2020

Energy Country ProfileGermany

17 %

27 %

28 %

28 %

Total:

2379

TWh

18 %

31 %27 %

25 %

Total:

686

Mt CO2

2

Population2016,[5]: 82.3 million Size[5]: 357 380 km2

Net El. Consumption.2016,[10]: 517 TWhel Peak-Load[16]: 86.1 GWel

Trade-Balance[2]: + 52.8 TWhel RES-Share-El.2016,[10]: 38.6 %

GDP per Capita[5]: $44 470 GDP per Capita-Ranking[5]: 19/187

Targ

ets

Key-I

nd

icato

rs

[1;6;8]

[11;12;13;24;25]

• Coal phase-out broadly discussed in society and politics. Coal commission

concluded a phase out until 2038

• Decrease in wind power expansion within the next few years due to

regulation and possible reduction in wind power capacity caused by loss of

subsidies for older wind farms

• Grid expansion with HVDC-lines

• Smart Meter roll-out still not carried out due to lack of certified smart

meters, however one certification carried out in December 2018

• Located at the center of EU

• Largest consumer in EU

• Highest use of lignite compared to rest of EU

• Ambitious RES targets of 65 % w.r.t electricity consumption by 2030

• Largest variety of intensively used energy carriers in EU

• Nuclear energy phase out in 2022

• Among world leaders of energy efficient buildings

• Pioneered use of ecological taxes since 2000

• Gas imports from Russia increased by 12.2 % in first half of 2018; Germany

largest importer of natural gas

All evaluations based on the year 2017 if not mentioned otherwise.

[3][4]

FR

BE

UK

IR

DK

NO

PLDE

SE

DE

NL

BE

FR

CH

IT

DK

PL

CZ

AT

SI

Key F

act

s

Location

Cu

rren

tTo

pic

sFin

al En

erg

yC

on

sum

ptio

nC

O2-E

mis

sio

ns

Germany at a Glance

RES GHG-Reduction non EU ETSEnergy Efficiency (PEC)

8 %

15 %

18 %

0 % 20 %

Share 2006

Share 2016

Target 2020

-6.8 %

-12.8 %

-15 % -10 % -5 % 0 %

2016 Progress

2020 Target

vs. 2005

[4;

28]

Based on 2017 data

17 %

27 %

28 %

28 %

Total:

2379

TWh

18 %

31 %27 %

25 %

Total:

686

Mt CO2

Oil (total)

Hard Coal

Gas

Waste (non ren.)

Total Renewables

Derived Heat

Electricity

Services

Residential

Transport

Industry

Other Fossil Fuels

8 %

26 %

36 %

2 %5 %

22 %

1 %1 %

Total:

2379

TWh

20 %

35 %

3 %

4 %

34 %

1 %3 %

Total:

686

Mt CO2

3

Wholesale Market

Policies

• Support for large vRES plants mostly switched to a tender system

instead of a fixed feed-in tariff

• Renewable Energy Sources Act and Energy Industry Act provide

the legal basis for the German “Energiewende”

• Electric Mobility Act grants privileges to electrical vehicles

Costs

avg. Tender results

• PV 2018: 4.59 €ct/kWh

• Offshore Wind 2018: 4.66 €ct/kWh

• Onshore Wind 2018: 4.73 €ct/kWh

All evaluations based on the year 2017 if not mentioned otherwise.

Support Schemes

Inst

alle

dC

ap

aci

tyN

et

El.

Gen

era

tio

n

Imp

ort

-Exp

ort

C

ust

om

er

Pri

ces

[15]

[15]

[14]• Capacity Market: No, but socalled

„Netzreserve“ which allows the TSOs to hinder the shutdown of

systemically important power plants (§13d Abs. 1 Nr. 1 EnWG)

• Additional CO2-Pricing: No

• Main Exchange: EPEX SPOT

• Day-Ahead-Market (EPEX SPOT):

2017 EPEX Spot

Volume 233.3 TWh

Avg. Price 34 €/MWh

Germany‘s Electricity Sector

“Low hanging fruits” case

Ele

ctri

fica

tio

nP

ote

ntial

Renewable Energies

vRES

Po

tential

[29]

0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

Germany EU Ø Germany EU Ø

Price in €

/kW

h

Taxes and Levies

Grid

Energy and Supply

Residential

2 500 - 5 000 kWh

Industry

20 - 70 GWh2016 data

[10]

0.11

0.38

1.82

4.59

6.18

0.42

0.00

2.14

0.00

15.45

18.11

5.33

3.44

2.17

14.19

7.35

0.25

2.18

Austria

Switzerland

Czech Republic

Denmark

France

Netherlands

Poland

Sweden

Luxembourg

Import | Export in TWh [27]

9,5

21,

0

23,4

26,4

3,3 11

,1

4,2 11

,4

2,6

45,3

52,6

6,4

0102030405060

GW

[2;26]

[10]

[29]

223

164

255187

740

265

103

1.200

1.000

0

200

800

600

400 351

TWh

RooftopSolar

OffsiteSolar

2

Onshore Bottom-fixed

Offshore

Floating Offshore

1.110

0

Rooftop Solar

Less-favoured area

Crop and grazing area

Mean wind

Low wind

Strong wind

Very strong wind

Bottom-fixed until 80 m depth

Floating offshore

388108

519314

90

15395

1.230

404

Substituted fossil FEC

Electrical FEC 2017

Additional electrical FEC

75

HH - Heating and hot water

IND - Process heat <100 C

SME - Heating, hot water and process heat

IND - Heating and hot water

IND - Process heat 100 < C < 500

TP - Motor vehicles

TP - Trucks

Electrical FEC 2017

TP - Busses

TP - Motorcycles

After electrification

Industry (IND)

Services (SME)

Transport (TP)

Residential (HH)

654

530

425

251

0

1.000

500

1.500

2.000

Final Energy Consumption (FEC) in TWh

Non-electrical FEC 2017

1.860

4

ResidentialTransportIndustry Services

Fin

al En

erg

yC

on

sum

ptio

nC

O2

-Em

issi

on

s

*excluding international aviation

Total Renewables Waste (non. ren.) Derived Heat ElectricityGasHard Coal Oil (total)

Germany‘s Energy Consumption & Emissionsby Sectors and Energy Carriers - 2017

Other Fossil Fuels

14 %

38 %

20 %

8 %

19 %

Total:

658

TWh

5 %

1 %

93 %

2 %

Total*:

666

TWh

8 %

30 %

21 %0 %4 %

38 %Total:

402

TWh

23 %

19 %

0 %3 %

55 %

Total:

122

Mt CO2

1 %

96 %

3 %

Total*:

183

Mt CO2

35 %

22 %1 %

7 %

34 %

Total:

169

Mt CO2

23 %

2 %

9 %

5 %51 %

2 %

8 %

Total:

212

Mt CO2

5 %

36 %

3 %

7 %7 %

35 %

2 %5 %

Total:

653

TWh

5

Other Process Cold

Other Mechanical Energy

Process Heating < 100 °C

Process Heat > 500 °C

Process Heat 100 - 500 °C

Warm Water

Space Heating

Mechanical Energy

ICT

Lighting*excluding international aviation

ResidentialTransportIndustry Services

Fin

al En

erg

yC

on

sum

ptio

nC

O2

-Em

issi

on

s

Germany‘s Energy Consumption & Emissionsby Application & Sector - 2017

9 %2 %

2 %

4 %4 %

5 %

29 %

26 %

5 %13 %

Total:

212

Mt CO2

100 %

Total*:

183

Mt CO2

54 %

4 %

9 %

5 %3 %

5 %

20 %

Total:

402

TWh

14 % 1 %

2 %

3 %3 %3 %

20 %28 %

7 %

19 %

Total:

653

TWh

100 %

Total*:

666

TWh

67 %

16 %

6 %

2 %3 %

4 %

1 %

Total:

658

TWh

40 %

3 %13 %

7 %5 %

7 %

25 %

Total:

122

Mt CO258 %

15 %

10 %

3 % 6 %

8 %

1 %

Total:

169

Mt CO2

Cooking

Compressed Air

Process Heating

Climate Cold

Pumps

6

Institutions

Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy https://www.bmwi.de/Navigation/EN/Home/home.html

TSO TenneT https://www.tennet.eu/#&panel1-1

Amprion https://www.amprion.net/index-2.html

50 Hertz https://www.50hertz.com/en/

TransnetBW https://www.transnetbw.com/en

Regulator Federal Network Agency (Bundesnetzagentur) https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/EN/Home/home_node.html

Sources

[1] IEA (International Energy Agency) 2017, Energy policies of IEA countries, Germany Review 2013, http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/Germany2013_free.pdf

[2] International Renewable Energy Agency, https://www.irena.org/statistics

[3] European Comission, http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/images/b/b7/Table_2-Share_of_energy_from_renewable_sources_in_gross_final_consumption_of_energy_2004-2016.png

[4] European Environment Agency https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/trends-and-projections-in-europe-2018-climate-and-energy

[5] World Development Indicators, The World Bank, https://data.worldbank.org/

[6] Kohleausstieg, Süddeutsche Zeitung; 2018, https://www.sueddeutsche.de/politik/kohleausstieg-fuer-kumpel-und-klima-1.4030557

[7] Hambacher Forst, Spiegel, 2018, http://www.spiegel.de/wirtschaft/soziales/hambacher-forst-spitzentreffen-zwischen-rwe-und-umweltverbaenden-a-1227519.html

[8] Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy, Electric Mobility Programme. https://www.bmwi.de/Redaktion/DE/Downloads/P-R/regierungsprogramm-elektromobilitaet-mai-2011.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=6

[9] Res Legal, http://www.res-legal.eu/search-by-country/germany/

[10] Eurostat Database, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/de/data/database

[11] Energiewende, BMWi, https://www.bmwi-energiewende.de/EWD/Redaktion/Newsletter/2017/15/Meldung/direkt-erklaert.html

[12] Gas Dependance, Forbes, https://www.forbes.com/sites/davekeating/2018/07/19/how-dependent-is-germany-on-russian-gas/#3857ef2c3b48

[13] Gas Dependance, NY Times, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/07/11/world/europe/trump-germany-russia-gas.html

[14] EPEX SPOT Market, https://www.epexspot.com/en/market-data/dayaheadauction/chart/auction-chart/2018-01-01/DE

[15] BNetzA https://www.bundesnetzagentur.de/DE/Sachgebiete/ElektrizitaetundGas/Unternehmen_Institutionen

/Ausschreibungen/Ausschreibungen_node.html

[16] BNetzA – NEP Szenariorahmen, https://www.netzausbau.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/2030_V19/SR/Szenariorahmen_2019-2030_Genehmigung.pdf?__blob=publicationFile

[17] European Commission - Eurostat, 2017, Energy statistics - supply, transformation and consumption: Complete energy balances - annual data - nrg_110a: http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=nrg_110a&lang=en

[18] European Commission - Eurostat, 2017, Energy consumption in households: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Energy_consumption_in_households

[19] AG Energiebilanzen e.V., 2018, Energiebilanz der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 2016

[20] TEP Energy GmbH (TEP), University Utrecht ARMINES, 2017, Deliverable 3.1: Profile of heating and cooling demand in 2015: http://www.heatroadmap.eu/output.php Karlsruhe: Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research (ISI)

[21] Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research (ISI), Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems (ISE), Institute for Resource Efficiency and Energy Strategies GmbH (IREES), Observ'ERTU Wien - Energy Economics Group (EEG), TEP Energy GmbH (TEP), European

Commission (EC), 2016, Mapping and analyses of the current and future (2020 - 2030) heating/cooling fuel deployment (fossil/renewables) - Work package 1: Final energy consumption for the year 2012

[22] Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, 2006. IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories - Energy - Stationary Combustion

[23] Fleiter, Tobias et al.: Mapping and analyses of the current and future (2020 - 2030) heating/cooling fuel deployment (fossil/renewables) - Work package 2: Data Annex 2 Industrial processes for publication

[24] Energie-Handels-Gesellschaft, 2018, https://www.eha.net/blog/details/smart-meter-rollout-aktueller-stand.htmlhttps://www.eha.net/blog/details/smart-meter-rollout-aktueller-stand.html

[25] Heinrich Böll Stiftung, 2019, https://www.boell.de/de/2019/02/08/ergebnisse-und-einschaetzung-zur-kohlekommission

[26] S&P Global, https://www.spglobal.com/platts/en/products-services/electric-power/world-electric-power-plants-database

[27] ENTSO-E Transparency Platform, https://transparency.entsoe.eu/

[28] European Union, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/DE/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32018R0842

[29] Own Calculation, www.ffe.de/xos/laendersteckbriefe/methodik

Main Studies

• dena Leitstudie 2018:

https://shop.dena.de/fileadmin/denashop/media/Downloads_Dateien/esd/9262_dena-

Leitstudie_Integrierte_Energiewende_Ergebnisbericht.pdf

• BDI – Klimapfade für Deutschland, 2018:

https://www.zvei.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Presse_und_Medien/Publikationen/2018/Januar/Kli

mapfade_fuer_Deutschland_BDI-Studie_/Klimapfade-fuer-Deutschland-BDI-Studie-12-01-

2018.pdf

• Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy – Electricity 2030:

https://www.bmwi.de/Redaktion/EN/Publikationen/discussion-paper-electricity-2030.pdf

• Germany 2013 Review (International Energy Agency)

http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/Germany2013_free.pdf

Germany: Sources

RES Renewable Energy Source

EFR Effort Sharing Regulation

PEC Primary Energy Consumption

GHG Greenhouse Gases

ESD Effort Sharing Decission

EU ETS European Union Emissions Trading System

EL Electricity

EU European Union

TSO Transmission System Operator

Abbreviations