173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
-
Upload
suneel-kumar-rathore -
Category
Documents
-
view
246 -
download
0
Transcript of 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
1/98
confidential
STEAM TURBINE
Dr. K.C. Yadav, Head,
Training & Development
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
2/98
confidential2 of 99
Learning Agenda Expansion of steam and work done
Description of the nozzle angles (α), blade angles (β) andsurface roughness (µ) and their impact on turbine
performance Velocity vector diagrams and estimation of turbine stage
output and efficiency
Purpose, principle, classification, construction andfunctioning of steam turbine
Physical significance of turbo-supervisory parameters
Performance of steam turbine
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
3/98
confidential3 of 99
Purpose of Steam Turbine
Steam turbine is prime-mover for electric power generation,
which converts heat energy of steam to mechanical energy
of Steam Turbine Rotor.
This mechanical energy is utilized to spin rotor (magnet) of
the electricity generator to produce electric power.
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
4/98
confidential4 of 99
Steam Expansion Steam expands, whenever it is subjected either to lower
pressure or to a higher temperature.
It is considered to be free expansion when the expanding
boundary is free from any resistance from the surrounding.Though the free expansion has no engineering application but
it provides enough guidelines to the designers of steam
turbines/engine to properly deal with steam operating
parameter to avoid any possibility of free expansion.
Expanding steam (thermodynamic System) does work onsurrounding irrespective of its being a solid, liquid or gas
separated by well defined boundary.
Expansion of steam in turbine is facilitated to do work on
turbine blades mounted on the freely rotating shaft.
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
5/98
confidential5 of 99
Principle of Steam TurbineWhen steam is allowed to expand through anozzle, then its heat is converted to kinetic energy
of steam itself, which in turn converts into kineticenergy (mechanical energy) of Turbine Rotor through the impact (impulse) or in an other way,when it expands through Turbine Rotor Blades
without any change in its velocity then its heat isconverted directly in to kinetic energy (mechanicalenergy) of Turbine Rotor through reaction of steam expansion against the blades.
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
6/98
confidential6 of 99
Types of Steam Turbine Impulse Turbine (DR = 0)
Reaction Turbine (DR = 1)
Impulse - Reaction Turbine (DR > 0 &
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
7/98
confidential7 of 99
Impulse Turbine Velocity compounded
Pressure compounded
Pressure - Velocity compounded
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
8/98
confidential8 of 99
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
9/98
confidential9 of 99
Reaction TurbineExpanding steam has to be accommodated in moving
blades without any change in velocity by suitably
increasing the space in the blade down stream, which isvery difficult and hence no steam turbine is constructed to
be pure reaction turbine.
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
10/98
confidential10 of 99
Impulse - Reaction TurbineExpanding steam does work on surrounding blade
surface by virtue of its volume change and at the same
time incremental velocity of steam stream also doessignificant work on moving blades by impaction.
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
11/98
confidential11 of 99
Turbine Blade
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
12/98
confidential12 of 99
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
13/98
confidential13 of 99
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
14/98
confidential14 of 99
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
15/98
confidential15 of 99
Vector Diagram
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
16/98
confidential16 of 99
Multistage Turbine Blade Arrangement
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
17/98
confidential17 of 99
Multistage Turbine Blade Arrangement
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
18/98
confidential18 of 99
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
19/98
confidential19 of 99
3
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
20/98
confidential20 of 99
Stationary Diaphragm
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
21/98
confidential21 of 99
Components of Steam Turbine Foundation (TG & Pillar)
Base plate / sole plate
Bearing pedestal / pedestal plate
CasingSingle / double (Inner or outer casing) / Triple casing
Barrel type or axially spilt (bottom or top flange)
Body liners and stationary diaphragm
Rotor
Inbuilt (solid), key & shrunk fit and welded
Moving diaphragm
Studs and nuts
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
22/98
confidential22 of 99
Components of Steam Turbine HP, IP & LP turbine.
Bearings.
Shaft sealing .
Stop & control valves.
Turbine control system.
Turbine monitoring system.
Turbine oil system.
Turbine turning gear
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
23/98
confidential23 of 99
TG Foundation
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
24/98
confidential24 of 99
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
25/98
confidential25 of 99
*
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
26/98
confidential26 of 99
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
27/98
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
28/98
confidential28 of 99
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
29/98
confidential29 of 99
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
30/98
confidential30 of 99
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
31/98
confidential31 of 99
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
32/98
confidential32 of 99
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
33/98
confidential33 of 99
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
34/98
confidential34 of 99
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
35/98
confidential35 of 99
IP Cylinder of a
500 MW Unit
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
36/98
confidential36 of 99
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
37/98
confidential37 of 99
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
38/98
confidential38 of 99
Barrel Type HP Turbine
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
39/98
confidential39 of 99
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
40/98
confidential40 of 99
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
41/98
confidential41 of 99
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
42/98
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
43/98
confidential43 of 99
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
44/98
confidential44 of 99
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
45/98
confidential45 of 99
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
46/98
confidential46 of 99
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
47/98
confidential47 of 99
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
48/98
confidential48 of 99
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
49/98
confidential49 of 99
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
50/98
confidential50 of 99
Hydraulic Turning Gear The function of the hydraulic turning gear is
to rotate the shaft system at sufficient speed
before start-up and after shutdown in order to avoid irregular heating up or cooling down
and also to avoid any distortion of the
turbine rotors. The hydraulic turning gear is
situated at the front end of the HP turbinefront bearing pedestal.
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
51/98
confidential51 of 99
Hydraulic Turning Gear
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
52/98
confidential52 of 99
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
53/98
confidential53 of 99
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
54/98
confidential54 of 99
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
55/98
confidential55 of 99
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
56/98
confidential56 of 99
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
57/98
confidential57 of 99
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
58/98
confidential58 of 99
Mechanical Barring Gear The turbo- generator is equipped with a
mechanical barring gear, which enables
the combined shaft system to be
rotated manually in the event of a
failure of the normal hydraulic turning
gear. It is located at IP-LP pedestal(Brg No-3).
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
59/98
confidential59 of 99
Mechanical Barring Gear
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
60/98
confidential60 of 99
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
61/98
confidential61 of 99
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
62/98
confidential62 of 99
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
63/98
confidential63 of 99
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
64/98
confidential64 of 99
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
65/98
confidential65 of 99
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
66/98
confidential66 of 99
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
67/98
confidential67 of 99
Low Pressure TurbineOuter casing ,upper half
Outer shel l , upper hal f Inner shel l , upper hal f
Inner shell, lower half Outer shell, lower half
Outer casing, lower half
STEAM FLOW
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
68/98
confidential68 of 99
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
69/98
confidential69 of 99
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
70/98
confidential70 of 99
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
71/98
confidential71 of 99
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
72/98
confidential72 of 99
Fixed Points of a 250 MW Turbine
Casing Expansion:
HP Turbine outer Casing expands towards frontPedestal.
IP Turbine Casing expands towards Generator side. LP Turbine outer casing expands towards both ends
from center.
Rotor Expansion:
HP Rotor towards front Bearing.
IP Rotor towards Generator side.
LPT Rotor towards Generator.
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
73/98
confidential73 of 99
Casing ExpansionThe bearing pedestals are anchored to the foundation bymeans of anchor bolts and are fixed in position. The HP
and IP turbines rest with their lateral support horns on the
bearing pedestals at the turbine centerline level. The HPand IP casings are connected with the bearing pedestals
by casing guides which establish the centerline alignment
of the turbine casings. The axial position of HP and IP
casings is fixed at the HP-IP pedestal. Hence, when there
is a temperature rise, the outer casings of the HP turbineexpand from their fixed points towards Front pedestal.
Casing of IP Turbine expand from its fixed point towards
the generator.
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
74/98
confidential74 of 99
Casing ExpansionThe LP Turbine outer casing is held in placeaxially, at centre area of longitudinal girder by
means of fitted keys. Free lateral expansion isallowed. Centering of LP outer casing is providedby guides which run in recesses in the foundationcross beam. Axial movement of the casings isunrestrained. LP Casing expands from its fixed
point at front end, towards the generator at centrearea of longitudinal girder by means of fittedkeys. Free lateral expansion is allowed.
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
75/98
confidential75 of 99
Rotor ExpansionThe thrust bearing is housed in the rear bearing pedestal
of the HP turbine. The HP turbine rotor expands from the
thrust bearing towards the front bearing pedestal of theHP turbine and the IP turbine rotor from the thrust bearing
towards the generator. The LP turbine rotor is displaced
towards the generator by the expansion of the shaft
assembly, originating from the thrust bearing.
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
76/98
confidential76 of 99
Turbo Supervisory Parameters
Over all expansion
Axial shift
Differential expansion
Eccentricity
Vibration
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
77/98
confidential77 of 99
Performance of Steam Turbine THR = [(Qms*Hms – Qfw*hfw) + Qrh*(Hhrh – Hcrh)]/P
P = PGen.Ter. – (Pexc + Pmin)
ηta = 3600/THR = ηt*ηg*ηc
ηt = Wt/Hise
ηg = MW/Wt
ηc = Hise /[(Qms*Hms – Qfw*hfw) + Qrh*(Hhrh – Hcrh)] or
ηc = [Qms*(Hms –Hcrh)+Qrh*(Hhrh – Hexh)–Sum(qb*Hb)] /[(Qms*Hms –Qfw*hfw)+Qrh*(Hhrh –Hcrh)]
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
78/98
confidential78 of 99
Enthalpy Drop Across the TurbineHPT
Qms*(Hms-H7) + (Qms-q7)*(H7-Hcrh)
IPT
+ Qrh*(Hhrh-H5) + (Qrh-q5-qd)*(H5-H4)+ (Qrh-q4-q5-qd)*(H4-H3)
+ (Qrh-q3-q4-q5-qd)*(H3-H2)
LPT
+ (Qrh-q2-q3-q4-q5-qd)*(H2-H1)+ (Qrh-q1-q2-q3-q4-q5-qd)*(H1-Hexh)
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
79/98
confidential
79 of 99
Velocity Vector Diagram forPure Impulse Turbine
β1α1 β2α2
β1α1
β2
α2
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
80/98
confidential
80 of 99
Blade Performance of Pure Impulse Turbine
Wo = C2 Cos α2 (clockwise tangential component)
Wi = C1 Cos α1 (anticlockwise tangential component)
R2 < R1 & R2 = µ*R1
For smooth surface µ = 1 & R2 = R1
P = [Wi - (-Wo)]*u = [C2 Cos α2 + C1 Cos α1]*u
C2 Cos α2 = R2 Cos β2 –u = R1 Cos β1 –u
or C2 Cos α2 = C1 Cos α1 - u – u = C1 Cos α1 – 2u
P = [C1 Cos α1 + C1 Cos α1 – 2u]*u = 2*u*[C1 Cos α1 – u]
ηb = 2*P/C1**2 = 4*[(u/C1)*Cos α1 – (u/C1)**2]
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
81/98
confidential
81 of 99
Velocity VectorDiagram for Impulse-
Reaction Turbine
β1α1 β2α2
β1 α1
β2α2
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
82/98
confidential
82 of 99
Work Done in Imp-Reaction Steam Turbine
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
83/98
confidential
83 of 99
Deduction of C2 & R1 in terms of R2 & C1
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
84/98
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
85/98
confidential
85 of 99
Stage Efficiency
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
86/98
confidential
86 of 99
Internal Losses
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
87/98
confidential
87 of 99
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
88/98
confidential
88 of 99
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
89/98
confidential
89 of 99
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
90/98
confidential
90 of 99
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
91/98
confidential
91 of 99
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
92/98
confidential
92 of 99
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
93/98
confidential93 of 99
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
94/98
confidential94 of 99
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
95/98
confidential95 of 99
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
96/98
confidential96 of 99
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
97/98
confidential97 of 99
-
8/20/2019 173623205-Steam-Turbine-PPT (1).pdf
98/98
Thank you