#155 THIS SIDEBAR DOES NOT PRINT Doppler Radar and Storm ... · This PowerPoint 2007 template...
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b) c) a)
Introduction
During the late morning of 16 December 2015 an EF2
tornado occurred 4 km southeast of Australia's busiest
airport – Sydney Airport. This tornado was notable in many
ways:
• A relative abundance of observations was available,
including the Kurnell C-band Doppler radar located less
than 2 km from the tornado path
• The parent supercell tracked over water just off the east
Australian coast during its life cycle, apart from when it
briefly crossed the Kurnell peninsula when the tornado
occurred.
• The tornado passed very close to an Automatic
Weather Station (AWS) located on a jetty in Botany Bay
at Kurnell which recorded a wind gust of 59.2 m s-1 (213
km/h, 115kts, 132mph) at 10:33 am local time.
• The wind gust measured by the Kurnell AWS is an
Australian record outside of a tropical cyclone.
• There were several RFD pulses and strong gate to gate
velocity couplets associated with the parent storm prior
to the tornado
• Damage from the tornado was extensive with the
Insurance Council of Australia reporting it to be the
most costly disaster of the Australian 2015/2016
summer, costing insurance companies AU$206m.
Kinematic assessment of Mesocyclone and Tornado Cyclone Thermodynamic Assessment of Pre-storm Environment
Summary and Points for Discussion
Doppler Radar and Storm Environment Observations of a
Maritime Tornadic Supercell in Sydney, Australia
Harald RICHTER1, Joshua SODERHOLM2, James TAYLOR3, Alain PROTAT1
#155
1 Research and Development Branch Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Australia
2 Climate Research Group
University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
3Extreme Weather Desk, Bureau National Operations Centre
Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Australia
• Dual Doppler winds were derived using Terry Hills S-band Doppler radar (~36km to the north of Kurnell)
and the Kurnell radar (1.6km to the east of tornado track)
• The tornado parent cyclone appears as a zone of strong convergence / vorticity in the southwest corner
of a ~7 km wide low-level mesocyclone – refer figure 6
• Just prior to tornado formation the storm ingested localised patches of enhanced 0.2-1 km storm-relative
helicity (SRH) – refer figure 7
• The key contributor to the overall SRH values appears to be a 'vorticity sheet' within the storm inflow
layer where the north-easterly inflow backs to north-westerly – refer figure 8
• AMDAR hodographs confirm very strong spatiotemporal variability in the SRH – refer figure 9
Figure 7: 0.2-1 km AGL storm-relative helicity based on the
dual-Doppler derived wind profile (shaded). Wind vectors
are shown at 500 m AGL and also derived from dual
Doppler. Storm motion (subjectively derived from Kurnell
radar data around tornado time) used is 7.5 m s-1 towards
19 degrees. Bold contours show 35, 45, 55 and 65 dBZ
outlines at 500 m AGL.
Figure 1. Kurnell Doppler Radar imagery at
2319 UTC (10:19 am LT) at 0.24o elevation; a)
PPI reflectivity; b) PPI Doppler radial velocity.
a)
b)
Figure 2. a) Approximate supercell storm track from 2130 UTC 15 December to 0030 UTC 16 December ; b)
Tornado damage at Kurnell. c) Enhanced still frame from video showing tornado (Courtesy of Peter Grassmayr)
Figure 3. One minute data
from Kurnell AWS
impacted by tornado.
Black line indicates wind
speed in knots (using left
axis) and yellow line
indicates wind direction
(using right axis).
Figure 10. a) 18 UTC 15 December 2015 ACCESS-R (red) model sounding and 19 UTC 15 December
observed Sydney Airport sounding (black); b) Soundings based on a 6-hour forecast from the 18 UTC
ACCESS-R run valid at 23 UTC (red), the 2256 UTC AMDAR (blue), the 2258 UTC AMDAR (green) and the
2311 UTC AMDAR (black); c) Hourly soundings at 18 UTC (black), 19 UTC (red), 20 UTC (blue) and 21 UTC
(green) based on the 18 UTC run of ACCESS-R indicating the rapid removal of inversion prior to the Kurnell
tornado.
Figure 5 (right). Sydney airport AMDAR flight paths
with height and time of data relay and 2306 UTC radar
reflectivity overlay; Red 2256 UTC ascending; Orange
2258 UTC ascending; Yellow 2311 UTC descending.
Figure 6. Dual Doppler winds at 2325 UTC at 1.5 km AGL(left) and 2331 UTC at 2.5 km AGL (right). Color fill is
the corresponding reflectivity from the Kurnell radar. Winds shown as vectors with increased length
corresponding to increased speed.
23:31 UTC 23:25 UTC
23:19 UTC 23:13 UTC
Figure 8: Vertical profile of the streamwise vorticity taken
at the locations of the 0.2-1 km SRH maxima (red dots
southeast of Kurnell in Figure 7).
23:13 UTC 23:19 UTC
Figure 11. 23 UTC ACCESS-R sounding (18 UTC run) with the hodograph winds derived from the 2313
UTC dual Doppler observations at the location of the SRH maximum (red dot) in Fig. 7a.
a) b)
c)
Figure 4.
Red dot
indicates
location of
Kurnell
Figure 9: Observed hodographs based on the
22:56 UTC (green), 22:58 UTC (blue) and 23:11
UTC (red) AMDARS shown in Fig. 5.
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
• An EF-2 tornado crossed a small Peninsula on 16 December 2015 just 4 km southeast of Sydney Airport
• A wind gust of 59 m s-1 was measured as the tornado moved offshore along the northern coastline of the
Peninsula
• Small patches of large low-level storm-relative helicity are evident along the eastern coastline of Australia
just ahead of the storm and prior to the Kurnell tornado
• In the vertical, these maxima in SRH are dominated by a sheet of large streamwise vorticity along the
interface of north-easterly flow (below) and north-westerly flow (above)
• The processes for the cap removal (figure 10) are unclear, but candidates are high-based pre-existing
light showers raining into a very dry capping layer and an inland push of easterly flow at 900 hPa,
potentially associated with a mesoscale low.
• A firmly capped marine layer at 19 UTC experienced complete removal of the cap during the early
morning hours (between 6 am and 10 am LT) – refer figure 10