16 - 1 Cost Allocation: Joint Products and Byproducts Chapter 16.

16 - 1

Cost Allocation: Joint Productsand Byproducts

Cost Allocation: Joint Productsand Byproducts

Chapter 16

16 - 2

Learning Objective 1Learning Objective 1

Identify the split-off point(s)

in a joint-cost situation.

16 - 3

Joint-Cost Basics (E.g. 1)Joint-Cost Basics (E.g. 1)

Raw milk

Cream Liquid Skim

Joint costs are costsIncurred in

producing the raw milk

Separable costs are costs incurred in producing these

separately identifiable products

Split-off point

16 - 4

Joint-Cost Basics (E.g. 2)Joint-Cost Basics (E.g. 2)

Coal

Gas Benzyl Tar

16 - 5


Distinguish joint products

from byproducts.

16 - 6

Joint Products and ByproductsJoint Products and Byproducts

Sales Value

High Low

Main Product = 1Joint Products ≥ 2 Byproducts

16 - 7


Explain why joint costs should be

allocated to individual products.

16 - 8

Why Allocate Joint Costs?Why Allocate Joint Costs?

• to compute inventory cost and cost of goods sold

• to determine cost reimbursement under contracts

• for insurance settlement computations

• for rate regulation

• for litigation purposes

16 - 9


Allocate joint costs using

four different methods.

16 - 10

Approaches to AllocatingJoint Costs

Approaches to AllocatingJoint Costs

Approach 2:Physical measure

Approach 1:Market based

Two (2) basic ways to allocatejoint costs to products are:

16 - 11

Approach 1: Market-based Data – 3 methods

Approach 1: Market-based Data – 3 methods

(1) - Sales value at split-off method

(2) - Estimated net realizable value (NRV) method

(3) - Constant gross-margin percentage NRV method

16 - 12

(1) Sales Value at Split-offMethod Example


10,000 units of A at aselling price of $10 = $100,000

10,500 units of B at aselling price of $30 = $315,000

11,500 units of C at aselling price of $20 = $230,00

Joint processingcost is $200,000

Splitoff point

16 - 13



A B C TotalSales Value $100,000 $315,000 $230,000 $645,000Allocation ofJoint Cost100 ÷ 645 31,008 315 ÷ 645 97,674230 ÷ 645 71,318

200,000Gross margin $ 68,992 $217,326 $158,682 $445,000

16 - 14



Assume all of the units producedof B and C were sold.

2,500 units of A (25%)remain in inventory.

What is the gross margin of product A ?What is the gross margin percentage of each product?

16 - 15



Product A Revenues: 7,500 units × $10.00 $75,000Cost of goods sold:

Joint product costs $31,008Less ending inventory

$31,008 × 25% 7,752 23,256Gross margin $51,744

16 - 16



Product A:($75,000 – $ 23,256) ÷ $75,000 = 69%

Product B:($315,000 – $97,674) ÷ $315,000 = 69%

Product C:($230,000 – $71,318) ÷ $230,000 = 69%

16 - 17

(2) Estimated Net Realizable Value(NRV) Method Example


Assume that Oklahoma Company can processproducts A, B, and, C further into A1, B1, and C1.

The new sales values after further processing are:

A1:10,000 × $12.00

= $120,000

B1:10,500 × $33.00

= $346,500

C1:11,500 × $21.00

= $241,500

16 - 18



Additional processing (separable) costs are as follows:

A1: $35,000 B1: $46,500 C1: $51,500

What is the estimated net realizable value of eachproduct at the splitoff point?

16 - 19



Product A1: $120,000 – $35,000 = $85,000

Product B1: $346,500 – $46,500 = $300,000

Product C1: $241,500 – $51,500 = $190,000

How much of the joint cost is allocatedto each product?

16 - 20



To A1:85 ÷ 575 × $200,000 = $29,565

To B1:300 ÷ 575 × $200,000 = $104,348

To C1:190 ÷ 575 × $200,000 = $66,087

16 - 21



Allocated Separable Inventory joint costs costs costs

A1 $ 29,565 $ 35,000 $ 64,565B1 104,348 46,500 150,848C1 66,087 51,500 117,587Total $200,000 $133,000 $333,000

16 - 22

(3) Constant Gross-MarginPercentage NRV Method


This method entails three steps:

Step 1:Compute the overall gross-margin percentage.

Step 2:Use the overall gross-margin percentage

and deduct the gross margin from thefinal sales values to obtain the totalcosts that each product should bear.

16 - 23



Step 3:Deduct the expected separable costs from thetotal costs to obtain the joint-cost allocation.

16 - 24



What is the expected final sales value of totalproduction during the accounting period?

Product A1: $120,000Product B1: 346,500Product C1: 241,500Total $708,000

16 - 25



Step 1:Compute the overall gross-margin percentage.

Expected final sales value $708,000Deduct joint and separable costs 333,000Gross margin $375,000

Gross margin percentage:$375,000 ÷ $708,000 = 52.966%

16 - 26



Step 2:Deduct the gross margin.

Sales Gross Cost of Value Margin Goods sold

Product A1: $120,000 $ 63,559 $ 56,441Product B1: 346,500 183,527 162,973Product C1: 241,500 127,913 113,587Total $708,000 $375,000 $333,000($1 rounding)

16 - 27



Step 3:Deduct separable costs.

Cost of Separable Joint costs goods sold costs allocated

Product A1: $ 56,441 $ 35,000 $ 21,441Product B1: 162,973 46,500 116,473Product C1: 113,587 51,500 62,087Total $333,000 $133,000 $200,000

16 - 28

Approach 2: PhysicalMeasure Method Example

Approach 2: PhysicalMeasure Method Example

$200,000 joint cost

20,000pounds A

48,000pounds B

12,000pounds C

Product A$50,000

Product B$120,000

Product C$30,000

16 - 29


Explain why the sales value at

splitoff method is preferred

when allocating joint costs.

16 - 30

Choosing a MethodChoosing a Method

Why is the sales value at split-off method widely used?

It measures the valueof the joint product

immediately.

It does not anticipatesubsequent management

decisions.

It uses ameaningful basis.

It is simple.

16 - 31

Choosing a MethodChoosing a Method

The physical-measure method is a moreappropriate method to use in rate regulation.

The NRV method should be used when there isnot enough information about individual

selling prices at split-off point.

16 - 32

Avoiding Joint Cost AllocationAvoiding Joint Cost Allocation

Some companies refrain from allocating jointcosts and instead carry their inventories

at estimated net realizable value.

16 - 33


Explain why joint costs

are irrelevant in a

sell-or-process-further decision.

16 - 34

Irrelevance of Joint Costsfor Decision Making


Assume that products A, B, and C can be soldat the splitoff point or processed further

into A1, B1, and C1.

Selling Selling Additional Units price price costs10,000 A: $10 A1: $12 $35,00010,500 B: $30 B1: $33 $26,50011,500 C: $20 C1: $21 $51,500

16 - 35



Should A, B, or C be sold at the splitoffpoint or processed further?

Product A: Incremental revenue $20,000– Incremental cost $35,000 = ($15,000)

Product B: Incremental revenue $31,500– Incremental cost $26,500 = $5,000

Product C: Incremental revenue $11,500– Incremental cost $51,500 = ($40,000)

16 - 36



Should A, B, or C be sold at the splitoffpoint or processed further?

Product A: Incremental revenue $20,000– Incremental cost $35,000 = ($15,000)

Product B: Incremental revenue $31,500– Incremental cost $26,500 = $5,000

Product C: Incremental revenue $11,500– Incremental cost $51,500 = ($40,000)

Split-off

Processed further

Split-off

16 - 37


Account for byproducts

using two different methods.

16 - 38

Accounting for ByproductsAccounting for Byproducts

Method A:The production method recognizes byproducts

at the time their production is completed. (Conceptually, this is the correct method)

Method B:The sale method delays recognition of

byproducts until the time of their sale. (used when dollar amount of byproducts are immaterial)

16 - 39

Accounting for ByproductsExample


Main Products Byproducts (Yards) (Yards)

Production 1,000 400Sales 800 300Ending inventory 200 100Sales price $13/yard $1.00/yardNo beginning finished goods inventory

16 - 40



Joint production costs for joint(main) products and byproducts:

Material $2,000Manufacturing labor 3,000Manufacturing overhead 4,000Total production cost $9,000

16 - 41

Accounting for ByproductsMethod A


Method A: The production method

What is the value of ending inventoryof joint (main) products?

$9,000 total production cost– $400 net realizable value of the byproduct

= $8,600 net production cost for the joint products

16 - 42



200 ÷ 1,000 × $8,600 = $1,720 is the valueassigned to the 200 yards in ending inventory.

What is the cost of goods sold?

Joint production costs $9,000Less byproduct revenue 400Less main product inventory 1,720Cost of goods sold $6,880

16 - 43



Income Statement (Method A)

Revenues: (800 yards × $13) $10,400Cost of goods sold 6,880Gross margin $ 3,520

What is the gross margin percentage?

$3,520 ÷ $10,400 = 33.85%

16 - 44



What are the inventoriable costs?

Main product: 200 ÷ 1,000 × $8,600 = $1,720

Byproduct: 100 × $1.00 = $100

16 - 45

Journal Entries Method AJournal Entries Method A

Work in Process 2,000Accounts Payable 2,000

To record direct materials purchased and usedin production

Work in Process 7,000Various Accounts 7,000

To record conversion costs in the joint process

16 - 46


Byproduct Inventory 400Finished Goods 8,600

Work in Process 9,000To record cost of goods completed

Cost of Goods Sold 6,880Finished Goods 6,880

To record the cost of the main product sold

16 - 47


Cash or Accounts Receivable 10,400Revenues 10,400

To record the sale of the main product

16 - 48

Accounting for ByproductsMethod B


Method B: The sale method

What is the value of ending inventory ofjoint (main) products?

200 ÷ 1,000 × $9,000 = $1,800

No value is assigned to the 400 yards ofbyproducts at the time of production.The $300 resulting from the sale ofbyproducts is reported as revenues.

16 - 49



Income Statement (Method B)

Revenues: Main product (800 × $13) $10,400Byproducts sold 300Total revenues $10,700Cost of goods sold:

Joint production costs 9,000Less main product inventory 1,800 $ 7,200

Gross margin $ 3,200

16 - 50



What is the gross margin percentage?

$3,200 ÷ $10,700 = 29.91%

What are the inventoriable costs?

Main product: 200 ÷ 1,000 × $9,000 = $1,800By-product: -0-

16 - 51

Journal Entries Method BJournal Entries Method B

Work in Process 2,000Accounts Payable 2,000

To record direct materials purchased and usedin production

Work in Process 7,000Various Accounts 7,000

To record conversion costs in the joint process

16 - 52


Finished Goods 9,000Work in Process 9,000

To record cost of goods completed

Cost of Goods Sold 7,200Finished Goods 7,200

To record the cost of the main product sold

16 - 53


Cash or Accounts Receivable 10,400Revenues 10,400

To record the sale of the main product

Cash or Accounts Receivable 300Revenues 300

To record the sale of the byproduct

16 - 54

End of Chapter 16End of Chapter 16

16 - 1 Cost Allocation: Joint Products and Byproducts Chapter 16.

Documents

Transcript of 16 - 1 Cost Allocation: Joint Products and Byproducts Chapter 16.