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CARDIOMIOPATIILE
CARDIOMIOPATIILE
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Tipurile de CM: primareTipurile de CM: primare
Maron BJ et al. Contemporary definitions and classification of the cardiomyopathies. Circulation 2006;113:1807-16.Maron BJ et al. Contemporary definitions and classification of the cardiomyopathies. Circulation 2006;113:1807-16.
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Tipurile de CM: secundare (specifice)
Tipurile de CM: secundare (specifice)
Boli infiltrative: amiloidoza, Hurler, Hunter, Gaucher
Tezaurismoze: hemocromatoza, Niemann-Pick, Fabry
Toxica: medicamente, metale grele, agenti chimici
Endomiocardica: fibroza endomiocardica, sdr. hipereozinofilic
Inflamatorie – granulomatoasa: sarcoidoza
Endocrine: DZ, hiper – hipotiroidism, feocromocitom,
acromegalie
Boli neuromusculare (ataxia Fridereich, distrofia musculara
Duchenne)
Deficite nutritionale: beri-beri, pelagra, scorbut, kwashiorkor
Boli sistemice: LES, PR, PM-DM, SSP, PAN
Chimioterapie: doxorubicina, ciclofosfamida; Radioterapia
Boli infiltrative: amiloidoza, Hurler, Hunter, Gaucher
Tezaurismoze: hemocromatoza, Niemann-Pick, Fabry
Toxica: medicamente, metale grele, agenti chimici
Endomiocardica: fibroza endomiocardica, sdr. hipereozinofilic
Inflamatorie – granulomatoasa: sarcoidoza
Endocrine: DZ, hiper – hipotiroidism, feocromocitom,
acromegalie
Boli neuromusculare (ataxia Fridereich, distrofia musculara
Duchenne)
Deficite nutritionale: beri-beri, pelagra, scorbut, kwashiorkor
Boli sistemice: LES, PR, PM-DM, SSP, PAN
Chimioterapie: doxorubicina, ciclofosfamida; Radioterapia
Maron BJ et al. Contemporary definitions and classification of the cardiomyopathies. Circulation 2006;113:1807-16.Maron BJ et al. Contemporary definitions and classification of the cardiomyopathies. Circulation 2006;113:1807-16.
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Factorii genetici in CMFactorii genetici in CM
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CARDIOMIOPATIA
HIPERTROFICA
CARDIOMIOPATIA
HIPERTROFICA
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Cardiomiopatia hipertrofica
Cardiomiopatia hipertrofica
Definitie. CM primara caracterizata
prin:
HVS asimetrica sau concentrica
Cauza genetica: mutatii ale genelor care
codifica proteinele sarcomerului
Disfunctie VS predominent diastolica
Cardiomiopatia hipertrofica:
75% din cazuri neobstructiva: HVS
25% din cazuri obstructiva: HVS +
“stenoza aortica subvalvulara”
Incidenta:
0.2 – 0.5% din populatia generala
M > F
Definitie. CM primara caracterizata
prin:
HVS asimetrica sau concentrica
Cauza genetica: mutatii ale genelor care
codifica proteinele sarcomerului
Disfunctie VS predominent diastolica
Cardiomiopatia hipertrofica:
75% din cazuri neobstructiva: HVS
25% din cazuri obstructiva: HVS +
“stenoza aortica subvalvulara”
Incidenta:
0.2 – 0.5% din populatia generala
M > F
SAo subvalvulara:• CMHO• SAo discreta
SAo subvalvulara:• CMHO• SAo discreta
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Incidenta mutatiilorcomponentelorsarcomerice in CMH
Incidenta mutatiilorcomponentelorsarcomerice in CMH
11 gene implicate
80% forma
familiala
autozomal
dominanta
Lanturi grele ale
miozinei: cr. 14q1
20% forma
sporadica
11 gene implicate
80% forma
familiala
autozomal
dominanta
Lanturi grele ale
miozinei: cr. 14q1
20% forma
sporadica
Maron BJ et al. Contemporary definitions and classification of the cardiomyopathies. Circulation 2006;113:1807-16.Maron BJ et al. Contemporary definitions and classification of the cardiomyopathies. Circulation 2006;113:1807-16.
cr. 1 cr. 19 cr. 11
cr. 3, 12
cr. 15
cr. 14
cr. 15
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Anatomie patologicaAnatomie patologica
• HVS asimetrica: 66% din cazuri• varianta: HVS apicala
• HVS asimetrica: 66% din cazuri• varianta: HVS apicala
Teare D. Asymmetrical hypertrophy of the heart in young adults. Br Heart J 1958;20:1–8. Teare D. Asymmetrical hypertrophy of the heart in young adults. Br Heart J 1958;20:1–8.
• HVS concentrica: 33% din cazuri• HVS concentrica: 33% din cazuri
VS
VD
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CMH:CMH: dezorganizarea cardiomiocitara:
> 5% din masa totala a miocardului
> 20% din zonele hipertrofiate
dezorganizarea miofibrilara
dezorganizarea cardiomiocitara:
> 5% din masa totala a miocardului
> 20% din zonele hipertrofiate
dezorganizarea miofibrilara
Miocard normalMiocard normalMiocard normalMiocard normal Miocard din CMHMiocard din CMHMiocard din CMHMiocard din CMH
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CMH:CMH: dezorganizarea cardiomiocitara:
> 5% din masa totala a miocardului
> 20% din zonele hipertrofiate
dezorganizarea miofibrilara
dezorganizarea cardiomiocitara:
> 5% din masa totala a miocardului
> 20% din zonele hipertrofiate
dezorganizarea miofibrilara
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CMH – fibroza interstitialaCMH – fibroza interstitiala
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CMH – anomaliile microcirculatiei
CMH – anomaliile microcirculatiei
pe vase < 1.5 mm
Apare oriunde in miocard
(descrisa initial in zone
cicatriciale sau hipertrofice)
pe vase < 1.5 mm
Apare oriunde in miocard
(descrisa initial in zone
cicatriciale sau hipertrofice)
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Fiziopatologie: spectrul CMH
- HVS inadecvata de cauza genetica -
Fiziopatologie: spectrul CMH
- HVS inadecvata de cauza genetica -
CMH neobstructiva=
HVS concentrica sau excentrica
CMH neobstructiva=
HVS concentrica sau excentrica
CMH obstructiva=
HVS concentrica sau excentrica+
obstructie la ejectia VS
CMH obstructiva=
HVS concentrica sau excentrica+
obstructie la ejectia VS
• 75% din cazurile CMH• 75% din cazurile CMH • 25% din cazurile CMH • 25% din cazurile CMH
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Fiziopatologia CMHFiziopatologia CMH Tulburarile functiei diastolice:
Hipertrofia miocitara
Dezordinea miocitara si miofibrilara
Fibroza interstitiala
Metabolism anormal al calciului
Ischemia miocardica
Ischemia miocardica: rezervei coronare de flux + boala microcirculatiei
25% din pacienti au subdenivelari ST la Holter ECG
40% au subdenivelari ST la efort
Poate fi responsabila de MSC
+/- obstructie intraventriculara cu gradient dinamic
Tulburarile functiei diastolice: Hipertrofia miocitara
Dezordinea miocitara si miofibrilara
Fibroza interstitiala
Metabolism anormal al calciului
Ischemia miocardica
Ischemia miocardica: rezervei coronare de flux + boala microcirculatiei
25% din pacienti au subdenivelari ST la Holter ECG
40% au subdenivelari ST la efort
Poate fi responsabila de MSC
+/- obstructie intraventriculara cu gradient dinamic
CMHCMH
CMHOCMHO
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Localizarea si fiziopatologia obstructiei in CMHO
Localizarea si fiziopatologia obstructiei in CMHO
Proeminenta SeIV in LVOT
Miscare sistolica anterioara
a foitei mitrale anterioare
(SAM)
Gradient intraventricular
Insuficienta mitrala
Ejectie rapida: VS
hiperkinetic
Proeminenta SeIV in LVOT
Miscare sistolica anterioara
a foitei mitrale anterioare
(SAM)
Gradient intraventricular
Insuficienta mitrala
Ejectie rapida: VS
hiperkinetic
1.1.
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2.2. 3.3.
Localizarea si fiziopatologia obstructiei
in CMHO
Localizarea si fiziopatologia obstructiei
in CMHO
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Manifestari clinice in CMHO
Manifestari clinice in CMHO
Simptome Asimptomatici
Dispnee
Angina (30% din adulti)
Sincopa (15-25% din
cazuri)
Palpitatii si aritmii V sau SV
MSC
Simptome Asimptomatici
Dispnee
Angina (30% din adulti)
Sincopa (15-25% din
cazuri)
Palpitatii si aritmii V sau SV
MSC
Semne “Pulsus bisferiens”
Soc apexian hiperdinamic
Galop presistolic
SUFLU DE EJECTIE variabil:
prin volumului VS (efort,
tahicardie, nitrit de amil, Valsalva,
ortostatism)
prin volumului VS (PS
mimetice, pozitia “pe vine”)
Suflu de insuficienta mitrala
Semne “Pulsus bisferiens”
Soc apexian hiperdinamic
Galop presistolic
SUFLU DE EJECTIE variabil:
prin volumului VS (efort,
tahicardie, nitrit de amil, Valsalva,
ortostatism)
prin volumului VS (PS
mimetice, pozitia “pe vine”)
Suflu de insuficienta mitrala
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ECGECG
HVS cu gradient alterat
T negative in precordiale
Unde Q septale: 25-50%
din cazuri
P mitral
Aritmii atriale sau
ventric.
T negative gigante in V1-
V6 in CMH apicala
HVS cu gradient alterat
T negative in precordiale
Unde Q septale: 25-50%
din cazuri
P mitral
Aritmii atriale sau
ventric.
T negative gigante in V1-
V6 in CMH apicala
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EcocardiografiaEcocardiografia
diastola
sistola
Metoda diagnostica de electie
HVS: Asimetrica: SeIV / PP > 1.5/1
Concentrica
Apicala
Sept hipertrofiat hipokinetic
Cavitate VS mica
SAM a foitei Mi anterioare
Inchidere mezosistolica a cuspelor aortice
Metoda diagnostica de electie
HVS: Asimetrica: SeIV / PP > 1.5/1
Concentrica
Apicala
Sept hipertrofiat hipokinetic
Cavitate VS mica
SAM a foitei Mi anterioare
Inchidere mezosistolica a cuspelor aortice
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CM hipertrofica neobstructiva
CM hipertrofica neobstructiva
Disfunctie diastolica severaDisfunctie diastolica severa
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SAM in CMHO - eco transtoracic
SAM in CMHO - eco transtoracic
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SAM in CMHO: TEESAM in CMHO: TEE
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CMHO –
gradientul
intraventricul
ar
CMHO –
gradientul
intraventricul
ar
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CMHO forma apicala CMHO forma apicala
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Cateterismul cardiac:
gradientul
intraventricular
Cateterismul cardiac:
gradientul
intraventricular
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Cateterismul cardiac: gradientul intraventricular Cateterismul cardiac: gradientul intraventricular
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CMHO angioCMHO angio
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CMHO – SAM angioCMHO – SAM angio
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CMHO la RMNCMHO la RMN
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Supravietuirea in CMHO in functie de numarul factorilor
de risc
Supravietuirea in CMHO in functie de numarul factorilor
de risc Ff de risc ptr deces:
• AHC de MSC < 45 ani
• sincopa
• HVS extrema (> 30
mm)
• hipoTA la efort
• TV-NS la ex Holter
• MSC sau TV sustinuta
Ff de risc genetici:
• mutatii ale genei
troponinei T
Ff de risc ptr deces:
• AHC de MSC < 45 ani
• sincopa
• HVS extrema (> 30
mm)
• hipoTA la efort
• TV-NS la ex Holter
• MSC sau TV sustinuta
Ff de risc genetici:
• mutatii ale genei
troponinei T
Spirito P et al. NEJM 1997;336:775.Spirito P et al. NEJM 1997;336:775.
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Tratamentul CMHOTratamentul CMHO Evitarea efortului fizic: 40% din MSC se produc la
efort
Ameliorarea simptomelor = reducerea gradientului
intraventricular Inotrop negative: -blocante, disopiramida, verapamil
Embolizarea septala
Pacing bicameral
Miectomie chirurgicala
Preventia mortii subite la pacientii cu risc inalt: Reducerea gradientului IV
Amiodarona, defibrilator implantabil
Evitarea efortului fizic: 40% din MSC se produc la
efort
Ameliorarea simptomelor = reducerea gradientului
intraventricular Inotrop negative: -blocante, disopiramida, verapamil
Embolizarea septala
Pacing bicameral
Miectomie chirurgicala
Preventia mortii subite la pacientii cu risc inalt: Reducerea gradientului IV
Amiodarona, defibrilator implantabil
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Valoarea prognostica a gradientului intraventricular in
repaus > 30 mmHg
Valoarea prognostica a gradientului intraventricular in
repaus > 30 mmHg
Maron MS et al. NEJM 2003;348:295-303.Maron MS et al. NEJM 2003;348:295-303.
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Alcoolizarea primei septale
Alcoolizarea primei septale
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Miotomia-miectomia Morrow in CMHO
Miotomia-miectomia Morrow in CMHO
Nishimura RA, Holmes DR. NEJM 2004;350:1320.Nishimura RA, Holmes DR. NEJM 2004;350:1320.
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Miotomia-miectomia Morrow in CMHO
Miotomia-miectomia Morrow in CMHO
preoperatorpreoperator postoperatorpostoperator
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Efectul pacingului DDD asupra gradientului in CMHO
Efectul pacingului DDD asupra gradientului in CMHO
Ommen SR et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;34:191.Ommen SR et al. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999;34:191.
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CARDIOMIOPATIIL
E
RESTRICTIVE
CARDIOMIOPATIIL
E
RESTRICTIVE
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Definitie, clasificare etiologica
Definitie, clasificare etiologica
Boli miocardice sau endomiocardice caracterizate prin
reducerea umplerii diastolice a unuia sau ambilor ventriculi cu
functie sistolica normala sau aproape normala
Sporadica sau familiala autozomal dominanta
Clasificare:
Primare (50% din cazuri):
Idiopatica
Fibroza endomiocardica
Endocardita Loffler
Secundare (50% din cazuri):
Boli infiltrative: amiloidoza, (sarcoidoza, post iradiere, leucoze)
Tezaurismoze (hemocromatoza, glicogenoze, boala Fabry)
Boli metabolico-endocrine (carcinoidul, hipotiroidia, acromegalia)
Identificarea cauzei are importanta terapeutica
Boli miocardice sau endomiocardice caracterizate prin
reducerea umplerii diastolice a unuia sau ambilor ventriculi cu
functie sistolica normala sau aproape normala
Sporadica sau familiala autozomal dominanta
Clasificare:
Primare (50% din cazuri):
Idiopatica
Fibroza endomiocardica
Endocardita Loffler
Secundare (50% din cazuri):
Boli infiltrative: amiloidoza, (sarcoidoza, post iradiere, leucoze)
Tezaurismoze (hemocromatoza, glicogenoze, boala Fabry)
Boli metabolico-endocrine (carcinoidul, hipotiroidia, acromegalia)
Identificarea cauzei are importanta terapeutica
Sdr. hipereozinofilicSdr. hipereozinofilic
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CMR:anatomie patologica
CMR:anatomie patologica
HE x 250Hipertrofie miocitara usoaraHE x 250Hipertrofie miocitara usoara
HE x 40Fibroza interstitiala marcataHE x 40Fibroza interstitiala marcata
Depinde de etiologieDepinde de etiologie
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FiziopatologieFiziopatologie
rigiditatii miocardului sau
endocardului
rapida a presiunii de umplere
ventriculare
Aspect caracteristic al curbei de
presiune diastolice:
“dip and plateau”
Afectare predominanta a VD (+/-
VS)
Dilatatie atriala marcata cu cavitati
ventriculare normale
Semne predominente de IVD: PVC
rigiditatii miocardului sau
endocardului
rapida a presiunii de umplere
ventriculare
Aspect caracteristic al curbei de
presiune diastolice:
“dip and plateau”
Afectare predominanta a VD (+/-
VS)
Dilatatie atriala marcata cu cavitati
ventriculare normale
Semne predominente de IVD: PVC
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Diferente intre CMR si pericardita constrictivaDiferente intre CMR si pericardita constrictiva
CMRCMR Pericardita Pericardita constrictivaconstrictiva
Presiuni diastolice Presiuni diastolice A-VA-V
Diferenta > 5 mmHgDiferenta > 5 mmHg Diferenta < 5 Diferenta < 5 mmHgmmHg
HTPHTP (PAPs > 50 (PAPs > 50 mmHg)mmHg) sau sau
Platou diastolic al Platou diastolic al presiunii VDpresiunii VD
< 1/3 din presiunea < 1/3 din presiunea sistolicasistolica
> 1/3 din presiunea > 1/3 din presiunea sistolicasistolica
Biopsia Biopsia endomiocardicaendomiocardica
AnormalaAnormala NormalaNormala
BNPBNP > 5 x N> 5 x N NN
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Manifestari cliniceManifestari clinice Se coreleaza cu severitatea presiunii in atrii
Intoleranta la efort
Incapacitatea cresterii DC prin disfunctia diastolica
Dispnee
Astenie severa = DC
Semne de PVC mare:
turgescenta jugulara, hepatomegalie, ascita, edeme, anasarca
Instalare progresiva, greu reversibile
Fibrilatie atriala = frecventa prin dilatatie atriala
Aritmii ventriculare frecvente in faze avansate = cauza deces
Complicatii tromboembolice la 1/3 din cazuri
DIAGNOSTIC: ecocardiografie, cateterism cardiac, biopsie
endomiocardica
Se coreleaza cu severitatea presiunii in atrii
Intoleranta la efort
Incapacitatea cresterii DC prin disfunctia diastolica
Dispnee
Astenie severa = DC
Semne de PVC mare:
turgescenta jugulara, hepatomegalie, ascita, edeme, anasarca
Instalare progresiva, greu reversibile
Fibrilatie atriala = frecventa prin dilatatie atriala
Aritmii ventriculare frecvente in faze avansate = cauza deces
Complicatii tromboembolice la 1/3 din cazuri
DIAGNOSTIC: ecocardiografie, cateterism cardiac, biopsie
endomiocardica
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CMR – aspect ecocardiograficCMR – aspect ecocardiografic
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Tratamentul CMRTratamentul CMR
Identificarea cauzelor tratabile (ex. hemocromatoza,
carcinoid)
Diuretice ptr reducerea PVC si a retentiei hidrosaline
IECA determina hipoTA
Digitalice: inutile patogenic, toxicitate crescuta
Aritmii ventriculare grave: defibrilator implantabil,
beta blocante sau
transplant
Transplant cardiac (nu in bolile sistemice)
Identificarea cauzelor tratabile (ex. hemocromatoza,
carcinoid)
Diuretice ptr reducerea PVC si a retentiei hidrosaline
IECA determina hipoTA
Digitalice: inutile patogenic, toxicitate crescuta
Aritmii ventriculare grave: defibrilator implantabil,
beta blocante sau
transplant
Transplant cardiac (nu in bolile sistemice)
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EndocarditaLofflerEndocarditaLoffler
Infiltrare miocardica extensiva cu eozinofileInfiltrare miocardica extensiva cu eozinofile
Caracteristica zonelor temperate Eozinofilie sanguina si miocardica
marcata M < 50 ani cu hipereozinofilie Etape clinice succesive:
Necrotica Trombotica Fibrotica
Semne de IC congestiva + embolii
sistemice Tratament: corticosteroizi,
hidroxiuree, transplant cardiac
Caracteristica zonelor temperate Eozinofilie sanguina si miocardica
marcata M < 50 ani cu hipereozinofilie Etape clinice succesive:
Necrotica Trombotica Fibrotica
Semne de IC congestiva + embolii
sistemice Tratament: corticosteroizi,
hidroxiuree, transplant cardiac
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Fibroza endomiocardicaFibroza endomiocardica
o Caracteristica zonelor tropicaleo Eozinofilie usoara o Fibroza endocardica apicala si subvalvulara o Afectare biventriculara 50%; VS = 40%o 15-25% din decese cardiace ale zoneio Afecteaza copii si adulti tinerio Mortalitate la 2 ani: 35-50%
o Caracteristica zonelor tropicaleo Eozinofilie usoara o Fibroza endocardica apicala si subvalvulara o Afectare biventriculara 50%; VS = 40%o 15-25% din decese cardiace ale zoneio Afecteaza copii si adulti tinerio Mortalitate la 2 ani: 35-50%
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Amiloidoza miocardicaAmiloidoza miocardica CMR cea mai frecvent intalnita in practica Boala infiltrativa multisistemica cu depunere de fibrile polipeptidice
liniare in interstitiul miocardic: Lanturi usoare de Ig (kappa sau lambda): forma AL = forma primara, varianta de mielom Non Ig (proteina A): forma AA = forma secundara Forma familiala (AF): prealbumina (transtiretina) Forma senila (SSA): ANP-like sau transtiretina
Aparitia manifestarilor clinice = infiltrare severa
CMR cea mai frecvent intalnita in practica Boala infiltrativa multisistemica cu depunere de fibrile polipeptidice
liniare in interstitiul miocardic: Lanturi usoare de Ig (kappa sau lambda): forma AL = forma primara, varianta de mielom Non Ig (proteina A): forma AA = forma secundara Forma familiala (AF): prealbumina (transtiretina) Forma senila (SSA): ANP-like sau transtiretina
Aparitia manifestarilor clinice = infiltrare severa
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Amiloidoza cutaneomucoasa
Amiloidoza cutaneomucoasa
manifestari neurologice
Depunerea in rinichi
= sdr. nefrotic
manifestari neurologice
Depunerea in rinichi
= sdr. nefrotic
Amiloid: termenul lui Virchow“amidon-like”Amiloid: termenul lui Virchow“amidon-like”
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Amiloidoza miocardicaAmiloidoza miocardica
ECG: microvoltaj, tulburari de conducere AV sau BRECG: microvoltaj, tulburari de conducere AV sau BR
Afectarea cardiaca = 1/3 pts cu amiloidoza sistemica tip AL
Afectarea anatomopatologica este prezenta si in lipsa
manifestarilor clinice
intereseaza miocardul V, A si eventual si valvele
manifestari clinice: CMR, IC sistolica, hipoTA ortostatica, BAV
Afectarea cardiaca = 1/3 pts cu amiloidoza sistemica tip AL
Afectarea anatomopatologica este prezenta si in lipsa
manifestarilor clinice
intereseaza miocardul V, A si eventual si valvele
manifestari clinice: CMR, IC sistolica, hipoTA ortostatica, BAV
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Amiloidoza miocardicaAmiloidoza miocardica
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Aspectul ecocardiografic in amiloidoza
Aspectul ecocardiografic in amiloidoza
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Tratamentul amiloidozeiTratamentul amiloidozei Amiloidoza AL = prognostic c.m. infaust
Agenti alkilanti: melfalan
Imunosupresie: prednison
Toxice ale fusului: colchicina
Tratamentul IC: Evitarea digitalicelor (afinitate ptr fibrele de amiloid = toxicitate)
Sensibilitate majora la Ca blocante
Vdil si diureticele: efecte hipotensoare
ANTICOAGULARE sistemica
Transplant cardiac in formele fara afectare extracardiaca
Transplant hepatic in formele cu transtiretina
Amiloidoza AL = prognostic c.m. infaust
Agenti alkilanti: melfalan
Imunosupresie: prednison
Toxice ale fusului: colchicina
Tratamentul IC: Evitarea digitalicelor (afinitate ptr fibrele de amiloid = toxicitate)
Sensibilitate majora la Ca blocante
Vdil si diureticele: efecte hipotensoare
ANTICOAGULARE sistemica
Transplant cardiac in formele fara afectare extracardiaca
Transplant hepatic in formele cu transtiretina