Table of ContentsOral PresentationsCommon Keynotes Engineering Keynotes CS1: Seismic Input for Design (EC8 and Others) CS2: Historical Investigations of Earthquake Eects, Damage and Vulnerability CS3: Applications of the EMS-98 and Related Future Evolutions CS4: Strong Motion : Use and Modelling CS5: Site Response and Site Eects CS6: Early Warning, Shaking and Loss Scenarios CS7: Strategies in Earthquake Mitigation CS8: Secondary Earthquake Hazards: Tsunami, Landslide, Rock Fall, Liquefaction ES 1: Geotechnical Engineering ES 2: Dam Engineering ES 3a: Structural Engineering - Analysis ES 3b: Structural Engineering - Bridges ES 3c: Structural Engineering - Concrete ES 3d: Structural Engineering - Control ES 3e: Structural Engineering - Experimental ES 3f: Structural Engineering - Masonry and Timber ES 3g: Structural Engineering - Steel ES 3h: Structural Engineering - Miscellaneous ES 4: Design Criteria and Methods, Codes ES 5: Existing Structures and Earthquake Risk Reduction ES 6: Lifeline Systems ES 8 & ES 7: Earthquake Engineering Practice (Recent Projects) and Architectural Aspects, Nonstructural Components and Contents (Joint Session) ES 9 & SS 5: Lessons from Recent Earthquakes STS E1 & SS 6: The Last Mile, Implementation of Risk Mitigation Measures in Europe STS E2: Practice-oriented Nonlinear Approaches for Performance Assessment and Design STS E3: Irregular Structures. STS E4: Displacement Based Design: Initial Versus Secant Stiness STS E5: Eurocode 8 : How to Apply ? STS E6: Seismic Assessment and Retrot of Bridges STS E7: European Research on the Performance of Experimental Facilities STS E8: Shaking Table Facilities and Testing for Advancement of Earthquake Engineering STS E9: Analysis and Design of RC Frames with Masonry Inlls STS E10: By How Much Does the Natural Frequency of Structures Decrease During Seismic Response ? STS E11: Petrochemical Facilities and Large LNG Storage Tanks

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STS E12: Joint IAEE-IASPEI Session on International Collaboration of Earth Science and Earthquake Engineering Professional Associations STS E13: LESSLOSS Project: General Assembly SC-A 1: Archaeological and Historical Studies on the Earthquakes of the Past Centuries SC-A 2: Volcano Seismology and Applications to Hazard Evaluation SC-B 1: Theory of Wave Propagation and New Techniques of Data Processing SC-B 2: The 20th Century Strong Euro-Mediterranean Earthquakes from Historical Seismograms SC-C 1: Earthquake Source Complexity: From Geology Through Kinematic and Dynamic Models to Realistic Ground Motion Simulations SC-C 2: Recent Developments in Theoretical and Numerical Earthquake Source Dynamics: New Horizons to Predict Seismic Radiation and Near-Field Ground Motions SC-D 1: 2-D and 3-D Crustal Models of Europe SC-E 1: Earthquake Forecasting and Society SC-E 2: Deterministic and Probabilistic Prediction Methods: Theory, Applications and Case Studies SC-E 3 & SC-F 2: Time-Dependant Earthquake Hazard Assessment SC-E 5: Earthquakes : To Predict or not to Predict? (Controversial Debate) SC-E 6: Earthquake Physics - Field and Laboratory Study SC-F 1: Approaches to Model Seismic Scenarios SC-F 3: Multiparametric Test Sites in Europe for the Evaluation of Ground Motion Amplication SC-F 4: Geoinformation Technologies Oriented to Seismic Hazard and Seismic Risk Assessment SC-F 5: Seismic Hazard and Risk due to Induced Seismicity SC-F 6: Geophysical and Civil Engineering Aspects of Hazard, Risk, and Mitigation for Major European Cities SC-F 7: Potential for Very Large Earthquake Disasters in the European Mediterranean Region SC-F 8: Near Real-Time Damage and Loss Assessment due to Strong Earthquakes SC-G 1 & SC-F WG: National Methodologies for Macroseismic Field Surveys (Joint Session with SC-F WG on Macroseismology) SC-G 2: Recent Macroseismic Field Surveys SS 1: Tsunamis in the European Mediterranean Region and the Sumatra Earthquake and Tsunami in the Indian Ocean SS 2: Earthquake Loss Modelling : From Earth Sciences to Insurance Applications SS 3: Education and Outreach for Risk Reduction SS 4: ESC-UNESCO Workshop on Earthquake Hazard and Seismic Risk Reduction : Studies in the Southern Mediterranean Countries

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Poster Presentations - From Monday to Wednesday

CS1: Seismic Input for Design (EC8 and Others) CS2: Historical Investigations of Earthquake Eects, Damage and Vulnerability CS3: Applications of the EMS-98 and Related Future Evolutions CS4: Strong Motion : Use and Modelling ES 3b: Structural Engineering - Bridges ES 3c: Structural Engineering - Concrete ES 3d: Structural Engineering - Control ES 3e: Structural Engineering - Experimental ES 3g: Structural Engineering - Steel ES 5: Existing Structures and Earthquake Risk Reduction ES 9 & SS 5: Lessons from Recent Earthquakes ES 10: Other Issues STS E2: Practice-oriented Nonlinear Approaches for Performance Assessment and Design STS E3: Irregular Structures.

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155 162 162 164 180 188 198 208 225 232 248 255 256 260

STS E4: Displacement Based Design: Initial Versus Secant Stiness STS E6: Seismic Assessment and Retrot of Bridges SC-A 0: Seismicity of the European-Mediterranean Area (Open Session Posters Only) SC-A 2: Volcano Seismology and Applications to Hazard Evaluation SC-B 0: Data Acquisition, Theory and Interpretation (Open Session Posters Only) SC-B 2: The 20th Century Strong Euro-Mediterranean Earthquakes from Historical Seismograms SC-D 0: Crust and Upper Mantle Structures (Open Session Posters Only) SC-D 1: 2-D and 3-D Crustal Models of Europe SC-E 0: Earthquake Prediction Research (Open Session Posters Only) SC-E 1: Earthquake Forecasting and Society SC-E 2: Deterministic and Probabilistic Prediction Methods: Theory, Applications and Case Studies SC-E 3 & SC-F 2: Time-Dependant Earthquake Hazard Assessment SC-F 3: Multiparametric Test Sites in Europe for the Evaluation of Ground Motion Amplication SC-F 4: Geoinformation Technologies Oriented to Seismic Hazard and Seismic Risk Assessment SC-F 6: Geophysical and Civil Engineering Aspects of Hazard, Risk, and Mitigation for Major European Cities SC-F 7: Potential for Very Large Earthquake Disasters in the European Mediterranean Region SC-F 8: Near Real-Time Damage and Loss Assessment due to Strong Earthquakes SS 1: Tsunamis in the European Mediterranean Region and the Sumatra Earthquake and Tsunami in the Indian Ocean SS 2: Earthquake Loss Modelling : From Earth Sciences to Insurance Applications SS 4: ESC-UNESCO Workshop on Earthquake Hazard and Seismic Risk Reduction : Studies in the Southern Mediterranean Countries

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Poster Presentations - From Thursday to Friday

CS5: Site Response and Site Eects CS6: Early Warning, Shaking and Loss Scenarios CS7: Strategies in Earthquake Mitigation CS8: Secondary Earthquake Hazards: Tsunami, Landslide, Rock Fall, Liquefaction ES 1: Geotechnical Engineering ES 2: Dam Engineering ES 3a: Structural Engineering - Analysis ES 3f: Structural Engineering - Masonry and Timber ES 3h: Structural Engineering - Miscellaneous ES 4: Design Criteria and Methods, Codes ES 6: Lifeline Systems ES 8 & ES 7: Earthquake Engineering Practice (Recent Projects) and Architectural Aspects, Nonstructural Components and Contents (Joint Session) STS E1 & SS 6: The Last Mile, Implementation of Risk Mitigation Measures in Europe STS E5: Eurocode 8 : How to Apply ? STS E9: Analysis and Design of RC Frames with Masonry Inlls STS E10: By How Much Does the Natural Frequency of Structures Decrease During Seismic Response ? STS E11: Petrochemical Facilities and Large LNG Storage Tanks SC-A 1: Archaeological and Historical Studies on the Earthquakes of the Past Centuries SC-B 1: Theory of Wave Propagation and New Techniques of Data Processing SC-C 0: Physics of the Earthquake Sources (Open Session Posters Only) SC-C 1: Earthquake Source Complexity: From Geology Through Kinematic and Dynamic Models to Realistic Ground Motion Simulations

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SC-C 2: Recent Developments in Theoretical and Numerical Earthquake Source Dynamics: New Horizons to Predict Seismic Radiation and Near-Field Ground Motions SC-E 6: Earthquake Physics - Field and Laboratory Study SC-F 0: Engineering Seismology (Open Session Posters Only) SC-F 1: Approaches to Model Seismic Scenarios SC-F 5: Seismic Hazard and Risk due to Induced Seismicity SC-G 0: Rapid Intervention Field Investigation Teams (Open Session Posters Only) SC-G 2: Recent Macroseismic Field Surveys SS 3: Education and Outreach for Risk Reduction

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454 455 456 464 466 470 471 471475

Author's Index

iv

Oral Presentations

Common Keynotes

SEISMOLOGICAL INFORMATION FOR DISPLACEMENT-BASED DESIGN - A STRUCTURAL ENGINEER'S WISH LIST K1-APriestley Nigel, "Rose School" c/o EUCENTRE, Pavia, Italy

ith onventionl foreEsed seismi designD the most importnt informtion for the struturl engineer hs een the e'etive pek ground elertionF his numer is omprtively insigni(nt in displementEsed or performneEsed seismi designD where the key dt re pek spetrl response displementD nd the 4orner4 period t whih this oursF here ppers to e disgreement etween seismologists on opposite sides of the etlnti out these dtD whih the struturl engineer views with onernD sine dutile struturl response will often e in this region of the orner periodF yther res needing lri(tion inlude the issue of how to deE velop elerogrms for timeEhistory nlysis omptile with the design seismiity using n eptly smll numer of elerogrmsD nd how to reonile the sttistil nture of seismiity hrterizE tion with the struturl engineer9s preferene for deterministi nlE ysisF here is some evidene tht onsequene of this is invlid verging of response hrteristis y struturl engineersF hese nd other points will e explored in the presenttionFEARTHQUAKE DYNAMICS AND THE PREDICTION OF STRONG GROUND MOTION K1-BMadariaga Raul, Laboratoire de Gologie, Ecole Normale

his pper ddresses issues with urrent prtie in seisE mi hzrd nlysis nd gives some reommendtions for improvementsF e review of proilisti nd deterministi pE prohes is givenF he reminder of the pper is foused on reF here ontinue to e hzrd studies tht do not properly tret the ground motion vriilityD leding to systemti underestimtions of the hzrdF xextD some of the shortEomings in urrent re prtie tht n e improved without mjor revisions to the overll methodology re disussedF hese inlude seleting the in size for the deggregtionD use of niform rzrd petrD estimtion of senrio spetrD estimtion of epistemi unertintyD degree of sptil smoothing of seismiityD nd the use of strit lower ound mgnitudeF pinllyD the future diretions of re re ddressedF hese inlude inorporting siteEspei( site response into re nd tking projet spei( struture response into ount in onduting reFSITE EFFECT EVALUATION IN AREAS OF LOW SEISMICITY K3Fh Donat, Swiss Seismological Service ETH-Hoenggerberg, Zurich, Switzerland

Suprieure, Paris, France

e lrge numer of erthqukes hve een modeled in deE til using seismologilD geologil nd geodetil informtionsF everl ommon trits hve een found for erthqukes kinemtis t reltively low frequenies of up to HFQ rzF ell erthqules pper omplex t these wvelength nd propE gte with rupture veloities lose to out VH7 of the sher wve speedF prom these kinemti inversions it hs een possile to deE rive dynmi fulting prmeters like the energy relese rteD some detils of the frition lw tht ontrols rupture propgtionD nd the mgnitude of sher stresses in the rust F hese results my now e extended to the higher frequenies of interest to erthquke engineering y mens of dynmi rupture propgtionD where rupture is simulted in fult system loded y tetoni stressesF e hve shown tht these models hve mny fetures of tul erthqukesD inluding n w EP spetrl ehviour t frequenies higher thn the orner frequenyF sn this tlk s will review the min results otined so fr nd the new venues of reserh tht hve een opened thnks to new erthquke dt nd the ility to simulte inresingly omplex nd relisti ruptures in omputerFSEISMIC HAZARD ASSESSMENT: PROBLEMS WITH CURRENT PRACTICE AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS K2Abrahmson Norman, Pacic Gas & Electric Company, San

xumerous methods hve een developed to evlute siteE e'ets during strong erthqukesF sn res of low to moderte seismiity no strong motion reordings re ville nd site e'et studies hve to rely on wek motion reords or numeril modellingF xumeril modelling requires good knowledge of the geophysil strutureD nd needs hep nd fst methods to mesure the importnt physil prmetersF emient virtion tehniques hve therefore eome very importntX they provide informtion on the eigenEvirtions of the geologil struture nd estimtes of EwveEveloities s funtion of depthF he presenttion will give exmples of the work done in witzerlnd with fous on siteEspei( hzrd studiesD on site hrteriztion of the seismi sttionsD nd on possile pplitions for uilding odesFURBAN EARTHQUAKE RAPID RESPONSE EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS K4Erdik Mustafa,

AND

Kandilli Observatory and Earthquake Research

Institute - Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey

ehnologil dvnes in seismi instrumenttion nd teleommunition permit the implementtion of relEtime rpid response nd erly wrning systemsF huring lrge erthqukesD suh systems re ple of providing from few seonds to few tens of seonds of wrning efore the rrivl of strong ground shking nd enle quik reports out the dmge estimtes to determine where emergeny response is most neededF e review of the systems urrent in opertion round the world will e givenF e se study nd exmples will e provided from sstnul irthquke pid esponse nd irly rning ystemD where IHH dedited strong motion sttions loted throughout the ity to onstitute network tht will enle rpid shke mp nd dmge ssessment fter dmging erthquke nd IH strong motion sttions re sited in proximity to the win wrmr pult for the genertion of erly wrning informtionFNEW STRATEGY FOR EARTHQUAKE RISK MANAGEMENT K5

Francisco, CA, United States

1

CS1Okazaki Kenji, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies (GRIPS), Tokyo, Japan

Oral presentationswhere the prolem hs een the deformility of the ig olumns nd rhes whih support the dome to produe high stressesD rks nd (nlly the ollpse of the domeD reuilt severl times during its long historyF sn the fsili of tF prnis of essisi the prolem hs een omE pletely di'erentF he doule urvture of the rossEvulted gothi struture is not su0iently sti' to prevent deformtion under the e'et of seismi tionsF he umultion of these deformtions under the e'et of severl erthqukes of the pst hs ledD in IWWUD to the sudden ollpse of two vultsD @nd severly dmge to the otherA lthough the intensity of the erthquke ws less thn on the previous osionsF es fr s interventions re onernedD oth s preventive meE sures nd s retro(ts to strengthen the dmged struturesD the enE gineering hllenge is lwys to (nd the optiml lne etween reinforements nd the respet of the historil vlueF he restortion of the fsili of tF prnis of essisi hs een n importnt exmple of the methodology tht we hve followed to hieve this tskD mintining the trditionl onept ut lso using the most updted tehniques nd tehnologies when these re more e0ient nd relileFMASONRY BUILDING DESIGN IN SEISMIC AREAS: RECENT EXPERIENCES AND PROSPECTS FROM A EUROPEAN STANDPOINT K9Magenes Guido, Dept. Structural Mechanics - University of Pavia, Italy

sn erthquke disstersD most of deths re ttriuted to vulnerle uildingsF st is therefore indispensle to mke existing housesGuildings sferD to redue the vitims nd dmge resulting from erthqukesF efter uoe irthquke in IWWSD vrious projets nd reserh studies hve een onduted nd new poliies hve een mde in tpn in e'ort to mitigte seismi disstersF roweverD lrge numer of vulnerle uildings still existF ulnerle doe nd msonry housesD whih re ommonly seen throughout the developing worldD lso exist in huge numerD nd re eing reproduedD lthough we hve the tehnologies to redue the impt of erthqukes nd know wht kind of uilding regultions re neessryF ulnerle housesGuildings n e retro(tted only y owners themselvesF st is thus essentil to motivte nd empower people through oElerning nd risk ommunition mong ll the stkeholders so tht they n understnd the prolems nd n tke pproprite tionsF

Engineering KeynotesNEW GENERATION OF STRUCTURAL CONCRETE SYSTEMS FOR SEISMIC RESISTANCE K6Restrepo Jos I., Structural Engineering - University of California, San Diego, United States

he impt nd ost of the onsequenes of dmge used y erthqukes worldwide during the pst two dedes hve rised serious questions of whether urrent uilding seismi design philosophies re stisfying the needs of modern soietyF he rpid dvne in tehnology hs ment tht oftenD in mny ountriesD the ost of equipmentD of stok nd the loss of usiness opertion in the ftermth of modertely or strong erthquke re higher thn tht of the uilding itselfF por this reson it seems ovious tht there is need to develop new struturl systems tht re designed for spei( performne ojetives nd tht re imed spei(lly t minimizing seismilly indued struturl dmgeF he ehviourl response hrteristis nd design of these systems re exmined in this keynote letureF sn prtiulrD the use of roking wll systems nd of systems inorporting highEperformne mterils will e disussedFON SEISMIC DESIGN OF FOUNDATIONS K7Gazetas George, National Technical University Athens, Greece

he reent development of new stlin seismi odeD oneived s trnsition towrds the (nl doption of iuroodesD hs een n osion to reonsider thoroughly the urrent riteri for seismi design of msonry uildingsD their experimentl nd theoretil sisD their onsequenes on prtieF hrwing from this experieneD ritil disussion of design riteri is presentedD with spei( ttention to the de(nition of ehviour ftors to e used in elsti nlysis nd more generlly on methods nd models for the seismi performne veri(tion of msonry uildingsF xeessry nd possile developments of designGssessment proedures nd ode provisions re presentedD nd reserh needs re outlinedFEARTHQUAKE SAFETY OF EXISTING DAMS K10Wieland Martin , Poyry Energy Ltd., Zurich, Switzerland

he presenttion will onentrte on methods of nlysis of shllowD emeddedD nd deep foundtions sujeted to strong seismi shkingF imphsis will e given on the prtil signi(ne of soil E foundtion E struture intertion nlysisF he role of foundtion uplifting nd soil plsti(tion will e explored nd illustrted through se historiesF sssues relted to the design of ridge pier foundtions will e disussedFSEISMIC BEHAVIOUR OF MASONRY DOMES AND VAULTS: THE EXAMPLES OF HAGIA SOPHIA IN ISTANBUL AND ST. FRANCIS IN ASSISI K8Croci Giorgio, Ordinario di Tecnica delle Costruzioni, Facolt di Ingegneria, Universit di Roma "La Sapienza", Italy

sn iurope nd elsewhere the eonomilly fesile wter resoures hve een gretly developed until the IWUHsF elthough lrge dms elong to the (rst struturesD whih hve een designed systemtilly ginst erthqukes sine the IWQHsD the seismi sfety of these dms is unknownD s most of them hve een designed using seismi design riteri nd methods of nlysis tht re onsidered osolete todyF he ft tht no mjor dms hve filed during erthqukes nd tht few lives hve een lost @exept in the se of tilings dm filuresA my give the impression tht wellEdesigned dms re sfe ginst erthqukesF e need to reEevlute the seismi sfety of existing dms sed on urrent stteEofEtheErt prtie nd rehilitte existing dms if neessryF edditionllyD there re lrge numer of smller dmsD espeilly erth struturesD whih were uilt for irrigtion or wter supply y groups with little experiene in dm onstrutionF irthquke e'ets on these dms hve rrely een onsideredF

CS1-I: Seismic Input for Design (EC8 and Others)Monday 13:30 - 15:00 Room 1

ults nd domes represent the most importnt elements of historil uildingsY their evolution hs mrked three millenni of rhitetureF hese strutures usully present good intrinsi seismi resistne due to the doule urvtureD even ifD in ertin strutures sliding in the joints etween the loks my ourF he min prolems re often relted with the strutures whih support the vult or the domeD s is the se of rgi ophi D

RE-THINKING SEISMIC HAZARD MAPPING AND DESIGN RETURN PERIODS ID 1304J. Bommer, Imperial College London, UK

2

Oral presentationseismi design odes present erthquke lods in the form of response spetr onstruted from mpped vlues of groundEmotion prmeters nhored to preEseleted return periodsF hese return periods ! whih until reently were lmost universlly set t RUS yers ! hve generlly een seleted on more or less ritrry sis rther thn through quntittive risk mngement deisionsF he reent introdution of di'erent design return periods ! mostly longer thn RUS yers ! hs generlly followed similrly ritrry seletion proeduresD with some notle exeptionsF qroundEmotion prmeters re then mpped t the design return periodD nd used ! in onjuntion with the site lssi(tion ! to onstrut the response spetrumD whih is intended to pproximte uniform hzrd spetrum @rAD hving onstnt return period ross the full rnge of response periodsF he use of siteEdependent spetrl shpes nhored only to qe hs long een reognised not to result in rD for whih reson lterntive pprohes hve een introduedD the most suessful nd elegnt eing those employing spetrl elertions t more thn one response periodF roweverD s seismi design methods evolveD it eomes neessry to represent erthquke demnds in lterntive formtsD whih n neessitte the mpping of mny groundEmotion prmetersD whih n eome umersome @espeilly when seismi lods re required for multiple performne levelsAF et the sme timeD if the designer is onerned with fetures of the ground motion eyond the elsti response of the struture t its fundmentl period of virtionD the r onE ept n e very limitingY there re mny good resons to mke erthquke senrios visile9 in the presenttion of seismi hzrd for engineering designF his pper explores rdil lterntives to the presenttion of seismi hzrd in design odesD proposing the use of quntittive loss modelling s n lterntive nd rtionl sis for the identi(tion of lodingEperformne ouplesD nd the ndonment of the rFTOWARDS BETTER CHARACTERIZATION OF SEISMIC DEMANDS FOR DESIGN ID 1477E. Miranda, Stanford University, United States

CS1hynmiD nonEliner nlysis of strutures requires the seismi demnd to e presented in the form of elertion time historiesF he most populr pproh is to use rel elerogrmsD sled to the elsti design spetrum either t the fundmentl period of the struture or over rnge of periodsF quidne on the seletion nd sling of nturl elerogrms for use in dynmi nlysis is limitedD prtiulrly in seismi design odesF sn engineering prtie there re mny widely repeted fllies regrding this sujetD prtiulrly regrding limits on the ftors y whih elerogrms n e linerly sledF his presenttion ddresses the issues involved in seleting nd sling nturl elerogrms for use in dynmi nlysisF he key points re the degree to whih the seleted nd sled reords should e omptile with the seismi hzrd ssessment for the projetD nd the numer of dynmi nlyses required to otin stle estimtes of the inelsti response of the strutureF en issue tht is often overlookedD nd whih is relted to oth of these pointsD is tht if the elsti design spetrum is derived using proilisti seismi hzrd nlysisD then the groundEmotion vriility is lredy ounted forD nd should not e inluded seond time through the vriility of spetrl mplitudes mongst the seleted reordsF elterntive pprohes to seleting reords re disussedD nd riteri for sling the elerogrms identi(edF he dvntges of djusting the elerogrmsD through the use of wvelet trnsformtionsD to hieve n improved mth etween the elerogrms nd the design elsti spetrum ! prtiulrly in reduing the numer of dynmi nlyses required ! re lso presentedF

CS1-II: Seismic Input for Design (EC8 and Others)Monday 15:30 - 17:00 Room 1ESTIMATION OF PERMANENT GROUND PLACEMENT FORM NEAR-FAULT STRONG TION ACCELEROGRAM ID 1631C. H. Loh, National Taiwan University, Taiwan S. M. Chen, National Taiwan University, Taiwan S. H. Chao, National Taiwan University, Taiwan

he gol of seismi design provisions is to provide miniE mum riteri for minimizing the risk to humn lifeF enother golD often impliit ut sometimes expliitly sttedD is to provide uniform levels of risk for struturesD depending on their oupny nd use nd the risk to soiety inherent in their filureF sn urrent design odes seismi loding is spei(ed y liner elsti response spetr ssoited with rre lrge intensity erthqukesF iven if one remins within the single gol to minimize risk to humn life urrent pprohes hve numer of prolemsF ome of them reX @A lthough the proility of exeedne t the nhor point@sA of design spetr t rok is expliitly spei(edD the ultimte gol of the provisionsD whih is the risk to humn life is notY @A it is not ler tht spetrl ordintes for ll periods of siteEmodi(ed spetr hve uniform proility of eing exeededY nd more importntly @A it is not ler tht urrent provisions provide uniform levels of riskF ghllenges in improved hrteriztion of seismi demnds for design re disussedF rtiulr emphsis is given to hllenges in the ontext of performne sed design in whih performne expettions exist t inresing levels of ground motion intensityF ghllenges will e desried in the ontext of two generl possile pthsX @A hrteriztion through improved design spetrY @A hrteriztion through elertion time historiesF st is rgued tht prmeters tht re used to hrterize ground motion intensity for the purpose of designD prtiulrly for preliminry designD should e funtion of struturl prmeters suh s lterl sti'nessD lterl strengthD energy dissiption pity tht ontrol the response of struturesF ixmples of seismi demnd @intensityA prmeters tht re funtion of these struturl prmeters re provided suh s generlized interstory drift spetrl ordintesD pek inelsti displement spetrl ordintesD nd residul displement spetrl ordintesFSELECTING AND SCALING ACCELEROGRAMS FOR DYNAMIC ANALYSIS ID 1306N. Abrahamson, PG&E, United States

DISMO-

his pper proposes threeEphse lgorithm using hisE rete velet rnsform @hA to ondut the seline orretion of nerEfult ground motion elerogrm nd to estimte the permnent ground deformtionF fsed on the nerEfult ground motion dt olleted from iwn ghiEghi erthqukeD the proposed lgorithm is ppliedF sn phseEs nlysis the pek ground displement is estimted from the sifting proess of elertion dt through wvelet nlysisD nd in phseEss nlysis the onstnt level ground displement tre is estimted from the sifting proess of veloity dtF goming phseEs nd phseEss the ground deformtion tre n e estimtedF he estimted permnent ground deformtion is ompred with the nery q dt efore nd fter the erthqukeF pinllyD the e'et of nerEfult ground motion on struture is disussedF hrough the inelsti response nlysis of yhp systemD the system redution ftorD yield spetrum nd permnent deformtion re disussedFFAULT SURFACE RUPTURES: "ASPERITY STRAIN" AND POSSIBLE RELATION TO MAXIMUM GROUND SURFACE SLIPS ID 1930J. Johansson, University of Tokyo, Japan K. Konagai, University of Tokyo, Japan

here is need for simple design formuls for estimting 4edrok4 fult o'set required for surfe rupture to ourF wny reserher hve performed model experiments ut our ility to predit surfe rupture is still lowF fy using slip distriutions otined from inversion nlyses we test simple pproh of using

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CS1the rtio of the mximum slip t n sperity nd the distne long the fult dip from the sperity to the ground surfe @sperity strinA nd ompring it with reorded mximum surfe slipsF ine surfe soils usully ehve di'erent in extension @so lled tive filureA nd ompression @pssive filureA we lssify fults into six fult types rnging from reverse @ompressionA through strikeEslip to norml @extensionA fults depending on their rkeF por strikeEslip fults there is firly ler trend of inresing ground surfe slip with inresing sperity strinF por reverse fults there is no ler trend nd for norml fults there to few dt ville so frF vower nd upper ounds for the sperity strin to use nd not use surfe rupture re proposedF e ompre our results with experimentl ones nd disuss eFgF how the uplift needed for surfe rupture depends on the fult typeFEUROCODE 8: COMPLIANT RECORD SETS FOR SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES ID 113I. Iervolino, Department of Structural Analysis and Design, Italy G. Maddaloni, Department of Structural Analysis and Design, Italy E. Cosenza, Department of Structural Analysis and Design, Italy

Oral presentationsould e mintinedF roweverD more often struturl testing is employed in order to understnd the hrteristis of the modelled struture nd to estimte its vulnerility to erthquke shkingF por this more sienti( method of hoosing input timeEhistories is requiredF he proedure suggested here reognises the oserved vriety with respet to mplitudeD frequeny ontentD durtion nd shpe of erthquke ground motions in order to etter understnd the hrteristis of the strutureFSEISMIC HAZARD DATA MATCHING ITALIAN BUILDING CODE ID 1949 THE NEW

C. Meletti, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy G. M. Calvi, Universit di Pavia, Italy G. Di Pasquale, DPC - Ucio Servizio Sismico Nazionale, Italy A. A. Gomez Capera, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy V. Montaldo, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy M. Stucchi, Istituto Nazionale di Geosica e Vulcanologia, Italy

emong ll possile options nturl reordings re emergE ing s the more ttrtive input for nonEliner dynmi nlysis sine essile wveform dtses re ville nd some evidenes show tht only limited numer of riteri hve to e onsidered in seletion to get unised estimtion of seismi demndF he iuroode V llows the use of rel ground motions for the nonliner seismi nlysis of struturesF he min feture to e stis(ed is the mthingD of the verge spetrl ordintes of the hosen reord setD with the elsti ode spetrD not underestimting it more thn IH7 in rod rnge of periodsF gode9s spetrl shpe depends on the seismiity of the siteD whih my e otined y ntionl seismi surveys @stlin hereinAD nd on the soil onditionsF he study presented in the pper investigted the iuropen trong wotion htse to (nd elerogrms mthing the iuroeodeV presriptions while ounting for dditive onstrints elieved to mtter in the nonEliner ssessment of uildingsF roposed reord sets llow the engineer to hoose the one etter (tting the purposes of oth oneEdimensionl nd sptil nlysesF esults refer to soft soilsD sti' soils nd rokF he elerogrm sets otined tend to overestimte s minimlly s possile the ode9s spetrum for eonomil resonsY to hve the minimum reordEtoEreord vriilityY nd re not mnipulted @iFeF not sledAD to void epsilon relted issuesFSTRONG-MOTION RECORDS STRUCTURAL TESTING ID 5J. Douglas, BRGM, France

SELECTION

FOR

sn PHHQ the stlin seismi lssi(tion nd the seismi ode hve een deeply hngedX the new lssi(tion is stritly onneted to the tehnil rulesD sed on iuroode VF his represents n importnt hnge nd hs required period of time to test nd re(ne the new regultionsF e preliminry lssi(tion sed on previous hzrd studies ws immeditely relesedD ut medium term upgrde ws foreseen sed on new seismi hzrd mp to e relesed in PHHRF elthough the mp hs een o0illy dopted only in PHHTD prt of the stlin engineering ommunity immeditely strted sking for vried puntul hzrd dtD suh s di'erent exeedne proilitiesD spetrl ordintesD etF his triggered lose intertion etween seismologists nd engineers tht ddressed mny topisF e signi(nt e'ort ws put to tune the di'erent elements tht onur in de(ning the seismi input for designX iA the generl riteri supporting the de(nition of the seismi zonesY iiA the groundEmotion desription in proilisti terms for eh zoneY iiiA the de(nition of smoothed elsti nd design response spetrY ivA the de(nition of site mpli(tion e'ets y mens of oe0ients relted to the hrteristis of foundtion soil or y spei( seismi mirozontion studiesY vA the de(nition of dvned design rules to llow the optiml use of hzrd informtionY viA the de(nition of seismi rules for the use of innovtive tehnologies in seismi designF es resultD seismologists put together hzrd dtset tht llows ler de(nition of the design groundEmotion nd qunti(tion of the vriility of the resultsF hese dt re eing used toX IA reEevlute the reliility of the elsti response spetrum nhor vluesY PA introdue seismologil onstrints on the response spetr for the ultimte limit sttes nd for the dmge limittion sttesY QA de(ne risk redution priorities for strtegi nd relevnt struturesFMULTIPARAMETER SEISMIC HAZARD ASSESSMENT FOR THE THESSALONIKI (N. GREECE) AND VALIDATION OF THE RESULTS ID 1913C. Papaioannou, ITSAK, Greece

hen strutures re tested ginst erthqukesD either within lortories or y omputing modellingD oserved strongE motion reords re ommonly used s inputF roweverD the method for seleting reords to use is often not stted nd it is thought tht reords re often hosen simply euse they re wellEknownF ntil the erly IWWHsD strongEmotion dt ws reltively di0ult to otin nd proess ndD in dditionD the mount ofD prtiulrly nerEsoureD strongEmotion ws limited nd therefore using stndrd reords ws often the only optionF roweverD sine then numer of lrge wellEreorded erthqukes hve ourred nd lso there re mny new strongEmotion dt soures villeF es snpshot of the stteEofEtheErt for reord seletion for struE turl testing in iurope the proeedings of the lst iuropen gonferE ene of irthquke ingineering @IPigiiA ws usedF sing those rE tiles onerned with struturl testing where strongEmotion reords re used summry of the reords used ndD if sttedD why they were seletedD is retedF xumerous strongEmotion prmeters of the most populr reords re lulted nd ompred with those estimted y reent groundEmotion estimtion equtionsF trongEmotion reords within struturl testing ould e used simply to vlidte tht the shke tle or the omputer model funtions nd to show generl spets of the strutures responseF por suh pplitions the hoie of the strongEmotion reords is not importnt nd the urrent method of using wellEknown reords

he roder hessloniki metropolitn re @xF qreeeA is hrterized y strong shllow norml fulting erthqukesF hetiled geologil nd geophysil investigtions were rried nd their synthesis with seismologil dt resulted in the determintion of the prmeters of the tive fults nd the kground seismiity in the roder reF he prmeters of these fults were used for seismi hzrd study using s prmeters the mroseismi intensity nd pek horizontl elertion nd hyrid input model onsisting of line @fultsA nd rel soures sing the ville mroseismi dt site spei( ttenution reltions were proposed for the mroseismi intensityF por the pek ground elertion two di'erent preditive reltions were pplied following the results of reent study onerning the di'erent hrteristis etween the prediting reltions of smllEtoEmoderte @w` SFHA nd moderteEtoElrge erthqukes @wSFHAF eismi hzrd lultions were performed using the psuVVw omputer ode properly modi(ed for onsidering for every site the two di'erent ttenution reltionsF he results re presented in grphs nd mpsF

4

Oral presentationshe distriution of the oserved intensity dt were used for the vlidtion of the proilisti hzrd results nd the ompiltion of the mximum elertion nd intensity mps for the reF he deEggregtion of the hzrd nlysis results for mroseismi intensity nd elertion for men mgnitude nd distne nd for vrious men return periods re lso presented nd disussedF

CS1 ridge nd frmed uilding will lso e onsideredF por this purposeD luster nlysis sed proedure is proposed to group E elerogrms with similr ehviourD thus eliminting the remining onesF he proposed pper will lso present study ttempting to redue the numer of neessry reords tht re requested to ssure the sme verge response tht one would get if using omplete group of ground motions sled y n e0ient sling tehniqueF yne of the min issues on the sujet of ground motion seletion is relted to the use of rel erthquke reords versus rti(il onesF he proposed study will estlish omprison etween rel nd rti(il elerogrms in terms of vriilityD in whih the ltter re generted in order to e spetrumEomptile with the (rst onesF he min onlusions im to de(ne prtil rules for ground motion slingD the minimum numer of elerogrms tht re requested to otin stle verge struturl responseD nd to id in the deision of whether the use of rel or rti(il ground motion reords is more ppropriteFDESIGN FORCE RATIO SPECTRUM FOR PERFORMANCE-BASED DESIGN IN CASE OF MULTIPLE EVENTS ID 46S. Das, Indian Institute of Technology, India V. K. Gupta, Indian Institute of Technology, India P. K. Ramancharla, Indian Institute of Technology, India

CS1-III: Seismic Input for Design (EC8 and Others)Tuesday 10:45 - 12:15 Room 1A METHODOLOGY FOR THE IDENTIFICATION OF DESIGN EARTHQUAKE INPUTS ID 963T. Trombetti, DISTART - Department of Civil Engineering, Italy S. Silvestri, DISTART - Department of Civil Engineering, Italy G. Gasparini, DISTART - Department of Civil Engineering, Italy D. Malavolta, DISTART - Department of Civil Engineering, Italy

sn reent yersD erformne fsed eismi hesign @fhA hs plyed entrl role for reserh works in the (eld of seismi engineeringF he ore ide of the fh is the proilisti ssessment of the struturl performnes due to seismi tion fertero nd fertero PHHPD woehle nd heierlein PHHRD hng et lF PHHRF prom prtil point of viewD following the ii frmework gornell nd urwinkler PHHHD this ssessment n e hieved through n rtiulted proedure whih n e summrized in the following sutsks hng et lF PHHRX roilisti eismi rzrd enlysis @reA or simply rzrd enlysis @reAY roilisti eismi hemnd rzrd enlysis @hreAY roilisti eismi gpity enlysis @geA lso lled prgility enlysisY eismi eliility enlysis @eAF his pper fouses minly on the orret identi(tion of the dynmi inputs @ins s de(ned y qiovenle et lF PHHR or is groups s de(ned herefter y the uthorsA to e used in the hre sutskF sn detilD the pper introdues generl frmework @methodology for is group retionA for the rtionllyEorgnised tretment of the ltest ontriutions in terms of ground motion prmeters whih hve sustntil e'et upon the struturl responseF emong the ftors tken into ount in the proposed methodology for the orret identi(tion of the is groupD we mention the use of vetorEvlued sws fker nd gornell PHHRD rometti et l PHHQD the reently proposed prmeter epsilon @s otined y disggregtion nlysis fker nd gornell PHHSAD mgnitude wD site to epientre distne nd reltive numer of ner (eld reordsFSETTING UP REAL OR ARTIFICIAL EARTHQUAKE RECORDS FOR DYNAMIC ANALYSIS ID 899R. Delgado, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Portugal M. Marques, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Portugal R. Monteiro, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Portugal P. Delgado, Instituto Politcnico de Viana do Castelo, Portugal X. Romo, Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto, Portugal A. Costa, Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal

he erthqukeEresistnt design methodology in most odes of prtie is sed on ensuring 9no ollpse9 during the most severe event expeted t the given site nd on providing minimum dutility in the struture so tht muh of the input energy is dissipted through plsti deformtionsF ivolution of the performneEsed design over the lst dede hs seen few performne levels dded up to this so tht the struture remins funtionl even fter modertely strong eventF his methodology however overlooks the possiility tht in se of multiple erthquke events expeted during the design life of the strutureD the struture my get grdully dmged nd tht it my not e fesile to rry out repirs in the struture fter every eventF es resultD the struture my ollpse erlier thn expeted nd perhps during n event of moderte intensityF o ddress suh onernD new spetrumD lled s design fore rtio @hpA spetrumD is proposedF hp spetrum gives the rtio y whih the design yield fore level of singleEdegreeEofEfreedom struture should e inresed suh tht the dmge used y numer of erthquke events expeted to our during its lifetime is limited to spei(ed levelF his spetrum is sed on the pplition of the order sttistis pproh for the estimtion of expeted mgnitudes of erthquke events likely to our during the lifetime of the strutureF e numeril study is rried out for hypothetil seismi region nd hp spetr re otinedF st is ssumed tht the return periods of erthqukes follow exponentil distriution over the entire rnge of mgnitudesF st is ssumed tht the erthquke ground motion for n event my e hrterized vi power spetrl density funtionD nd the struturl response is estimted y onsidering equivlent liner osilltor with eventEtoEevent degrding strength nd sti'ness hrteristisFCONSTANT DUCTILITY BASED ON CONSTANT CONCEPT ID 10 RESPONSE SPECTRUM YIELD DISPLACEMENT

M. Safar, McMaster University, Canada A. Ghobarah, McMaster University, Canada

ithin the sope of nonEliner seismi struturl nlysisD the dequte seletion of the ground motion reords tht will e onsidered is of fundmentl importne in order to ssess the dequy of the seismi input ndD simultneouslyD to minimize the ssoited vriilityF his seletion n e performed y nlysis of the ground motion reords or y nlysis of their e'ets on the struturesF he proposed pper will present study on the use of di'erent ground motion sling tehniques in order to identify prtiulr reords from n ville strongEmotion dtse tht ontriute signi(ntly to the stterF esults from the nlysis of

snelsti response spetr re used extensively in erthE quke engineering prtieF heir importne is inresing with the urrent inresing interest in performneEsed erthquke engineeringF e new methodology for onstruting onstnt dutility response spetr @ghA sed on onstnt yield displement lodEdeformtion model is proposedF he proposed methodology presents rtionl sis for dopting the onept of onstnt yield displement to modify the reently presented yield point spetrumF hile the yield point spetrum is n lterntive representtion of the onventionl ghD the proposed methodology presents dynmi sis for onstnt yield displement oneptF hetils

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CS2of the proposed methodology re disussed nd illustrtedF he proposed spetrum provides the needed rtionl djustment to the ghD sine unique omintions of strength nd sti'ness re ssoited with ertin yield displement vlue nd inresing dutility levelsFCOMPUTING A 'REASONABLE' SPATIALLY VARIABLE EARTHQUAKE INPUT FOR EXTENDED BRIDGE STRUCTURES ID 1601A. Sextos, Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Greece A. Kappos, Aristotle University Thessaloniki, Greece V. Kollias, Denco S.A., Greece

Oral presentationsCS2-I: Historical Investigations of Earthquake Eects, Damage and VulnerabilityTuesday 13:30 - 15:00 Room 15

LESSONS LEARNED FROM PAST EARTHQUAKE IN IRAN ID 397M. Ghafory-Ashtiany, IIEES, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

huring strong ground motionD it is expeted tht ridge strutures re sujeted to exittion tht is nonEuniform long their longitudinl xis in terms of mplitudeD frequeny ontent nd rrivl timeD ft primrily ttriuted to the wve rrivl delyD their loss of ohereny nd the e'et of lol site onditionsF elthough onsiderle reserh hs een rried out over the lst twenty yers in ll the forementioned diretionsD the knowledge gined hs only prtilly een re)eted on modern seismi ode provisionsF gurrentlyD it is only iuroode V E rt P tht hs dopted provisions for tkling this omplex phenomenon of synE hronous motionD whih hve een revised in its (nl versionF es resultD the gol of this pper is to ssess these urrent provisions y fousing on some typil ridge struturesF sing speil purpose omputer progrmD the simpli(ed pproh proposed y igV is ritilly ompred with the results of more re(ned nlysisY the ltter involves multiple support exittion of the ridges using pierEdependent rti(il elerogrms tht ount for ll the forementioned three min soures of sptil vriility of ground motionF he results indite tht the new igV provisions re esy to pply nd provide good qulittive predition of the synhronous motion indued distress of the ridgeF roweverD in ertin sesD their pplition is sujet to limittions nd hs to e performed y exerising engineering judgementFA CRITICAL REVIEW OF THE CHANGING SEISMIC DESIGN CRITERIA FOR LNG PLANTS ID 1162Z. Lubkowski, Arup, UK X. Duan, Arup, UK J. Pappin, Arup, China M. Willford, Arup, UK

sn this pperD fter rief desription of pst erthqukes from struturl point of viewD evlution of the ommon modes of filures of vrious types of uildingsD implementtion of engineering prtie nd knowEhowD lessons lerned from pst erthquke in srn nd future hllenges to sientistD engineers nd people hve een presentedF st is seen tht despite the tehnologil dvnes nd improvements of the odesD the modes of the filure in most of the doeD msonryD nonEengineered nd engineered uildings re still the smeF he dmges nd losses in the erthqukes re not due to lk of knowEhow or lk of use of the dvne tehnology in siesmi design nd onstrutionD ut it is minly due toX indequte plnning nd development with respet to seismi hzrdY inpproprite design nd onstrutionY poor ode nd lw enforement nd lk of tehnil supervisionY nd (nlly poor implementtion of existing knowledgeF sn other wordsD we hve not lerned ll tht we ould hve from pst erthqukesY nd the sienti( ommunities hs not een suessful in o'ering usefulD prtilD 'ordle nd simple methods solutions for the user to use itF husD y lssi(tion of the prolemsY we need to put the sienti( knowledge into sleD impleD e'ordle nd hole form s well s trnslting the sfety into eonomiD soil nd humn lue for people to ept nd understndFHISTORICAL DAMAGE DATA AND MICROZONATION. AN APPLICATION TO SENIGALLIA 1930 EARTHQUAKE ID 1267E. Speranza, Italy A. Goretti, SSN-DPC, Italy M. Dolce, DiSGG, Italy

he seismi design riteri for vxq tnks re desried in ix IRUQ for projets in iurope nd xpe SWEe for projets in the nited ttesF hese douments de(ne the return periods nd performne requirements for the di'erent elements of n vxq plntD for exmple vxq tnks re required to remin opertionl in rre or operting sis erthquke @yfiA nd to mintin sfetyErelted opertionl funtions fter very rre or sfe shutdown erthquke @iAF evisions to xpe SWEe over the lst dede hs see the i return period redue from IHDHHH yers in IWWTD to RDWUS yers in PHHI nd PRUS yers in the PHHT edition whih is to e pulished lter this yerF he urrent edition of ix IRUQ de(nes the i return period s IHDHHH yersD howeverD the proposed revision is quoting redution to RDWUS yersD nd there is will from the energy ommunity to ensure uniformity etween the two odesD hene further redution is likely efore the revision to ix IRUQ is pulishedF hese redutions in return period hve lerly redued the level of sfety for the ritil omponents of n vxq plntF ss this redution is sfety justi(edc his pper will exmine the ppropriteness of the proposed hnges to these seismi design requirements y omprison with other ritil filitiesD suh s nuler power sttionsD dms nd o'shore oil pltformsF he uthors will lso ddress the impt of these proposed hnges in res of highD moderte nd low seismiityF pinlly rtionl frmework of return periods nd performne riteri will e proposedF

eently severl suessful methods using vulnerility nd dmge dt set olleted fter n event @IWWU mriEwrheD IWWV ollino nd PHHP wolise erthqukesA hve een proposed in the frmework of mirozontion nlysisF he present pper shows n ttempt for evluting site e'ets from historil dmge dtF he IWQH strong erthquke of eniglliD smll town of gentrl stly on the edriti ostD ws seleted s se studyF his seismi event produed hevy dmge to uildings nd severl ollpsesD mostly 'eting top storeysD resulting in swgasssEsF pollowing the erthqukeD mssive reonstrution works were rried out ndD in severl sesD mny dwellings s well s entire uilding stoks were ompletely demolished nd then reuiltF he uilding types nd the su'ered dmge t the time of the erthquke hve een refully evluted y doumentry nd photogrphi reognition of the seismi dmge nd of the reonstrution worksF he dmge ourred to uildings ws investigted through the exmintion of pitures tken fter the erthquke or during the emergeny worksF fuilding type nd dmge lssi(tionD together with the relted pituresD were then geoEreferened to dstrl mpF vol seismi intensity hs then een otined from dmge nd uilding type dtD y (ltering dmge y the uilding type vulnerilityD in order to hve n e'etive mesure of the ground shkingF o get n estimte of the ground motionD the pywEfvi updting methodology ws utilisedD inorporting unertinties in the oserved uilding type nd dmgeD s well s in the expeted seismi vulnerility of uildingsF he sptil orreltion of the ground motion ws lso introdued in the nlysisF pinllyD sptil luster nlysis sed on the ground motion mpli(tion ws performedD providing the res tht n e onsidered homogeneous in terms of mpli(tionF he results re disussed nd ompred with geologil mpsF

6

Oral presentationsCORRELATION OF SEISMIC ACTIVITY WITH THE ARCHITECTURAL-HISTORICAL INHERITANCE IN THE NORTHERN GEORGIA ID 1303D. Moshe, The College of Judea and Samaria, Israel V. Zaalishvili, Geophysical Center of Experimental Diagnostics, Russian Federation

CS2CS2-II: Historical Investigations of Earthquake Eects, Damage and VulnerabilityTuesday 15:30 - 17:00 Room 15

st ws epted for long time tht on the gusus tht is hrterized y the moderte seismiityD mximum design intensity is not very high in lrge prt of the territoryF st llowed to rete oneption of reltively inexpensive uildings design nd ws foundtion of ertinly progressive plns reliztion of speeded uilding up for the mssesF pitk erthquke @ermeniD IWVVA hd shown tht greter erthqukes n our thereF nforE tuntely mentioned dt were not inluded in the orresponding seismi zontion mps of the former @IWUVAF wore thn tht design intensity of pitk for exmple ws even reduedF yn the other hnd preservtion of the rhiteturl!historil onstrutions loted in the gentrl prt of the xorth qeorgi in ny se with the history of thousnd yers is foundtion for limittion of possile ourrenes of high intensityF h erthquke with waUFI@qeorgiD IWWIA hd shown tht most of the religious uildings were destroyed nd some seriously dmgedF he nlysis of the dt of engineering mroseismi inspetion of h erthquke showsD tht most ult onstrutions hve een destroyedD nd seprte hve een seriously dmgedF he fetures of erthquke in the re of investigted region is shown in urrent workF sn the work there is onsidered design of syngogue in ity yniD tht ws onstruted not so long go @IVWSAF hus fetures of dmges in mssive onstrution where initilly there ws no mortiztion of onstrutive elements efore erthquke re shownF purther there re shown results of omprison of erthquke e'et on other ult onstrutions @hurh frkoniD wrvldzliD etFAD nd living uilding stokF he interreltion etween lol onditions nd onsequenes of erthquke is estlishedF he onept of preservtion of the existing ult onstrutions representing n rhiteturl E historil vlueD in onditions of high seismi hzrd is developedF

DAMAGE FIELDS AND SITE-EFFECTS: INVESTIGATIONS ON EARTHQUAKES OF THE 19TH AND 20TH CENTURY IN SWITZERLAND ID 1619S. Fritsche, Swiss Seismological Service, Switzerland D. Fh, Swiss Seismological Service, Switzerland

emong the strongest erthqukes tht struk witzerlnd in the IWth nd PHth entury re the events of isp @IVSSD ww a TFRA nd ierre @IWRTD ww a TFIA oth in the region of the lisD s well s the event of rnen @IWTRD ww a SFUA in the entrl prt of witzerlndF ell of them used moderte to hevy dmge to severl hundred uildingsF e investigted these events in order to understnd to wht extend siteEe'ets were responsile for the hrteristis of the dmge (eldsF sn doing soD we used multidisiplinry pproh omining historil nd geophysil investigtionsF he historil reserh foused on the reonstrution of the dmge (eldD inluding seondry geologil phenomen suh s rok fll or liqueftionF rtiulrly the dmge of the events of IVSS nd IWTR in gentrl witzerlnd re very well doumented nd llowed very urte reonstrution of the dmge (eldsF vess ompleteD ut nevertheless pplile for further reserhD re the historil outomes onerning the IWRTEevent of ionGierreF sn seond step we nlyzed the geologil site onditions of the dmged uildingsF feside mesurements of the fundmentl frequeny of resonne on lrge numer of sitesD geologil nd orehole informtion were olleted nd ompred to the oserved dmgeF por ll events our results show ler orreltion etween the dmge (eld nd the lol site onditionF sn this ontriution we present the settings nd outomes of these investigtions nd disuss the prolems nd hnes of suh n pprohFLUIGI POLETTI AND THE 1833 RETROFITTING OF THE PALAZZO IN FOLIGNO (ITALY) ID 1393 PROPOSED COMUNALE

URBAN SEISMIC SCENARIO OF THE OLD NUCLEI OF ALGIERS (ALGERIA) DURING THE XVIIITH CENTURY ID 1580A. Foufa, U. BLIDA, Algeria D. Benouar, USTHB, Algeria

L. Sorrentino, Structural and Geotechnical Engineering Department, Italy M. Antonini, I Architecture Faculty "La Sapienza", Italy D. Bruccoleri, I Architecture Faculty "La Sapienza", Italy

his reserh work presents n urn seismi senrio of one of the gretest historil erthEqukes whih hve striken the ity of elgiersF o estlish the urn seismi senrio t the nEient time mens the loliztion of the e'ets of the erthquke t the time they shook the ityF st ssumes reserh of the urn spet of elgiers over the time when the most signi(nt erthquke hppenedF his must pper with the loliztion of the entre or the ore of the ityD its hittD its streets nd its mjor uildingsF st n e hieved y the exmintion of the vriEous soures ville relling the urn spet of the ity to eh period onsideredD when it is possileD nd to superimpose them on the ssessment of the dmge whih ourred t tht timeF he (ndings will e mpped loting s muh s possile the dmge indued y the erthqukes in the wedin of elgiersF he im of this work is not to rewrite the history of elgiers ut to loEte the res dmged in the pst in order to estlish the future senrios for etter protetion of our uilt ulturl heritgeF elgiers ws striken y three gret erthqukes in the pstF he (rst one t the medievl time in IQSWD the seond one t the end of the ITth entury inITUQD nd the lst ig one t the eginning of the IVth entury in IUITFhe dt olleted re unfortuntely very rreD nd it ws di0ult to give omplete spet of eh erthqukeF e will try to rell the urn seismi senrio only for the IUIT erthquke of whih we olleted su0ient informEtionF ome informtionD whih we ould olletD is found on(ned in heterogeneous souresF

yn tnury IQD IVQP degree werlliEgnniEieerg @wgA intensity erthqukeD with epientrl re in the opino river vlleyD hit gentrl stly nd ws felt with sss wg intensity in polignoF efter tht event the rhitet vuigi oletti @IUWPEIVTWA designed new fde for the lzzo gomunleD in order to retro(t itF oletti ws prtitioner who during his life onfronted himself more thn one with sitution relted to tstrophi events nd serious struturl distressF sn IVPWEIVRS he designed the soil uttressing of the empio dell gonsolzione in odiD dmged y the IVIS erthqukeY in IVQQEIVTW he ws in hrge for the reonstrution of int ul sili in omeD lmost destroyed y the IVPQ (reY in IVQPEIVRP he ws ppointed hed engineer for the restortion of the nt wri degli engeli sili in essisiD dmged y the IVQP eventY in IVQREIVTW he reonstruted the hurh of n ennzio in gmerinoD hit y nother erthquke in IUWWF ell his experiene with onstrutions in seismi prone res ws distilled in the xori uilding odeD whih he ontriuted to write fter the IVSW eventF sn this pper the seismi tlogue of poligno is reonstrutD in order to ompre uilding nd seismi historiesF erhive ounts for previous dmges re presentedF oletti9s proposl ws silly tht to uild uttress in front of the preEexistent fdeD giving it n rhitetonilly fesile shpeF his solutionD lter on dishrged for the silly similr ut less expensive one y rhitet entonio wollriD is illustrted through ontemporry s well s new desriptions nd drwingsD is ompred oth to others presented t tht time nd with signi(nt historil preedentsF sts mehnil e'etiveness is heked y

7

CS3mens of simple limit nlysisFTHE 1356 BASEL EARTHQUAKE FROM A HISTORICAL STANDPOINT: OLD WINE IN NEW WINESKINS? ID 24M. Gisler, Swiss Seismological Service ETHZ, Switzerland G. Schwarz-Zanetti, Swiss Seismological Service ETHZ, Switzerland D. Fh, Swiss Seismological Service ETHZ, Switzerland V. Masciadri, Philologisches Seminar University of Zurich, Switzerland D. Rippmann, Historisches Seminar University of Zurich, Switzerland

Oral presentationsgineering progrmmeD however smll initillyD from whih follows inresing numers of edutors nd reserhers nd the di'usion of knowledge into engineering prtiseF igni(nt rossEpollintion or 4importtion4 of lerning from other ountries s erthquke engineering eomes more interntionE lizedF ingineering s primrily prolemEsolving professionY seismology s primrily knowledgeEseeking sieneD espeilly the rnh onerned with irth9s interior rther thn seismi ground motion t the surfeF en in)uentil though initilly smll numer of strong motion seismologists nd engineers hve ridged this gp etween the two disiplinesF

he IQST fsel erthquke is knowledged to e one of the lrgest known seismi events in the northern elpine regionF indevours to study its dmge re or its possile soure delivered severl new insights into this eventF wodern studies tht onentrte on the historil output of the event in ontrst re rther osionlY even more s most douments in use re well known sine midEIWth enturyF e urrent projet t the wiss eismologil ervie seeks to look into the event with n interdisiplinry pprohD integrting historilD seismologilD rheologilD pleoseismiD nd engineering tehniquesF sn wht follows the signi(ne nd informtion vlue of historil reords will e disussedF he e'ort is sed on three levelsX IA eserh of ontemporry douments within the supposed quke reD with n emphsis on the region outside of the ity of fselD s the exmintion of the lter is minly ventured y the rheologil temF e re trying to onentrte on reords tht n e dted very lose to the eventD s only smll numer of suh douments is known so frF his my inlude douments noting the reonstrution of dmged uildings rther thn providing informtion of the erthquke itselfF PA e very omplex sitution is given y the ft tht the destrution of TH or more stles in the fsel region is reportedF heres this numer is ited even in douments produed lose to the eventD list of the nmes of the stles on the other hnd is dted some TH nd more yers fter the eventF sn our presenttion we will onsider some historil grounds for this listF QA e will furthermore very shortly look t some prolems onerning the use of hroniles tht hold informtion on the erthqukeD nd disuss the evlution of ontent nd vlue of the provided informtion thereinFHISTORICAL ASPECTS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING FROM AN INTERNATIONAL PERSPECTIVE ID 1350R. Reitherman, Consortium of Universities for Research in EQ Eng, United States

CS3: Applications of the EMS-98 and Related Future EvolutionsWednesday 13:30 - 15:00 Room 15PROPOSALS FOR EMS-98 QUESTIONNAIRES ID 702P. Alves, Inst. de Meteorologia, IP, Portugal

fsed on the uthor9s irthquke ingineering eserh snstitute @iisA E pederl imergeny wngement egeny @piweA rofessionl pellowship reserhD this pper notes similriE ties nd di'erenes onerning the wys erthquke engineering hs developed in di'erent ountriesF epproximtely ten ountries hve een studied nd soures of informtion nd experts in those ountries onsultedD with disiE plinry fous on the struturl nd geotehnil engineering rnhes of ivil engineeringF he development of the quntittive spets of the pplied siene of erthquke engineering is emphsizedD rther thn presriptive or trditionl onstrution tehniquesF he sope extends to some extent into the (eld of seismologyD with regrd to this questionX ht erly developments in seismology were essentil for engineering tehniques to progressD nd vie versc ome reurring ftors re enountered in the evolution of erthE quke engineering in mny ntionsD lthough the exeptions re s interesting s the ses tht follow ommon ptternX en erthquke ours tht is su0iently dmging nd whih lso ours when ountry9s engineers re redy to employ their rt nd siene to ontend with erthqukesF he estlishment of ntion9s (rst seismi provisions in uilding ode s the key development in engineering prtise s well s n importnt stimulus for engineering reserh nd edutionF he signi(ne of the strt of ountry9s (rst university enE

wroseismi questionnires re nturl result of the intensities sles in the sense they re the nturl sis for their pplitionF sn IWWV the iuropen wroseismi le ws pulished ut despite extensive guidelines nd kground mterilD wy of pplying it in n integrted form ws not suppliedF qiven the omplexity nd detil of the iwEWVD the design of questionnire is not simple tskF roweverD in order to ompileD nlyseD evlute nd rhive mroseismi informtion some ttempts to develop suh tool must hve to e doneD nd this is one of themF hree questionnires for the ssignment of mroseismi intensity re proposedX the (rst one onerning the omplete sleY the seond one etween U nd IP whih is more spei( proposl form for psig @ig pield snvestigtion emA nd third one for the rnge etween I nd TD pplile for the se of low level felt erthqukeD lmost without dmgesF e form for n intermedite rnge @REWD for exmpleA uses lmost the sme struture nd spe of the form with the omplete rnge of intensities nd for tht it is not usefulF he questionnires were designedX to e s fithful s possile to the onept of the sle nd to the intentions of the uthorsY to show ll the support informtion for preise pplition of the sleY to keep in the form ll the rw informtion to ssign the intensity inludingD for exmpleD informtion provided y individul oservers @keeping this informtionD future reEevlutionD if neessryD is lwys possileAY to e toolD s friendly s possileD for in situ work in rough onditionsY to provide n esy wy to rhive huge mounts of informtionY to e useful tool for @reAevlution of doumentry dtF ome ful(lling nd future developments exmples re disussedFAPPLICATION OF EMS-98 IN FRANCE: USE OF THUMBNAIL IMAGES FOR INTENSITY ASSESSMENTS THROUGH THE BCSF WEB SITE AND EXTENSION OF THE MACROSEISMIC SURVEY TO THE FRENCH WEST INDIES ID 1727M. Cara, EOST, France C. Sira, EOST, France A. Bernard, EOST, France A. Schlupp, EOST, France

everl ttempts hve een mde t the fureu gentrl ismologique prnis @fgpEiyA to run utomti proedure for evluting mroseismi intensitiesF fsi mroseismi informtion used in these simultions omes from olletive nd individul forms whih hve een designed to ful(l the requirement of the iwEWVF hese forms whih re (lled either on pper formt or diretly on the fgp we site re utomtilly onverted into n egss (le ontining the oded nswers to the questionniresF he ttempts we hve mde to design n utomti proedure sed

8

Oral presentationson logil tree mimiking the humn expertise filed t produing high sores when evluting the mroseismi intensitiesF por this resonD the individul snternet questionnires hve een ompleted with likle thumnil imges illustrting some representtive situtions enountered t the di'erent degree of intensityF wuh higher sores my e otined when using the thumnils imges s primry soure of informtion when running our utomti proedureF ixoti nswers from individuls re then esily deteted when the liked imge is ontrditory to the other prt of the questionnireF st is likelyD howeverD tht pssing from individul questionnires to n evlution of the iwEWV intensity of the given re will e triky prolem ove intensity sasF ttistil estimtion of the numer of dmged uildings would then e very di0ultD if not impossileD to ssess from the spordi testimonies sent y individulsF purthermoreD our experiene onvined us tht it is very di0ult for n individul to sy in whih type of onstrution he is livingF pield visit y n expert is the only wy to get some on(dene ove intensity sF e illustrte di'erent exmple of intensity evlutions we hve performed sine PHHQ in prne nd in the prenh est sndies using either olletive forms or individul snternet questionniresFEXPERT JUDGEMENT VERSUS AUTOMATIC AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF MACROSEISMIC QUESTIONNAIRES ID 21P. Kstli, Swiss Seismological Service, Switzerland M. Gisler, Swiss Seismological Service, Switzerland D. Fh, Swiss Seismological Service, Switzerland

CS3twelveEdegree slesAF st follows tht omprison of sets of ssigned vlues using di'erent sles will give insight into those dt setsD ut will proly not revel generl reltionships etween the two slesF o get generl piture of the equivlene etween two slesD the est proedure is to tret the de(nition of n intensity degree in sle e s if it were dtD nd ssign vlue to it using sle fF pollowing this proedureD the reltionship etween mjor twelveEdegree sles @suh s wuD wws nd wgA nd iwEWV is more or less IXIF he hief di'erene etween these sles is not so muh the level of shking represented y eh degreeD ut the extent to whih the wording of the sle guides the user to mke the orret intensity ssignmentF hus intensity vlues tht hve een ssigned using @syA wws nd then onverted to iwEWV will not e s relile s those ssigned diretly using iwEWVFCOMPARISON AND REFINEMENT OF TWO EMS-98 DERIVED VULNERABILITY METHODS: TOWARDS A UNIQUE DEFINITION. ID 909A. Bernardini, University of Padova, Italy S. Giovinazzi, University of Genoa, Italy S. Lagomarsino, University of Genoa, Italy

eutomti proessing of internetEsed mroseismi questionE nires llows for fst overview of the e'ets of seismi eventF uh proedure hs een implemented t the wiss eismologil ervie @ihAF he tool n produe shkeEmp within tens of minutes fter n eventF wroseismi oservtions re ville from mny ples nd lol soil hrteristis re lredy inludedF eutomti proessing of mroseismi dt needs lgorithms tht simulte the work of n nlystF hile intensity ssessment ws trditionlly n expert judgementD the iuropen wroseismi le @iwA provided sttistil frmework for the nlysis of erthquke oservtion dtF roweverD s dt quntities nd quisition proedures often do not fully ope with the needs for sttistil nlysisD expert judgement nd mixed mode nlysis is still ommon throughout iuropeF his pper ompres the results of three tehniques to ssess mroseismi intensitiesX E essignment y humn expert holding generl overview of quntittive nd qulittive se dtY E ure sttistil pplition of iw sle to derive intensity from strutured erthquke questionniresF E he virtul expert routine of the ih mroseismi shkemp softwre whih prtly relies on sttistil proeduresD prtly imittes humn expert judgementsF purthermoreD we nlyse three di'erent dt quisition tehniques @spontneous reports ! emil questionnires to interested people ! pper questionnires to nyodyA nd ompre their impt on derived intensitiesF he investigtion ses on intensity ssignments of iw s to s of the wiss eismologil ervie for smll to medium erthqukes in time period etween PHHQ nd PHHSFCONVERSIONS BETWEEN OLDER SCALES AND EMS-98 ID 542R. M. Musson, BGS, UK G. Grnthal, GFZ, Germany M. Stucchi, INGV, Italy

por the seismi vulnerility ssessment of ordinry uildingsD the de(nition of unique oservtionl vulnerility pproh in terms of vulnerility lssesD uilding typologiesD hzrd nd dmge desription should e imed for the iuropen ountries in order to implement oherent nd omprle vulnerility nlysesF he vulnerility model impliitly ontined in the iuropen wroseismi le iwEWV @qrunthl IWWVA hold these requirements so tht proposl for iwEWVEderived vulnerility pprohes hve een doneF fsed on the theory of the rndom setsD fernrdini @fernrdiniD PHHSA hve used the qulittive mesures of the sle to derive upper nd lower ounds of reltive frequenies of the dmge grdes for every iwEWV lss nd mroseimi intensityF vower nd upper hmge roility wtrixes @hwA nd interpolting vulnerility urvesD hve eenD s wellD otined y qiovinzzi nd vgomrsino @PHHRA from the de(nitions provided y the sleD y the joint use of puzzy et heory nd of the roility heory for iwEWV vulnerility lsses nd uilding typologiesF eiming to ommon nd omplete de(nition for n iuropen wroseimi vulnerility method this pper is ddressedD on one hndD to ompre the forementioned proposls ndD on the other hndD to re(ne them nd to introdue innovtive spets with regrds to the de(nition of the vulnerility model for the uilding typologiesF he omprison is ddressed to highlight the di'erenes nd the ommon spets of the hypothesis t the se of the two proposed pprohes nd to ompre the results in terms of the dmge distriutionsD the vulnerility nd the frgility urves derived for the iwEWV vulnerility lssesF yriginl proposls re put forwrd to derive frequenies of the expeted dmge for the uilding typologies nd to employ fyes theorem to updted these expeted frequeniesD when the vilility of further dt on the uilding stok llows identifying suEtypologiesFE.M.S. - A METHOD TO REDUCE THE UNCERTAINTY OF THE STRUCTURE VULNERABILITY CLASSIFICATION ID 1124G. Zuccaro, Centro Studi PLINIVS - Universtity of Naples, Italy F. Cacace, Centro Studi PLINIVS - University of Naples, Italy

INTENSITY

sdellyD diret onversion etween intensity sles should never e mdeF he orret proedure is lwys to ressign intensity vlues to the originl dt using the desired sleF roweverD there re mny ses where this is not prtilD nd some guidne is needed to onvert dt from older sles to newer onesF he prolem is tht ny set of intensity vlues is ompound of the sle used nd the working prties usedD nd the ltter re usully unde(ned nd osureF husD intensity vlues re likely to vry more etween two seismologists using the sme sle thn etween two sles used y the sme seismologist @t lest for

sn the pper method to ssign uilding struture tyE pologies strutures to vulnerility lsses provides y iuropen wroEseismi le reduing the unertinty of lssi(tion showed in the iw is presentedF he iw 9WV so s the more reent versions of the sle de(nes the stndrd riteri to lssify the uildings in six vulnerility lssesF he ssignment is minly sed on the vertil struture typeD nd is 'eted y wide rnge of unertintyF sn this wyD for exmpleD 4mssive stone4 uilding is lssi(ed s 4g4D ut it n lso e lssi(ed s 4f4 or 4h4F he reserh proposes proedure to lirte the iFwFF vulnerility lssi(tion reduing the unertinty rnge of the ssignmentF he proedure hs een developed within the tivities of the

9

CS4eserh rojet ei @trumenti di enlisi di ulnerilit degli idi(i esistentiA supported y xtionl heprtF of givil rotetion trough qxhEsxqD represents quik tehnique thtD sed on 4(rst level4 dtD evlutes the seismi struturl vulnerility y ssigning single strutures to uilding type fmily of whih the ehviour under seismi tion is expetedF he proedureD lthough is sed on 4poor informtion4D introdues severl prmeters tht llow to tke into ountD in the (nl vulnerility estimtionD ll the informtion possily ville on the struture hrteristis out the uilding @vertil nd horizontl struture typesD lyoutD wll dimensionsD geometryD tiesD mterils etFAF he proedure hs een lirted using lrge dtEse ontining ll the dmge dt surveyed in severl seismi events of the pst in stly onsidering more then ITSFHHH uildingsF pinlly n pplition of the proedure to the 4puli nd strtegi uildings4 in gmpni egion is reportedY the results of the puntul smple hek 4in situ4 re reported nd very good reliility of the proedure in this se hs een foundF

Oral presentationse'et of rustl struture into empiril ground motion estimtion equtions is only prtil for oneEdimensionl struturesF he purpose of this rtile is to investigte when twoEdimensionl strutures provide signi(ntly di'erent results thn using n verge oneEdimensionl modelF his quntittive nlysis is sed on n nlysis of series of phw simultions using vriety of oneE nd twoEdimensionl struturesF he di'erene etween the Ph nd the derived Ih struture is qunti(ed y single prmeter tht seeks to hrterise how twoEdimensionl the struture isF he mximum size this prmeter n e efore Ph struture is required for urte modelling of ground motions is ssessed sed on the series of phw simultionsF he purpose of this proposed tehnique is to provide guidne s to when Ph strutures should e used or where Ih strutures re su0ientD without the requirement of performing mny simultionsFMODELING OF DISTRIBUTION OF GROUND MOTION PARAMETERS DURING STRONG VRANCEA (ROMANIA) EARTHQUAKES ID 363V. Sokolov, Geophysical Institute of Karlsruhe University, Germany K. P. Bonjer, Geophysical Institute of Karlsruhe University, Germany

CS4-I: Strong Motion : Use and ModellingMonday 15:30 - 17:00 Room 2

STOCHASTIC FINITE-FAULT MODELING STRONG-MOTION RECORDS FROM THE BAM EARTHQUAKE IN IRAN ID 13A. Nicknam, Iran University of Science and Technology,

OF 2003

Iran Iran

(Islamic Republic Of ) S. Yaghmaei, Iran University of Science and Technology, (Islamic Republic Of ) A. Yazdani, Iran University of Science and Technology, Iran (Islamic Republic Of )

e simple nd powerful method in the simultion of strong ground motionD vstly used in reent reserhes is the stohsti (niteEfult method proposed y etkinson nd feresnevF his method is used for simulting the reorded destrutive PT heemer PHHQ fm erthquke in southern prt of srnF sn this pproh the (niteEfult plne is sudivided into elements nd stohsti spetrum is ssigned to eh elementF he groundEmotion mplitudes re simulted s summtion of stohsti point souresF he results of the synthesizing ground motion suh s elertion time historyD response spetr re ompred with those of oserved dtF qood greement of time series prmeters @iFeF qeD D v nd dA re otined whih on(rm tht seleted soure prmeters were stisftory relileFON THE APPLICABILITY OF ONE-DIMENSIONAL CRUSTAL STRUCTURES FOR GROUND-MOTION SIMULATION ID 18J. Douglas, BRGM, France H. Aochi, BRGM, France P. Suhadolc, University of Trieste, Italy G. Costa, University of Trieste, Italy

he intermediteEdepth @UHEIRH kmA erthqukes of the rne @omniA soure zone produe the most signi(nt seismi hzrd to omni nd its neighoring ountriesF enlysis of mroseismi nd instrumentl dt from the rne erthqukes reveled severl peulir e'etsD whih n e summrized s followsX @IA the erthqukes 'et very lrge res with predomE inntly xiE trending extensionsY @PA the lol nd regionl geologil onditions ontrol the vrition of mplitudes of the ground motion to lrger degree thn mgnitude or distneF pour mjor rne erthqukes ourred during the lst enturyX xovemer IHD IWRH @w a UFUAD wrh RD IWUU @w a UFRAD eugust QHD IWVT @w a UFPA nd wy QHD IWWH @w a TFWAF en extensive set of mroseismi dt for these events is ville from the omninD the fulgrinD the woldvin nd krinin territory nd ner distnt onEsle reordings of ground elertion exist for the IWVT nd the IWWH erthqukes from di'erent lolitiesF his dt set gives unique opportunity to ontrol quntittively the modeling of the ground motion prmeters of suh lrge eventsF he modeling ws performed on the sis of soure sling models @pourier mplitude spetrD peA for the rne erthqukesD s well s site response hrteristisD whih were reently nlyzed y the uthorsF hen using pe s input prmeter in seismi hzrd nlysisD it is possile to otin siteEdependent estimtions of vrious strong ground motion prmeters inluding seismi intensityD pek ground elertion @qeAD response spetr nd hrteristi elerogrmsF enlysis of oservtions nd results of modeling llows reEonstruting of the distriution of strongEmotion prmeters for the erthqukes of IWRH nd IWUUD for whih the instrumentl dt re not villeFNEW EMPIRICAL PREDICTIVE EQUATIONS FOR THE FOURIER AMPLITUDE SPECTRUM OF ACCELERATION AND ARIAS INTENSITY IN NEW ZEALAND ID 820P. Staord, University of Canterbury, New Zealand J. Berrill, University of Canterbury, New Zealand J. Pettinga, University of Canterbury, New Zealand

qround motion simultion methodsD suh s the (niteE di'erene method @phwA or the modl summtion tehniqueD require model of the struture through whih the seismi wves pss in terms of densityD veloity nd ttenution prmetersD suh s F he use of suh struturl models within simultions mens tht trvel pth e'etsD suh s the onstrutive interferene of di'erent phsesD n e modelledF gurrently oneED twoE or threeEdimensionl models re used without muh desription of the ene(ts of using prtiulr dimension of modelF ithin phwsD Ph or Qh struture n e ssumed without signi(nt inrese in omputtionl timeF yneEdimensionl models hve the dvntge of yielding results tht re esier to interpret in terms of phses nd lso they require only one set of simultions for ll onsidered horizontl soure nd site lotionsF sn dditionD the method introdued y hougls et lF @PHHRA for the inorportion of the

wo new preditive models re introdued for pplition in xew elndY one for the pourier emplitude petrum of strong ground motion elertionD the other for eris sntensityF foth mesures of ground motion hve lrge potentil for pplition in engineering design senriosD yet no models of this nture urrently exist for use in xew elndF he models re developed for ground motions from rustl erthqukes only nd re presented s funtions of moment mgnitude nd the shortest distne to the rupture surfeF ellowne for the three stndrd xew elnd site lss tegories is mde s well s for normlD strikeEslipD nd reverseGthrust fult mehnismsF he xew elnd strong motion dtset is supplemented with signi(nt worldwide nerEsoure

10

Oral presentationsreordsF he funtionl forms of the models re governed y theoretil onsidertions whih llow reltively omprehensive funtionl forms to e utilisedF sn prtiulrD the model for the eris sntensity inludes theoretil terms to ount for the sling of the ground motion mesure with oth mgnitude nd distneF ndom i'ets models re implemented in order to otin regression oe0ients for oth modelsF he generl form of the pourier emplitude petrum of elertion is modelled well over wide rnge of frequenies of relevne to engineering designFWIDEBAND SIMULATION OF EARTHQUAKE GROUND MOTION BY A SPECTRUM-MATCHING, MULTIPLE-PULSE TECHNIQUE ID 408A. V. Gusev, Pavlov, Institute of Volcanology Branch, and Seismology, Service, Russian Russian

CS4empiril ground motion predition reltions in highEseismi res with undnt strongEmotion reordingsD suh s estern xorth emeri @xeAD tpn nd the wediterrnen regionF s present forml mthemtil frmework for the riw nd demonstrte n exmple pplition of the method to the development of ground motion predition reltions for pek ground elertion nd elertion response spetr in istern xorth emeri @ixeA using empiril reltions from xeF he pplition ounts for di'erenes in stress dropD soure propertiesD rustl ttenutionD regionl rustl strutureD nd generi rok pro(les etween the two regionsF s will disuss the fesiility of using the riw in iuropeF he method is urrently eing pplied in southern pin nd southern xorwy y tem of iuropen reserhersF

Federation Kamchatka Geophysical Federation

o simulte erthquke ground motionD we omine multipleEpoint stohsti erthquke fult model nd suite of qreen funtionsF goneptullyD our soure model generlizes the lssi one of rskell @IWTTAF et ny time instntD slip ours over nrrow strip tht sweeps the fult re t @sptilly vrileA veloityF his ehvior de(nes seismi signls t lower frequenies @vpAD nd desries diretivity e'etsF righEfrequeny @rpA ehvior of soure signl is de(ned y lol slip historyD ssumed to e short segment of pulsed noiseF por lultionsD this model is disretized s grid of point susouresF usoure moment rte time historiesD in their vp prtD re smooth pulses whose durtion equls to the rise timeF sn their rp prtD they re segments of nonEqussin noise of similr durtionF he spetrl ontent of susoure time histories is djusted so tht the summry frE(eld signl follows ertin predetermined spetrl sling lwF he results of simultion depend on rndom seedsD nd on prtiulr vlues of suh prmeters sX stress dropY verge nd dispersion prmeter for rupture veloityY rupture nuletion pointY slip zone widthGrise timeD wvenumerEspetrum prmeter de(ning (nl slip funtionY the degrees of nonEqussinity for rndom slip rte in timeD nd for rndom (nl slip in speD nd moreF o lulte ground motion t siteD qreen funtions re lulted for eh susoureEsite pirD then onvolved with susoure time funtions nd t lst summed over susouresF he originl qreen funtion lultor for lyered wekly inelsti medium is of disrete wvenumer kindD with no intrinsi limittions with respet to lyer thikness or ndwidthF he simultion pkge n generte exmple motionsD or used to study unertinties of the predited motionF es testD relisti nlogs of reorded motions in the epientrl zone of the IWWR xorthridgeD gliforni erthquke were synthesizedD nd relted unertinties were estimtedFTHE HYBRID EMPIRICAL METHOD AND ITS USE IN PREDICTING STRONG GROUND MOTION IN EUROPE ID 459K. Campbell, EQECAT, Inc., United States

CS4-II: Strong Motion : Use and ModellingTuesday 10:45 - 12:15 Room 2ISSUES RELATED TO THE TRUNCATION OF THE LOG-NORMAL DISTRIBUTION OF GROUNDMOTION RESIDUALS ID 1084F. Strasser, Imperial College, UK J. Bommer, Imperial College, UK N. Abrahamson, PG&E, United States

qround motion predition @ttenutionA reltions re used to estimte strong ground motion for mny engineering nd seismologil pplitionsF here strongEmotion reordings re undntD these reltions re developed empirilly from strongEmotion reordingsF here strongEmotion reordings re sprseD these reltions re often developed from seismologil models using stohsti nd theoretil methodsF elthough use of these ltter methods hs eome ommon pleD there is lrge degree of unertinty in lulting solute vlues of ground motion from suh methods in regions where dt re sprseD espeilly t the lrger mgnitudes nd loser distnes of gretest importne in engineeringF es n lterntiveD s hve developed hyrid empiril method @riwA tht uses the rtio of stohsti or theoretil groundEmotion estimtes etween trget nd host region to djust empiril ground motion predition reltions ville from the host region so tht they n e used in the trget regionF fy using empiril models s its sisD the riw tps into the vst mount of oservtionl dt nd expertise tht hs een used to develop

eent studies to ssess very longEterm seismi hzrd in the nited ttes nd in iurope hve highlighted the importne of the upper til of the groundEmotion distriution t the very low nnul frequenies of exeedne required y these projetsF sn prtiulrD the use of n unounded lognorml distriution to pture the letory vriility of groundEmotions leds to very high nd potentilly unphysil estimtes of the hzrdF gurrent prtie in seismi hzrd nlysis onsists in trunting the groundEmotion distriution t (xed numer mx of stndrd devitions @ AD howeverD there is generl lk of onsensus out the truntion level to doptD with estimtes rnging from P to R F his pper investigtes whether physil sis for hoosing mx n e foundD y exmining reords with lrge positive residuE ls from the dtset used in one of the groundEmotion models derived during the xew qenertion ettenution @xqeA projetF sn prtiE ulrD interprettions of the seleted reords in terms of ustive physil mehnisms re reviewedF his leds to the onlusion tht even in wellEdoumented sesD it is not possile to estlish roE ust orreltion etween spei( mehnisms nd lrge vlues of the residulsD nd thus otin diret physil onstrints on mxF elE terntive pprohes sed on solute levels of ground motion nd numeril simultions re disussedF roweverD the hoie of mx is likely to remin mtter of sttistil judgment for the foreseele futureD in view of the lrge epistemi unertinties ssoited with these lterntivesF edditionl issues rise from the oupling etween mx nd D whih uses the truntion level in terms of solute ground motion to e dependent on the preditive eqution usedF purthermoreD the solute truntion level will lso e 'eted if is redued signi(ntlyF hese ftors ontriute to render truntion sheme sed on single mx vlue imprtilFA FIRST LOOK AT THE JUNE, 2000, M6.5 EARTHQUAKES IN ICELAND IN TERMS OF THE SPECIFIC BARRIER MODEL ID 1133B. Halldorsson, Earthquake Engineering Research Centre, Iceland S. Olafsson, Earthquake Engineering Research Centre, Iceland R. Sigbjornsson, Earthquake Engineering Research Centre, Iceland

he two wTFS erthqukes tht ourred in the popuE lted outh selnd eismi one @sA on tune IU nd PID PHHHD respetivelyD re the lrgest erthqukes to tke ple in selnd sine IWIP nd for whih highEqulity strong motion dt existsF he erthqukes thus provide unique opportunity to revise

11

CS4erthquke modelingD ground motion ttenutionD nd seismi hzrd estimtes in the reF e investigte the ppliility of the reently lirted pei( frrier wodel to predit the ground motions of the tune PHHH erthqukesF e (nd tht the lol stress drop of the erthqukes is similr to tht of other interplte erthqukesF roweverD the ttenution of seismi wves in the region is signi(ntly greter thn tht in other interplte regionsF e hve lirted the pei( frrier wodel to the three lrgest erthqukes in the s y inverting for new ttenution funtionF eordings t sites in lose proximity to the soures exhiited