16 h45 27.07 johannes ruwwe evonik - 2011-07-27 (noticias)
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Transcript of 16 h45 27.07 johannes ruwwe evonik - 2011-07-27 (noticias)
Beyond B5 -
A technology view
on EU and Brazil
Johannes Ruwwe
July 27, 2011
Biodiesel Congress - Beyond B5
2011-07-27 | www.evonik.com/biodiesel page | 2
Our positioning
Evonik is the
creative industrial Group
from Germany.
2011-07-27 | www.evonik.com/biodiesel page | 3
An attractive company
• One of the global
leaders in its core
specialty chemicals
business
• Investments in the
energy and real
estate sectors
2011-07-27 | www.evonik.com/biodiesel page | 4
Who makes lightweight
construction light?
We do.
placeholder visual
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Who drives 5.000 km
without any gasoline?
We do.
placeholder visual
2011-07-27 | www.evonik.com/biodiesel page | 6
Who proves that biodiesel
can power vehicles other
than tractors?
We do.
2011-07-27 | www.evonik.com/biodiesel page | 7
Key Figures
Sales 2010 €13,3 billion
Chemicals €12,9 billion
Real Estate €0,4 billion
EBITDA €2,365 billion
Profitability (EBITDA margin) 17,8%
Return on capital employed (ROCE) 15,0%
Employees 2010 34.407
2011-07-27 | www.evonik.com/biodiesel page | 8
A presence in over 100 countries
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1. A quick view on EU mandates / blends
2. Feedstock / raw materials
3. Quality issues
4. Specifications
5. Engine operability
6. Conclusion
2011-07-27 | www.evonik.com/biodiesel page | 10
Biofuels mandates: parts of Europe
require blends higher than B5
source: Kingsman report
EU member states
address
Renewable Energy
Directive (RED 2009/28)
and
Fuels Quality Directive
(FQD 2009/30)
by National Action Plans
(nREAP’s).
These imply:
Blending obligations,
some higher than B5.
2011-07-27 | www.evonik.com/biodiesel page | 11
Mandates, blends and
EU fuel standards:
Germany (largest EU market):
B4.4 minimum obligation, B7 widely in place;
in the past, Germany had a B100 market (in 2007: 1,8 mio t);
France (2nd largest EU market):
B7 minimum obligation and B7 in place;
many other member states have similar obligations and blends in place:
B7 is a reality in Europe !
Diesel norm EN590: allows up to 7% (v/v) FAME in fossil diesel
(since 2009, up from 5% after revision);
CEN has mandates to evaluate B10 and also B30.
2011-07-27 | www.evonik.com/biodiesel page | 12
1. A quick view on EU mandates / blends
2. Feedstock / raw materials
3. Quality issues
4. Specifications
5. Engine operability
6. Conclusion
2011-07-27 | www.evonik.com/biodiesel page | 13
EU Biodiesel -
production-consumption-feedstock
10
2020
19 ?
2010
12
consumption [mio t/a]
production [mio t/a] Major local feedstock:
- Rapeseed oil
- Sunflower oil (very little)
- Used oils and animal fats
allow double counting for the quota
in some member states (UK, NL, D).
Europe is short in feedstock,
the gap will become larger with higher
biodiesel volumes for mandates.
The shortage is and will be overcome by
feedstock and/or biodiesel imports:
mainly soybean oil and palm oil based.
2011-07-27 | www.evonik.com/biodiesel page | 14
EU Biodiesel –
a view on other raw materials
Catalyst:
- most processes in the EU run on Alkoxide catalysts
(mainly sodium methylate, some potassium methylate),
- Evonik used to be the market leader for biodiesel catalysts
right from the start of the industry;
Methanol:
- commodity type product, usually there are no issues in the EU,
- some attempts on bio-methanol;
Chemicals:
- Sulfuric, hydrochloric acid, caustic, …
commodity type products, usually no issues.
2011-07-27 | www.evonik.com/biodiesel page | 15
Comparison of the EU and Brazil
supply situation
Brazil EU
Feedstock
Feedstock / crushing
availability allows easily
for
B7 or even B10
Feedstock is short,
growth will rely on imports
Catalyst
Catalyst is available;
Evonik has started to
build its South America
plant
Readily available
Methanol and
chemicals
Availability not a problem,
logistics may be lengthy Readily available
Brazil has really favorable conditions to go beyond B5 !
2011-07-27 | www.evonik.com/biodiesel page | 16
1. A quick view on EU mandates / blends
2. Feedstock / raw materials
3. Quality issues
4. Specifications
5. Engine operability
6. Conclusion
2011-07-27 | www.evonik.com/biodiesel page | 17
A good Biodiesel Quality is of utmost importance for
- the products acceptance,
- trouble-free vehicle operation;
Not only true for the EU; make sure to have:
- lowest possible content of impurities / contaminants:
- (saturated) Mono-Glycerides,
- Sterol Glucosides;
- the right feedstock in the right climate;
- proper Oxidation stability;
- proper drying and storage in order to avoid microbial attack;
- an efficient and reliable quality system.
Biodiesel Quality (I)
2011-07-27 | www.evonik.com/biodiesel page | 18
Impurities / contaminants:
In the EU (mainly Scandinavia)
- saturated Mono-Glycerides (MGs):
were identified as one of the species
responsible for filter blocking issues;
saturated MGs should be removed,
e.g. by a process optimization.
- Sterol Glucosides:
were identified as potential species to cause
delayed precipitation and filter blocking, too;
rapeseed oil does not contain as much
sterol glucosides as soybean oil,
however, they should be removed.
Biodiesel Quality (II)
source: The Swedish
Petroleum Institute
2011-07-27 | www.evonik.com/biodiesel page | 19
Oxidation Stability:
very important parameter to avoid problems in
the fuel injection system;
Same test in Brazil and EU (Rancimat, 6h min.).
- FAME / diesel norms (for B7) very strongly
recommend the use of antioxidants;
- some EU markets have a
mandatory addition of Antioxidants,
e.g. France: 1000ppm BHT;
- Antioxidants are the only type of additives that
are often required and generally accepted
at the refinery / terminal blender level;
- a no-harm list for Antioxidants (32 products)
is in place in the EU.
Biodiesel Quality (III)
source: Bosch
corrosion
deposit formation
resin formation
filter clogging, injector coking, …
2011-07-27 | www.evonik.com/biodiesel page | 20
Microbial attack on biodiesel and blends:
Microbes are a minor problem in:
- Biodiesel: water is dissolved
- fossil diesel: water separates;
however, in biodiesel blends:
water forms small droplets and becomes
accessible to microorganisms (bacteria, fungi),
Bio-fouling / bio-sludge may become an issue:
solution: - good housekeeping,
- low water content (200ppm),
- nitrogen blanketing,
- if need be: Biocides.
Biodiesel Quality (IV)
source: Schülke&Mayr
filter clogging
corrosion
2011-07-27 | www.evonik.com/biodiesel page | 21
Comparison of the EU and Brazil
quality prerequisites
Brazil EU
Quality
management
system
ANP;
producers; distributors
AGQM, since 1999;
producers and traders
Cold flow
properties
Soy: reasonable
Tallow, Palm: bad
Rapeseed: good
Imported feedstock: depends
Filterability /
contamination
Sterol glucosides:
high in Soybean oil
mono-glycerides:
process related
Sterol glucosides:
low in Rapeseed oil
mono-glycerides:
process related
Oxidation
stability
Soy: low
Tallow, Palm: high
Rapeseed: medium to good
distilled FAME: bad (UCOME)
Microbial attack not related to feedstock or process
Brazil feedstock and quality prerequisites are good to go beyond B5 !
2011-07-27 | www.evonik.com/biodiesel page | 22
1. A quick view on EU mandates / blends
2. Feedstock / raw materials
3. Quality issues
4. Specifications
5. Engine operability
6. Conclusion
2011-07-27 | www.evonik.com/biodiesel page | 23
B100 specifications – EN 14214
FAME for blends
200ppm water
often required
Under review: 8h,
sometimes already spec
SME would fail 120g iodine/100g,
however, reasonably accepted
Parts of Scandinavia require
0.5 or 0.3% mono-glycerides
Alkaline and earth alkaline
metals under review: 2ppm ?
Phosphorus: already stricter
(10 -> 4ppm), under review: 2ppm
Table from: The Biodiesel Handbook, 2nd ed.
cfpp requirements: -20 – 0°C
regionally and seasonally;
No cold soak filter test
2011-07-27 | www.evonik.com/biodiesel page | 24
B100 specifications – NBR 15512
MG, DG, TG required to
calculate total glycerin;
Keep an eye on MGs !
cfpp under review: 12°C;
too relaxed, esp. South Brazil
Consider to do better
than Rancimat 6h: 8h
Table from: The Biodiesel Handbook, 2nd ed.
Consider to do better:
200ppm internal spec
2011-07-27 | www.evonik.com/biodiesel page | 25
Comparison of some parameters of
the EU and Brazil specification
Brazil EU
Mono-glycerides Not specifically listed MGs listed, however,
not totally satisfying
Oxidation
stability Should be more strict Should be more strict
Cold flow / cfpp
filterability
Tallow ME may create
problems in the field;
cfpp of 19°C or 12°C:
too relaxed
cfpp requirement by
season and region;
CFIs required
Both Brazil and EU spec require ongoing review.
2011-07-27 | www.evonik.com/biodiesel page | 26
1. A quick view on EU mandates / blends
2. Feedstock / raw materials
3. Quality issues
4. Specifications
5. Engine operability
6. Conclusion
2011-07-27 | www.evonik.com/biodiesel page | 27
Engine operability (1)
Biodiesel and Biodiesel blends in the EU are used in
- passenger cars,
- trucks and heavy duty engines.
Passenger cars:
For some carmakers’ technologies difficulties with blends >B7 were reported:
- engine oil dilution (with fuel),
- reduced oil viscosity, potentially resulting in engine problems.
Findings: the effect is due to the post injection strategy
for diesel particulate filter (DPF) regeneration;
it is limited to short distance operation.
2011-07-27 | www.evonik.com/biodiesel page | 28
Trucks and heavy duty engines:
Many producers have released large parts of their fleets of
trucks, buses, and heavy duty engines for B10 or higher blends, even B100:
Engine operability (2)
Some amendments of the EU Biodiesel norm (EN14214) are implemented
to cope with the diesel particulate filter requirements (Na, K, Ca, Mg, P).
An extensive list of approvals is available:
source: UFOP http://www.ufop.de/downloads/201006_Biodiesel_approvals_B100.pdf
2011-07-27 | www.evonik.com/biodiesel page | 29
Comparison of operability issues
Brazil EU
Passenger
cars
No issues;
virtually no diesel engine
in passenger car fleet
Some carmaker see
upper limit at 7% FAME
Trucks and
heavy duty
Major part of engines
approved for B0 – B100
Major part of engines
approved for B0 – B100
Introduction of blends beyond B5 appears to be easier in Brazil;
bio-fraction used in private car fleet is ethanol.
2011-07-27 | www.evonik.com/biodiesel page | 30
1. A quick view on EU mandates / blends
2. Feedstock / raw materials
3. Quality issues
4. Specifications
5. Engine operability
6. Conclusion
2011-07-27 | www.evonik.com/biodiesel page | 31
Conclusion
Brazil EU
Feedstock ?
Catalyst / chemicals
Quality prerequisites
Specification ?
Biodiesel acceptance
- B7 is well introduced in the EU, despite some
technical drawbacks and quality issues in the early days;
- Major issue in EU is the feedstock situation;
- From a technical point-of-view:
going beyond B5 seems to be easy for Brazil !
2011-07-27 | www.evonik.com/biodiesel page | 32
Biodiesel in Motorsports
No matter how you do it –
Quality Biodiesel is a
Performance product