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ADI-Austempered Ductile Iron

Material standards

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• Background• What is ADI• Standards USA and

Europe• New ISO standard

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ADI Background• 1930’s Bain and Grossman Development of isothermal

transformation diagram.• Early 1940’sFlinn Application of austempering

process to flake graphite cast iron.

• 1948 Millis Development of ductile cast iron.

• 1973 Rieger First austempering of ductile iron (compressor crankshafts).

• 1986 BCIRA (GB) 3 Tentative grades of ADI.• 1987 VDG (D) VDG Merkblatt W52 (4 grades).• 1989 JIS G 5503 First standard for ADI• 1990 A 897-90 First USA (ASTM) standard

1997 EN 1564 First European standard

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ADI, Worldwide production

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000Year

Tons

North AmericaAsiaEuropeOthers

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A material which combines• High strength• Toughness, ductility

• Wear resistance

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Austempered Ductile Iron

• Austempered ductile cast irons are spheroidal graphite castirons which combine higher strenth and thoughness properties as the result of a special heat treatment.

• This heat treatment, which is an integral part of theproduction process, consists of an austenitising treatmentat a temperature between 820 oC and 950 oC and an austempering treatment in the temperature range between250 oC and 400 oC to form a predominantly austenitic-ferritic structure.

• Heat treatment parameters and chemical composition haveto be selected as a function of casting size (relevant wall thickness) and required grade.

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ADI, TTT Diagram (schematic)

0100200300400500600700800900

1,E+00 1,E+01 1,E+02 1,E+03 1,E+04 1,E+05

Seconds

Tem

pera

ture

(C)

Austenite>Pearlite

Austenite > Bainite

Austenite> Martensite

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ADI, Typical heat treatment cycle

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

0 1 2 3 4 5 6Time

Tem

pera

ture

ta

Ta

tb

Tb

Ta, ta =austenitising temp. & time

Tb , tb =austempering temp. & time

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ADI, Austenitising heat treatment

• Austenitising temperature: 820-950 oC– Section thickness ⇑ , temperature ⇑– Tensile strength ⇑ , temperature ⇑– Elongation ⇑ , temperature ⇓– Si content ⇑ , temperature ⇑

• Austenitising time: 30-180 minutes– Section thickness ⇑ , time ⇑ (10mm=45 min., 100mm=180 min.,

nodule count)

• Carbon content in austenite:– %Cγ = (Ta/420) - 0,17 x%Si-0,95

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Cooling to austempering temperature• Cooling to austempering temperature (salt bath):

– Sufficient fast to prevent the formation of pearlite– Section thickness >, % alloying elements (Ni, Cu, Mo) >

• Cu: 0-1 %• Ni: 0-2 %• Mo:0-0,25 %

• Critical cooling rate, critical diameter Dc:– Dc = 124 (%Cγ) + 27 (%Si) + 22 (%Mn) + 16 (%Ni) - 25 (%Mo)

- 1,68x10-4 (Tb2) + 12 (%Cu x %Ni) + 62 (%Cu x %M0)

+ 88 (%Ni x % Mo) + 11(%Mn x %Cu) + 127 (%Mn x %Mo)- 20 (%Mn x %Ni) - 137 (mm) (valid for cylinder with h/D=2,5)

– casting modulus = volume casting/surface casting = 0,21 x Dc

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ADI, Critical diameter vs austenitising temperature

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

800 820 840 860 880 900 920 940 960

Austenitising temperature (oC)

Crit

ical

dia

met

er D

c (m

m)

Cu=0,56%, Ni=0,71%, Mo=0,24%Cu=0,72%, Ni=0,95%, Mo=0,30%Cu=0,74%, Ni=1,49%, Mo=0,34%

Tb =400 oC

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ADI, Austempering heat treatment

• Austempering:– Tensile strength⇑ , austempering temperature ⇓– section thickness ⇑ , austempering time ⇑

• First stage:– Upper bainite (Tb > 350 oC): γo α + [γ]– Lower bainite (Tb < 350 oC): γo (α + carbides) + [γ]

• Second stage (long austempering times):– (450 oC > Tb > 250 oC): [γ] carbides + α

γo : austenite after austenitising[γ] : retained austeniteα : ferrite

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ADI, Austempering

0

20

40

60

80

100

1,E+00 1,E+01 1,E+02 1,E+03 1,E+04 1,E+05

Austempering time (s)

vol.

%

ferriteAusteniteRetained austenite 1 stage 2 stage

Carbides

Tb = 400 oC

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ADI, Retained austenite

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

200 250 300 350 400 450Austempering temperature (oC)

Volu

me%

reta

ined

aus

teni

te Ta = 860 oC

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ADI,Tensile strength and 0,2% proof stress vs austenitising temperature

200

400

600

800

1000

740 760 780 800 820 840 860 880 900


Tens

ile s

treng

th a

nd

0,2%

pro

of s

tress

(MPa

)

Rm

Rp0,2

Tb = 400 oC

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ADI, Elongation vs austenitising temperature

02

46

810

1214

16

740 760 780 800 820 840 860 880 900


Elon

gatio

n (%

)

Tb = 400 oC

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ADI, Tensile strength and 0,2% proof stress vs austempering temperature

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

200 250 300 350 400 450

Austempering temperature (oC)

Tens

ile s

treng

th a

nd

0,2%

pro

of s

tress

(MPa

)

Rm

Rp0,2Ta = 860 oC

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ADI, Elongation vs austempering temperature

02468

10121416

200 250 300 350 400 450

Austempering temperature (oC)

Elon

gatio

n (%

)

Ta = 860 oC

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ADI, International standards, gradesASTM 897-90

(1997)SAE J2477O

(2001)EN1564(1997)

ISO 17804(Draft)

EN-GJS-800-8 JS/800-10

850/550/10

AD 900 JS/900-8

EN-GJS-1000-5

1050/700/7 AD 1050 JS/1050-6

1200/850/4 AD 1200 EN-GJS-1200-2 JS/1200-3

1400/1100/1 AD 1400 EN-GJS-1400-1 JS/1400-1

JS/HV400

1600/1300/- AD 1600 JS/HV500

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ADI, ASTM A 897-90Grade Tensile

strengthRm

MPa(min.)

0,2% ProofstressRp0,2 MPa

(min.)

Elonga-tion

A4%

(min.)

Impactenergy

(unnotched)J

(min.)

Brinellhardness

rangeHB

(informative)

850/550/10 850 550 10 100 269-321

1050/700/7 1050 700 7 80 302-363

1200/850/4 1200 850 4 60 341-444

1400/1100/1 1400 1100 1 35 388-477

1600/1300/- 1600 1300 - - 444-555

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ADI, SAE J2477 OGrade Tensile

strengthRm

MPa(min.)


(min.)

Elonga-tionA4%

(min.)

Impactenergy

(unnotched)J

(min.)

Brinellhardness

rangeHB

(informative)

AD 900 900 650 9 100 269-341

AD 1050 1050 750 7 80 302-375

AD 1200 1200 850 4 60 341-444

AD 1400 1400 1100 2 35 388-477

AD 1600 1600 1300 1 20 402-512

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ADI, EN 1564Designation Tensile

strengthRm

MPa(min.)


(min.)

Elongation

A4%

(min.)

Impactenergy(notched)

J(min.)

Brinellhardness

rangeHB

EN-GJS-800-8 800 500 8 - 260-320

EN-GJS-800-8RT 800 500 8 10 260-320

EN-GJS-1000-5 1000 700 5 - 300-360

EN-GJS-1200-2 1200 850 2 - 340-440

EN-GJS-1400-1 1400 1100 1 - 380-480

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ADI, ASTM 897/SAE J2477 O/EN 1564

• Specified minimum mechanical properties for Rm , Rp0,2and A apply to seperately cast test samples. (fromsame metal, in core)

• The size and type of test sample shall represent thecasting wall thickness.

• For all sizes and types of test samples the sameminimum requirements apply.

• No minimum requirements for cast-on samples andsamples taken from the casting are specified in thestandard; the minimum requirements shall be agreedupon by the manufacturer and purchaser.

• USA standards specify minimum elongation fororiginal gauge length L0 = 4xd, EN standard: L0 = 5xd.This results in higher values (approx. 1%)

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ADI, Elongation A4 vs A5

02468

10121416

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Elongation A 5 (%)

Elon

gatio

n A

4 (%

)

Available dataA4 = A5ISO 17804

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ASTM A 897 and SAE J2477 O• Specify for all grades normative minimum impact

resistance values (unnotched) at room temperature .

EN 1564• Specifies for one grade (EN-GJS-800-8RT) a minimum

impact resistance value (notched) at room temperatur.

ASTM A 897, SAE J2477 O and EN 1564• No design data given.

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ASTM A 897 and EN 1564• Give informative hardness range for all grades.

SAE J2477 O• Specifies normative hardness range for all grades.

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ADI, ISO 17804 (draft)Table 1 - Mechanical properties measured on test pieces machined from

seperately cast or cast-on samplesMaterial designation

Symbol

Relevantwall

thicknesst

mm

Tensilestrength

Rm

N/mm2

min.

0,2 %proofstressRp0,2

N/mm2

min.

Elongation

A5

%min.

ISO17804/JS/800-10-10RTISO17804/JS/800-10

t < 3030 < t < 6060 < t <100

800750720

5001065

ISO17804/JS/900-8t < 30

30 < t < 6060 < t <100

900850820

600854

ISO17804/JS/1050-6t < 30

30 < t < 6060 < t <100

10501000970

700643

ISO17804/JS/1200-3t < 30

30 < t < 6060 < t <100

120011701140

850321

1400 1100 1ISO17804/JS/1400-1

t < 3030 < t < 6060 < t <100

To be agreed upon between themanufacturer and purchaser

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ADI, ISO 17804 (draft)Table B.1 - Mechanical properties measured on test pieces machined from seperately

cast or cast-on samples. Tensile test piece with original gauge length L0 = 4 x d.Material designation

Symbol

Relevantwall

thicknesst

mm

Tensilestrength

Rm

N/mm2

min.

0,2 %proofstressRp0,2

N/mm2

min.

Elongation

A5

%min.

ISO17804/JS/800-10-10RTISO17804/JS/800-10

t < 3030 < t < 6060 < t <100

800750720

5001177

ISO17804/JS/900-8t < 30

30 < t < 6060 < t <100

900850820

600965

ISO17804/JS/1050-6t < 30

30 < t < 6060 < t <100

10501000970

700754

ISO17804/JS/1200-3t < 30

30 < t < 6060 < t <100

120011701140

850432

1400 1100 2t < 30ISO17804/JS/1400-1 30 < t < 60

60 < t <100To be agreed upon between the

manufacturer and purchaser

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ADI, ISO 17804 (draft)Table 2 - Minimum impact resistance values measured on test pieces

machined from seperately cast or cast-on samples

Minimum impact resistance values inJoules

at room temperature (23oC+5) ºC

MaterialDesignation

Symbol

Relevantwall

thicknesst

mm Mean value of 3tests

Individual value

ISO17804/JS/800-10-10RTt < 30

30 < t < 6060 < t < 00

1098

987

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ADI, ISO 17804 (draft)Table A.1 -Abrasion resistant spheroidal graphite ausferritic cast irons

Other properties(for information only )

Material designation

Symbol

Vickershardness

HVminimum

RmN/mm2 *)

Rp0,2N/mm2 *)

A5%

ISO17804/JS/HV400 400 1400 1100 1

ISO17804/JS/HV500 500 1600 1300 -

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ADI, ISO 17804 (draft)Table D.1 - Guidance values for tensile strength and elongation for test pieces

machined from samples cut from the casting

Tensile strengthRm

N/mm2

min.

ElongationA5

%min.

Relevant wall thickness t (mm)

Material designation

Symbol

0,2 % proofstressRp0,2

N/mm2

min.

t < 30

30 <t

< 60

60 <t

< 100t

< 30

30 <t

< 60

60 <t

< 100

ISO17804/JS/800-10/C 500 790 740 710 8 5 4

ISO17804/JS/900-8/C 600 880 830 800 7 4 3

ISO17804/JS/1050-6/C 700 1020 970 940 5 3 2

ISO17804/JS/1200-3/C 850 1170 1140 1110 2 1 1

ISO17804/JS/1400-1/C 1100 1360 To be agreed upon between themanufacturer and purchaser

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ADI, ISO 17804 (draft)Table C.1 - Guidance values for hardness

Material designationSymbol

Brinell hardness rangeHB

ISO17804/JS/800-10-10RTISO17804/JS/800-10

250 - 310

ISO17804/JS/900-8 280 - 340

ISO17804/JS/1050-6 320 - 380

ISO17804/JS/120-3 340 - 420

ISO17804/JS/1400-1 380 - 480

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ADI, ISO 17804 (draft)Table E.1 - Unnotched impact resistance for spheroidal graphite ausferritic

cast iron

Material designationSymbol

Minimum impact resistance values 1)in Joules at room temperature

(23 + 5) oCISO17804/J S/800-10-10RT

ISO17804/J S/800-10ISO17804/J S/800-10/C

110

ISO17804/JS/900-8ISO17804/JS/900-8/C 100ISO17804/JS/1050-6

ISO17804/JS/1050-6/C 80ISO17804/JS/1200-3

ISO17804/JS/1200-3/C 60ISO17804/JS/1400-1

ISO17804/JS/1400-1/C 35

ISO17804/JS/400HV 25

ISO17804/JS/500HV 20

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ADI, ISO 17804 (draft)Table F.1 - Typical properties of spheroidal graphite ausferritic cast iron

GradeISO17804/SJ/Technical data for spheroidal

graphite ausferritic cast iron 800-10800-10-10RT

900-8 1050-6 1200-3 1400-1400HV

500HV

Characteristic Unit Minimum values for properties A (informative)

Compression strength σdb N/mm2 1300 1450 1675 1900 2200 25000,2% proof stress N/mm2 620 695 840 1040 1220 1350

Shear strength σaB

0,2% proof stress

N/mm2

N/mm2

720 800 940 1080 1260 1400

Torsional strength τtB N/mm2 720 800 940 1080 1260 1400

0,2% proof stress N/mm2 350 420 510 590 770 850Impact resistance valuesCharpy unnotched, at(23 + 5) oC

J 110 100 80 60 35

Fracture toughness Klc MPa√m 62 60 59 54 50

Fatigue limit (Wöhler)(rotating bending)unnotched(dia. 10,6 mm)

N/mm2 375 400 430 450 375 300

Fatigue limit (Wöhler)(rotating bending)notched 2)

(dia. 10,6 mm)

N/mm2 225 240 265 280 275 270

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