16 Life at the Turn of the 20th Century QUIT CHAPTER OBJECTIVE INTERACT WITH HISTORY INTERACT WITH...

16 Life at the Turn of the 20th Century

QUIT

CHAPTER OBJECTIVECHAPTER OBJECTIVE

INTERACT WITH HISTORYINTERACT WITH HISTORY

TIME LINETIME LINE

VISUAL SUMMARYVISUAL SUMMARY

SECTION Science and Urban Life 1

SECTION Expanding Public Education 2

SECTION Segregation and Discrimination 3

SECTION The Dawn of Mass Culture 4

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GRAPH

16 Life at the Turn of the 20th Century

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CHAPTER OBJECTIVE

To analyze significant turn-of-the-20th-century trends in such areas as technology, education, race relations, and mass culture

16W I T H H I S T O R Y

I N T E R A C T

How will the latest technology change your life? Examine the Issues

It is the summer of 1893. In Chicago, the World’s Columbian Exposition is in full swing. Besides Thomas Edison’s kinetograph—a camera that records motion, attractions include a towering “Ferris wheel” that lifts trolley cars into the sky and the first hamburgers in America. More than 21 million people will attend the exposition. You will be one of them.

• What types of inventions transform communications?

• How can technology contribute to new forms of recreation?

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• Why would mass media emerge at this time?

Life at the Turn of the 20th Century

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The United States The World

1878 Bicycle touring club is founded in Europe.

1883 Construction of the Brooklyn Bridge is completed.

1884 Fifteen-nation conference on the division of Africa convenes in Berlin.

1888 Electric trolleys are first introduced.

1900 William McKinley is reelected.

TIME LINE

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1889 Barnum & Bailey Circus opens in London.

1891 Ida B. Wells crusades against lynching.

1899 German psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud publishes The Interpretation of Dreams.

1896 Supreme Court establishes “separate-but-equal” doctrine in Plessy v. Ferguson.

1901 McKinley is assassinated. Theodore Roosevelt becomes president.

1904 Theodore Roosevelt is elected president.


continued . . .

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The United States The World

1910 Mexican Revolution begins.

1908 Henry Ford introduces the Model T. William H. Taft is elected president.

1914 World War I begins in Europe.

1912 Woodrow Wilson is elected president.

TIME LINE

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1916 Woodrow Wilson is reelected.


1Science and Urban Life

Advances in science and technology address urban problems, including lack of space and inadequate systems of transportation and communication.

OVERVIEWOVERVIEW ASSESSMENTASSESSMENT

KEY IDEA

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OVERVIEW

Advances in science and technology helped solve urban problems, including overcrowding.

American cities continue to depend on the results of scientific and technological research.

MAIN IDEAMAIN IDEA WHY IT MATTERS NOWWHY IT MATTERS NOW

TERMS & NAMESTERMS & NAMES

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• Frederick Law Olmsted

• Daniel Burnham

• Orville and Wilbur Wright • Louis Sullivan

• George Eastman

ASSESSMENTASSESSMENT

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1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List three to four important changes in city design, communication, and transportation.

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City Design

Bridges1.

2. Skyscrapers

Communication Transportation

3. Urban planning

4. Parks

Photography1.

2. Linotype machine

3. High-speed printing presses

Trains1.

2. Subways

3. Airplanes

4. Electric streetcars

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ASSESSMENT


2. If you had been an urban planner at the turn of the century, what new ideas would you have included in your plan for the ideal city? Think About:

ANSWERANSWER

POSSIBLE RESPONSES:Additional recreational facilities; an increased number of parks; skyscrapers; electric transit; steel-cable suspension bridges

• Olmsted’s plans for Central Park • Burnham’s ideas for Chicago • the concept of the garden city

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ASSESSMENT

continued . . .

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3. Which scientific or technological development described in this section had the greatest impact on American culture?

ANSWERANSWER

POSSIBLE RESPONSES: • air travel • low-cost printing • urban planning

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ASSESSMENT

continued . . .

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4. How did bridge building contribute to the growth of cities?

ANSWERANSWER

Outward expansion of cities; increased travel to and from cities; encouraged technological advance in other areas; catalyst for upward growth; skyscrapers

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ASSESSMENT

End of Section 1

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2Expanding Public Education

The impulses of moral uplift and economic necessity spur changes in education, a rise in national literacy, and the promotion of high culture.


KEY IDEA

HOMEGRAPH


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OVERVIEW

Reforms in public education led to a rise in national literacy and the promotion of public education.

The public education system is the foundation of the democratic ideals of American society.




• Booker T. Washington

• W. E. B. Du Bois

• Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute

• Niagara Movement

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1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List at least three developments in education at the turn of the 20th century and their major results.

continued . . .

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ASSESSMENT

Compulsory education

Growth of high schools

Development

1.

2.

3. Racial discrimination

Literacy increased

College enrollments increased

Result

1.

2.

3. All-black colleges founded

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2. How might the economy and culture of the United States have been different without the expansion of public schools? Think About:

ANSWERANSWER

Less economic growth, immigrants slower to adapt to American life, decrease in college enrollment

• the goals of public schools and whether those goals have been met

• why people supported expanding public education

• the impact of public schools on the development of private schools

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ASSESSMENT

continued . . .

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3. Compare and contrast the views of Booker T. Washington and W. E. B. Du Bois on the subject of the education of African Americans.

ANSWERANSWER

Du Bois: liberal arts education to produce African-American leaders

Washington: acquiring useful skills and teaching diploma in order for African Americans to be of economic value to society

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ASSESSMENT

End of Section 2

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3Segregation and Discrimination

African Americans lead the fight against institutionalized racism in the form of voting restrictions and Jim Crow laws.


KEY IDEA

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• Ida B. Wells

• Jim Crow laws

• debt peonage

• Plessy v. Ferguson

• grandfather clause

• poll tax

• segregation


OVERVIEW

African Americans led the fight against voting restrictions and Jim Crow laws.

Today, African Americans have the legacy of a century-long battle for civil rights.



1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. Review the section, and find four key events that occurred between 1890 and 1900 to discuss in further detail.

continued . . .

1890sIda B. Wells’ anti-lynching

campaign; Booker T. Washington and W.E.B.

Du Bois emerge as leaders.

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ASSESSMENT

1900New York City race riot

1896Plessy v. Ferguson

Early 1900s Mexicans settle in the

Southwest.


2. How did segregation and discrimination affect the lives of African Americans at the turn of the 20th century?

ANSWERANSWER

African Americans were victimized by voting restrictions, Jim Crow laws, and the “separate but equal” doctrine established by Plessy v. Ferguson.

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ASSESSMENT

continued . . .


3. What did some African-American leaders do to fight discrimination?

ANSWERANSWER

Ida B. Wells fought lynching; Homer Plessy took his case to the Supreme Court; Booker T. Washington advocated a gradual approach to racial equality; W. E. B. Du Bois founded the NAACP.

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ASSESSMENT

continued . . .


4. How did the challenges and opportunities for Mexicans in the United States differ from those for African Americans? Think About:

ANSWERANSWER

POSSIBLE RESPONSES:• Mexicans in the United States faced discrimination, but it was

not legalized as was discrimination against African Americans. • There were job opportunities for Mexicans, but they were

low-paying.

• the types of work available to each group • the effects of government policies on each group

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ASSESSMENT

End of Section 3

• the effect of the legal system on each group

4The Dawn of Mass Culture

Americans have more time for leisure activities, and a modern mass culture emerges, especially through newspapers and retail advertising.

KEY IDEA


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• rural free delivery (RFD)

• Joseph Pulitzer

• William Randolph Hearst• Ashcan school

• Mark Twain


OVERVIEW

As Americans had more time for leisure activities, a modern mass culture emerged.

Today, the United States has a worldwide impact on mass culture.



1. Look at the graphic to help organize your thoughts. List examples of how modern mass culture emerged for both categories listed in the diagram?

continued . . .

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ASSESSMENT

Culture

Modern Mass Culture Emerges

Leisure

bicycling

tennis

baseball

newspapers

popular fiction

libraries


2. How did American methods of selling goods change at the turn of the 20th century? Think About:

ANSWERANSWER

Goods were advertised or sold in mail-order catalogs, newspapers and magazines, railroad signs, billboards, and shopping centers.

• how city people did their shopping • how rural residents bought goods • how merchants advertised their products

End of Section 4

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ASSESSMENT

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