policy in

India,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2011.

5. A. Sharma, “A comprehensive study of solar power in India and World,” Renewable and

Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2011



ICAST95

PURIFICATION OF PEPTIDE ANTIBIOTICS FROM MICROORGANISMS AND ITS

APPLICATIONS

Mahibalan T, Dr. J Jannet Vennilla and Mahesh M


Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences (Deemed University), Coimbatore-64114,

Tamil Nadu, INDIA.


Few decades after the discovery of antibiotics, multi-antibiotic-resistant bacteria posed a new challenge to

medicine. Attempts to discover new antibiotics have drawn the attention to Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs)

which differs from conventional antibiotics in its interaction with the bacterial cell membranes by neutralizing

the charge and penetrating further through bacterial membranes causing bacterial death, thereby reducing

the possibility of bacterial drug resistance. In the present study, Peptide antibiotics were produced from soil

microbes. Twenty Soil samples were collected from different areas in Bangalore. The microorganisms were

isolated by pour plate method using Starch casein agar media which were then screened for the production

of peptide antibiotics by antagonism and well diffusion methods. The microorganism that exhibits the

maximum zone of inhibition was identified. The Antibacterial compounds obtained from selected

microorganism were digested by proteolytic enzymes such as papain and bromelain to confirm the

presence of peptide antibiotics. To improve the production of compound at different cultural conditions,

physical parameters like pH, temperature, incubation time and Chemical composition such as Carbon

nitrogen and metal ions were altered for maximum productivity. The Peptide antibiotics will be purified by

using different methodologies such as salt precipitation with 80% saturation using ammonium sulphate,

dialysis followed by de-salting using G-25 Sephadex Gel.

References:

• Wang and Wang 2004, Hancock and Lehrer 1998, Ganz 2003. An antimicrobial peptide database

(APD), Berdy in 1974.

• REW Hancock, HG Sahl 2006. Antimicrobial and host defense peptides as new anti-infective

therapeutic strategies.

• C. Valgas, S.M. De Souza, E.F.A. Smânia, et al., Screening methods to determine antibacterial

activity of natural products, Braz. J. Microbiol. 38 (2007) 369–380.

• S. Magaldi, S. Mata-Essayag, C. Hartung de Capriles, et al., Well diffusion for antifungal

susceptibility testing, Int. J. Infect. Dis. 8 (2004) 39–45.




ICAST96

Integration & Implementation Science for Soil Resource Conservation

through Prof. MS Swaminathan's "Small-farm Management" Revolution –

SfM-R

Soil is among the few primary pillars (Soil, Water, Biodiversity, and Agrobiodiversity) of natural

capital available for farmers. In the Book "MS Swaminathan in conversation with Nitya Rao", Prof. discusses

the soil resources problem, as follows…

"Organic farming requires more research than chemical farming, as you cannot use

chemicals… So how does one use organic farming to produce more from limited

land…"

"Our soils are hungry and thirsty; the plant needs nutrients to provide yields; it doesn't

distinguish between organic manure and chemical fertilizer…"

How many cows or buffaloes does a small farmer have?

Where is the manure going to come from?

Do we have other forms of organic manure such as vermicompost in adequate

amounts?

Could we find answers to these questions again from Prof. M. S. Swaminathan's (MSS) idea of

bringing "Small-farm Management" Revolution (SfM-R)? Yes, possibly, but this needs a grounded

understanding of the current crisis from farmers' angle and farming households, farming landscapes, and

farming villages' systems angle.

The erosion-proofing through right soil management decisions is critical to both productivity and

soil structure conservation and quality. Soil conservation efficiency and effectiveness are decreasing due

to a lack of consistency in soil care. The soil management and conservation practices remain urgently

decentralized through farmer-empowering self-reliant approaches (like FPO's, Vermiculture production,

biofertilizer production, Azolla application, blue-green algae, Drone-based Physico-chemical assessments,

and more), instead of depending only on fossil fuel-based synthetic inputs.

This paper proposes adopting the "Integration and Implementation Science" discipline's systematic

management guidelines for achieving the Ever-Green revolution in agriculture through the SfM revolution.

Globally researchers realize managing food systems is managing humans. Unlike physical sciences,

biological sciences are profoundly complex and intractable. Low uptake of several well-proven soil

management practices is due to a lack of human resource skills.



ICAST97

ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION OF XYLANASE ENZYME AND ITS APPLICATION

Manoj Kumar M, Dr. Biswanath Mahanty, Dr. Mahesh M


Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore - 641114, Tamilnadu, India


Plant cell wall has a major constituent of ‘lignocelluloses’ which has lignin, hemicellulose and

cellulose. Hemicelluloses consist of xylan, a polysaccharide made up of β-1,4-linked xylose (a pentose

sugar) interwoven together with help of glycosidic and ester bonds. The enzyme Xylanase has different

classes that can breakdown the polysaccharide structure of xylan into its smaller subunits of xylose,

xylooligosaccharides and xylobiose. This degradation process helps microbes that thrives on plant decay

for nutrients. Organisms such as fungi, bacteria, yeast, marine algae, protozoans, etc produces Xylanases.

The major source of Xylanase is from fungi. Xylanase has an application in the industries such as pulp and

paper, baking and brewing, biofuel production. For the isolation of the microorganism, samples were

collected from Yercard forests, Salem. Six bacteria were isolated and one organism had the maximum

Xylanase activity. The organism had a morphological character of gram-positive bacteria with rod shape

structure. Then the organism was subjected to optimization techniques such as temperature, pH, incubation

time, nitrogen source, carbon source for the production of the Xylanase enzyme. The maximum production

was obtained at 35°C with pH 9 at the 24th hour with 1% peptone as a nitrogen source and glucose as

additional carbon source. After acquiring the optimum conditions for maximum Xylanase production,

enzyme purification and characterization would be done. Application in the field of biobleaching of paper

and biofuel production would be done.

Reference:

• Michael J. Bailey, Peter Biely and Kaisa Poutanen; Interlaboratory testing of methods for assay of

xylanase activity; Journal of Biotechnology, 23, 257-270 257; 1992.

• Miller GL; Use of dinitrosalicylic acid reagent for determination of reducing sugar; Anal Chem

31:426–428; 1959.

• Topkas E, Katapodis P, Kekos D, Macris BJ, Christakopoulos P; Production and partial

characterization of xylanase by Sporotrichum thermophile under solid state fermentation; World J

Microbiol Biotechnol 19:195–198; 2003.

• Battan B, Sharma J, Kuhad RC; High-level xylanase production by alkaliphilic Bacillus pumilus ASH

under solid state fermentation; World J Microbiol Biotechnol 22:1281–1287; 2006.

• Sanghi, A., Garg, N., Sharma, J.; Optimization of xylanase production using inexpensive agro-

residues by alkalophilic Bacillus subtilis ASH in solid-state fermentation; World J Microbiol

Biotechnol 24, 633–640; 2008.




ICAST98

Optimization of Cas9 Delivery for Efficient Gene Editing

Irine Briny Hepzibha.J Department of Biotechnology, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Thandalam,

Chennai. 602105 "DR. MOHANKUMAR K. MURUGESAN

Nivedhitha Devaraju

Dr.Rekha Ravendran" DR. MOHANKUMAR K. MURUGESAN, Centre for Stem Cell Research, Vellore.

632002. Nivedhitha Devaraju, Centre for Stem Cell Research, Vellore. 632002. Dr.Rekha Ravendran,

Department of Biotechnology, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Thandalam, Chennai. 602105

The Clustered Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR/Cas9) system is a simple and efficient tool

which experienced a rapid progress in genome editing technology and applicability. The CRISPR Cas9

system is composed of target specific sgRNA (single guide RNA) and Cas9 endonuclease. Cas9 can be

delivered in three forms: DNA, mRNA or protein. Plasmid DNA driven Cas9 expression is more cost

effective as it is delivered via viral transduction (AAV or Lentivirus) and needs longer expression time in

cells as transcription and translation are required for the synthesis of Cas9 protein. Due to random viral

integration in the genome, this mode of Cas9 delivery can result in insertional mutagenesis. mRNA based

Cas9 delivery enables faster gene editing than that of plasmid DNA because transcription is not required

but mRNA is highly unstable and allows transient Cas9 expression. The delivery of Cas9 as protein permits

immediate gene editing with higher efficiency compared to previous methods however, the cost of protein

delivery is high. mRNA and protein based Cas9 delivery are carried out by non-viral vector based

approaches such as, Electroporation or Lipofection. In this study, we have focused on comparing all the

gene delivery methods and validate the efficiency of gene editing. We have delivered Cas9 as plasmid by

lentiviral transduction and Cas9 as protein by electroporation and validated using Sanger sequencing.

Keywords: CRISPR/Cas9, Gene Editing, mRNA, Viral Transduction



ICAST99

DEVELOPING CAS9 NICKASE FUSION PROTEIN TO INCREASE HDR EFFICIENCY

Nishka Bhalla Nishka Bhalla, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Thandalam 602105 Dr.

Mohankumar K. Murugesan, Anila George, Sujata Roy Dr. Mohankumar K. Murugesan, Centre for Stem

Cell Reseaec, Vellore 632002. Anila George, Centre for Stem Cell Reseaec, Vellore 632002. Sujata Roy,

Department of Biotechnology, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Thandalam, 602105

"CRISPR/Cas9 system-based genome editing techniques which have emerged as a powerful tool for

genome editing in recent years. It has enabled the targeted and precise modification of genomes via the

creation and subsequent repair of site-specific DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). These DSBs generated

by Cas9 are repaired through homology directed repair (HDR) or non-homologous end joining (NHEJ).

NHEJ is the frequently undertaken but error-prone repair pathway and often produces random mutations

that can result in gene knockout in the cell. Though precise modifications can be made via HDR, this repair

mechanism is not as often selected by the cell when compared to NHEJ. Hence, the aim of the project is

to fuse DNA repair protein BRCA1 that is known to upregulate HDR pathway with the Cas9 nickase (nCas9)

endonuclease. Cas9 nickase is created by mutating one of two Cas9 nuclease domains which creates a

single-stranded rather than a double-stranded break. This helps in reducing undesired genome

modifications and off-target editing. The nCas9 in complex with a small guide RNA (gRNA) is designed to

target a specific site in the genome. Thus, cloning BRCA1 with nCas9 will ensure HDR repair pathway is

preferred over NHEJ pathway, whilst nCas9 will edit the target site. To validate the idea, BRCA1 was cloned

into a plasmid system. The integrity of the plasmid was then confirmed in an in vitro system. Finally, the

efficiency of HDR will be validated by transfecting the plasmid in HEK cells and comparing it to HDR

efficiency of only nCas9 nuclease. "

Keywords: CRISPR/Cas9, Gene Editing, HDR



ICAST100

EFFECT OF CHANNEL DIMENSIONS OF A SERPENTINE FLOW FIELD ON

PERFORMANCE OF PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE FUEL CELL

B. Srinivasa Reddy1*, Sri S. Ramesh2, G. Naga Srinivasulu3, S. Srinivasa Rao4, K. Sridhar5

1,2,5Department of Mechanical Engineering, KITS Warangal, Telangana, India-506015

3,4Department of Mechanical Engineering, NIT Warangal, Telangana, India-506004

* E-mail- [email protected]

Abstract:

Dimensions of a flow channel design plays active role to improve the performance of the proton exchange

membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). In this study, single serpentine flow channel with four different channel widths

and four different rib thickness are selected for evaluate their effect on performance of PEMFC. A complete

three-dimensional PEMFC model was developed using ANSYS FLUENT-15.0 and simulations were carried

out at 100% humidity conditions. The serpentine channel with four different channel dimensions were

compared at various range of operating temperatures and also the serpentine channel with four different

types of channel widths were compared at various range of pressures. Along with the fuel cell performance,

important parameters such as pressure distribution, mass fraction of oxygen, liquid water activity and proton

conductivity have been presented. It was observed that best performance was attained at 70 oC operating

temperature and 4 bar operating pressure. Without considering the parasitic losses the fuel cell with 0.5

mm channel width and 0.5 mm rib thickness developed best performance. Considering the parasitic losses,

the fuel cell with 1mm rib thickness and 1mm channel width was given good performance compared to

other designs. The simulation results of serpentine flow field with optimum design parameters was

compared with experimental results of a same channel, it was observed that, the results was well

agreement each other.

Keywords: Single Serpentine flow channel configuration, Proton exchange membrane fuel cell, ANSYS

FLUENT, Land with, Channel width.



ICAST101

CLONING, OVER EXPRESSION AND GENETICALLY ENCODED PROTEINS FOR

BIOMEDICAL STUDIES

Yogeswari C Department of Biotechnology, Rajalakshmi Engineering College, Thandalam,

Chennai, India- 602105

Abstract:

Next generation protein engineering pays a way to develop novel or enhanced function of protein through

non-canonical amino acid incorporation (ncAA). Here we have developed various congener green

fluorescent proteins (GFP) using global incorporation of tyrosine surrogates such as dopa, amino tyrosine,

fluoro tyrosine and chloro tyrosine. The tripeptide Ser65-Tyr66-Gly67 present in GFP produce a

chromophore 4-(p-hydroxy benzylidene)-imidazolidin-5-one (HBI) when exposed to blue light. The

incorporation of tyrosine analogues would modify the chromophore (residue-specific) and hence, the

genetically modified proteins exhibit different fluorescent property. Thus, it can be used for versatile

applications such as cell labelling, protein translocation, targeted- drug deliveries, apoptosis detection etc.

Keywords: Protein engineering, global incorporation, green fluorescent protein



ICAST102

Enhancement of Polythene Biodegradation by Various Integration Strategies

Shalini Raj Nampally, Sri Rupali Mukundala, Rishi Sree Reddy Geedipally, C. Nagendranatha

Reddy*

Department of Biotechnology, Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology, Gandipet, Hyderabad –

500075, Telangana State, India

*Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected], Telephone: +91 40-24193276

Abstract

Plastics are generally regarded as a wide range of synthetic and semi-synthetic particles usually made up

of -CH2- as their main repeating unit. Plastic pollution remains a dominant environmental concern and

treatment of such particles becomes necessary before their release into the environment. Degradation of

plastics is done by various techniques out of which microbial and enzymatic degradation are advantageous

posing minimal effect to the nature. Microbial and enzymatic degradation of waste petro-plastics is a

promising strategy for depolymerization of waste petro-plastics into polymer monomers for recycling, or to

covert waste plastics into higher value bioproducts, such as biodegradable polymers via mineralization.

The enzymatic degradation occurs by adsorption of enzymes on the polymer surface, hydro-

peroxidation/hydrolysis of the bonds and utilization of carbon in the plastics as their sole carbon source.

Enzymatic biodegradation of plastics incorporates the use of microorganisms and release of enzymes from

them which hydrolyse the bonds in the polymeric substance resulting in the formation of oligomers and

monomers. The development of stable microbial enzymes plays a vital role in the enzymatic degradation

of plastic. The technical evolution in protein engineering has improved the stability and activity of

depolymerases, which ultimately enhances the enzymatic degradation efficiency.

Additional strategies such as pre-treatment of plastics viz., subjecting to UV light, mechanical grinding and

high temperatures along supplementation with external enzymes increases the efficiency of degradation

and reduces the time required for overall process. Before enzymatic degradation, the strategic integration

of mechanical grinding followed by UV radiation has recently been recognized as a prospective

pretreatment technique for the enzymatic degradation of plastics. Various research has been performed

using fungal strains for plastic degradation. This scientific paper focusses on the degradation of various

plastics using bacterial strains such as Pseudomonas fluorescence, Streptomyces scabies and Bacillus

cereus using various integrated strategies. Novel highly potent version of the plastic-eating enzyme,

PETase, is known for its ability to degrade PET plastic, which is commonly used to make drinks bottles.

This enzyme is also capable of degrading PEF polymers. The efficiency and rate of degradation of plastics

by these species is measured in comparison with Aspergillus spp. as control.

Keywords: Plastics, Enzymatic Degradation, Bioremediation, Biodegradation, Integration strategies




ICAST103

An Internet of Things (IoT) Enabled Smart Watering System for Indoor Plants

Shivani D.*, V. M. Manikandan

SRM University-AP, Andhra Pradesh, India.


The Internet of things (IoT) is a recently emerged area that is widely used nowadays in various

domains such as smart homes, traffic management, and agriculture industries. In this research work, we

propose an IoT-enabled system for smart watering for indoor plants. The proposed system will be helpful

for caring the indoor plants by providing proper water when the people are out of station for a number of

days due to various reasons. The proposed system consists of a set of moisture sensors, a microcontroller,

a digital camera, and an electro-mechanical module to supply the water. The moisture sensors sense the

amount of water in the soil, and it will be communicated to the microcontroller. The microcontroller will

decide the amount of water required based on the predefined data and the watering module will be activated

for a sufficient amount of time to ensure the proper amount of moisture in the soil. An additional digital

camera is connected with the microcontroller which will capture the images of the plants in a frequent

interval and process the image to detect the dryness in the plant leaf to take some manual corrective

measures. The changes in the leaf color will be identified by the proposed system by comparing the

captured image with a reference image which is already taken when the plant is in a good condition. If any

unusual color changes in the plants then an alert message will be triggered to the user to take some

preventive measures. We have considered all the other concerns related to the IoT-enabled systems such

as data security, power consumption, etc. to make sure the real-life use of the product.

References:

1. Da Xu, Li, Wu He, and Shancang Li. "Internet of things in industries: A survey." IEEE

Transactions on industrial informatics 10.4 (2014): 2233-2243.

2. García, Laura, et al. "IoT-based smart irrigation systems: An overview on the recent trends on

sensors and IoT systems for irrigation in precision agriculture." Sensors 20.4 (2020): 1042.

3. Hassija, Vikas, et al. "A survey on IoT security: application areas, security threats, and solution

architectures." IEEE Access 7 (2019): 82721-82743.

4. Rawal, Kush, and Goldie Gabrani. "IoT based computing to monitor indoor plants by using smart

pot." Available at SSRN 3562964 (2020).

5. Munir, M. Safdar, Imran Sarwar Bajwa, and Sehrish Munawar Cheema. "An intelligent and secure

smart watering system using fuzzy logic and blockchain." Computers & Electrical Engineering 77

(2019): 109-119.

6. Mya, Khin Than, et al. "A Design for IoT Based Smart Watering System Using LoRa." 2020 IEEE

9th Global Conference on Consumer Electronics (GCCE). IEEE, 2020.




ICAST104

Development of aquafeed using plant products

Vikrant Thokchom

Department of Biotechnology, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Karunya Nagar,

Coimbatore - 641114. Tamil Nadu, India


The leaves of Eicchornia crassipes also commonly known as water hyacinth grown in domestic sewage

contain 30% protein of it’s nutritional composition. Majority of the herbivorous and omnivorous fishes require

25% to 35% crude protein whereas carnivorous species may require 40% to 50% crude protein. In this

experiment, I used Cyprinus carpio also known as common carp and fed them with the water hyacinth

incorporated diets twice daily, one in the morning another in the evening. The amount of water hyacinth

incorporated in the diets were 0%, 20%, 30% and 35%. The weights of the fishes were measured after

every four days. The fishes fed with the highest Eicchornia crassipes concentration were found to have the

least weight gain although not by far. No significant difference in weight gain was observed among the

fishes that were fed with the experimental diets. Hence, the results showed that incorporation of Eicchornia

crassipes leaves can be used to replace other costly protein ingredients.

References:

B. C. Wolverton and Rebecca C. McDonald. Nutritional Composition of Water Hyacinths Grown on

Domestic Sewage. Economic Botany. Vol. 32, No. 4 (Oct. - Dec., 1978), pp. 363-370 (8 pages)

Delbert M. Gatlin III. Principles of Fish Nutrition. SRAC Publication No. 5003

Yueming Dersjant-Li. The Use of Soy Protein in Aquafeeds.

Rana Krishen J., Siriwardena Sunil, Hasan Mohammad R. Impact of rising feed ingredient prices on

aquafeeds and aquaculture production. FAO fisheries and aquaculture technical paper. 541




ICAST106

AN EXPERIMENTAL AND THEORETICAL INVESTIGATION OF HONNING,

LAPPING, POLISHING AND BUFFING PROCESSES FOR THE MATERIAL

REMOVAL WITH FIXED ABRASIVES

Yuvaraj S, Bharatwaj R, Boobeshmani V, Haneysh M, Joseph Aswin D

*Adhiyamaan college of Engineering, Hosur 635109, Tamilnadu, India

*Coimbatore Institute of Technology, Coimbatore 641014, Tamilnadu India

Abstract

Recently, obtaining the smooth surface of low roughness with high efficiency is increasingly desired in

mechanical manufacturing. It is necessary to understand all of these elements and how they interact to

achieve desired quality, productivity, cleanability, corrosion resistance, and overall cost-effectiveness. The

finishing processes discussed in this section include honing, lapping, superfinishing, polishing, and buffing.

Buffing could be a finishing operation kind of like polishing, during which abrasive grains don’t seem to be

glued to the wheel but are contained in a buffing compound that's pressed into the outside surface of the

buffing wheel. Measured quantities of tallow and stearic acid are placed in a kettle and melted by heating

the charge to slightly above 130F with other require chemicals. The sufficient time is given to reach the

required consistency and to enable the chemical reaction. This compound is transferred to suitable moulds

in which it is allowed to solidify into cakes of suitable size and shape for convenience in application in the

buffing wheel. This paper discusses the many advantages and their application mostly for surface polishing.

Keywords: polishing, honing , lapping, super finishing



ICAST107

Precision Agriculture Using Artificial Intelligence

D. Shamia1, M.Gowthami2, S.Parveen Banu2, S. Preethika2

1 – Associate Professor, Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, VSB College of

Engineering Technical Campus

2 - Students Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, VSB College of Engineering

Technical Campus

Abstract:

Agriculture is one of the important sectors in world-wide. It plays a significant role in rural development.

Today farmers facing many challenges to increase their productivity. So, we are introducing a smart

agriculture using Artificial Intelligence. The precision agriculture monitoring system is an emerging concept,

because sensors are capable of providing information about agricultural fields and then Artificial Intelligence

take decision automatically based on the sensor values.

The major challenge in quality farming is unpredictable weather and environmental condition. Monitoring

environmental conditions is the important factor to improve crop yield. In this project, we present a new

approach by using hanging robot with virtual assistance in the agriculture field by monitoring temperature,

humility, light and gas. And if any disease detected then this system will automatically spray the fertilizer

and pesticides for improving the growth of plants.In fact, robots and wireless sensor network technology

are helping to promote new, more efficient agricultural methods that takes agriculture indoors and to new

heights to save energy, reduce pesticides, and limiting the excess water flow.

Keywords:

Precision Agriculture, Artificial Intelligence, Hanging robots, Smart Agriculture, Virtual assistance.



ICAST108

Reforming Automotive Headlamp Using Spray Pyrolysis Technology – Green

Engineering

EzhilKumar Pa1 , Jothish Va2 ,Kanagaraj Ma3 ,Kumaresan Va4 ,Logeswaran Ta5

a Adhiyamaan College of Engineering Hosur 635109, Tamil Nadu, India

ABSTRACT

Thermoplastic polycarbonates are widely utilised in several manufacturing domains due to their

extraordinary combination of transparency, toughness and chemical inertness at low and moderate

temperatures. By reforming the automotive headlamp (polycarbonate), the rising issue of raw materials

storages and waste management challenges at the global level. In these present days, the Automobile

industries are at peak, as new model cars are being produced tirelessly. We have subjected to the

automotive headlamps. As per company aspects, each automobile needs to change its headlamps after 3

to 5 years. Due to the cause of yellow fades, lens deterioration and some manual scratches. As the

necessity of automobiles increases, demand of raw materials is raised rapidly and the cost of the headlamp

becomes expensive. These paper purposes a novel method of physical and chemical process. In physical

study process by removing headlamps outer surface layer (0.5mm) using standard orbit machine and

abrading. In a chemical process, our synthesised organic solution coated in a thin layer on the outer surface

of the headlamp using spray pyrolysis technology. After appropriate designing, specialty coating might be

useful to increase hardness and mar resistance of polycarbonates. This paper discusses the many

advantages and benefits which polycarbonate headlamps offer both the manufacturer and the consumer.

Nevertheless, they are still largely ineffective to enhance wear resistance of polycarbonates.

Keywords: Automotive headlamp, Reforming, Physical process, Spray pyrolysis.



ICAST109

OPTIMIZATION OF RAW MILL

EzhilKumar Pa1 ,Manikandan Ra2 ,Mathan Raj Ga3 , Sathya Moorthy Ra4,Thirupathi Ma5

a Adhiyamaan College of Engineering, Hosur 635109, Tamil Nadu, India

ABSTRACT

Several grinding methods are available in cement industry for size reduction of raw materials. Raw mill

which is a Ball mill type is simple and has high potential to scale up and to size reduce tonnage of materials.

In this work optimization of raw mill was performed and experiment was carried out under optimized

condition in existing raw mill. The experimental parameters that were kept constant in this investigation was

the grinding media filling, powder filling and the rotational speed of the mill. This experimental study reveals

that the efficiency of the raw mill will increase as the inlet temperature increase and the moisture content

of raw material (Lime stone) decrease. It was concluded that the production rate increased by 105 ton/hr

to 110 ton/hr with same amount of energy and only by increasing hot gas fan flow and inlet temperature

from kiln. As the result the moisture content will be reduced from 0.86% to 0.50%.

KEY WORDS: Raw mill, Hot gas, Moisture content, Inlet temperature.



ICAST110

Effect of ionic liquid co-catalyst on biodiesel production from waste cooking oil

T. Anita Nalathamalar, G. Baskar*

Department of Biotechnology, St. Joseph’s College of Engineering, Chennai-600119, India.

Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract

The constant usage of natural resources for fuel has led to its depletion and has led to need of alternative

fuel for usage. Biodiesel tends to be a clear alternative for petroleum based diesel. In this study biodiesel

was produced from waste cooking oil by using zinc doped iron nanocatalyst and tetrabutyl ammonium

iodide as co-catalyst. Iron having magnetic property; they can be easily recovered for reusability of the

catalyst. The conversion of oil to biodiesel was observed at the end of reaction. Various conditions were

optimized to get optimal biodiesel yield. First the methanol to oil ratio was optimized followed by catalyst

concentration, co-catalyst concentration, temperature and time. The catalyst was characterized using

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray Diffraction analysis. The

magnetic property was studied using vibrating sample magnetometer. The produced biodiesel was

analyzed by using Gas chromatography with mass spectrophoteometer.

Keywords: Ionic liquids; Nanocatalyst; Co-catalyst; Biodiesel.



ICAST112

AI IMPLEMENTATION TO PREDICT THE COMPOSITION OF CHEMICAL PLANT

FEED

S.P.Shanmuga Priya,Associate Professor,Mohamed sathak engineering college,kilakarai

V.Aarthi, Chemical Engineering,Mohamed sathak engineering college,kilakarai

R.Rasheela, Chemical Engineering ,Mohamed sathak engineering college,kilakarai

Abstract

An important indicator of the technological processes at chemical plants (Petro Chemical industry) is the

composition of the main flows, including feed, products and intermediate flows. Their intrinsic chemical

variability and synergisms/antagonisms between its components make difficult to ensure consistent effects

through different batches. Computational Chemistry is currently a synergistic assembly between ab initio

calculations, simulation, machine learning (ML) and optimization strategies for describing, solving and

predicting chemical data and related phenomena. These include accelerated literature searches, analysis

and prediction of physical and quantum chemical properties, transition states, chemical structures, chemical

reactions. It is believed that, at present, the accuracy of determining the composition of the product by

modern methods of analysis is quite high, but the error in determining the concentration of components

may exceed permissible values for many petrochemical processes. At the same time, analysis of the

composition of process flows is not usually provided for all potentially important flows, due to relatively high

investment and operating costs. The use of the latest developments in the technologies used is artificial

intelligence (AI) and machine learning. AI Implementation to predict the composition of chemical plant feed

has great potential to reduce batch wise chemical variability, and the cost of work to determine the

composition of process flows while increasing the quality of the results.

Key words: petrochemical, Artificial intelligence, machine learning, composition, chromatography

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