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CONTENTS

Preface xi

Table of symbols and notational conventions xiii

1 Basic concepts in grammar i

i. i Words and lexemes i.2 Constituent structure 2.3 Syntactic classes and functions 5.4 Paradigmatic relations and kernel clauses 9.5 Sentence and clause 18.6 Morphological processes 21.7 Inflectional and lexical morphology 25.8 Components of a linguistic description 33.9 Descriptive grammar vs prescriptive grammar 47

2 The structural approach to linguistic analysis 502.1 General principles 502.2 Exemplification: the grammatical subject 582.3 Particular grammars and general grammatical theory 722.4 Exemplification: English verb inflection 77

3 The parts of speech 903.1 The traditional classification 903.2 Nature of the units classified 993.3 Associated phrase classes 1083.4 Open and closed classes 120

4 Verbs and verb phrases 1244.1 Verbs 1244.2 Structure of the verb phrase 1284.3 Systems of the VP 1314.4 Operators, auxiliaries and catenatives 1364.5 Tense 143

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Contents

4.6 Progressive aspect 1534.7 Perfect aspect 1584.8 Analytic mood 164

5 The structure of kernel clauses 1775.1 Complements and adjuncts 1775.2 Objects and predicative complements 1815.3 The complex-transitive construction 1945.4 The ditransitive construction 1955.5 PP and AdvP complements 2005.6 Subordinate clause complements 2075.7 Adjuncts 2235.8 Vocatives 225

6 Nouns and noun phrases 2276.1 Nouns 2276.2 Subclasses of noun 2296.3 Dependents in NP structure 2326.4 Determiners 2336.5 Number 2396.6 Countability and boundedness 2456.7 Definiteness, specificness and genericness 2486.8 Pre-head modifiers 2566.9 Complements 260

6.10 Post-head modifiers 2616.11 Peripheral dependents 2646.12 The relationship between pre- and post-head

modification 2666.13 The relationship between PossP and 0/phrase

dependents 268

7 Pronouns 2727.1 Types and distinctive properties of pronouns 2727.2 Pronouns, anaphora and deixis 2747.3 Pronouns and ellipsis 2847.4 Personal, reflexive and possessive pronouns 2877.5 Other subclasses of pronoun 296

8 Adjectives and adjective phrases 2998.1 Adjectives 2998.2 Some non-central subclasses of adjectives 3038.3 Determinatives 3048.4 Dependents in AdjP structure: complements 305


8-5

9

9-1

9-2

9-3

i o

10.1

10.2

10.3

10.4

10.5

10.6

10.7

1 1

11.1

11.2

" • 311.4

u-511.611.7

12.1

12.2

12.3

12.4

!2-5

*31 3 113.2

J3-3

134

1414.1

14.2

H.3

Dependents in AdjP structure: modifiers

Verbs, nouns and adjectives: the boundariesbetween themVerbs vs nouns: gerundsVerbs vs adjectives: participlesNouns vs adjectives

Adverbs, prepositions and conjunctionsAdverbs and adverb phrasesPrepositionsThe position of prepositionsConjunctions and their relation to prepositionsOn so-called 'complex prepositions'Complementation and modification in PP structure

Contents

308

312

312

318

324

33033033633733834i345

Prepositions in relation to verbs, adjectives and adverbs 346

Clause typeClause type and illocutionary forceDeclarativesImperatives and related constructions: jussivesInterrogativesExclamativesInterrogative tagsEchoes

Coordination and subordinationCompound and complex sentencesCoordinationClassification of subordinate clausesRelative constructionsComparative constructions

NegationClausal and subclausal negationAffirmatives and non-affirmativesThe semantic scope of negationThe interpretation of negation

Thematic systems of the clauseVoice: active and passiveThe indirect object transformationExtraposition

350350357359365373375376

378378381

387393405

4194*9423428

432

437438448

45 l

IX


Contents

144H-5

14.614.7

Thematic reorderingSubject-complement switch in the identifyingconstructionThe cleft and pseudo-cleft constructionsThe there constructionReferencesIndex

454

457459467471A77


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