___17. Who eventually invaded and conquered the Chaldeans?

A. Babylonians

B. Iraqis

C. Egyptians

D. Persians

___18. The great leader of Persia was named:

A. Cyrus

B. Nebuchadnezzar

C. Ashurbanipal

D. Cleisthenes

___19. The Chaldeans can also be called:

A. Persian

B. Assyrian

C. Babylonian

D. Hebrew

___27. Which of the following is a characteristic of Persian rulers?

A. Abuse of conquered people

B. Primitive transportation

C. Development of imperial bureaucracy

D. Hinduism as a religion

Three Empires that will give you a reason to live.

The Assyrians, Chaldeans, and Persians

Where the heck is Assyria?Upper part of Tigris River ValleyPresent Day SyriaSpread all the way into Egypt!

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Map_of_Assyria.png/800px-Map_of_Assyria.png

The Assyrian ArmyFeared warriors, very organized army

1st to use separate units of infantry and cavalry

All adult men served in army

Assyrians, Cont… Assyrian Army conquered many

people.

Forced them to pay heavy taxes.

Built up capital city of Nineveh with taxes.

King Ashurbanipal

Ashurbanipal ruled around 650 B.C.

Divided empire into provinces with governors that controlled each.

Built network of roads to improve communication.

Very well-educated, collected a library of over 20,000 tablets of poetry, mathematics, epics, etc.

Goodbye Assyrians, Here Come the Chaldeans!

Assyrians conquered by Chaldeans 612BC

Chaldean = Babylonian

Chaldean King Nebechadnezzar leads invasion of Israel.

Destroys Jerusalem and Solomon’s Temple

http://www.hope.edu/academic/religion/bandstra/RTOT/CH13/CH13_F7.JPG

Check this out homies!- Nebuchadrezzar built “Hanging Gardens” palace for wife.

- One of 7 wonders of ancient world.

Bring In the Persians!Chaldeans conquered by Persians in 539 BC

Persians develop largest empire in world.

Known for being nice to conquered people.

http://edsitement.neh.gov/lesson_images/EvalGraphics/PersianEmpire03.jpg

Cyrus the Great!Ruled 559 BC – 530 BC

Expanded empire

Freed Hebrews from Assyrians in Jerusalem

Also set up satrapies (provinces) governed by a satrap.

Typically appointed locals to run satrapies.

Later, created road system to travel between satrapies.

Developed a system of coinage

___24. The Golden Age for the Indian Empire happens during which dynasty’s rule?

A. Gupta

B. Mauryan

C. Qin

D. T’ang

___25. Which of the following is a civilization that formed in the Indus River Valley?

A. Harappa

B. Sumer

C. Cairo

D. Huang He

Early Indian Civilizations

Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro 2 major cities of Indus Valley.

Very advanced and organized

Polytheistic, believed in afterlife

Also created writing system - pictographs

What Happened?Cities disappeared for

unknown reason

3 Theories People overfarmed the land

Volcanic eruption killed everyone

Violent attack by outsiders killing everyone

After collapse, Indo -Aryan people migrated in.

http://bestanimations.com/Cartoons/WarnerBros/WarnerBros.html

The Indo-Aryans

Migrated through Khyber Pass

Very structured society

Measured wealth by cows

Used caste system

http://www.nice-one.com/wallpaper.jpg

I NEED MORE

COWBELL!!!

___31. What major contribution did Draco make to Athens?

A. Increased trade

B. Made 1st legal code

C. Strengthened democracy

D. Created the Assembly

____36. What man made major reforms to Athens including canceling all debts and ending slavery?

A. Cleisthenes

B. Draco

C. Pericles

D. Solon

CA B

Cool Stuff from Greece• Scientists:

Archimedes – invented lever, pulley, calculated PiHippocrates – “Father of Medicine,” created Hippocratic

Oath that doctors still use today• Mathematicians:

Euclid – Father of geometryPythagoras – Pythagorean Theorem

• Philosophy:Socrates – one of greatest thinkers of age; wanted

people to question what was correct.Plato – student of Socrates; wrote The Republic

More Cool Stuff

Aristotle – student of Plato’s; philosopher and scientist; created method of proving logic called a syllogism (3 logically related statements)

• Drama: Aeschylus and Sophocles both known for writing great tragedies for theater

http://www.hccy.cg.catholic.edu.au/home/pamela_cohen/greekdrama/maskscomedytragedy.gif

http://www.prancyhorse.com/estuff/booklist/images/2581f.jpg

http://assets.cambridge.org/052101/0756/cover/0521010756.jpg

The Persians Mean Business Now

• Persian leader, Darius, crushes rebellion and punishes Athenians for helping.

• 490 BC invades Greece by landing at Marathon.

• 1st major battle; Athenians are greatly outnumbered.

http://www.maitlandtoysoldiershoppe.com/products/images/grenadastudios/g174-3.jpg

http://www.e-grammes.gr/maps/persian_wars.jpg

Athens Wins!!

• Although outnumbered, the Athenians kill 6,400 Persians while only losing 192 Athenians.

• One of their heroes was Philippides, he ran approximately 150 miles in two days to get help from the Spartans. True Story!

The Legend of Philippides• After Battle of Marathon, Philippides

took the news 26 miles back to Athens.

26 miles = Marathon

• While running he screamed, “NIKE!”

NIKE = Victory in Greek

The Persians Aren’t Finished

• After Battle at Marathon, Persians withdrew from Greece; peace for 10 yrs.

• Darius’s son, Xerxes, wants to take over Greece and avenge his father.

• 480 BC – 180,000 Persian soldiers backed by the navy invade Greece again.

• The Persians conquer northern Greece, but city-states unite to stop the Persians.

How did the Greeks win?

• After some terrible setbacks (Thermopylae, Athens is destroyed), the Greeks will lure the Persian navy into a narrow bay called Salamis.

• Greek ships rallied and crushed almost all of the Persian fleet.

**Why the Persian Wars are **Why the Persian Wars are Important?**Important?**

• Persian wars united Athens and Sparta against the Persian Empire.

• Athenian victories over the Persians at Marathon and Salamis left Greeks in control of the Aegean Sea.

• Athens preserved its independence and continued innovations in government and culture.

Mr. Hannah, how do you know so much?

• We know so much about this war because of the writings of Herodotus, the father of history!

http://www.livius.org/he-hg/herodotus/herodotus.jpg

___39. This war will leave the Greek city-states weak, broken up, and vulnerable to attack from outsiders:

A. Persian War

B. Peloponnesian War

C. Trojan War

D. Zulu War

The Delian League• After the Persian Wars, the Greeks felt

they needed to defend themselves.• Greek city-states unite to form Delian

League as result of Persian Wars.• Defensive alliance to protect against

future attacks.• Athens is leader; Sparta does not join.• Over 200 City-states join the Delian

League.• Athens now had reason to use it’s

powerful navy and control other members of the League.

Problems with the Delian League

• All wealth went to Athens because they provided protection.

• Misused money and built many extravagant buildings to show off.

EX: Parthenon

• **This is a period of great cultural achievement for Greece known as the “Golden Age of Pericles”**

• Other members of League get upset.

http://www.bestanimations.com

Down with the Delian League!!!• Members unhappy with Athens controlling

everything.• Trade disagreements erupted.• Extreme tension between Sparta and

Athens.• All leads to collapse of Delian League and

start of…

PELOPONNESIAN WAR!!!!

http://bestanimations.com/Animals/Animals2.html

___50. Which of the following is NOT an aspect of the Pax Romana?

A. Expansion and solidification of the empire.

B. Relative peace for nearly 2 centuries.

C. A clear and bloodless succession of emperors.

D. It was created by Augustus Caesar.

Causes for Decline of the Roman Republic

• After Roman Republic begins policy of imperialism, to quickly begins to decline.– What is imperialism?– What wars do you believe would have started this?

• After the Punic Wars, the Republic is consumed by civil war.– Factors are described in the FALLS Mnemonic that

we just learned.– Leads to chaos, corruption, and end of Republic.

Fall related to the new

pressures of new social and economic conditions.

• Political leaders often resorted to violence to solve problems instead of compromise.

http://www.ancientworlds.net/aworlds_media/ibase_1/00/04/06/00040687_000.gif

A huge migration of small

farmers into cities = no jobs

Lots of slaves from newly

conquered territories• By the fall of the

Republic, between 1 & 3 million people living in Rome were slaves. (~35% of population!!)

• Slave rebellions in places like Sicily (led by Spartacus) led to grain shortages and chaos.

http://www.sbceo.k12.ca.us/~vms/carlton/Rome_Reading_1.html

Loss of value of Roman

money, inflation

Spark = Death of Julius Caesar

and the fighting over his heir (44 B.C.)

• Julius Caesar took power as part of the First Triumvirate (a group of three leaders).

• Caesar wrestled power away from the other two leaders and in 49 B.C. became the dictator of Rome.

• Many Senators, led by Brutus, felt he was too powerful and conspired to kill him.

• On March 15, 44 B.C. (The “ides” of March), Caesar is ambushed and killed by members of the Senate.

http://www.sbceo.k12.ca.us/~vms/carlton/Rome_Reading_1.html

Who is Julius Caesar?

• 60 BC Triumvirate (have to remember this term!) takes control – group of three that rule.

• Julius Caesar is one of the three

• After a few years, other two die; one dies, one murdered.

• Caesar gains control, named dictator for life.

• People afraid he would gain too much power

• So what do they do?

Death to Caesar

• 60 senators plot to kill him

• Stabbed to death on the Ides of March in the Senate.

• Does he have a clear heir?

The Pax Romana “Roman Peace” (27 B.C.-180 A.D.)

• So to review:– Caesar dies 44 B.C.– Augustus is in Caesar’s will, Marc Anthony is angry.– They fight, then cooperate, with Marc Anthony ruling

in the East and Augustus in the West.– Augustus gains total control in 31 BC after defeating

Anthony and Cleopatra– becomes 1st Roman Emperor.

– 27 B.C. – Augustus begins a series of reforms to usher in the Pax Romana.

The Period known as the P.A.X. Romana is remembered for three

reasons.

Augustus Caesar established

the Pax Romana• Often said Emperor

Augustus, “Found Rome a city of brick and left it a city of marble.”

• Unified and enlarged Roman Empire using imperial authority and strong military.

http://www.roman-britain.org/people/augustus.gif

Peace for Two Centuries (27 B.C.

– 180 A.D.)• Why?

– The Roman Empire was too strong and united to be challenged.

– The Roman military was nearly invincible.

http://fiestasiesta.co.uk/history/img/RomanLegion.jpg

Xpansion and Solidification of

Roman Empire

http://www.usu.edu/markdamen/ClasDram/images/12/25map07paxromana.jpg

Roads are built, travel is safer

• “All roads lead to Rome.”

http://www.utexas.edu/courses/romanciv/life%20and%20society/basalt.jpg

Order helps to develop a uniform

rule of law

http://webu2.upmf-grenoble.fr/Haiti/Cours/Ak/Images/Antiquite36.jpg

The Twelve Tables in the Forum

Money is made uniform (the

same) which expands trade

http://www.traces.nu/coins_roman/denarius_marcus_antonius_legx_1b.jpg

http://artemis.austincollege.edu/acad/history/jmoore/RomanTradeRoutesMap.jpeg

A returned stability to the social

classes = less class conflict

http://www.bible-history.com/rome/pompeii_husband_wife.gif

Now the family becomes more

important

http://www.abcgallery.com/A/almatadema/alma2.JPG

A civil service is created to keep

the government running

http://pointofview.bluehighways.com/images/roman_senate.jpg

Art/ArchitectureArt/Architecture

Pantheon – Temple built for Pantheon – Temple built for Gods in RomeGods in Rome

Colosseum – Arena for public Colosseum – Arena for public events in Rome like gladiator events in Rome like gladiator fights.fights.

Forum – Public area with Forum – Public area with political and religious political and religious buildingsbuildings

TechnologyTechnology

• Roads – Romans built Roads – Romans built best roads in history.best roads in history.

• Aqueducts – System Aqueducts – System of carrying water into of carrying water into the cities.the cities.

• Roman arches – Used Roman arches – Used in architecture, in architecture, aqueducts, etc.aqueducts, etc.

Other ContributionsOther Contributions

• Law: Law: ““Innocent until Innocent until

proven guilty” – proven guilty” – taken from 12 Tablestaken from 12 Tables

• Science:Science:Ptolemy – Ptolemy –

astronomer/scientist; astronomer/scientist; proposed Earth was proposed Earth was center of universe center of universe (geocentric theory)(geocentric theory)

The Impact of Rome’s Language The Impact of Rome’s Language & Literature& Literature

• Language:Language:Latin leads to the Latin leads to the

Romance Romance languageslanguages

• Literature:Literature:The AeneidThe Aeneid – –

Written by Virgil; Written by Virgil; modeled on modeled on Homer’s worksHomer’s works

Emphasis on Public HealthEmphasis on Public Health• Romans are 1Romans are 1stst to to

focus on Public focus on Public Health.Health.

• Public Baths – for Public Baths – for entertainment and entertainment and bathing; encourages bathing; encourages good hygienegood hygiene

• Public Water system Public Water system using the aqueducts; using the aqueducts; helps prevent helps prevent disease.disease.

• Medical schools - to Medical schools - to train doctors.train doctors.

The Decline of the Roman Empire

• After Pax Romana, the Western part of Roman Empire declines for many reasons.

• Weak leaders = weak Empire

• Leads to division and then the collapse of Roman Empire.

Defense of the Empire

costs too much

http://www.french-at-a-touch.com/Graphics_M-O/new_pa1.jpg

Economic difficulty and

the devaluation of Roman currency

• Roman emperors continued to debase the coinage.– Debasing = backing the coinage up with less

value.

http://www.romancoins.info/Brutus-Obverse.jpg

Can’t discipline

military, it now includes invaders

Need more soldiers; people begin to fight for pay, not their country.

Rulers hire corrupt soldiers who fight for a price (mercenaries).

Leads to lack of military discipline and loyalty

http://www258.pair.com/denarius/images/erf_rr1875.jpg

Loss of faith in Rome

and the family• The rich started to spend their money on products from the East, making Rome weaker.

• Population decline due to a poor understanding of fertility.

http://www.utexas.edu/courses/romanciv/Romancivimages23/severantondo.jpg

Notice anything out of the ordinary in this picture?

Invasions on the borders

(Barbarians)• Invaders include Visogoths, Ostrogoths, Franks, Huns, and Persians.

• Barbarians=“Outsiders”

http://wps.ablongman.com/wps/media/objects/262/268312/art/figures/KISH_06_140a.gif

New political problems,

civil conflict and weak administration

– Pandemic strikes Rome and further depletes it’s population.

– Military rivalries drained money and made Romans enemies of each other.

http://img360.imageshack.us/img360/1466/rome3ma.jpg

Eeeek! Moral decay!! People lose faith in Rome Crime and unemployment increase