16. Mixtures

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Conceptual

PhysicalScience5th Edition

Chapter 16:

MIXTURES


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This lecture will help you

understand:

• Most Materials are Mixtures

• The Chemist’s Classification of Matter

• Solutions

• Solubility• Soaps and Detergents

• Softening Hard Water

• Purifying the Water We Drink

• Wastewater Treatment

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Most Materials are Mixtures

• Pure substance

A material consisting of only one type of element or compound.

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• Pure substance


• Mixture

A collection of two or more pure substances.


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• Pure substance


• Mixture

A collection of two or more pure substances.

—can be separated by physical means


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8/22/2019 16. Mixtures

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The Chemist’s Classification of

Matter

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Matter

• Pure materials consist of a single element

or compound.

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Matter


or compound.

• Impure materials consist of two or more

elements or compounds.

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Matter


or compound.

• Impure materials consist of two or more

elements or compounds.

• Mixtures may be heterogeneous or

homogeneous.

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• In heterogeneous mixtures, the different

components can be seen as individual

substances.


Matter

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• In heterogeneous mixtures, the different

components can be seen as individual

substances.

• In homogenous mixtures, the composition

is the same throughout.


Matter

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Matter

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• Homogeneous mixtures


Matter

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– Solution: all components in the same phase.


Matter

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– Solution: all components in the same phase.

– Suspension: different components in different

phases.


Matter

Th Ch i t’ Cl ifi ti f M tt

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Is the air in your house a homogeneous or a

heterogeneous mixture?

A. Homogeneous, because it is mixed very well.

B. Heterogeneous, because of the dust particles it contains.

C. Homogeneous, because it is all at the same temperature.

D. Heterogeneous, because it consists of different types of

molecules.

The Chemist’s Classification of Matter

CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

Th Ch i t’ Cl ifi ti f M tt

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Is the air in your house a homogeneous or a

heterogeneous mixture?

A. Homogeneous, because it is mixed very well.

B. Heterogeneous, because of the dust particles it contains.

C. Homogeneous, because it is all at the same temperature.

D. Heterogeneous, because it consists of different types of

molecules.

The Chemist’s Classification of Matter

CHECK YOUR ANSWER

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Solutions

• Solution: A homogenous mixtureconsisting of ions or molecules

• Solvent: The major component of asolution.

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Solutions



• Solute: The minor components of a

solution.

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Solutions



• Solute: The minor components of a

solution.• Saturated: Said of a solution in which no

more solute will dissolve.

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Solutions

• Concentration: A measure of the amountof solute dissolved in solution.

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Solutions


Concentration =

Solute

Solution

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Solutions


Concentration =Solute

Solution

―concentrated‖

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Solutions



Solution

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Solutions



―dilute‖

Solution

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Solutions


• Mole: A super-large number, 6.02 1023,

used to measure numbers of atoms or molecules, a.k.a. Avogadro’s number.

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Solutions




The formula mass of a

substance expressed in

grams contains one mole.

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Solutions




The formula mass of a

substance expressed in

grams contains one mole.

Substance Formula Mass

Carbon, C 12

Oxygen, O2 32

Carbon dioxide, CO2 44

Sucrose, C12H22O11 342

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Solutions

Sucrose, C12H22O11 = 342 g/mole

Solutions

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Water, H2O, has a formula mass of 18. How many moles of water are there in 18 grams of water?

A. 0.5 moles

B. 1 mole

C. 9 moles

D. 18 moles

Solutions

CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

Solutions

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Water, H2O, has a formula mass of 18. How many moles of water are there in 18 grams of water?

A. 0.5 moles

B. 1 mole

C. 9 moles

D. 18 moles

Solutions

CHECK YOUR ANSWER

Solutions

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How many grams of water, H2O, are there in 2 moles of water?

A. 1 gram

B. 9 grams

C. 18 grams

D. 36 grams

Solutions

CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

Solutions

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How many grams of water, H2O, are there in 2 moles of water?

A. 1 gram

B. 9 grams

C. 18 grams

D. 36 grams

Solutions

CHECK YOUR ANSWER

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Solutions

• Molarity: A unit of concentration expressedin moles solute per liter of solution.

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Solutions


Molarity =

Moles of Solute

Liters of Solution

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Solutions


• ppm: A unit of concentration expressed in

milligrams solute in liters of solution.




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Solutions




1 ppm =




1 part solute

1,000,000 parts solution

1 milligram solute

1 liter solution=

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Solubility

• Solubility: The ability of a solute to dissolve

in a solvent.

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Solubility

• Solubility: The ability of a solute to dissolve

in a solvent.

• Soluble: Said of a solute that has

appreciable solubility.

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Solubility

• Precipitate: Solute that comes out of

solution.

Solubility

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The amount of oxygen, O2, dissolved in the waters of the

arctic ocean is greater, about equal to, or less than the

amount of oxygen dissolved in warm tropical waters? A. Greater than

B. About equal

C. Less than

D. It depends

y

CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

Solubility

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The amount of oxygen, O2, dissolved in the waters of the

Arctic Ocean is greater, about equal to, or less than the

amount of oxygen dissolved in warm tropical waters? A. Greater than

B. About equal

C. Less than

D. It depends

Explanation:

The solubility of oxygen in water decreases with increasing

temperature. As a consequence, cold polar oceans tend to be

more fertile than warmer tropical waters.

y

CHECK YOUR ANSWER

Chapter 12 Review

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By mass, water is 88.88 percent

oxygen. So why can’t we

breathe water?

p

CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

Chapter 12 Review

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By mass, water is 88.88 percent

oxygen. So why can’t we

breathe water? Hint: What is the elemental formula for the oxygen we breathe and

the chemical formula for water?

p

CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

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Soaps and Detergents

• Soaps and detergents have both polar and

nonpolar properties.

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nonpolar properties.

• Nonpolar part attracts to the ―grime‖.

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nonpolar parts.

• Nonpolar part attracts to the ―grime‖.

• Polar part attracts to water.

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Soap and Detergents

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Soap attracts ―grime‖ by which type of molecular

interaction?

A. Dipole –dipole.

B. Induced dipole –induced dipole.

C. Hydrogen bonding.

D. Dipole –induced dipole.

CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

Soap and Detergents

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Soap attracts ―grime‖ by which type of molecular

interaction?

A. Dipole –dipole.

B. Induced dipole –induced dipole.

C. Hydrogen bonding.

D. Dipole –induced dipole.

CHECK YOUR ANSWER

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Softening Hard Water

• Hard water has high concentrations of

calcium and magnesium.

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• Undesirable effects

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– Clogged pipes

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– Clogged pipes

– Lower cleaning action of soaps and

detergents

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– Clogged pipes

– Lower cleaning action of soaps and

detergents

– Soap scum

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• Detergent additives attract the Ca2+ and

Mg2+ ions in hard water.

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• Some homes contain water softening

units.

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Purifying the Water We Drink

• The first step to purifying water is

removing particles and bacteria.

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• The first step to purifying water is

removing particles and bacteria.

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• Water is then aerated to improve the taste

and smell.


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• Water is then aerated to improve the taste

and smell.

• Lastly, the water is disinfected with

chlorine gas (or ozone).


Purifying the Water We DrinkCHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

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Which of the following is not a method of

disinfecting drinking water?

A. Chlorine gas

B. Boiling

C. Aeration

D. Iodine tablets

CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

Purifying the Water We DrinkCHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

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Which of the following is not a method of

disinfecting drinking water?

A. Chlorine gas

B. Boiling

C. Aeration

D. Iodine tablets

CHECK YOUR NEIGHBOR

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• Sea water can be converted to drinking

water through desalination.


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• Sea water can be converted to drinking

water through desalination.

– Distillation

– Reverse osmosis


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Wastewater Treatment

• Screening removes large insoluble items.

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• Primary treatment allows smaller

insolubles to settle to the bottom or rise to

the top for removal.

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• Secondary treatment aerates the water

and allows finer particles to settle for

removal.

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• Secondary treatment aerates the water

and allows finer particles to settle for

removal.

• Tertiary treatment filters the water.

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16. Mixtures

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