15 - Survey Research

8/12/2019 15 - Survey Research

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KNES 510Research Methods in Kinesiology

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Descriptiveresearch is also known as non-experimental research

Asks the basic question: What is? No manipulation of variables Measure and record events that would happen

anyway

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Descriptive Research


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Manipulation of variables may be impossible orunethical

Effects of megadoses of anabolic steroids on strength Deliberately causing injury to study different types of

therapy

No randomization, therefore less control andmany threats to internal validity

Cause-and-effect is more difficult to establish

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Surveytechnique ofdescriptive research thatseeks to determine

present practices oropinions of a specifiedpopulation

Types of survey researchinclude the questionnaire,interview, and normativesurvey

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Survey


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Durell, D. L., Pujol, T. J., & Barnes, J. T. (2003). Asurvey of the scientific data and training methodsutilized by collegiate strength and conditioning

coaches.J Strength Cond Res, 17(2), 368-373. Schick MG, Brown LE, Coburn JW, Beam WC, Schick

EE, Dabbs NC. Physiological profile of mixed martialartists. Medicina Sportiva. 14(4):182-187, 2010.

Rossi MD, Brown LE, Whitehurst M. Knee extensorand flexor torque characteristics before and afterunilateral total knee arthroplasty. American Journalof Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation. 85(9):737-746,

2006.


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Questionnairetype of paper-and-pencilsurvey used in descriptive research in which

information is obtained by askingparticipants to respond to questions ratherthan by observing their behavior

Limitation is that results are simply whatpeople say they do, believe, like, dislike, etc.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QOqXlbWf9Io

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Questionnaire
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Determine the objectives

What information is wanted?

How will the results be analyzed?

Will comparisons be made between groups of

respondents?

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Questionnaire, contd


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Delimit the sample What is the specific population you wish to

examine? Adults vs. children

Exercisers vs. nonexercisers (how do you define exercisers?)

Elite coaches

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Your sample must be representative of thepopulation Sampling error

Many samples may be drawn from a population

Each sample will yield different results

The difference between samples is the sampling error(amount of error to expect in a single sample)

Sample size Must be adequate to represent population of interest

Must be practical from the standpoint of time and cost

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Construct the questionnaire Open-ended questions

Category of question in questionnaires and interviewsthat allows the respondent considerable latitude toexpress feelings and to expand on ideas

Example: How do you think things went today?

Drawbacks:

Respondents dont like them They are time-consuming to answer

Limited control over the types of answers given

May be more difficult to analyze

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Closed questions

Category of question found in questionnaires orinterviews that requires a specific response and that

often takes the form of rankings, scaled items, orcategorical responses

Rankingtype of closed question that forces therespondent to place responses in a rank order according

to some criterion

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Example of Ranking: From what sources has most ofyour nutrition information come? Rank top 3

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Scaled items type of closed question that requiresparticipants to indicate the strength of their agreementor disagreement with some statement or the relative

frequency of some behavior Example of scaled item: In a required physical

education program, students should be required totake at least one dance class.

1. Strongly disagree2. Disagree

3. Undecided

4. Agree

5. Strongly agree

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Survey Research Process, contd


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Likert-typescale consists of 3 to 9 items

Equal intervals between responses, i.e., differencebetween strongly agree, and agree is considered

equivalent

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Categorical response type ofclosed question that offersthe participant only two

responses, such as yes or no Possible responses include

yes/no, true/false,female/male, etc.

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Appearance and design

Appearance has been shown to affect response rate

Provide written instructions for completion

First few questions should be easy to answer Short questionnaires have higher response rates

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Questionnaire, cont


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Conduct a pilot study

Send questionnaire to colleagues or

acquaintances Revise and send to sample of population of

interest

Analyze results as part of pilot study

Revise again and use

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Write the cover letter

Be professional and concise

Explain purpose and importance Assure respondent of their privacy and anonymity

Use institutional letterhead if applicable

Rewards and incentives may be used, includingmoney

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Send the questionnaire

Include self-addressed, stamped envelope

E-mail, fax, and the internet may also be used

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http://www.surveymonkey.com/?cmpid=us:ps:google&gclid=CPb-

u_7WmqACFQVaagodQSSdTw
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Follow-up

Wait at least 10 days for follow-up

Wait another 10 days then send anotherquestionnaire

Keep in mind that respondents are self-selected

and this biases your results

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Analyze the results

These topics will be discussed later in class

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Delphi survey method survey techniquethat uses a series of questionnaires in such a

way that the respondents (usually experts)reach a consensus about the subject

Survey is sent to respondents (experts)

Results are sent to respondents and they are

asked to reconsider their answers

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Delphi Survey Method


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Essentially the same as the questionnaireexcept questioning is done orally instead of in

writing Higher response rate but smaller samples

than questionnaire

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Personal Interview


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Normativesurvey survey method thatinvolves establishing norms for abilities,

performances, beliefs, and attitudes Similar to questionnaire except that tests are

administered AAHPERD Youth Fitness Test (1958) National Children and Youth Fitness Study

(1985, 1987)


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http://www.library.cornell.edu/resrch/citmanage/apa

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http://www.library.cornell.edu/resrch/citmanage/apahttp://www.library.cornell.edu/resrch/citmanage/apahttp://www.library.cornell.edu/resrch/citmanage/apahttp://www.library.cornell.edu/resrch/citmanage/apa


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Tonight-intro and survey Chapter 16

15 - Survey Research

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