1616thth Century Dreams of Century Dreams of SettlementSettlement

Wars among the Wars among the European nations, which European nations, which often extended to North often extended to North America, brought major America, brought major changes in the 18th changes in the 18th century. In 1762 France century. In 1762 France ceded Louisiana west of ceded Louisiana west of the Mississippi to Spain, the Mississippi to Spain, and in 1763 it lost and in 1763 it lost Canada and the rest of Canada and the rest of Louisiana to Great Louisiana to Great Britain. France retained Britain. France retained only some small islands only some small islands off Newfoundland. Spain off Newfoundland. Spain began settling California began settling California in 1769. The United in 1769. The United States won its States won its independence from independence from Britain in 1775–83, Britain in 1775–83, acquiring all British-held acquiring all British-held mainland territory south mainland territory south of Canada.of Canada.

French and Indian War French and Indian War to 1783to 1783

United States United States after the after the

Revolutionary Revolutionary War in 1783 War in 1783

British, US and Spanish British, US and Spanish ColoniesColonies

1810 Maps of US1810 Maps of US

Westward Expansion 1810Westward Expansion 1810

United States 1812United States 1812

United States 1790 - United States 1790 - 18201820

United States 1820United States 1820

1836 Map of US 1836 Map of US ExpansionExpansion

US Expansion Pressure and US Expansion Pressure and War War

President James Polk President James Polk 18441844

As a Democrat committed to As a Democrat committed to geographic expansion (or “geographic expansion (or “Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny“), he “), he overrode overrode WhigWhig objections and objections and was responsible for the was responsible for the second-largest expansion of second-largest expansion of the nation’s territory. Polk the nation’s territory. Polk secured the secured the Oregon TerritoryOregon Territory (including Washington, (including Washington, Oregon and Idaho), Oregon and Idaho), amounting to about 285,000 amounting to about 285,000 square miles (738,000 km²) square miles (738,000 km²) then purchased 525,000 then purchased 525,000 square miles (1,360,000 km²) square miles (1,360,000 km²) through the through the Treaty of Guadalupe HidalgoTreaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo that ended the that ended the Mexican–American WarMexican–American War.” .”

Popular Sentiment during Popular Sentiment during the Centurythe Century

1845 by a newspaper 1845 by a newspaper reporter named John reporter named John O'Sullivan who wrote:O'Sullivan who wrote:".... the ".... the right of our manifest destiny right of our manifest destiny to over spread and to possess to over spread and to possess the whole of the continent the whole of the continent which Providence has given which Providence has given us for the development of the us for the development of the great experiment of liberty great experiment of liberty and federaltive development and federaltive development of self government entrusted of self government entrusted to us. It is right such as that to us. It is right such as that of the tree to the space of air of the tree to the space of air and the earth suitable for the and the earth suitable for the full expansion of its principle full expansion of its principle and destiny of growth."and destiny of growth."

The politician The politician Ignatius Donnelly Ignatius Donnelly would later put it would later put it this way: "Nothing this way: "Nothing less than a less than a continent can continent can suffice as the basis suffice as the basis and foundation for and foundation for that nation in whose that nation in whose destiny is involved destiny is involved in the destiny of in the destiny of mankind." mankind."

In 1846 Polk signed a treaty with Great In 1846 Polk signed a treaty with Great Britain giving England the territory Britain giving England the territory which today is western Canada. The U.S. which today is western Canada. The U.S. took what is now Oregon, Washington, took what is now Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and parts of Montana. Then Idaho, and parts of Montana. Then President Polk went to war against President Polk went to war against Mexico . The war lasted for two years . Mexico . The war lasted for two years . When it ended, the US took half of When it ended, the US took half of Mexico and the border between Texas Mexico and the border between Texas and Mexico was set at the Rio Grande. and Mexico was set at the Rio Grande.

Indian Removal From Indian Removal From 1830 Act1830 Act

Removed to Oklahoma Removed to Oklahoma TerritoryTerritory

Military Map 1850Military Map 1850

By 1860 Cotton Was King By 1860 Cotton Was King and Slaves Were the Golden and Slaves Were the Golden

GooseGoose

Underground RailroadUnderground Railroad

Its importance is not Its importance is not measured by the measured by the number of attempted or number of attempted or successful escapes from successful escapes from American slavery, but American slavery, but by the manner in which by the manner in which it consistently exposed it consistently exposed the grim realities of the grim realities of slavery and refuted the slavery and refuted the claim that African claim that African Americans could not act Americans could not act or organize on their or organize on their own. own.

18501850 Fugitive Slave ActFugitive Slave Act

Granted to the South for CA entering as a free Granted to the South for CA entering as a free state. Between 1850 and 1860, 343 African state. Between 1850 and 1860, 343 African Americans appeared before federal Americans appeared before federal commissioners. Of those 343 people, 332 were commissioners. Of those 343 people, 332 were sent to slavery in the South. The sent to slavery in the South. The commissioners allowed only eleven people to commissioners allowed only eleven people to remain free in the North. Thousands of African remain free in the North. Thousands of African Americans fled to Canada. Some people who Americans fled to Canada. Some people who had been free for their entire lives left the had been free for their entire lives left the country. Abolitionists challenged the Fugitive country. Abolitionists challenged the Fugitive Slave Law's legality in court, but the United Slave Law's legality in court, but the United States Supreme Court upheld the law's States Supreme Court upheld the law's constitutionality in 1859.constitutionality in 1859.

The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

Antislavery advocates and the abolitionists were disturbed by this act. The South wanted their property back. The Federal law allowed a warrant issued by the courts for the arrest of known fugitive slave runaways. If they, the marshals, or anyone did not cooperate, they could be fined $1,000. Slave masters could seize their runaway slaves and even collect the value of accumulated labor done by the slave outside of his master's domain. In a trial, no slave could testify on his own behalf. Force could also be used to capture runaway slaves and to not assist slave catchers was a crime . Both slaves, free blacks at risk of being put back into bondage and servitude - northerners trying to distance themselves were now compelled to assist the slave holders.

““Black Moses’ Family 1887 Black Moses’ Family 1887 New York”New York”

Harriet Tubman,Harriet Tubman,who was born into who was born into slavery, learning she slavery, learning she was going to be was going to be separated from her separated from her family and sold, she family and sold, she planned her escape, planned her escape, made her way to made her way to Philadelphia, Philadelphia, describing freedom describing freedom as "heaven."as "heaven."She helped 300 She helped 300 slaves gain freedom slaves gain freedom risking her life 19 risking her life 19 times. times.

Henry “Box” BrownHenry “Box” Brown

With help of With help of Northern Northern Vigilance Vigilance

Committee Committee mailed himself mailed himself to freedom in to freedom in

2.5 foot square 2.5 foot square crate from VA to crate from VA to

PA to black PA to black abolitionist: abolitionist:

William JohnsonWilliam Johnson

Ross to Tubman to “Black Ross to Tubman to “Black Moses” Moses”

When Harriet Tubman fled to When Harriet Tubman fled to freedom 1849 and was freedom 1849 and was determined to return to determined to return to Maryland to bring away her Maryland to bring away her family. It would take her over family. It would take her over 10 years, and she would not be 10 years, and she would not be entirely successful. Linah, entirely successful. Linah, Soph and Mariah Ritty had Soph and Mariah Ritty had been sold to the Deep South been sold to the Deep South some years before, her niece some years before, her niece Kessiah would be the first Kessiah would be the first relative Tubman would help relative Tubman would help escape from slavery. Then, she escape from slavery. Then, she assisted her brother Moses, assisted her brother Moses, followed by her three followed by her three remaining brothers, Ben, remaining brothers, Ben, Henry and Robert. Henry and Robert. When Robert, Ben, and Henry When Robert, Ben, and Henry sat down with William Still, in sat down with William Still, in Philadelphia, four days after Philadelphia, four days after they fled their enslaver in they fled their enslaver in Maryland, they chose new Maryland, they chose new identities. Shedding their identities. Shedding their “Ross” surname, and selecting “Ross” surname, and selecting “Stewart.”. “Stewart.”.

William Still William Still The writing, publication and The writing, publication and distribution of his book were distribution of his book were a product of his own effort. a product of his own effort. His stated purpose was to His stated purpose was to "encourage the race in "encourage the race in efforts of self elevation" He efforts of self elevation" He believed that the most believed that the most eloquent advocates of eloquent advocates of Negroes were Negroes were Frederick Frederick Douglass, William Wells Douglass, William Wells BrownBrown, and other self-, and other self-emancipated champions. It emancipated champions. It was his mission as a Negro was his mission as a Negro to record their heroic deeds to record their heroic deeds and he hoped the book and he hoped the book would serve as additional would serve as additional testimony to the intellectual testimony to the intellectual capacity of his race. "We capacity of his race. "We very much need works on very much need works on various topics from the pens various topics from the pens of colored men to represent of colored men to represent the race intellectually.' the race intellectually.'

William and Peter StillWilliam and Peter StillWILLIAM WILLIAM (1821-1902), abolitionist, writer, and (1821-1902), abolitionist, writer, and businessman. Still was born near Medford, N.J. His businessman. Still was born near Medford, N.J. His father, Levin Steel, was a former slave who had father, Levin Steel, was a former slave who had purchased his own freedom and changed his name to purchased his own freedom and changed his name to Still to protect his wife Sidney, who had escaped from Still to protect his wife Sidney, who had escaped from slavery in Maryland. In 1844 he went to PA, In 1847 slavery in Maryland. In 1844 he went to PA, In 1847 he married Letitia George and found employment in he married Letitia George and found employment in the Pennsylvania Society for the Abolition of Slavery. the Pennsylvania Society for the Abolition of Slavery. He was in a position to provide board and room for He was in a position to provide board and room for many of the fugitives who rested in Philadelphia many of the fugitives who rested in Philadelphia before resuming their journey to Canada. One of those before resuming their journey to Canada. One of those former slaves turned out to be his own brother, Peter former slaves turned out to be his own brother, Peter Still, left in bondage by his mother when she had Still, left in bondage by his mother when she had escaped forty years earlier. William Still later escaped forty years earlier. William Still later reported that finding his brother led him to preserve reported that finding his brother led him to preserve the careful records concerning former slaves which the careful records concerning former slaves which provided valuable source material for his book provided valuable source material for his book The The Underground Railroad Underground Railroad (1872)(1872)

Dramatic, Dramatic, organized organized

ProtestProtest

The Underground RailroadThe Underground Railroad was the most dramatic was the most dramatic protest action against slavery protest action against slavery in United States history. in United States history. Networks began in the Networks began in the 1500s, and were later 1500s, and were later connected with organized connected with organized abolitionist activity of the abolitionist activity of the 1800s. Neither an 1800s. Neither an "underground" nor a "underground" nor a "railroad," this informal, "railroad," this informal, loosely constructed network loosely constructed network of escape routes originated in of escape routes originated in the South, intertwined the South, intertwined throughout the North, and throughout the North, and eventually ended in Canada. eventually ended in Canada. Escape routes extended into Escape routes extended into western territories, Mexico, western territories, Mexico, and the Caribbean. From and the Caribbean. From 1830 to 1865, the 1830 to 1865, the Underground Railroad Underground Railroad reached its peak as reached its peak as abolitionists and abolitionists and sympathizers who sympathizers who condemned human bondage condemned human bondage aided large numbers of aided large numbers of bondsmen to freedom. bondsmen to freedom.

Josiah Josiah Henson." Henson."

(1789-1883)(1789-1883)

Henson escaped as a Henson escaped as a fugitive slave from fugitive slave from Maryland in 1830, to Maryland in 1830, to Canada on the Canada on the Underground Railroad. By Underground Railroad. By 1841, Reverend Henson 1841, Reverend Henson revealed his skills as an revealed his skills as an abolitionist, conductor on abolitionist, conductor on the Underground Railroad, the Underground Railroad, and businessman, with and businessman, with others he purchased 400 others he purchased 400 acres of land near Dresden, acres of land near Dresden, Ontario. This became the Ontario. This became the Dawn Settlement where Dawn Settlement where the British American the British American Institute for fugitive slaves Institute for fugitive slaves was located, the first was located, the first vocational training school vocational training school for blacks in North for blacks in North America. Henson's work as America. Henson's work as a conductor on the a conductor on the Underground Railroad Underground Railroad brought at least 118 brought at least 118 enslaved to freedom. enslaved to freedom.

Underground Railroad Underground Railroad Station HousesStation Houses

Underground Railroad consisted  of a series of safe Underground Railroad consisted  of a series of safe houses known as “stations” and individuals known as houses known as “stations” and individuals known as

“conductors” who assisted those escaping from slavery “conductors” who assisted those escaping from slavery in the United States.  Many fugitive slaves who in the United States.  Many fugitive slaves who

managed to reach Canada settled in Drummondville, managed to reach Canada settled in Drummondville, and many went on to achieve a great deal of success. and many went on to achieve a great deal of success.

Burr Plato who was born into slavery in 1833 in Logan Burr Plato who was born into slavery in 1833 in Logan County, Virginia, escaped and settled here in 1856. He County, Virginia, escaped and settled here in 1856. He

went on to become a prominent business man, went on to become a prominent business man, respected citizen and elected council member. respected citizen and elected council member.

Oliver Parnell escaped slavery in 1855. Through thrift Oliver Parnell escaped slavery in 1855. Through thrift and hard work, he was able to purchase a substantial and hard work, he was able to purchase a substantial

amount of land in Drummondville including seven lots amount of land in Drummondville including seven lots on the south side of Peer Street. His own house at 6071 on the south side of Peer Street. His own house at 6071

Stanley Avenue is still standing today. Oliver Parnell Stanley Avenue is still standing today. Oliver Parnell worked for John A. Orchard and his nephew Joseph worked for John A. Orchard and his nephew Joseph

Cadham at their home on Culp Street. In the picture Cadham at their home on Culp Street. In the picture Margaret Cadham is wearing overalls that  were Margaret Cadham is wearing overalls that  were

specially made for her  so she could look like her friend specially made for her  so she could look like her friend Oliver, “ a soft-spoken, wonderfully kind man”. Oliver, “ a soft-spoken, wonderfully kind man”.

Sloan HouseSloan House

This house, built in the early 1850s, was the home of This house, built in the early 1850s, was the home of Rush R. Sloane (1828-1908), a Sandusky, Ohio, lawyer, Rush R. Sloane (1828-1908), a Sandusky, Ohio, lawyer,

abolitionist, and Underground Railroad participant. abolitionist, and Underground Railroad participant. One of Sloane's more well-known antislavery protests One of Sloane's more well-known antislavery protests occured in 1852 when seven runaway slaves arrived in occured in 1852 when seven runaway slaves arrived in Sandusky on the Mad River & Lake Erie Railroad. The Sandusky on the Mad River & Lake Erie Railroad. The slaves were later captured aboard a steamer by three slaves were later captured aboard a steamer by three men from Kentucky claiming to be their owners. On men from Kentucky claiming to be their owners. On behalf of the fugitive slaves, Sloane petitioned the behalf of the fugitive slaves, Sloane petitioned the

mayor to investigate the evidence and questioned if the mayor to investigate the evidence and questioned if the runaways were properly arrested and legally detained. runaways were properly arrested and legally detained. Finding no legal authority for the arrest, local officials Finding no legal authority for the arrest, local officials

ordered that the slaves be released immediately. ordered that the slaves be released immediately. Shortly afterwards, one of the Kentucky men displayed Shortly afterwards, one of the Kentucky men displayed

legal papers of ownership and filed charges against legal papers of ownership and filed charges against Sloane under the Fugitive Slave Act. He was tried in the Sloane under the Fugitive Slave Act. He was tried in the U.S. District Court in Columbus and fined $3,000 plus U.S. District Court in Columbus and fined $3,000 plus $1,330.30 in court and attorney fees. The local African $1,330.30 in court and attorney fees. The local African

American community, in appreciation of Sloane's American community, in appreciation of Sloane's efforts, presented him with a silver-headed cane that efforts, presented him with a silver-headed cane that

today is on display at the Follett House Museum at 404 today is on display at the Follett House Museum at 404 Wayne Street in Sandusky. Wayne Street in Sandusky.

The reflective garden at Lorain's Station 100 of the The reflective garden at Lorain's Station 100 of the Underground Railroad is a 2007 nominee. The Underground Railroad is a 2007 nominee. The

monument and garden were presented in celebration of monument and garden were presented in celebration of the legacy and courage of abolitionists and escaping the legacy and courage of abolitionists and escaping

slaves. slaves.

Prior to the Civil War, Ohio was a leading state for Prior to the Civil War, Ohio was a leading state for enslaved Americans of African decent traveling the enslaved Americans of African decent traveling the

Underground Railroad to freedom in Canada. For these Underground Railroad to freedom in Canada. For these fugitives, their final stop in Ohio was a Lake Erie port fugitives, their final stop in Ohio was a Lake Erie port

community in the north. One such port was at the community in the north. One such port was at the mouth of the Black River in Lorain that came to be mouth of the Black River in Lorain that came to be

identified as Lorain Station 100, named because it was identified as Lorain Station 100, named because it was thought to be one of the last stops or stations before thought to be one of the last stops or stations before the fugitive slaves reached freedom in Canada. Many the fugitive slaves reached freedom in Canada. Many

arrived here in a wagon driven by Robbins Burrell who arrived here in a wagon driven by Robbins Burrell who owned a farm five miles up the Black River. Concealed owned a farm five miles up the Black River. Concealed by vegetables, grains, or hay, the slaves were smuggled by vegetables, grains, or hay, the slaves were smuggled

into schooners, some of which belonged to Burrell's into schooners, some of which belonged to Burrell's cousin Captain Aaron Root. From Lorain Station 100, cousin Captain Aaron Root. From Lorain Station 100,

the determined travelers were transported across Lake the determined travelers were transported across Lake Erie, completing the final leg of their long journey to Erie, completing the final leg of their long journey to

freedom. freedom.

John and Jean Rankin of John and Jean Rankin of OhioOhio

John Rankin was born in John Rankin was born in Tennessee in 1793, son Tennessee in 1793, son of a blacksmith- a of a blacksmith- a deeply religious man at deeply religious man at the age of twenty began the age of twenty began studying religion. He studying religion. He married Jean Lowry, married Jean Lowry, granddaughter of his granddaughter of his college’s dean in 1814.- college’s dean in 1814.- abolitionist views led abolitionist views led the couple to cross the the couple to cross the Ohio River to Ripley in Ohio River to Ripley in the free state of Ohio -the free state of Ohio -his house became a his house became a stopping point on the stopping point on the Underground Railroad. Underground Railroad.

Underground Railroad Underground Railroad Tracks: Henry Box BrownTracks: Henry Box Brown

Escape to Escape to CanadaCanada

Thousands of enslaved and Thousands of enslaved and many free African-many free African-Americans made their way Americans made their way to Mexico and Canada to Mexico and Canada where they could live as where they could live as free citizens. In Canada, the free citizens. In Canada, the refugees arrived at points refugees arrived at points as far east as Nova Scotia as far east as Nova Scotia and as far west as British and as far west as British Columbia, but the majority Columbia, but the majority crossed over into what is crossed over into what is now southwestern Ontario. now southwestern Ontario. They formed communities, They formed communities, cleared the forests and cleared the forests and pioneered new farmland. pioneered new farmland. The network of sympathetic The network of sympathetic black and white black and white abolitionists that assisted in abolitionists that assisted in them along their secret them along their secret routes became known as routes became known as the Underground Railroad. the Underground Railroad.

BME Church of Black BME Church of Black Community in CanadaCommunity in Canada

BME church, is  one of the oldest buildings in BME church, is  one of the oldest buildings in Drummondville. It is said to have been built in 1836, at Drummondville. It is said to have been built in 1836, at

the corner of Murray Street and Allendale Avenue. It the corner of Murray Street and Allendale Avenue. It was  moved to its present location on land given by was  moved to its present location on land given by

Oliver Parnell and his wife Matilda both of whom had Oliver Parnell and his wife Matilda both of whom had escaped from slavery in the United States. For many escaped from slavery in the United States. For many

who followed the Underground Railroad to Canada and who followed the Underground Railroad to Canada and settled in Niagara Falls, the British Methodist settled in Niagara Falls, the British Methodist Episcopal Church, was the spiritual, social and Episcopal Church, was the spiritual, social and

educational centre of their community. The Church is a educational centre of their community. The Church is a simple Gothic Revival style structure, characterized by simple Gothic Revival style structure, characterized by the pointed lancet windows. The current windows with the pointed lancet windows. The current windows with

coloured glass panes were installed early coloured glass panes were installed early

Free at LastFree at LastThis group of fugitive This group of fugitive

slaves escaped to slaves escaped to freedom in Canada on freedom in Canada on the Underground the Underground Railroad and took up Railroad and took up residence in Windsor, residence in Windsor, Ontario, Canada. Their Ontario, Canada. Their names are listed from names are listed from left to right as, Mrs. left to right as, Mrs. Hunt, Mansfield Smith, Hunt, Mansfield Smith, Mrs. Seymour; front row: Mrs. Seymour; front row: Stevenson, Johnson. The Stevenson, Johnson. The image was collected by image was collected by Ohio State professor Ohio State professor Wilbur Siebert (1866-Wilbur Siebert (1866-1961). He began 1961). He began researching the researching the Underground Railroad in Underground Railroad in the 1890s to interest his the 1890s to interest his students in history. students in history.

Artist: David Bustill Artist: David Bustill Bowser, banner with Bowser, banner with moto:moto:

WE WILL PROVE WE WILL PROVE OURSELVES TO BE OURSELVES TO BE MENMEN

127th REGIMENT. US 127th REGIMENT. US COLORED TROOPS (ca. COLORED TROOPS (ca. 1860s) courtesy of 1860s) courtesy of Library of Congress Library of Congress [LC-USZ62-23097]. [LC-USZ62-23097].

Painting of Soldier in the Painting of Soldier in the 127 USCT127 USCT

Maternal Great, Maternal Great, Great, Grandfather: Great, Grandfather: George Winston a.k.a. George Winston a.k.a. George Munford – George Munford – escaped from escaped from Richmond VA area as Richmond VA area as teen, went to Canada, teen, went to Canada, enlisted Aug.1864 at enlisted Aug.1864 at age 23 in Concord age 23 in Concord N.H., into the 127N.H., into the 127thth Regiment U.S. Regiment U.S. Colored Infantry.Colored Infantry.

Official Emblem of the Official Emblem of the USCTUSCT

ONE HUNDRED AND ONE HUNDRED AND

TWENTY-SEVENTH TWENTY-SEVENTH REGIMENT INFANTRYREGIMENT INFANTRYUSCTUSCTCommanding OfficerCommanding OfficerCOLONEL Benjamin F. TracyCOLONEL Benjamin F. Tracy

This regiment was the last to This regiment was the last to leave Camp William Penn. It leave Camp William Penn. It was ordered to City Point, was ordered to City Point, Va., in September, 1864, and Va., in September, 1864, and there attached to the Tenth there attached to the Tenth Corps. Its movements and Corps. Its movements and engagements were identical engagements were identical with those of the left wing of with those of the left wing of the ”45th” Regiment, the ”45th” Regiment, including the transfer after including the transfer after Lee’s surrender to further Lee’s surrender to further duty in Texas. It was duty in Texas. It was mustered out upon the Rio mustered out upon the Rio Grande river October 20th, Grande river October 20th, 1865.1865.

6th USCT 6th USCT BannerBanner

Initially denied the right to Initially denied the right to bear arms, by 1863 black bear arms, by 1863 black soldiers were fighting for the soldiers were fighting for the Union. A total of 207 thousand Union. A total of 207 thousand U.S. Colored Troops, and U.S. Colored Troops, and volunteer units from different volunteer units from different states, served with distinction, states, served with distinction, winning 15 winning 15 Congressional Medals of HonorCongressional Medals of Honor , while another 7 African , while another 7 African American sailors were also American sailors were also honored for their heroism. By honored for their heroism. By January 1864, even January 1864, even Confederate officers Confederate officers appreciated the need for appreciated the need for recruiting black soldiers. By the recruiting black soldiers. By the time time President Jefferson DavisPresident Jefferson Davis signed a bill on 13 March 1865 signed a bill on 13 March 1865 authorizing the enlistment of authorizing the enlistment of slaves, it was too late to save slaves, it was too late to save the Confederacy.the Confederacy.

African African American Civil American Civil War Memorial, War Memorial,

D.C.D.C.

Martin Delany USCT Civil Martin Delany USCT Civil WarWar

Father of Black Father of Black nationalism. 1852 nationalism. 1852 addressed relation addressed relation with Indians: “we with Indians: “we are identical as the are identical as the subject of American subject of American wrongs, outrages, wrongs, outrages, and oppression, and oppression, and therefore one and therefore one in interest”in interest”