1550 to early 1600s

• Obedience and Religiosity Conflict– Submission to Secular Authority

Questioned– Luther- Diet of Augsburg– Calvin-Reluctantly Justified Political

Resistance– Knox - “Blast the Trumpet”

Six Degrees of Philip II

Setting• Philip takes Throne• Austere Catholicism

– Maranos (ex-Jews), Moriscos (ex-Muslims)

• Ferdinand (Uncle) has 1/2 Kingdom– Leads to Austrian/Spanish Habsburg

• Protestant Reformation will underway• England- Mary has died, Elizabeth Queen• Netherlands- Calvinist

Philip II• Bureaucrat

– Micromanager• Expanded Government workers• Significantly raised taxes (10% sales)->alienating

• Rigid Catholicism– The Escorial (Bedroom next to the Altar)

• Diplomacy through Marriage– Uniting the Iberian Peninsula

• Married the Princess of Portugal • Mary Tudor (Maria Princess of Portugal had died)• Pursuing Elizabeth (Mary Tudor had died)

– Helped incite French Catholics• Married Elizabeth of Valois (Catherine de’ Medici’s and

Henry II daughter)- died—Philip totaled 4 wives in the end)

Protecting the Flanks and the Religion

• One successful– 1571 Battle of Lepanto (note: Cervantes

who wrote Don Quixote injured in battle)– Ottomans defeated -Spain->control W. Med– Converted Moriscos exiled

• One less so– United Provinces (Netherlands) Calvinists

rise up and become Independent,

Unites Iberia (1580)

• "I inherited, I bought, I conquered”– King dies w/out an heir– Philip (Uncle) claims throne

Inflation Woes

• 16th Century– Population Increase– Huge influx Silver (New World) -> massive

inflation->Grain prices up 5x

• Spain declares Bankruptcy several occasions• Most prosperous area, Netherlands, gains

independence• Qualified Jews and Muslims leave country

NetherlandsProsperous area- Substantial Textile IndustryCalvinist and Roman Catholic provinces- Cardinal Granvelle->Catholicize Country- centralize

ChurchRegent Margaret imposes Council of TrentCompromise signed oppose Catholic laws– >1566 Calvinists vandalize Catholic Churches– >Philip retaliates->Duke of Alba Governor General-

Council of Troubles=Council of Blood->1000s leave, many executed-> William of Orange rises (assassinated 1584)

– Sea beggars (includes English)• Philip retaliates,”Spanish Fury”@ Antwerp, 7000 di

United Provinces->Republic (Union of Brussels)

Catholic and Protestant Provinces Ally• Spanish evicted (Perpetual Edict)• Union Brussels- divides

– Catholic Union of Arras (eventually 1820s becomes Belgium…note what’s happening there today!)

– Protestant Union of Utrecht

• Independence declared• William of Orange assassinated• Elizabeth Supports Dutch->troops and $• French do too!

England

• Elizabeth takes the throne

• “Protestantism Lite”

• Mary Stuart- Queen of Scots

• Spanish Armada

Mary (Bloody)• Lost Calais• Restores Catholicism• Marries Philip II• Executes 1000s Protestants

– Including “Book of Common Prayer” Cranmer

• Exiles became Radicalized (including John Knox)

Protestant Queen• Restores Protestantism

– 39 Articles of Religion (www.anglicansonline.org/basics/thirty-nine_articles.html)

• Largely based Thomas Cranmer’s Book of Prayer• Seeds of Discontent

– Puritans demand more say» Complain of Sabbath activities» Popery

– Papal Bull Excommunicates Elizabeth

• Protestantism Lite– Catholic Ceremonies– Catholic Organization

• Congregationalists demand Presbyter

Carries Torch Protestantism• Politique• Supports Dutch in revolt

– Earlier Disassociated w/Sea Beggars

• Philip II also supporting Catholics France and England– 1584

• Protestant William of Orange Assassinated• Henry Navarre converts back to Catholicism

– 1587• Executes cousin, Mary Queen of Scots

• When the smoke clears- Church of England or dead/exiled (Conventicle Act 1593)

Spanish ArmadaGod blew and they were scattered

• Protestant England v. Catholic Spain• Virgin Queen v. Unrequited? Marriage

Partner• Sea Beggars in Netherlands, Piracy at Sea

(Drake) + Support of Netherlands->Armada• Armada->30,000 to 50,000 men!!!

– Bad communications, weak leadership and a poor wind

– Earlier Drake delayed onset->attacked Cadiz

Mary StuartHenry VII Granddaughter• Catholic

• Mother Mary of Guise (French family)• Age 5 sent to France (Devote Catholic)

» First married to Henry II of France’s Son (Francis II), Mary becomes Queen of France

– Mother dies->Queen of Scotland,Husband dies-> returns to Scotland 1561->remarries->has a son->Palace intrigue-Mary abdicates- one year old son->James VI->Mary escapes to England

• Scotland->Protestant->John Knox– James VI Protestant

• Conspiring– France and Spain secretly conspire w/Mary– Offered to hand over crown to Philip II (Babington Plot)

France

Catherine de Medici marries Henry II

Large Huguenot Populations

Weak Kings- Intrigue and plotting

Bourbons and Guise

Religious War

Henry of Navarre

Politiques

Henry II (Valois) 1547-1559• Francis I son• Marries Catherine de Medici

– Later known for poisoning– MANY Children

• *Charles (became Charles IX, Catherine was Regent- 8 of 14 years of reign), incompetent

• *Henry (became Henry III- note was also King of Poland-) 1589 stabbed to death

• *Margueritte (married Henry of Navarre (Henry IV) St. Bartholomews Massacre!->later divorced him)

• Elizabeth who married Philip II of Spain (at her wedding, Henry II jousted got hurt and died!!!

• Francis (became Francis II but died at just 16) married Mary, Queen of Scots!

Hugeunots• French Calvinists

– Early Tolerance gave way to intolerance (Edict of Fountainebleau 1540), smattering of tolerance (1562- January Edict)

• Few of Population but– 1/3rd of Nobles– Often Noblewoman! Charlotte de Bourbon marries

William of Orange• Bourbon family conversions->Other noble conversions

• 1562 Fighting begins- Massacre at Vassy. Guise attack on Huguenots. Protestant Churches burned, congregants killed

Weak Kings

• Incompetence led to Intrigue– Francis II dies young– Charles IX killed by his mom?– Henry III, alienates Catholics, bungles an

assassination and is himself murdered.

• Catherine- Expert at Poisoning– Balancing Guise and Bourbons

Bourbons and Guise

• Became clear the House of Valois wouldn’t gain throne->next in Line->Bourbon family– Bourbon family conversions to Protestantism– Henry II’s death->power vacuum– 1572- Catherine conspires w/Guise family against

Bourbons- St. Bartholomew’s Massacre– 1588->Guise family plots w/Philip’s Spain against

Henry III- Henry assassinates Duke of Guise• (Philip II married into Valois family and his daughter was to

marry Henry of Guise (aiming to be king)

– 1596 Henry IV (Bourbon) enters into treaty w/House of Guise

France

• St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre-– August 1572– In One Week- 100,000 French

Calvinists (Huguenots) Slaughtered

Keep your friends close but your enemies closer?

• Henry III– Catholic tensions rise, belief Henry III not vigilant-

>Catholic League formed– Placates Catholics, amends Peace of Bealieu-

provided some rights to Huguenots– Henry Navarre leads Protestants– Catholic League (Guise) supported by Spanish

• ->Henry kills Guise leaders• Retaliation pushes Henry III to ally w/Henry Navarre

– Later->Henry stabbed by fervent monk– No children->Bourbon family takes Power

Henry of Navarre (Henry IV)Paris is worth a Mass

• Changed Religions Several Times (at least 3 times was R.C.

• EDICT OF NANTES– 1598-RELIGIOUS TOLERATION-

PROTESTANTS ARE ALLOWED TO LIVE IN FRANCE, no services in Paris

• On taking throne converted Catholicism• 1596 Treaty w/Guise Family• Assassinated 1610

Politiques

• Term to describe moderate Catholics in France– Politics ahead of Religion– Pragmatists as opposed to idealists