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Gu-Chu-Sum Book

Published by the Gu-Chu-Sum Movement of Tibet(Ex-political Prisoners’ Association)Jogibara Road, P.O.McLeod GanjDharamsala-176219 H.P. India

www.guchusum.org

Biography of an activist. Vol 14

The Son of Mount EverestBiography of Dingri NgawangEdited by Lobsang TashiCover and Design: Sonam TsewangCopyright © Gu-Chu-Sum Movement of Tibet

First edition 500 copies, 2007

All rights reserved. No part of this bookmaybe reproduced by any means withoutprior written permission from the publisher.

Printed at Indraprastha Press (CBT), New Delhi

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uÛ-¾ô- 2006 ¹- 12 ±ïÅ- 27 ZÛmü

q¼-Cæm-GÅ¾-zÁhü zTß-GTÛG

1

Wô-¤ô-GPÅ-h;¼-¼ÛºÛ-Zï-ºhzÅ-ˆÛ-EÛ¤-Mãhü 1

hP-qôü

Wô-¤ô-GPÅ-h;¼-¼ÛºÛ-Zï-ºhzÅ-ˆÛ-EÛ¤-Mãhü

(1932-1941)

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2

2 Wô-¤ô-JÀP-¤ºÛ-zÞ-yâG

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3


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4


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5


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zôh-M¾-»ôPÅ-hP-¤±ßPÅ-q¼-¾G-hPÞ¾-mÛü hP-qô-D-GP-hP-ü GZÛÅ-q-Ç+¼-¤ü GÅÞ¤-q-xïh-zMhü zŸÛ-q-Ÿô-GP-ü ¿S-q-Ÿô-GÅÞ¤-ÇKô¼-¤ôü iâG-q-Ÿô-¿S-ÇKô¼-¤ôü zhÝm-q-^ø-D-h;¼-qôü zMh-q-zTß-bÛü hGÝ-q-ÆP-GÅÞ¤-ÇKô¼-¤ô-zTÅ-hP-ü ÁôG-¾ô¼-HÛ-¼ÛGÅ-hPÞ¾-

6


ÆP-¿S-¾ô¼-hP-ü hPÞ¾-ÆP-zhÝm-hP-Ÿô-¿Sü zTß-¾ô¼ü Zï¼-¿SºÛ-¾ô¼üzM-¾ô¼-zTÅ-»ôhü ̄ Û-Æô¾-mÛü Ÿô-GP-hP-Ç+¼-¤-GTÛG-¾-^ø-D-TÛG-hP-ü Ÿô-GP-zTß-¾-ÆP-GP-ü ÆP-¿S-zTß-¾-lô-±h-GTÛG-»Ûmü wm-±ßm-ÇKô-xãGÅ-hP-T-hPôÅ-Zô-hÝÅ-lô-±h-ˆÛ-IPÅ-¤-GbôGÅ-hPÞ¾-GŸm-n¤Å-zïh-¤Û-uôhü hPÞ¾-hï-n¤Å-ˆÛ-fôG-zôh-»ÛG-hP-¤±ôm-hôm-¿km-qºÛ-¼Û-¤ô-Ço-±ôGÅ-¾Å-»ÛG-¼ÛGÅ-GŸm-GTÛG-ˆP-z;ôh-¤ïhü

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7


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8


n¤Å-Gô-ºWô-Åï¼-D¼-Å-ÆâP-Vïh-zBôh-hGôÅ-qºÛ-z;º-¤PGÅ-¤²h-q-zŸÛmü Í-¤-¤±ô-¤ôÅ-P-ÇK¾-q¼-ºEï¼-mÅ-w-¿ËG-qºÛ-XïÅ-ÅÞ-P-±ô-GÅÞ¤-»P-ºƒPÅü PÅ-im-ÅôÅ-®¤-¾-w-h¤-q-¾-ÅôGÅ-q-¤Û-IPÅ-ºGº-ŸÛG-Gô-Wô-Åï¼-D-mÅ-ZÛm-GÅÞ¤-®¤-HÛ-Å-V-ºhm-VôÅ-ºDô¼-hGôm-mÅ-M-h¤G-¤f¼-z=ôh-GbôP-z¼-wïzÅ-q-hP-ü P-±ô-»P-¤Z¤-ºFÛh-GmP-Çeï-P-±ô-ºhm-DôG-bà-zŸG-Çeï-h¤G-ºfz-¾-xÛmü h¤G-fG-Vôh-¤±¤Å-GmÅ-¤W¾-z¼-FÛh-q-hP.ü hïºÛ-Ç+zÅ-T-hP-hÛP-¼Û-h¤G-GÛÅ-¤±m-ºGïzÅ-zbP-mÅ-zÅh-qºÛ-M-h¤G-ÁÛ-zºÛ-¼ô-ºGº-ŸÛG-Å-ÁÝ¾-ŸÛG-bà-»ôh-q-P-±ôÅ-¤fôP-ü hï-mÅ-¤Þ-¤fÞh-Gô-ºWô-Åï¼-D¼-GmÅ-¤Þ¼-GTßP-qô-q-ÅPÅ-z®Å-ÁÛP-ü hÛP-h¤G-n¤Å-¤hô-uÛºÛ-Ç+Ý-ÆâP-¾-z;º-ºGÝG-GmP-XïÅ-Vz-¤hô¼-GTßP-qô-d-¤IÛm-z®Åü

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9


Ç+zÅ-hï-mÅ-z¸ÞP-P-±ôºÛ-º±ô-z¼-h;º-P¾-Wï-Vï¼-Hã¼-bï-º±ô-fzÅ-Vïh-Í-¤-¾GÅ-hP-ü ¾ô-zTß-GÅÞ¤-¾-Åôm-qºÛ-GTïm-¤ô-ÍÞ-Mm-Oô¾-¤Å-¼Û-mÅ-¤ï-ÁÛP-hP-ü Çeôm-D¼-ÁÛP-bôG-hP-¼P-‚ãP-¼Û-BïÅ-GÅï¼-Á-ÅôGÅ-ºfÞ-mÅ-z®ôP-q-hP-ü ¼P-¾ô-zTß-¾-Åôm-qºÛ-P-¼P-d-iï¾-HÛ-Mm-V-hP-Ç~äG-V¾-¾ÞGÅ-MG-¤Dm-ƒG-G»z-q-n¤Å- Û̂-¤hÝmü Ç~äh-q-MG-qºÛ-¾Å-;-ÅôGÅ-ˆÛ-¤Û-G»ôG-MãG-Çeï-¿eô-GôÅ-º±ô¾-fzÅ-‚Åü

10


GZÛÅ-qü

¾ô-zTß-¾-Åôm-qºÛ-hÐ-yâG-h¤G-¤Û¼-ŸÝGÅ-qü(1942-1953)

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11

¾ô-zTß-¾-Åôm-qºÛ-hÐ-yâG-h¤G-¤Û¼-ŸÝGÅ-qü 11

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zôh-M¾-Dz-Vïm-qôºÛ-h¤G-¤Û¼-GÅ¼-ŸÝGÅ-‚ïh-Ç+zÅ-G Þ̧GÅ-fP-Gô-ºwï¼-fôG-¼P-¾ô-zTô-zMh-¾-Åôm-q-ŸÛG-hP-ü ¤hº-hqôm-¤hÝm-¤Û-zz-um-zÁï¼-¾-zT¼-hGôÅ-qºÛ-V-Aïm-GZÛÅ-mÛ-¤-¤f¼-hGôÅü

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12


¤ïh-º±¼-¾ôPÅ-‚ãP-zºÛ-h¤G-yâG-n¤Å-h¤G- ï̄h-hP-ü ¤ï-¤hº-zÁÛG-OÛG-¤ÛG-¾¤-hÝ-‚P-Çeï-h¤G- ï̄h-ÅôGÅ-h¤G-¤ÛºÛ-‚ïh-ÇKô-mÛü P-±ô-h¤G-yâG-n¤Å-ˆÛ-¯ïh-¤ô-»G-ÁôÅ-hï-¼ïhü hï¼-zdïm-¼P-ZÛh-h¤G-GÅ¼-»Ûm-»P-h¤G- ï̄h-hP-¤ï-¤hº-zÁÛG-OÛG-¢P-¤-hGôÅ-q¼-hÝP-qºÛ-DôPÅ-ÅÞ-º±ßh-hïü hÝP-GÛ-O-¾Å-hI-zô-G¼-»ôh-Çeôm-zlü hI-zô-hP-º²ÛP-zlü h¤G-¯ïh-ˆÛ-zl-ÅôGÅ-h‚Ûm-Ç+h-fôG-h¤G-¾ÞGÅ-¸z-¢ôP-‚Å-q-hP-ü Ÿô¼-hÝ-P-±ô-h¤G-yâG-n¤Å-hP-¤Z¤-Vß-A¾-¢PÅ-bï-ym-ÅôGÅ-¾ô-zTß-GTÛG-¾-Åôm-qºÛ-h¤G-yâG-zTô-¿S-®¤-HÛÅ-h‚¼-D-V¼-ÁÝGÅ-MÅ-Ç+zÅ-ˆP-μ-Vß-hP-Pô¤-Vß-GZÛÅ-GTôh-fÞz-ˆÛ-»ôhü

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FÛ¤Å-mÛü FÛ¤Å-»ÛG-Ÿ¾-¿Uï-zTß-GÅÞ¤-GŸÛ-¾-zŸG-Çeï-¤Û-ÅÞÅ-mG-ZïÅ-TÛ-ºi-zÅGÅ-q¼-fG-GTôh-‚ïhü ZïÅ-Tm-q¼-¤m¼-GTôh-GbôP-‚ïh-¾G-V-d-¿UG-hP-ü ;ô-¿UG @P-¿UGÅü ¾G-¿UGÅü Ç+ï-ÇKôü Çkô¤-‚ïh-fG-q-ÅôGÅ-»ôhü

¼P-¾ô-zTß-zŸÛ-Çeï-uÛ-¾ô- 1946 hGÝm-D¼-zôh-GŸÝP-h¤G-

13


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uÛ-¾ô- 1947 h‚¼-D-¼P-GŸÝP-h¤G-uÛ-DP-GÛÅ-ym-±ô-T-hP-hÛP-h¤G-n¤Åü zôh- Û̂-M¾-Å-GZÛÅ-q-GŸÛÅ- ï̄¼-z;º-ÇKÝG-GmP-Çeï-¹-ÁÅ-zÇkh-XïÅü P-±ô-mG-Vß¼-Å-ÆâP-hP-ü b-hP-h¤G-ÇK¼-hP-Áô-Çe-¿Ëô-(Áô-q-¤hôü hq¾-ºz¼-Çe-μôP-ü ¿Ëô-μôP-ü)GÅÞ¤-HÛ-h¤G-zTÅ-Vz-¤hô-Ç+¤-fôG-Iâ-D¼-G-hP-GŸÛÅ- ï̄-h¤G-ÇK¼-HÛ-Mz-Çoôm-hÝ-zÇ+ô-¤PGÅ-¤²hü mG-Vß-μôP-hÝ-ZÛm-GÝP-ŸÛG-P-±ô-Z¾-DP-mP-Çkôh-Ç+zÅ-Å-ºGÝ¾-‚ãP-zÅ-ÇKïºÞ-DÞP-mÅ-xÛ¼-¿e-Ç+zÅ-Å-GŸÛ-f¤Å-Th-ºh¼-ŸÛP-ü ¼Û-EÛ¤-f¤Å-Th-»ô¤-»ô¤-hÝ-ºGÝ¾ü ®G-O-hP-ºÞ¼-OÅ-Gm¤-Å-z;P-zºÛ-Å-»ô¤-ŸÛG-zMzü

»P-ü ¾ô-hïºÛ-zôh-¹-zhÝm-qºÛ-ZÛm-ŸÛG-¤Þm-¤-¼Þz-®¤-¾-JÀô-zÞ¼-¤ï-¤hº-hÝ-¤-ºwïm-¼ïÅ-‚ïh-qºÛ-O-¤Û-n¤Å-ˆÛ-n-z¼-fôÅü ¼Û¤-qÅ-Zï-ºI¤-hI-zô-ÇÀïzÅ-q-¿e-zÞºÛ-¤ï-¤hºÛ-O-²-iG-Hã¼-qü h¤G-¤Û-ºGÅ-¯Ó-¼¼-»ôh-qºÛ-h¤G-d-WG-zTô¤-‚Å-q¼-hôGÅ-bïü ¤ï-¤hº-ºEï¼-mÅ-¼-¤h¼-fôm-»P-d-μÛ¼-ÅôP-zºÛ-h¤G-¤Û-n¤Å-ˆÛÅ-ˆP-O-hï-¿e-zÞ-fôÅ-qü h¤G-ÇK¼-hzÞÅ-¤¼-Zïm-D-‚ãP-hôGÅ-ˆÛÅ-d-wô-¿UG-GÛÅ-zÇ+Ý¾-

14


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15


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16


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17


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18


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19


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20


GÅÞ¤-qü

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21

ºE¤Å-qôºÛ-ºGô-G®ôü 21

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22


»ôP-z-hP-ü GP-hÝ-ºIô-iÛÅ-‚ãP-zü PÅ-¼ï-¼ï-zŸÛm-¾m-zbzü Çtïm-qÅ-P-¾-M-G¼-HÛ-ÇKô¼-¤ô-zTß-G»¼-bï-P-GZÛÅ-ÇKP-bôG-bà-»ôP-ü hï¼-ÇS¼-HÛ-„ÀôÅ-fÞz-h¤G-IôGÅ-zô-hôP-z-Lm-qô-zÅôh-m¤Å-z=-ÁÛÅ-hôÅ-Bï¾-z-‚ïh-TÛP-ºhÝG-qü P-GZÛÅ-º±ô-z-¤Z¤-Bï¾-‚-Mã-‚Å-bï-G»P-fP-;ô-^Û-¸ï¼-zºÛ-¤Iôm-DP-hÝ-zÇkhü hï-mÛ-iï¾-q-hP-¤Û-ÉïP-ü hôÅ-Bï¾-z-hÝ-¤-Çkôh-»Þ¾-ŸÛG-¼ïhü P-GZÛÅ-¤Z¤-hÝ-ÇKP-bôG-mÅ-¤¾-¾ï-Ÿï-GÅÞ¤-»ôh-qºÛ-Á¼-GÅÛP-¤-z¼-hôÅ-Bï¾-z¼-fïPÅ-GZÛÅ-zBôh-TÛP-üzBôh-fïPÅ-¼ï¼-M-G¼-HÛ-ÇKô¼-ZÛ-ÁÝ-fôzü

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23


¾PÅ-Ç+zÅ-GhôP-hP-@P-¾G-±P-¤¼-ºzÞ-ŸÛG- Þ̧G-Çeï-G-±ôh-ºfïm-»P-¤-fÞz-q¼-TÛ-‚ïh-¤ïh-q¼-GmÅ-¤Þ¼ü M-G¼-HÛ-zÞh-¤ïh-TÛG-GÛÅ-¼Å-fÞ¤-ŸÛG-vh-hï-‚ãG-hGôÅ-qºÛ-zl-vh-qü hï-hôm-‚ãG-qÅ-ºzÞ-hï-n¤Å-¸GÅ-bï-Å-ÇeïP-FG-ºEÛ¾ü ¼Å-fÞ¤-hï-Ç¨m-¯-Vïm-qô-ŸÛG-bà-zÅ¤Å-mÅ-mP-hÝ-ºEï¼-bï-D-xï-Ç+zÅ-±Ð-¼ïh-ºhÝG-qÅ-¼P-ZÛh-GTÛG-qÞ¼-Gh-¤ô-hzP-¤ïh-hÝ-Áô¼ü

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P-±ôºÛ-¤Iôm-DP-G»P-fP-;Ý-^Û¼-GmÅ-Çkôh-iï¾-q-hP-ü P-hP-ºi-zºÛ-h¤ÛGÅ-»Þ¾-¤ïh-qºÛ-¤Û-ºE¤Å-n¤Å-GTÛG-¾Å-GTÛG-Gbà¤-iG-Vï-»P-ü P-±ôºÛ-z¼-º±ô-z-Bï¾-±ß¾-ÅôGÅ-¤fÞm-qºÛ-xôGÅ-¤P-qô-»ôh-Aïm-wm-±ßm-IôGÅ-ºiÛÅ-VGÅü

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24


¤-z¼-zB¾-z¼-ºIôº¤ü ŸïÅ-iÛÅ-‚ãP-ü PÅ-G»P-fP-;ô-^ÛºÛ-IôGÅ-qô-wô-ÉïP-zTß-GZÛÅ-hP-IôÅ-‚Å-bïü hPôÅ-ÅÞ-¤ô-^¼-z¿e-z¼-zBôh-mÅ-ºEï¼-fÞz-¤Ûm-hP-ü ¤Û-G-±ôh-hGôÅ-¤Ûm-zTÅ-zdG-hrh-‚Å-qÅü zôh-hÝ-Vß-ºDô¼-HÛ-»Å-lô-¤Å-lô-ÅôGÅ-hzô¼-ÇePÅ-¿e¼-‚-m-¤-fÞz-q-¤ïh-q-ÁïÅ-bïü ¤Û-¼ï¼-JÀ-V-ÈÛm-ÇKô¼-ÅÞ¤-zM-hP-ü hï-¤ô-¼Ûm-qô-VïºÛ-GZï¼-qÅ-¾¤-z¼-HÛ-¸Å-hP-ü Qm-q-ÈÛm-ÇKô¼-ZÛÅ-ÇeôP-GmP-Mã-‚Å-bï-¤Û-zTß-GZÛÅ-ˆÛ-fôG-ºzº-ZG-G¸Û¤-hqôm-HÛ-GmÅ-DP-hÝ-xÛm-bïü Eôm-¤Û-ºE¤-Zï¼-zŸÛ-zÇkÝÅü

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25


EôGÅ-ºEï¼-‚ïh-ÁÛP-GP-‚ãP-GÛÅ-¤Û-ºIÛG-q¼-«åG-GhôP-ºGº-M-G¼-¤hÝm-mÅ-ZôÅ-bïü ¤ô-^ºÛ-Oô¤-hP-ºyâ¾-ºDô¼-HÛ-¿Ëà-¾G-zÁÛG-Çeï-hzô¼-zºÛ-I-OÛG-‚Å-ÁÛP-ü ÇKP-bôG-mÅ-Á¼-GÅÛP-¤-z¼-HÛ-zh¾-Bï¾-z-n¤Å-¾-T-hPôÅ-hzô¼-Mã-®¤-¤Ûm-qºÛ-h;º-P¾-GŸm-ŸÛG-»ôh-q-mÛü ÇKP-bôG-mÅ-Á¼-GÅÛP-¤-z¼-HÛ-Å-¤±¤Å-hï-mÛ-zôh-M-GZÛÅ-ˆÛ-±ôP-¾¤-Vïm-qô-ŸÛG-hP-ü VzÅ-TÛG-zôh-M-GZÛÅ-;ºÛ-FÛ¤Å-¾-¿eôÅ-¤ïh-hqÞP-Áïh-zÇkÝ¼-ÅºÛ-FÛ¤Å-ºG¾-z-GmÅ-Çkôh-‚ïh-ÅºÛ-»Þ¾-ŸÛG-ˆP-¼ïhü

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26


zÁh-qÅü DôP-±ô-GTÛG-¾Å-GTÛG-hqº-Vï-±ß¾-Çeôm-hGôÅ-q-Á-ÇeG-»Ûm-Aïm-¤ôÅ-¤fÞm-GP-¾ïGÅ-‚Å-ÁÛP-ü ¤Û-¼ï¼-hqº-h¤-ºhô¤Å-xïh-¼ï-hP-ü ºhôGÅ-IÛ-¼ï-GhGÅ-Mã-hP-ü bôG-¤-¼ï-GÅ¼-hÝ-z¸ôÅü

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27


»P-zOæGÅ-¤Û-wôh-q¼-GTÛG-¾Å-GTÛG-¤HôGÅ-q¼-ƒôÅüP-±ôºÛ-ºFâG-¸ÛP-hP-qô-hï-mÅ-ºGô-±ßGÅ-bïü ¾¤-z¼-iï¾-

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28


;Û-ŸÛG-ºhïzÅ-Ç+zÅ-Å-V-hï-G¼-±ßGÅ-;ï¼-¤Û-Çkôh-;-¤ïh-¼ïhü hï-¿e¼-Ç+zÅ-ÁÛG-¼ÛP-ÇKP-bôG-mÅ-Á¼-GÅÛP-¤-z¼-P-±ôÅ-hzP-Nå¼-z-¿e-zÞ-‚Å-q-hP-ü P-±ôºÛ-EôGÅ-ZÛm-¼ï-¤¾-¾ï-¿S-¼ï-zBôh-TÛP-hï-mÅ-VP-ºfÞP-hP-ŸzÅ-ƒôºÛ-PP-¤±m-xïh-z¼-Çkôh-ˆÛ-»ôhü P-±ôºÛ-IôGÅ-qô-lôz-lôz-n¤Å-ˆÛ-GŸÅ-±ÛG-¾ü

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29


ZÛh-ˆÛÅ-h¤PÅ-GŸÅ-hP-ü Áô-zÁh-Ç+zÅ-±ÛG-hï-GÅm-m-GŸÅ-±ÛG-hïºÛ-¾ô-MãÅ-Mz-¿YôPÅ-im-®¤-GmP-¼ôGÅü

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ZÛm-ŸÛG-GÛ-hGôP-iô-Å-ÆÛz-¾-P-hP-¼ôGÅ-q-ºGº-z¼-ºE¤Å-ÅÞ-@Ýz-ÇeïGÅ-fôG-zÇkh-hï-¹-ºôh-ºôG-JÀïP-¤ô¾-‚ïh-qºÛ-Ç+zÅü xÛ-ÇKô-z®Û¼-O-hP-zTÅ-xï-‚ãP-z-z¿eÅ-qÅ-Çtïm-q-¤±¤Å-GTôh-È-TP-¼ÛP-zºÛ-

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¿UP-¾ô-GZÛÅ-Mz-bà-JÀôh-mÅ-T-hPôÅ-GP-»P-¤-ºEï¼-z¼-PºÛ-mP-º²â¾-»ôP-ü hï-mÅ-z¸ÞP-Çtïm-q-¤±¤Å-GTôh-P-hP-z¸º-±ô-£ï¾-mÅ-zÇkh-ˆP-z¸º-¹-½‰ÛP-qÅ-P-¾-Lô¾-JÀïP-GP-»P-¤-mÝÅü

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31


GºÞ-P-±ôÅ-ºyôG-zTßG-GÛ-¤-¼ïhü TïÅ-zÁh-qÅü ±ß¼-Eïh-DÅ-¾ïm-q-»Ûm-m¤-¸ï¼ü PÅ-»Ûm-ŸïÅ-zÁh-qÅ-Dô-qÅ-¾G-G»ôm-HÛÅ-PºÛ-ƒP-mÅ-z¸ÞP-ŸÛP-G»Å-ˆÛÅ-IÛ-»Þ-¤mmü PÅ-ˆP-Dô-qºÛ-ƒP-mÅ-z¸ÞP-ŸÛP-Ç+ïh-IÛºÛ-»Þ-z-mÅ-¾G-GÛÅ-z¸ÞP-Ç+zÅü z¼-¤Û-‚ïh-¤Dm-¤ÛÅ-G»Å-G»ôm-DïPÅ-bï-P-GZÛÅ-z Þ̧P-mÅ-Åô-Åô¼-z=¾-z-hP-ü hïºÛ-h Û̂¾-HÛ-¤Û-G¸ÞGÅ-¼ÛP-ŸÛG-GÛÅ-‚¤Å-q-VôÅ-IGÅ-FÛh-ÅôP-z-PÅ-hï-¼ÛP-P-GZÛÅ-±h-zÇkÝ¼-»G-qô-¤-‚ãP-»P-XïÅ-bm-bm-fÞG-GÛ-¼ïhü ZÛm-hï¼-P-GZÛÅ-D-Vh-zŸÛm-GbàG-VôG-HÛÅ-ŸïÅ-ºzôh-qÅü Dô-qÅ-»×-»×ü P-GZÛÅ-G-hÝÅ-GbàG-ˆP-ºIÛG-TïÅ-¾m-zbzü

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ZÛm-ŸÛG-P-±ô-½ÀPÅ-ºDô¼-HÛ-¤-Ghm-Eï¼-mÅ-ºIô-Ç+zÅ-¤±ô-ŸÝGÅ-zL¾-®¤-¾-EôGÅ-̂ Û-ÇSôm-zBôh-q-GŸÛÅ-̄ ï-hP-„ÀP-Çtïm-qÅü ‚¤Å-q-VôÅ-IGÅ-»ôP-GÛ-ºhÝG-TïÅ-ºzôh-‚ãP-ü PÅ-EôGÅ-wôzÅ-ŸïÅ-zÁh-hï-I-OÛG-‚Å-mÅ-¤hÝm-hÝ-fômü ‚¤Å-q-VôÅ-IGÅ-hP-lôz-lôz-zŸÛ-ºhÝG-q-PÅ-D-ÅïP-GbàG-¯ÛÅ-HÛÅ-ŸïÅ-zÁh-q-zŸÛm-I-OÛG-»ôh-PïÅ-

32


»Ûm-ŸïÅü ƒP-D-mÅ-z¸ÞP-Çeï-IÛ-»Þ-¤mm-qÅ-Dô-qÅ-ˆP-Ç+ïh-IÛ-zbôm-VôG-ÍP-zÅ¼-‚Åü PÅ-¾¤-ÅïP-IÛ-zbz-qÅ-Dô-qºÛ-¾G-G»Å-q¼-IÛ-¿eG-ºwôG-mÅ-IÛ-Å-¾-¸GÅü ¼ôGÅ-q-lôz-lôz-GÅÞ¤-hï-lôz-C-hP-@Ýz-ÅÞ¾-¾ÛP-¾ÛP-G»ÞGÅ-ÁÛP-xÛ¼-z¿eÅ-¤ïh-q¼-ƒôÅü PÅ-IÛ-ÁÝz-mP-zTßG-mÅ-Dô-q¼-lô-lÝP-Gmh-ÇÛ̈m-zbP-Çeï-ÁÛ-¤Ûm-¼ô-¤Ûm-z ô̧Å-bï-hô¼ü XïÅ-ÅÞ-hïºÛ-Zï-ºI¤-HÛ-ƒG-wÞG-bà-Dô-q-ZÛm-GÅÞ¤-zhG-¤ïh-¿ËG-±ß¾-fôÅü

‚¤Å-q-VôÅ-IGÅ-ÇKP-bôG-bà-»ôP-mÅ-Ç¨m-zTôÅ-‚Å-XïÅ-hÛP-¼Û-PG-hzP-GÛÅ-IÔ-ÅºÛ-lôz-lôz-n¤Å-GbàG-q¼-ÁôG-zXôh-±ß¾ü Gb¤-ºV¾-z=¤Å-mÅ-zh¾-Bï¾-z-hP-ÇezÅ-TÛG-P-±ôºÛ-ºIm-»¼-IÔ-ÅºÛ-lôz-lôz-Zï¼-zŸÛºÛ-±ôGÅ-q-GÅ¼-q-ŸÛG-z ô̧Å-bïü P-±ôÅ-Dï-z¸P-¾ïGÅ-qºÛ-zh¾-JÀ-ŸÛG-zB¾-mÅ-n¤-ÇoP-ŸïÅ-qºÛ-Å-V¼-fÞGÅ-vô-ZÛm-GÅÞ¤-GbôP-¼ÛP-ü ‚¤Å-q-VôÅ-IGÅ- Û̂Å-zbP-zºÛ-Íïm-VßP-±ï-¼ÛP-wÞm-±ôGÅ-ŸïÅ-qÅ-P-¾-»Û-Gï-ŸÛG-zB¾ü »Û-GïºÛ-mP-hÛP-¼Û-PG-hzP-¹-z-zŸÛ-qºÛ-±ïÅ-zTô-¿S¼-n-fôÅ-¾¼-GbàG-q¼-»ôP-hGôÅ-ŸïÅ-ºDôh-qÅü Çeôm-¤ô-±¼-XïÅ-hÝÅ-z;G-hP-zÇeàm-mÅ-P-±ôÅ-EôGÅ-VßP-PÞ-ŸÛG-z¸ôÅ-bï-¤Û-zTß-GZÛÅ-EôGÅ-ºEï¼-¤Dm-hP-zTß-GZÛÅ-MG-¼ïÅ-MG-¤Dm-hÝ-zÇ+ôÅü

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33


¤-‚ïh-TïÅ-¤PGÅ-»ôhü n-fôÅ-¾ºÛ-±ß¼-mP-P-±ôÅ-ZÛm-GTÛG-ÇKÝG-q-hP-hï-XïÅ-EôGÅ-hP-EôGÅ-ºEï¼-¤Dm-n¤Å-¾-¯ï¼-zŸG-mÅ-±ß¼-»ôP-Çeï-ZÛm-GTÛG-ÇKÝG-̂ P-»ôP-¤Dm-»ï-¤ïhü ÅP-ZÛm-¾-¯ï-mÅ-EôGÅ-ºEï¼-mÅ-Í-»ï-h‚PÅ-¾GÅ-ˆÛ-Å-V¼-ºIô-Ç+zÅü wÞ-VßºÛ-¸¤-qºÛ-¸Þ¼-mÅ-lôz-lôz-iâG-»ôP-z-P-±ô-¤Û-zTß-GZÛÅ-¤¼-xÛm-bï-PÅ-‚¤Å-q-VôÅ-IGÅ-ˆÛ-ƒP-mÅ-z¸ÞP-Çeïü ¤Û-¤P-MG-¼ïÅ-MG-hGôÅ-¤ïhüP-GZÛÅ-fÞG-q-¼ïhü P-GZÛÅ-fG-GTôh-hGôÅ-ŸïÅ-Áôh-Ç+zÅ-Dô-qÅ-P-MG-¼ïÅ-MG-bà-»ôP-¤ïhü P-;Ý-¼Þ¤-(lôz-lôz-ˆÛ-¾ôG-Ç+hü hôm-hÝ-hGôPÅ-hG-)ŸÝ-z¼-»ôP-z-»Ûmü ŸïÅ-Áôh-q-hP-ü ¼ôGÅ-q-GŸm-n¤Å-ˆÛÅ-ˆP-hï-¿e¼-¤Û-‚ïh-TïÅ-Áôh-¤Þ¼ü Í-»ï-h‚PÅ-¾GÅ-»ôP-mÅ-Eïh-±ô-MG-¼ïÅ-zMG-mÅ-¤Û-GÅôh-‚ãP-mü P-Iô-uÛ¼-fÞG-GÛ-¼ïhü TïÅ-xG-HP-ºHï¾-z-zŸÛm-º±¾-mÅ-ŸÝ-z-ºfïm-q-P-±ôÅ-Zm-bïü Í-»ï-h‚PÅ-¾GÅ-ˆÛÅ-mP-hÝ-VP-ºfÞP-IôGÅ-OÛG-‚ïh-q¼-ºIô-hGôÅ-±ß¾-±P-¤Å-zÁh-‚ãP-z-zŸÛm-xÛmü

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34


hï-XïÅ-ZÛm-ŸÛG-GÛ-ZÛm-GÝP-P-ÇKP-bôG-GÛ-¾¤-Vïm-HÛ-¸Þ¼-mÅ-GTÛG-qÞ¼-ºIô-Ç+zÅü ‚¤Å-q-VôÅ-IGÅ-¼-z¸Û-mÅ-ºEô¼-zŸÛm-PºÛ-¤hÝm-mÅ-¤¼-zBôhü P-¾¤-GÅÞ¤-¤hô¼-º‚ô¼-Ç+zÅ-‚¤Å-VßP-lôz-C-¸ÛP-¸ÛP-PP-hˆÛ¾-¾¤-mÅ-»¼-MãGÅ-»ôP-ü PºÛ-Åï¤Å-mP-ºFâG-q-Áô¼-z-fG-Vôh-zÅ¤-mÅ-ºFâG-q-Áô¼-mÅ-HôP-ºwôG-¤Ûm-iÛÅ-q-HôP-ºwôG-¤-‚ãP-ü Í-wô-P-GZÛÅ-mP-hÝ-ºIô-ŸïÅ-mP-hÝ-ºFÛh-mÅ-‚¤Å-VßP-GÛÅ-zÁh-qü P-Dô-±ôºÛ-¤hÝm-Ç~G-¯ïh-q¼-ºIô-Ç+zÅü ‚¤Å-q-VôÅ-IGÅ-¼-z¸Û-mÅ-»ôP-Çeïü È-»P-ŸÛG-¾-IÛ-zbz-mÅ-hÛP-¼Û-PG-hzP-fôm-ÁôG-¸ï¼-mÅ-Ç+h-zMzü

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35


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36


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wÞm-±ôGÅ-M-¤±ô-hP-ym-z¼-wm-±ßm-ÇKï¼-HÛ-ºDôm-º²Ûm-TÛ-»P-¤ïh-ˆP-Dô-q-‚¤Å-q-VôÅ-IGÅ-ÅôGÅ-lôz-lôz-n¤Å-ˆÛ-ºGô-G®ô-»Ûm-qÅü PÅ-IÛ-hP-¤±ôm-ÆâP-HP-¿kïzÅ-mÅ-¤¼-wz-Çeï-¾ÞÅ-¾-zbGÅ-ÁÛP-mP-ÇKô-mÅ-¤¼-fôm-bï-ÇKô-¼-xÛ-¤¼-º‚ô¼-Ç+zÅü ºzº-ZG-G¸Û¤-hqôm-GmÅ-¤ô-ÅôGÅ-ˆÛÅ-z;G-mÅ-¯-z-mÅ-¤Û-GbôP-zü

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PÅ-wÞm-±ôGÅ-M¾-qô¼-Ç+h-ˆÛÅ-ºzôh-hï-P-h-¿e-GmÅ-¤ô-hP-ü IôGÅ-qôÅ-GbP-GÛ-¤Û-ºhÝG-ˆP-ÅP-ZÛm-m¤-¤-¾PÅ-GôP-Eïh-ˆÛ-¤hÝm-»ôP-Mã-»Ûmü P-GZÛÅ-zôh-MºÛ-Å-¤±¤Å-n-fôÅ-¾¼-xÛm-mÅ-GTÛG-¤ïh-q-hP-GTÛG-»ôh-q-z¸ôÅ-VôG-TïÅ-zÁhü DôÅ-ˆP-Ç+h-GÅP-¤fôm-qôÅ-ºIÛG-GÛ-¼ïhü Í-¼ôGÅü hI-¤-fÞz-xG-M-zTº-z-¾Åüühqôm-VôÅ-M¾-Ÿ¾-¼Å-¤W¾-z-hGºüü ŸïÅ-Gb¤-hqï-hP-zTÅ-qºÛ-P¼-Ç+h-ˆÛÅ-ºzôh-»ôP-ü

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Dô-qÅ-»¼-¾PÅ-mÅ-GôÅ-Hôm-zŸÛm-qºÛ-PP-¤hP-hGôP-P-¼-z¸Û-zÅ-hï-¿e¼-‚Å-q-h-¿e-¤Û-im-qÅü Eïh-ˆÛÅ-hï-¿e¼-¤-zÁh-q-¤¼-zÇkh-mÅ-VP-ºfÞP-¸ï¼ü PÅ-Eïh-GbàG-¤Û-mÝÅ-m-XïÅ-ÅÞ-GŸm-¾-hï-ºi-¤-Áôh-¼P-GÛÅ-¼P-h¤º-qô-z¸ôÅ-q-¼ïhü TïÅ-zÁh-qÅü

38


Dô-qÅ-hï-¼ÛP-PÅ-ŸzÅ-ºiïm-ŸÝÅ-ÅôP-ü IÔ-Å-Åï-ºƒÅ-hGï-GÅÞ¤-hÝÅ-h-mÅ-z¸ÞP-Eïh-±ô-hI-¾-¤Û-º²Ûm-ŸïÅ-¤mº-zB¾-ŸÛP-ü lôz-lôz-Á-ºƒÅ-VP-¾ïm-q¼-¤PGÅ-q-ÇKô-¤¼-fôm-¤-fG-»¼-º²â¾-mÅ-DP-q-±P-¤-Eïh-±ôºÛ-¤ÛÅ-zÇ+ô¼-ºhÝG-¸ï¼ü wÞm-±ôGÅ-M-¤±ôÅ-P-¾-Eïh-ˆÛÅ-DôP-±ô-»¼-Ç+h-GbôP-¼ôGÅü VP-„ÀâGÅ-mÅ-IôGÅ-qô-zOÛG-GÛ-»Ûm-ŸïÅ-ÍÞ-±ßGÅ-mm-bm-‚ïh-qÅ-PÅ-xÛ-ÇKô¼-fôm-bï-IôGÅ-qô-±ô¼-¿e-Ç+zÅ-¾-¾Å-¾G-bà-hqº-h¤-hP-ü ºGº-ÁÅ-ˆÛÅ-bôG-¤| DG-GTÛG-GÛ-Çe-IÛ-z¸ÞP-mÅ-FÛGÅ-VGÅ-ÅÞ-DP-q-zÇ+ô¼-zü PÅ-Eïh-±ô-ÅÞÅ-zbP-P¤-ŸïÅ-ºiÛ-Ç+zÅü GmÅ-¤ôÅ-Í-Tô-PG-hzP-MG-¼ï-zMG-q¼-fôm-qÅ-Eïh-±ô-Z¾-wôh-h¤-ŸïÅ-zÁh-‚ãP-zü hï-mÅ-±P-¤-MãG-»ôP-z-»Ûm-ŸïÅ-zÁhü ±P-¤-»¼-ºzôh-hï-wÞm-±ôGÅ-M-¤±ô-ÅôGÅ-ˆÛ-¢Ûm-zhG-zHÛÅ-mÅ-ZÛm-hï¼-vô-BÛh-¾-¼ô¾ü

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40


lôz-zTÅ-ˆÛÅ-M-G¼-mÅ-f-¤G-mG-qô-ºzôG-mP-ºDÞ¼-mÅ-zôh-hÝ-fïPÅ-ºGº-±ôP-zBôh-‚Å-q-hP-ü fïPÅ-XïÅ-¤¼-wG-¼Û¼-½ÀPÅ-ºDô¼-zlz-Bôm-‚ãP-mÅ-‚¤Å-q-VôÅ-IGÅ-¤-GbôGÅ-±P-¤-»-P-zºÛ-PP-mÅ-ºWÛG-dïm-xÛ-¤¼-zŸÝhü

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41


zÇ+ôm-ÇÀôz-GÅô-fïPÅ-¤P-‚ïh-q¼ü ¤fº-¤-ºIô-Mã-DÅ-„ÀPÅ-bï-PÅ-IôGÅ-qô-±ô¼-GTßP-qô-q-ÅPÅ-zÇ+ôPÅ-z¼-»ôP-zºÛ-Mã-¤±m-hP-zTÅ-hÛP-¼Û¼-¾ôG-MãºÛ-Ç+ô¼-zÁh-qÅü ±P-¤Å-¤IÛm-GTÛG-GÛÅ-P-±ô-h-z¼-BÛh-¾-DºÛ- Ó̄-¾-¤Z¤-¸-hP-ü ÇkÝG-ÇSôm-¤ôºÛ-Vß-¾-¤Z¤-ºfÞP-‚Å-ˆP-üh-mÅ-z¸ÞP-P-±ôºÛ-±ôGÅ-q-ºfô¼-zºÛ-ºGô-±ßGÅ-q-¼ïh-TïÅ-Bô-ÇoP-Vïm-qôºÛ-PP-¤fº-¤¼-PºÛ-ºhôh-q¼-zÇeàm-mÅ-DÅ-„ÀPÅ-ˆP-ü Pô¼-q-Íïm-VßP-hP-ü hP-„ÀP-Çtïm-qü lôz-lôz-‚¤Å-VßP-zTÅ-ˆÛÅ-ÇSôm-Vh-Í-Tô-Eïh- Û̂Å-ºGô-ºFÛh-qºÛ-P-±ôºÛ-±ôGÅ-qÅ-Å-V-ºhÛ¼-GP-‚Å-»Ûm-qÅü¤Û-¤P-qô¼-Åï¤Å-mh-»ôh-ˆP-±ß¾-Lô¾-‚ïh-mÝÅ-ˆÛ-¤ïhü h-V-Í-Tô-¼P-»Þ¾-hÝ-¾ôG-Mã-Gbm-ºDï¾-zÅ-P-±ô-¤Þ-¤fÞh-ÇKP-bôG-bà-Çkôh-„ÀôÅ-z¸ôh-¤Ûm-¾-zdïmü Í-TôÅ-¤Z¤-ºFÛh-‚ïh-¼ôGÅ-ŸïÅ-¼ï-z-zbôm-‚ãP-zÅüPÅ-DÅ-„ÀPÅ-bï-d-iï¾-n¤Å-z®ôPÅ-mÅ-zôh-hÝ-hGôÅ-¤Dô-Vï-zºÛ-T-hPôÅ-ZôÅ-ÁÛP-ü P-GZÛÅ-z¸º-º±ô-GZÛÅ-hP-ü GTßP-qô-q-ÅPÅü Pô¼-q-Íïm-VßP-ü hP-„ÀPÅ-Çtïm-qü lôz-lôz-‚¤Å-VßP-ü hÛP-¼Û-z-d-¤IÛm-zTÅ-¤Z¤-ºFÛh-ˆÛÅ-¼ôGÅ-q-±ôÅ-G»ôGÅ-qºÛ-D-zbGÅ-Ç+ï-¾-Hôm-mÅ-zôh-hÝ-zŸÝhü

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IôP-Çkï-z¼-HÛ-ÇtP-fôG-zÞP-zÞ-ZÛÅ-zM-®¤-¯Ó-D¼-zbP-Çeïü zÞP-zÞ-z-ÅÞ¤-Tß-®¤-±ßGÅ-zzÅ-»ôh-q-mÅ-GTÛG-GÛÅ-P-GbàG-q¼-ÇÀïzÅ-‚ãP-z| PÅ-¾¤-ºGG-q-GP-‚Å-Å¤-ŸïÅ-iÛ-Ç+zÅü Çkï-hGï-z-‚-Lôh-n¤-M¾-lô-Xï-hqÞP-±ôGÅ-ˆÛÅ-wG-¼Û-hP-¾ºÛ-Mz-ˆÛ-¾ÞP-ÁÝ¼-hÝ-ÇK¼-wz-mÅ-»Þm-¼ÛP-WG-zTô¤-‚Å-ˆP-ü P-±ô¼-¤±ôm-V-ÅôGÅ-GP-»P-¤ïh-qÅ-WG-zTô¤-‚Å-hôGÅ-ºIô-¤-mÝÅü Eïh-ˆÛ-hPôÅ-¸ôG-n¤Å-JÀ-¤ïh-fôG-hÛP-¼Û-¤±ô-ÇKô-z¼-P-±ôÅ-hzô¼-VôG-qÅü ¾¤-mÅ-f¼-fzÅ-‚ïh-¼ôGÅ-ŸïÅ-¼ï-z-zbômü PÅ-T-hPôÅ-ºyôG-q¼-P-±ôºÛ-Zï-ºI¤-zT¼-hGôÅü ÆôG-¼ï-»ôh-q-GTÛG-¤±ßPÅ-»Ûm-qÅ-GhôP-fÞG-Ç+zÅ-zÅ¤-„Àô-GbP-Mã-»Ûmü ŸïÅ-zÁhü

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¼P-»Þ¾-hÝ-ÇÀïzÅ-XïÅ-¾ô-GÅÞ¤-¼ÛP-¤-fÞG-qºÛ-¤-Lm-hP-mP-¤Û-n¤Å-fÞG-Ç+zÅ-DôP-±ô-hGº-±ô¼-Vïm-qô-‚ãP-z-hP-ü P-¼P-GÛÅ-hÛP-¼Û-ÇKP-h;¼-hÝ-yïP-h;¼-EÛ¤-±P-mÅ-DP-q-ŸÛG-ZôÅ-bï-EÛ¤-w-iâG-mÅ-GmÅ-ÇtôÅ-‚Å-ÁÛP-ü Pô-ÁïÅ-½‰ÛP-q-n¤Å-¼ï-¼ï-zŸÛm-GbàGÅ-ÁÛP-Í-

43


¤hô-¤Gô-FºÛ-¤hÝm-zBôh-Ç+zÅ-¤Gô-FÅ-ŸG- Û̄-‚ãG-qºÛ-Çeôh-ÉïP-ZÛ-¤¼-Æô-zŸÛmü ¤hÝm-hÝ-z®ßGÅ-qºÛ-¤ï-¾ôP-¾-z¿eÅ-bï-lôz-C¼-C-Áh-MG-GÛm-ºhÝG-qü PÅ-¤Û-Lm-¾ô-m-¿S-zTß¼-Åôm-»P-h-hÝP-h=ôG-h=ôG-‚ïh-ˆÛ-»ôh-h¤ü ŸïÅ-ºzôh-qÅü ±ß¼-z¿eÅ-bï-»-Í-wô-PG-hzP-ÇÀïzÅ-ºhÝG Eïh-zhï-qô-»Ûm-m¤ü ŸïÅ-hGº-±ô¼-Vïm-qôÅ-¤±¤Å-ºiÛ-‚Å-q-hP-ü PºÛ-w-»Þ¾-GTÛG-q-Í-¾G-Pô-ÁïÅ-GbôP-z¼-ºIô-ŸïÅ-ÇKP-h;¼-bÛ-bP-ŸïÅ-qºÛ-EÛ¤-ŸÛG-bà-FÛh-mÅ-¾ô-m-Zï¼-zhÝm-®¤-¾-Åôm-ŸÛP-üG Þ̧GÅ-ÇeôzÅ-Vï-zºÛ-¤Û-hï-Í-¾G-»Ûm-q-hP.ü hï-mÅ-TßP-G Þ̧GÅ-ÇeôzÅ-VßP-ŸÛP-¾ô-Zï¼-zŸÛ-®¤-Åôm-qºÛ-¤Û-hï-Í-¾G-GÛ-GTßP-qô-„Àô-hGº-»Ûm-q| w¼-z¿eÅ-±ôh-¾-uP-IâP-º²ô¤-ŸÛP-¾ô-Zï¼-GZÛÅ-®¤-Åôm-qºÛ-¤Û-hï-Í-¾G-GÛ-GTßP-qô-hôm-Iâz-¼ïhü TïÅ-zÁh-q-hP-ü ¤Gô-FÅ-DôP-±ô¼-P-hÛP-¼Û-PG-hzP-¼ïh-TïÅ-wm-±ßm-Pô-vôh-¼ï-¼ï-zŸÛm-‚ïh-¼ÛP-ü zÞh-¤ïh-¾ô-Zï¼-GZÛÅ-®¤-¾-Åôm-ŸÛP-Í-¤hôºÛ-¾ÞGÅ- Û̂-xã-q-Hôm-qü G Þ̧GÅ-hï-®¤-Vïm-qô-¤ïh-q-ŸÛG-GÛÅ-W-¿kÝG-‚ãP-z-¤Gô-FÅ-zÞh-¤ïh-hï-Í-¾G-GÛÅ-z¸º-¹-¼ïh-TïÅ-zÁhü Í-¾G-GÛÅ-P-¾-Eïh-ˆÛ-Ç+ô¼-¤Gô-FÅ-P-±ô¼-fïPÅ-¤P-qô-zÁh-¥ôP-ü P-±ô-w-»Þ¾-mÅ-M-¤Û¼-h¤G-GbàG-GÛm-ºhÛ-G¼-ƒôÅ-»ôP-z-»Ûmü ÇÀh-P-±ô-„ÀôÅ-fÞz-ˆÛ-IôGÅ-qô-‚ïh-hôü ŸïÅ-hGº-±ô¼-Vïm-qôÅ-zÁhü

44


ZÛm-ŸÛG-EÛ¤-hÝ-TßP-¿Ëôh-qô¼-zÇkh-hï-DP-qºÛ-GŸôGÅ-G»Å-ˆÛ-HP-hï¼-z¸ô-zTôÅ-TÛ-ºi-‚ïh-Ç‰¤-zÅ¤-„Àô-GbôP-Ç+zÅü ZÛ-¤-zŸÝh-®¤-¾-G¸ÞGÅ-ÇeôzÅ-Vï-¾-zŸÛm-Pô-mG-TÛP-n-TôG-GZÛÅ-ˆÛ-fôh-mÅ-lôz-C-¼ÛP-qô-hqÞP-qºÛ-z¼-hrP-qü Ç+ïh-q¼-hqº-h¤-zbGÅ-qºÛ-lôz-lôz-GTÛG-EÛ¤-mP-º²â¾-»ôP-zü PºÛ-Í-¤-¾GÅ-ˆÛÅ-ÁÝz-zÞ¼-lôz-lôz-Á¤-fz-ÇSôm-qô-Tm-¼ïh-TïÅ-Ÿïh-ÇoP-‚ïhü P-¾-lôz-lôz-hïÅ-G-mÅ-»Ûm-m¤-ŸïÅ-iÛÅü PÅ-¾ÞP-q-ºhÛ-mÅ-»Ûm-zÁhü G-¼ï-z®ôP-Mã-»ôh-h¤ü PÅ-Eïh-¾-G-¼ï-hGôÅ-ˆP-z®ôP-Mã-»ôh-TïÅ-¾m-zbzü

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45


PÅ-DP-qºÛ-mP-wÞ-h=âG-¤hº-h=âG-z¸ô-»Û-¤Ûm-qÅ-‚-wô-fP-hÝ-ºIô-ŸïÅ-¤¼-fôm-mÅ-ÇKô-xÛ¼-ÇKÝG »Þm-®¤-mÅ-Dô-q-»P-xÛ¼-fôm-‚ãP-z-PÅ-¾¤-ÅïP-ƒP-D-mÅ-z Þ̧P-Çeï-FÛh-hï-¼-Vß-¸¤-fôG-ÇÀïzÅ-Ç+zÅüDô-qÅ-PÅ-Eïh-¾-hqº-Z¤-„ÀPÅ-q-¾Å-º²ÛP-¯ÛÅ-¯-z-mÅ-¤ïhü ÇS¼-Eïh-ˆÛ-hqº-Gb¤-fôÅ-q-zŸÛm-hPôÅ-GmÅ-wô-Lôh-¼ïhü h-mÅ-z¸ÞP-Eïh-ˆÛ-ºôG-»Ûmü ŸïÅ-zÁh-‚ãP-zÅ-GŸÛ-mÅ-JÀôhü

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46


zŸÛ-qü

T-hP-hÛP-h¤G-GÛ-¤fº-¤ºÛ-¾ô-MãÅü

(1958-1959)

ym-ÇKP-bôG-mÅ-ÇtôÅ-bï-¾ô-GTÛG-ºhÅ-qºÛ-ZÛm-ŸÛG-Áï¾-h;¼-μôP-GÛ-μôP-hqôm-©ï-¼Å-lô-Xï-M¾-qô-hP-ü Áï¾-h;¼-VôÅ-Çkï-GZÛÅ-mÅ-T-hP-hÛP-h¤G-GÛ-¼Þ-hqôm-;Ým-hG¼-z;º-M-ŸÛG-wïzÅ-bïü G-hP-GŸÛÅ-¯ï-h¤G-¤Û-zM-®¤-Áï¾-h;¼-μôP-hÝ-º‚ô¼-bï-ÁPÅ-hGº-¿km-VôÅ-ºDô¼-HÛ-Gô-¾G-n¤Åü zÇem-ÆâP-hP-„ÀP-h¤G-GÛÅ-ºyôG-zTô¤-¸Ûm-qÅüÁï¾-h;¼-HÛ-Gô-¤±ôm-n¤Å-¤Þ-¤fÞh-z;¼-ºWâG-‚Å-m-zÇem-ÆâP-hP-„ÀP-h¤G-GÛÅ-ºyôG-Zïm-¾-zdïmü DôP-±ô¼-¯ÛÅ-vôh-hGôÅ-±ß¾-Áôh-q| ̄ ÛÅ-vh-hGôÅ-Å¤-¤Û-hGôÅ-ŸïÅü iÛ-z-ŸÛG-zbP-zÅü ¼Þ-hqôm-;Ým-hGº-hP-zM-hqôm-d-¤IÛm-±ï-¼ÛP-GZÛÅ-ˆÛÅ-IôÅ-zÇkÝ¼-‚Å-bïü

47

T-hP-hÛP-h¤G-GÛ-¤fº-¤ºÛ-¾ô-MãÅü 47

G»ôG-GÅÞ¤-¼ï-FÛh-mÅ-d-Áh- Û̂Å-Áï¾-h;¼-μôP-hÝ-wïzÅ-bï-¤±ôm-V-ÆâP-z¼-T-hP-hÛP-h¤G-zM-¥ã¼-z¼-zÇkÝ-¼Þz-‚Åü

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P-¼P-Áï¾-h;¼-hÝ-Gô-¤±ôm-ÆâP-z¼-¤-¤PGÅ-ˆP-hÝÅ-ÁÛG-¾-z;º-ŸÛG-wïzÅ- Û̂-¼ïh-zÅ¤-mÅ-Åï¤Å-mP-I-OÛG-PP-GmÅ-ÁÛP-ü Ç+zÅ-¼ï-P-±ôºÛ-EÛ¤-±P-GÛ-Zï-ºI¤-»ôh-qºÛ-M-h¤G-GÛÅ-P-±ô-wô-GŸôm-n¤Å-Çtô-¾ô-¯ï-z¼-Ç+h-zbP-z-¿e¼-zBôh-ˆÛ-»ôhü

uÛ-¾ô- 1958 ¾ô¼-D¤Å-q-bÛ-Vïm-Ÿ-¼-hP-ü Í-¤hô-Í-

48


¾G-hP-DôP-GÛ-GTßP-qô-GZÛÅ-ÅôGÅü hÛP-¼Û¼-GmÅ-Ç+zÅ-zTº-Çkôh-‚ïh-qºÛ-¤hô-D¤Å- Û̂-¤Û-Ço-ÅÞ¤-Tß-Åô-IPÅ-®¤-±ôGÅ-ºhÝ-º±ôGÅ-q-hï¼-£m-»P-¤-xÛmü

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49


¤Gô-FÅü Í-wô-PG-hzP-ü h-¿eºÛ-M-h¤G-ºhÛ-n¤Å-¾-P-±ôÅ-ºWz-h¤G-zMG-Çeï-PïÅ-q¼-hÝ-M¾-D-„ÀP-fÞz-q-‚ïh-hGôÅü M-h¤G-GÛ-Gô-¤±ôm-hP-ü d-iï¾-ÅôGÅ-P-±ô¼-fôz-XïÅ-zÇem-ÆâP-hP-„ÀP-h¤G-¾-ºIô-zºÛ-V-Aïm-±P-GÛ-¼ïhü hï-¤Ûm-P-±ôºÛ-¤Û-n¤Å-zÇem-ÆâP-hP-„ÀP-h¤G-¾-ºIô-ŸïÅ-q-mÛ-ZÛ-¤-ºzÞh-fzÅ-ˆÛ-Ç+h-V-¼ïhü Eïh-¾ô-GŸôm-uP-IâP-º²ô¤-Aïm-¤HôGÅ-¥ã¼-zBôh-hï-hP-qô-Í-¾G-¾-GÅ¾-zÁh-‚ôÅü Í-¾G-GÛÅ-±ôGÅ-¤Û-GŸm-hP-IôÅ-¤ô¾-‚Å-bï-h¤G-I-zOÛG-GÛ-¼ïh-TïÅ-zÁh-‚ãP-zÅü PÅ-d-wô¼-VG-Iôh-q-MG-PïÅ-vh-hï-¾¤-ÅïP-fôm-mÅ-m¤-xïh-¤-¸Ûm-®¤-¾-ÇKP-h;¼-hÝ-º‚ô¼-bïü Í-¾G-¾-GmÅ-±ß¾-n¤Å-Vh-¾ÞÅ-¤ïh-q¼-zÁh-TÛP-ü P-GZÛÅ-ˆÛÅ-GŸm-n¤Å-¾-IôÅ-zÇkÝ¼-‚ïh-Ç+zÅ-Dô-q-±ôÅ-ºGG-¯¼-G»ô¾-fzÅ-Dô-m-‚ïh-q¼ü Í-¾G-GÛÅ-hP-qô-ºIô-ŸïÅ-ºÞh-Áôz-Áôh-¤Dm-Eïh-±ô-»Ûm-qÅühô-hGôP-PïÅ-q¼-±ôGÅ-ºhÝ¼-»ôP-hGôÅ-ŸïÅ-zÁh-ˆP-¤±m-±ôGÅ-¾-bÛ-Vïm-Ÿ¼-z-ÅôGÅ-¤Û-zTß-iâG-¾Å-¤-º‚ô¼ü

P-hP-Í-¾G-GTïm-GTßP-GÛ-Åï¤Å-¾-ÁÛm-bà-Gmôh-qÅ-h¤G-zMG-Mã-DÅ-¤-„ÀP-mü ±ôGÅ-fôG-hï-G¼-mP-DÞ¾-GÅôh-¼ïÅ-GbôP-Mã-hP-ü ±ôGÅ-fôG-mÅ-ÇKô-D¼-ÅÞ-fôm-»P-PÅ-GÅôh-Mã-DÅ-„ÀPÅ-bï-¼P-ZÛh-ˆÛÅ-ÇKô-ÆâP-mÅ-zÇkh-TÛP-ü ±ôGÅ-fôG-wm-±ßm-¢P-zÁh-¼Û¤-q¼-

50


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51


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52


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53


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54


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T-hP-hÛP-h¤G-GÛ-¼Þ-hqôm-;Ým-hGÅ-G®ôÅ-¤±ôm-V-ÆâP-Bôz-

55


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56


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57

Q-Vïm-hÝ-z=ïÅ-¿eôGÅ-ˆÛ-Fôh-¤Û-ÆôG-zBzÅ-qü 57

¿S-qü

Q-Vïm-hÝ-z=ïÅ-¿eôGÅ- Û̂-Fôh-¤Û-ÆôG-zBzÅ-qü

(1959-1962)

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58


¼Þ-DG-zTß-iâG-bà-zGôÅ-bï-¼Þ-DG-n¤Å-Çkï-±m-GZÛÅ-ÅÞ-h‚ï-Çeï-GTÛG-ZÛm-¤ô-hP-GŸm-hï-hGôP-¤ô-¾Å-;-‚ïh-zTßG-q-hP-ü ¼ïÅ-G¸º-ZÛ-¤¼-GTÛG-Hã¼-GÝP-ÅïP-zŸG-GÛ-»ôhü

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59

Q-Vïm-hÝ-z=ïÅ-¿e ôGÅ-ˆÛ-Fôh-¤Û-ÆôG-zBzÅ-qü 59

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60


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61


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62


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63


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64


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65


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74


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75


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76


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77


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78


qôºÛ-hzÞÅ-h-hÝP-Q-Vïm-JÀôG-DP-ºôG-mÅ-Vß-ºzÞ¼-ºzÞ¼-fôm-HÛ-»ôhü TïÅ-zÁh-‚ãP-z-PÅ-Ç+h-V-XïÅ-¤-hïºÛ-hôm-¤-dôGÅ-ˆP-hï¼-Gô-Mã-Vïm-qô-ŸÛG-»ôh-qºÛ-PôÅ-º²Ûm-‚Åü

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79

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iâG-qü

G®P-DÞ¾-HÛ-IGÅ-Tm-z®ôm-DP-GÅÞ¤-ºIÛ¤Å-qü

(1962-1965)

¾ô-hï¼-M-h;¼-mG-GZÛÅ-h¤G-ºFâG-¾PÅ-Zï-zÅ-M-¤ÛÅ-z®ôm-q-n¤Å-Åô-ÅôºÛ-¤Pº-Çkï-GŸÛÅ-¯ï-hP.ü ¤Pº-¼ÛÅü M¾-¯ïü ¿Ë-Åü¿Ëô-Dü Vz-¤hôü mG-Vß-zTÅ-z®ôm-DP-Åô-Åô¼-¯ÛÅ-vh-TÛP-ü M-¾Å-±ôÅ-z®ôm-q-±ô¼-mP-¤ô¾-±ß¾-hÝ-Å-DÞ¾-Åô-Åô¼-º‚ô¼-XïÅ-EÛ¤-hÝ-¾ôG-Mã-»ôP-¼ï-zXôhü ym-ÅôGÅ-GŸÛÅ-¯ï¼-FÛh-hï-z;¼-DP-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-zTßG-TÛP-ü z;¼-DP-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-¤Û-iâG-zM-®¤-»ôhü Ç+zÅ-hï¼-GŸÛÅ-¯ï-Å-DÞ¾-GTÛG-qÞ¼-z®ôm-q-ºWâG-»Þ¾-Z-¼Û-hP-ü z;¼-DP-üÇo¼-fP-ü Íï-¤-ÇKP-zTÅ-IGÅ-Vï-z-z®ôm-DP-zŸÛ-¼ï¼-h¤º-¤f¼-GŸÛÅ-¯ï-DÞ¾-HÛ-z®ôm-q-zM-yG-zL¾-z-»ôhü

80


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uÛ-¾ô- 1962 ¾ô¼-ÇezÅ-¤-¾ïGÅ-q¼-P-±ôÅ-¼ï-zTô¾-Vï-zºÛ-M-G¼-h¤G-bà-w¤-ZïÅ-‚ãP-ŸÛP-ü P-±ô-JÀôh-MãºÛ-JÀïP-xôGÅ- Û̂-GŸÛ-»P-ºW¤ü hGÝm-hÝÅ-z®ôm-q¼-ÇÀôz-¢ôP-vôh-Ç+zÅ-ŸÐ-¾Þ-zÞ-Çeôm-¼Ûm-qô-Vï-hP-üÁï¾-;¼-JÀÛP-D-væ¾-Ç+Ý-GZÛÅ- Û̂Å-zôh-¤Û-¼ÛGÅ-ºhÛ-w-vïºÞ-‚P-Vßz-Åï¤Å-hqº-hP-¤-ƒG-ÆÛm-¤ô-GZÛÅ-mÅ-‚ãP-±ß¾-zÁh-ˆP.ü M-¾Å- Û̂Å-zôh-qºÛ-zÁh-±ß¾-hï-mô¼-ºFâ¾-»Ûm-q-hP-ü ¤Û-¼ÛGÅ-fôG-¤¼-M-mG-bà-vïºÞ-¾Å-‚ãP-z-zôh-hÝ-G-¾ï¼-h¼-z-ŸÛG-¼ïhü TïÅ-Dô-q-±ôºÛ-zÁh-±ß¾-zhïm-q-»Ûm-qºÛ-DÞPÅ-Bï¾-JÀôG-z½‰m-zÇem-q-ÅôGÅ-‚Å-ÁÛP-ü DôP-n¤-GZÛÅ-¾-z®ôm-q-h¤PÅ- Û̂-Å¼-iÛ-¯h-hP-lÝP-lïG-iG-qô-zbP.ü

¾ô-GTÛG-XïÅ- 1963 ¾ô¼-P-±ô-z®ôm-q-zM-hP-zhÝm-Tß-®¤-z;¼-DP-z®ôm-DP-mÅ-GŸÛÅ- ï̄ºÛ-z®ôm-DP-ÍP-hP-qô-Z-¼Û-wG-IôP-ŸÛP-¼¼-zbP.ŸÛP-ü hï¼-ÇSôm-mÅ-º‚ô¼-zºÛ-z®ôm-q-IPÅ-zMh-Tß-®¤-ºhÝGP-±ô-z;¼-DP-z®ôm-DP-mÅ-»ôP-z-n¤Å-±¾-ŸÛP-ºhïzÅ-¾Å-qºÛ-DôPÅ-ÅÞ-¾Å-zÇ+ôÅ-zMz-Çeïü GŸÛÅ-¯ï¼-»ôh-qºÛ-z®ôm-q¼-P¾-¾Å-zÇ+Ý¾-

81


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89


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91

hzÞÅ-mÅ-Á¼-hÝ-FÛh-qü 91

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92


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96


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97


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98


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100


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102


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104


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110


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124


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126


hGÝ-qü

GÅP-z-ÆâP-Vïh-hqº-zô-hGÝ-¼P-ÆôG-hô¼-zü

(1968-1970)

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GÅP-z-ÆâP-Vïh-hqº-zô-hGÝ-¼P-ÆôG-hô¼-zü 127

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¾ô-hï-GºÛ-hGÝm-¹- 12 ¾-h‚¼-hÝÅ-ŸÛP-¼¼-Zïm-D-z¸ô-zºÛ-

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zTß-qü

zôh-¤Û-zTß-hGÝºÛ-ÆôG-Áô¼-zü(1970-3 1970-8)

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157


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163


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164


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210


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‚Å-qºÛ-Mã-¤±m-ÅôGÅ-GôP-hP-¤±ßPÅ-¾ü GÁïGÅ-hÝÅ-¾ô-Åô-zhÝm-®¤-»Ûmü 4] BïÅ-»Þ¾-hÛP-¼Ûü EÛ¤-¤ÛP-¯-Ç+ô¼ü ¤ÛP-hôm-Iâzü º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-‚Å-qºÛ-Mã-¤±m-ÅôGÅ-GôP-hP-¤±ßPÅ-¾ü GÁïGÅ-hÝÅ-¾ô-zŸÛ-zTß-®¤-»Ûmü 5] BïÅ-»Þ¾-hÛP-¼Û-Áï¾-h;¼-lô-zMhü EÛ¤-¤ÛP-ºzº-ºôG¤ÛP-„Àô-z¸P-ü º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-‚Å-qºÛ-Mã-¤±m-ÅôGÅ-GôP-hP-¤±ßPÅ-¾| GÁïGÅ-hÝÅ-¾ô-ÅÞ¤-Tß-Åô-IPÅ-®¤-»Ûmü 6] BïÅ-»Þ¾-hÛP-¼Û-M¾-mô¼ü EÛ¤-¤ÛP-hGôm-GÅ¼ü ¤ÛP-zÞ-VßP-ü º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-‚Å-qºÛ-Mã-¤±m-ÅôGÅ-GôP-hP-¤±ßPÅ-¾ü z;¼-DP-mÅ-Z-¼Û-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-zbP-Çeï-¿eôGÅ-z=ïÅ-PP-ºhÅü hï-hÝÅ-m-±ôh-¾ô-Zï¼-zMh-®¤-»Ûmü 7] BïÅ-»Þ¾-hÛP-¼Û-M¾-mô¼ü EÛ¤-¤ÛP-D-TßP-ü ¤ÛP-zÞ-wÞm-±ôGÅü º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-‚Å-qºÛ-Mã-¤±m-GôP-hP-¤±ßPÅ-¾ü uÛ-¾ô-1959 ¾ô-mÅ-z;¼-DP-z®ôm-DP-ÅôGÅ-ÅÞ-zTßG-mÅ-¤f¼-uÛ-¾ô-1961 ¾ô¼-GŸÛÅ-¯ï-Ço¼-fP-ŸÛP-¼¼-¿eôGÅ-¼Ûh-PP-ºhÅü hï-hÝÅ-¾ô-ÅÞ¤-Tß-Åô-zhÝm-®¤-»Ûmü 8] BïÅ-»Þ¾-hÛP-¼Û-M¾-mô¼ü EÛ¤-¤ÛP-m-Á¼ü ¤ÛP-zÞ-¼Ûm-Vïmü º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-‚Å-qºÛ-Mã-¤±m-ÅôGÅ-zÞ-wÞm-±ôGÅ-hP-¤±ßPÅ-

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¾| GÁïGÅ-hÝÅ-¾ô-ÅÞ¤-Tß-Åô-zMh-®¤-»Ûmü 9] BïÅ-»Þ¾-hÛP-¼Û-¯ÛzÅ-¼Û-‚P-ü EÛ¤-¤ÛP-ÇSôm-qôü ¤ÛP-zÞ-;Ým-hGºü º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-‚Å-qºÛ-Mã-¤±m-ÅôGÅ-zÞ-¼Ûm-Vïm-hP-¤±ßPÅ-¾| GÁïGÅ-hÝÅ-¾ô-ÅÞ¤-Tß-Åô-zŸÛ-®¤-»Ûmü 10] BïÅ-»Þ¾-w-iâG Áï¾-h;¼-VôÅ-ÇkïºÛ-IÔ-q-¾ÞP-dôGÅ-VôÅ-ºwï¾ü MP-wÞG-GŸÛÅ-hqôm-»Ûm-qÅ-uÛ-¾ô- 1959 ¾ô¼-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-‚Å-bïü GŸÛÅ-¯ï-z;¼-DP-hÝ-zTßG-mÅ-uÛ-¾ô- 1960®¤-¾-¤ÞG-ÁÛ-fïzÅü 11] BïÅ-»Þ¾-hÛP-¼Û-¾ô-¾ôü EÛ¤-¤ÛP-h‚ï¼-¼ü ¤ÛP-Lm-VïmüuÛ-¾ô- 1959 ¾ô¼-¾ô-¾ôºÛ-Lm-qô-»Ûm-qÅ-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-‚Å-bïü z;¼-DP-z®ôm-DP-ÅôGÅ-ÅÞ-¼Û¤-qÅ-zTßG-q-hP-ü hï-XïÅ-ZÛP-FÛ¼-FÛh-hï-uÛ-¾ô- 1961 ¾ô¼-ZÛP-FÛ-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-¤ÞG-ÁÛ-fïzÅü hï-hÝÅ-¾ô-zŸÛ-zTß-Ÿï-¿S-®¤-»Ûmü 12] BïÅ-»Þ¾-hÛP-¼Û-w-iâG ¤ÛP-„Àô-z¸P-lô-Xïü IÔ-q-»Ûm-q-hP-ü D¼-dºÛ-GŸÛÅ-hqôm-»Ûm-qÅ-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-GÛÅ-z;¼-DP-hÝ-zTßG-q-hP-ü uÛ-¾ô- 1961 ¾ô¼-z®ôm-DP-hï-G¼-¿eôGÅ-ÁÛ-fïzÅü hï-hÝÅ-¾ô-iâG-Tß-®¤-»Ûmü 13] BïÅ-»Þ¾-hÛP-¼Û-GmÅ-GÅï¼-¤ôü ¤ÛP-zG-Iôü Áï¾-h;¼-

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M-GŸÝP-GÛ-Çk ÝG-¯çz-ºôG-±ï-ÆôG-Áô¼-zºÛ-zôh-¤Ûü 297

VôÅ-ÇkïºÛ-IÔ-q-»Ûm-q-hP-ü ¾Å-Çoï-»Ûm-q¼-zdïm-uÛ-¾ô- 1959 ¾ô¼-º²Ûm-z Þ̧P-‚Å-bïü z;¼-DP-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-zTßG-mÅ-uÛ-¾ô- 1961 ¾ô¼-z®ôm-DP-hï-G¼-¿eôGÅ-ÁÛ-fïzÅü hï-hÝÅ-¾ô-zŸÛ-zTß-®¤-»Ûmü 14] BïÅ-»Þ¾-hÛP-¼Û-w-iâG EÛ¤-¤ÛP-±ÛÅ-¼ôh-Ç¨hü ¤ÛP-„Àô-z¸P-¼ÛG-Iô¾ü Áï¾-h;¼-VôÅ-ÇkïºÛ-IÔ-q-hP-¾Å-Çoï-»Ûm-q¼-zdïmüuÛ-¾ô- 1959 ¾ô¼-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-‚Å-bï-z;¼-DP-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-zTßGuÛ-¾ô- 1961 ¾ô¼-z®ôm-DP-hï-G¼-¿eôGÅ-ÁÛ-fïzÅü hï-hÝÅ-¾ô-¿S-zTß-P-GTÛG-®¤-»Ûmü 15] BïÅ-»Þ¾-hÛP-¼Û-Áï¾-h;¼ü ¤ÛP-±ôP-q-Çtïm-q-±ï-¼ÛP-üº²Ûm-z¸ÞP-‚ïh-hGôÅ-Mã-¤±m-GÅ¾-ÁïÅ-¤-‚ãP-»P-ü uÛ-¾ô- 1959¾ô¼-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-‚Å-bï-z;¼-DP-hÝ-zTßG-q-hP-hï-XïÅ-Íï-¤-ÇKP-ŸÛP-¼¼-FÛhü Å-GmÅ-hï-G¼-uÛ-¾ô- 1961 ¾ô¼-¿eôGÅ-ÁÛ-fïzÅü hï-hÝÅ-¾ô-zŸÛ-zTß-Ÿï-IPÅ-®¤-»Ûmü 16] BïÅ-»Þ¾-hÛP-¼Û-Á-lô¼ü EÛ¤-¤ÛP-Vô-¾ôü ¤ÛP-¿ËG-qü T-hP-hÛP-h¤G-GÛ-Ÿ¾-Pô-»Ûm-qÅ-uÛ-¾ô- 1959 ¾ô¼-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-‚Å-bïü z;¼-DP-hP-ü ¿Ë-Å¼-FÛh-hï-¤f¼-mô¼-JÀÛP-hÝ-¿eôGÅ-ÁÛ-fïzÅü hï-hÝÅ-¾ô-iâG-Tß-¼ï-zŸÛ-®¤-»Ûmü 17] BïÅ-»Þ¾-hÛP-¼Û-w-iâG EÛ¤-¤ÛP-z-¾Åü ¤ÛP-„Àô-z¸P-

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VôÅ-ºwï¾ü Áï¾-h;¼-VôÅ-ÇkïºÛ-IÔ-q-»Ûm-q-hP-ü ¤±ô-h;¼-GŸÛÅ-;ºÛ-GŸÛÅ-hqôm-»Ûm-qÅ-uÛ-¾ô- 1959 ¾ô¼-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-‚Å-bïüz;¼-DP-z®ôm-DP-hÝ-zTßG-q-hP-uÛ-¾ô- 1961 ¾ô¼-z®ôm-DP-hï-G¼-¿eôGÅ-ÁÛ-fïzÅü 18] BïÅ-»Þ¾-D¤Å-Çkï-hGïü EÛ¤-¤ÛP-d-G»ôP-ü ¤ÛP-±ï-¼ÛP-lô-Xïü uÛ-¾ô- 1959 ¾ô¼-Çkï-hGï¼-h¤G-ºfz-Ç+zÅ-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-‚Å-bïü Çkï-hGï-hP-Vz-¤hôü ±-z-Çtô¤-¤hº-zTÅ-ÅÞ-¼Û¤-HÛÅ-z®ôm-zTßG-‚Å-q-hP-ü ¤f¼-Çtô-zô-v-©ôG-bà-zTßG-mÅ-¾ô-ÁÅ-h;º-P¾-TÛ-VïºÛ-PP-¤f¼-uÛ-¾ô- 1974 ¾ô¼-ÁÛP-zTh-mÅ-¼Û-mÅ-ºIÛ¾-Ç+zÅ-ºwôG-mÅ-ºhÅü hï-hÝÅ-¾ô-¿S-zTß-P-iâG-®¤-»Ûmü 19] BïÅ-»Þ¾-¿Ëô-D-hÐGÅ-qôü EÛ¤-¤ÛP-;ô-¯ü ¤ÛP-zÅôh-m¤Å-ÇeôzÅ-M¾ü EÛ¤-±P-zÇem-ÆâP-hP-„ÀP-h¤G-GÛ-wôGÅ-DP-‚Å-qºÛ-Mã-¤±m-¾-zdïmü uÛ-¾ô- 1959 ¾ô¼-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-‚Å-bï-M-±-μôP-hP-ü ;ôP-qô¼-zbP-Çeï-uÛ-¾ô- 1980 ¾ô¼-Çtô-zô-v-©ôG-bà-ºhÅü hï-hÝÅ-¾ô-zhÝm-Tß-hôm-IPÅ-»Ûmü 20] GôP-ºDôh-;ô-®-zÅôh-m¤Å-ÇeôzÅ-MÅ-ˆÛ-zÞü w-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-‚Å-XïÅ-M-h¤G-n¤Å-EÛ¤-±P-hÝ-GmÅ-Çkôh-‚Å-bï-¼P-GÛ-GTïm-¤ô¼-z®m-G»ï¤-GbôP-Ç+zÅü GTßP-qôÅ-ºGôG-fzÅ-‚Å-q¼-M-h¤G-

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GÛÅ-¤ï-¤hº-ºwPÅ-mÅ-zÅhü hï-hÝÅ-zÞ-hï-¾ô-ZÛ-ÁÝ-®¤-»Ûmü GmÅ-±ß¾-ºhÛ-;ô-®-zÅôh-m¤Å-ÇeôzÅ-M¾-DôP-¼P-ZÛh-ˆÛÅ-ym-PG-hzP-¾-GÅÞPÅ-q-ŸÛG-»Ûmü 21] BïÅ-»Þ¾-¿Ë-Åü ¤ÛP-„À-xG-±ï-GŸômü hï-ÇSôm-wïzÅ-‚¤Å-ºGô-q-»Ûm-q-hP-ü uÛ-¾ô- 1959 ¾ô¼-Hïm-¾PÅ-mP-zBôh-q¼-zdïm-º²Ûm-z¸ÞP-‚Å-bïü ¤f¼-Çtô-zô-v-©ôG-bà-zbP-mÅ-v-¾ÞP-hÝ-uÛ-¾ô- 1969 ¾ô¼-M-¾Å-ÁºÞ-lô-XïÅ-lÝP-lïG-zbP-mÅ-ºhÅü hï-hÝÅ-¾ô-¿S-zTß-®¤-»Ûmü

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