14.40 Marius Imset - A study of the mental models of ship …€¦ · A study of the mental models...

Research in progress / preliminary findings:

A study of the mental models of ship masters and

VTS officers regarding ship traffic in the SOMS

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Marius ImsetAssociate professor in product design

• University College of Southeast Norway (HSN), at the Faculty of Engineering and Maritime Sciences

• 8 years industrial practice/maritime instrumentation• Involved in various national and regional development

projects for maritime industry and education• Teaching innovation course in HSN Master in Maritime

Management• Research interests and activities

– Maritime human-technology (sociotechnical) systems

– User centered design

– WP2 in the SESAME Straits project, survey

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The SESAME Straits project goal

• Improve safety and efficiency of ship navigation in the Straits of

Malacca and Singapore (SOMS)

• Adressing vessel traffic hot spots

• Focus on ship – shore cooperation

• Take into account the voyage of the vessel

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WHAT

CAN BE

DONE

WHAT

SHOULD

BE DONE

e-Nav: User

Centered

Design (!)

More technology – Better, safer,

faster, easier, smarter?

Challenge: Information

overload, complexity…

So what to do? Examine the «context of use», such as….- The nature of the ship traffic (types and criticallity of situations)

- How much information is already available

- Variance in ship-shore perception (mental models)

SOMS ship-shore survey

How to improve safety and efficiencyof ship traffic in the SOMS?

Goals:

Safety

Traffic efficiency

Fuel efficiency

What are mental models?“The image of the world

around us, which we carry in

our head, is just a model.

Nobody in his head imagines

all the world, government or

country.

He has only selected concepts,

and relationships between

them, and uses those to

represent the real system.”

Legasto, A. A., Forrester, J. W., & Lyneis, J. M.

(Eds.). (1980). System dynamics. New York: North-

Holland publishing company.

Example:

Think of a

«ship»Concepts:

- Size

- Weight

- Era/age

- Cargo space

- Type

- Facilities

- Etc etc

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Why are mental models relevant for shiptraffic management (STM)?

• “Working cooperatively requires that team members coordinate by

anticipating and predicting each other’s needs, through common

understandings of the environment and expectations of performance” (Salas et al, 2011)

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• communicate more effectively• perform more teamwork behaviors (i.e.,

backup)• are more willing to work with team members in

the future• generally perform better

(Rentsch & Klimoski, 2001, Griepentrog & Fleming, 2003; Mohammed, Klimoski & Rentsch, 2000; Stout et al., 1999)

• may be headed toward different goals, leading to ineffective feedback or assistance

• have reduced ability to anticipate each other’s actions or needs

(Cannon-Bowers, Salas, & Converse, 1990, 1993, Burke, & Fowlkes, 1996)

Without shared mental models,

team members…

While teams that

enjoy shared mental models…

PLAYMATE?LUNCH!

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Mental model aspectsexamined in the survey

SOMS

ship

traffic

VTS

officers

3. Are there any

differences in ship-

shore mental

models?

If so, what are they?

1. Traffic impact on

• Safety/risk

• Delays

• Fuel consumption

2. Information availability

• For predicting future situation

• For assessing current situation

1. Traffic impact on

• Safety/risk

• Delays

• Fuel consumption

2. Information availability

• For predicting future situation

• For assessing current situation

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Ship masters

Not one situation,

but many!

7135974133 73528 75477

77973 7934473919

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015*

Number of shipsreporting in STRAITREP (until nov 2015)

Source: Marine Dept of Malaysia

VLCC / Deep Draft Tanker Vessel

LNG Carrier Cargo Vessel

Container Vessel Bulk Carrier

Ro-Ro Passenger Vessel

Livestock Carrier Tug / Tow

Government Vessel Fishing Vessel

Others TOTAL

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www.marinetraffic.com

12 identified, challenging trafficsituations in the SOMS

1. Local fishing activities2. Local ship traffic (incl ferries etc)3. Changes in fairway depth/width4. Presence of deep draught vessels / VLCCs5. Delayed / reduced availability of port services6. Complex/dense fairway traffic (hotspots)7. Inappropriate behaviour of ships8. Communication challenges with ships9. Ship movement in achorage areas10. Presence of ships with reduced manouverability (tows etc)11. Problems with navigation aids (buoys, beacons etc)12. Challenging weather conditions

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11

Electronic

survey

SESAME

StraitsProject

partners

Relevant

shipping

companies

121

relevant ship

masters/

navigators

14 nations

68 VTS

operators/

supervisors

(Singapore)

Survey distribution

Representing approx

1500 – 2000 SOMS

passages during the

last 5 years

Survey findings

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SOMS

ship

traffic

VTS

officers

Ship masters

• Situations that are considered to have most

impact on safety are:– 07 Inappropriate behaviour of ships (5,12)

– 08 Communication challenges with ships (4,94)

– 12 Changing weather conditions (4,72)

– 06 Complex fairway dynamics / hotspots (4,68)

• Situations that sea personnel consider

more risky than VTS personell:– 02 Local ship traffic (1,34)

– 11 Navigation aid problems (0,61)

– 09 Ship movement in anchorage areas (0,47)

• Situations that VTS personnel consider

more risky than ship personnel– 01 Local fishing activities (0,49)

– 05 Delayed/reduced availabilityof port services (0,49)


Impact of situations onincidents/accidents

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4.09

3.443.01

3.63 3.50

4.685.12 4.94

4.644.24

3.80

4.72

0.49

1.34

0.11 0.070.49

0.23 0.30 0.40 0.470.26

0.610.190.000

1.000

2.000

3.000

4.000

5.000

6.000

Shore based average (0-6) Ship based average (0-6)

Total average (0-6) Sea-shore difference (absolute)

Impact of situations on delays


impact on delays are:– 07 Inappropriate ship behaviour (4,46)


• Situations that ship personnel consider more

delaying (than VTS officers)– 02 Local ship traffic (1,72)

– 09 Ship movement in anchorage areas (0,43)

• Situations that VTS personnel consider more

delaying– 05 Delayed /reduced availability of port services (1,15)

– 12 Challenging weather conditions (0,79)


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3.48

2.87 2.68

3.29

3.824.24

4.464.03 3.86 4.01

2.67

4.06

0.06

1.72

0.11 0.23

1.15

0.170.44 0.47 0.43 0.26

0.06

0.79

0.000

1.000

2.000

3.000

4.000

5.000

6.000




impact on fuel consumption– 07 Inappropriate ship behaviour (3,37)



• Only one situation that is considered more

critical by ship personnel– 02 Local ship traffic (0,77)

• Situations that VTS personnel consider

more fuel consuming are– 12 Challenging weather conditions (0,76)


– 07 Inappropriate ship behaviour (0,48)

– 10 Vessels that could hamper other traffic (tows etc) (0,48)

Impact of situations onextra fuel consumption

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2.602.39 2.39

2.72

3.22 3.23 3.373.04 2.85 2.97

1.99

3.12

0.09

0.77

0.15 0.17 0.07 0.040.48 0.54

0.32 0.48 0.400.76

0.000

1.000

2.000

3.000

4.000

5.000

6.000



• Data indicate there is least information

available about:– 01 Local fishing activities (2,92)


• Ship personnel indicate they have more

information about:– 01 Local fishing activities (1,29)

– 11 Navigation aid problems (0,56)

• Shore personnel have more information

available about:– 07 Inappropriate behaviour of ships (0,51)

– 10 Vessels that could hamper other traffic (tows etc) (0,28)

Availability of informationabout situations

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2.92

3.82 3.964.25

3.573.85 3.83 3.68 3.78

4.16 4.09 4.07

1.29

0.21 0.370.11

0.470.15

0.51

0.00 0.14 0.280.56

0.150.000

1.000

2.000

3.000

4.000

5.000

6.000



Summary

• Ship and shore personnel seem to have a shared mental model about ship traffic,

but there are also differences that should be explored in more depth (causes)

• The findings provide focus areas for STM improvement in terms of:

– Situations with the most perceived impact on safety, delays and fuel consumption

– Situations with little/less available information

– Situations where there are differences in ship-shore mental models

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• To collect survey data from Singapore pilots

• Finalize data analysis and dissimination

• Apply same survey/approach in other high traffic areas (?)

Further research progress

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Thank you!

Marius Imset

[email protected]

14.40 Marius Imset - A study of the mental models of ship …€¦ · A study of the mental models...

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