1.4 sarana

MSc Programme in Railway Systems

Engineering and Integration

University of Birmingham

Suspension Systems

Vehicle Suspension Systems

January 2013

Presented by Bridget Eickhoff, RSSB

Contents of Presentation

Suspension elements & modes of vibration

Primary & secondary suspensions

Vehicle ride & passenger comfort

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Suspension Systems





Simple Vehicle - Track System

Vehicle Body

Suspension

Wheelset

Contact St if fness

Rail

Track Support

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Suspension Systems

Stiffness Characteristics

Force

Displacement

Linear

Non-Linear

Viscous Damping Characteristics

Force

Velocity

Linear

Non-Linear

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Suspension Systems

Friction Characteristic

Velocity F

orc

e

True Force Ideal Force

m N

Hysteresis Loops

Linear Stiffness in Parallel with :-

(a) Viscous Damping (b) Friction (c) Rubber Hysteresis

Force

Displacement

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Suspension Systems

Single degree of freedom

m

k c

0.00001

0.0001

0.001

0.01

0.1

1.0

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Frequency (Hz)

(m/s

2)2

/Hz 200%

100%

50%

20%

5%

Effect of Damping

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Suspension Systems

Series Stiffness

m

k c

m

k c

ks

Two-axle Vehicle

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Suspension Systems

Two-axle vehicle pitch

V

2 Stage Suspension

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Suspension Systems

Effect of Bogies

Vehicle Modes of Vibration

Longitudinal

Vertical / Bounce

Pitch

Lower Sway

Upper Sway

Yaw

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Suspension Systems

Bounce Mode

Pitch Mode

Bounce and Pitch Modes

Vehicle Bounce Mode

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Suspension Systems

Vehicle Pitch Mode

Lower Sway Upper Sway

Sway Modes

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Suspension Systems

Lower Sway Mode

Upper Sway Mode

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Suspension Systems

Yaw Mode

Yaw Mode

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Suspension Systems

Lower Sway 0.6Hz

Yaw 0.9Hz

Bounce 1.0Hz

Pitch 1.4Hz

Upper Sway 1.6Hz

Typical Frequencies Passenger Vehicle





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Suspension Systems

Viscous Damped Primary Suspension

Viscous Damper

Guide Post

Sleeve

Bearing

Rubber

Bush

Trailing Arm Primary Suspension

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Suspension Systems

Leaf Spring Primary Suspension

Y25 Bogie - Lenoir Link

Tare Spring

Laden Spring

Friction Surfaces Axlebox

Spring Carrier

Lenoir Link

Pusher

Clearance

U

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Suspension Systems

Friction Wedge Suspensions

W

RL

m1RL FL

m2FL

FR

m2FR

W

RR

m1RR

Fc

Airspring Suspension System

Surge

Reservoir

Surge Pipe

Damping Orifice

Series Stack

Air Spring

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Suspension Systems


Suspension elements &modes of vibration



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Suspension Systems

Variation of Acceleration with Time

Track B 0

5

10

15

20

25

Rid

e A

cce

lera

tio

n (

mg)

Track A Track C

Option 1

Option 2

Option 3

Option 4

Vertical Ride Effect of Track Quality

Vehicle

Suspension

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Suspension Systems

Human Response to Vibration

Health - Physical Damage/Psychological Deterioration

Impaired Performance

Comfort

Perception

Effect of Vibration on Health

ISO 2631-1:1997

Basic Evaluation Method

weighted root mean square

Maximum Transient Vibration Value

Maximum weighted rms value over one second

Vibration Dose Value

Weighted root mean quad integrated over time

4/1

0

4

T

w dttaVDV

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Suspension Systems

Railway Vibration Health Limits

EU Physical Agents Directive

GB Control of Vibration at Work Regulations 2005 Whole Body Vibration Daily Exposure Limit Value 1.15 m/s2

Whole Body vibration Daily Exposure Action Value 0.5 m/s2

Machinery Directives For on-track machines in Working Mode

Previous Limits Vertical Weighted Acceleration Peak Value < 6.0 m/s2

Lateral/Longitudinal Weighted Acceleration Peak Value < 3.5 m/s2

Vibration Dose Value < 15 m/s1.75

See UK Guidance Note GM/GN 2460

EN 12299 Method - Passenger comfort

Vertical, lateral and longitudinal accelerations

Simplified - measurements at floor

Complete - at seat interface

5-minute sections

Weighted rms - sixty 5-second blocks

95th percentile (57th highest)

Combine directions

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Suspension Systems

Lateral Weighting Filter

Unit response of lateral filter Wa*Wd

0.1 Hz 1 Hz 10 Hz 100 Hz

0.00001

0. 1

0.01

0.001

0.0001

10

1

Vertical Weighting Filters

Unit response of vertical ride filter Wa*Wb ( D5, UIC, CEN )

Unit response of vertical ride filter Wa*Wb ( BS, ISO )

Unit response of vertical ride filter Wa*Wk (ISO)

0.1 Hz 100 Hz 10 Hz 1 Hz

0.00001

0. 01

1

0.1

0.001

0.0001

10

VAMPIRE FREQUENCY RESPONSE

LOG

LOG Freq

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Suspension Systems

Passenger Perception of Curves

Quasi-static lateral acceleration

Passenger response to lateral vibration

Dissatisfaction measure for discrete events PDE

Change in quasi-static lateral acceleration

Passenger response to transition curves

Dissatisfaction measure for transition curves PCT

Discrete Events

Late

ral

C

arb

ody

Accele

ration

2 seconds

time

Y m

. .

Y p

. .

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Suspension Systems

A B

C D

Curv

atu

re (

1/k

m)

Curve Transitions

Passenger Activities

Test Results from BR Research

Reading

Writing

Sitting

Drinking

Standing

Walking

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Suspension Systems

Cumulative Distributions for a Passenger

Rating of Various On-train Activities

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

0 100 200 300 400 500 PASSENGER RATING

CU

MU

LA

TIV

E P

RO

BA

BIL

ITY

Reading

Writing

Sitting

Drinking

Standing

Walking

Activity

Acceleration

Vertical

Frequency R ange (Hz)

Lateral

Sitting

0.4 - 16 0.4 - 2.0

Drinking

0.5 - 8.0

Spillage 3.3 - 3.95

Standing 0.2 - 2.0

Writing 1.0 - 20 1.0 - 20

Acceleration Frequencies

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Suspension Systems

Summary of Presentation




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