14 Mader - The Senses

8/17/2019 14 Mader - The Senses

1/55

Chapter 14

The Senses


2/55

Points to Ponder

• What are sensory receptors?

• How do we detect the sense of taste and smell?

• What is the anatomy of the eye?

• How do we focus images?• What are some eye abnormalities?

• What is the anatomy of the ear?

• Which parts function in balance and which partsfunction in hearing?


3/55

Points to Ponder

• Apakah yang dimaksud dengan reseptorsensorik?

• Bagaimana cara kita mendeteksi rasa dan bau?

• Apa yang merupakan anatomi mata ?• Bagaimana cara kita memusatkan gambar?

• Apa sajakah yang merupakan kelainan pada

mata?

• Apa yang merupakan anatomi telinga?

• Bagian mana yang berfungsi setimbang dan

bagian yang mana berfungsi mendengar?


4/55

Sensory receptors

• Sensory receptors – dendrites specialized

to detect certain types of stimuli

– Exteroceptors: detect stimuli from outside the

body (e.g. taste, hearing, vision)

– Interoceptors: receive stimuli from inside the

body (e.g. change in blood pressure)

14.1 Sensory receptors and sensations


5/55

Reseptor sensorik

• Sensory receptors – dendrit

mengkhususkan untuk mendeteksi jenis

stimuli tertentu

– Exteroceptors: mendeteksi stimuli dari luar

badan (e.g.rasa, pendengaran,penglihatan)

– Interoceptors: menerima stimuli dari dalam

badan (e.g.perubahan dalam tekanan darah)



6/55

Types of sensory receptors

• Chemoreceptors – respond to nearby chemicals – Pain receptors – a type of chemoreceptors that

respond to chemicals released by damaged tissue

• Photoreceptors – respond to light energy

• Mechanoreceptors – respond to mechanicalforces such as pressure

• Thermoreceptors – stimulated by temperaturechanges



7/55

Jenis-jenis Reseptor Sensori

• Chemoreceptors – bereaksi terhadap bahankimia yang dekat – Pain receptors (sel yang peka rangsangan sakit) –

suatu jenis chemoreceptors yang bereaksi terhadapbahan kimia yang di lepaskan oleh jaringan yang dirusakkan.

• Photoreceptors – bereaksi terhadap energi(cahaya)

• Mechanoreceptors – bereaksi terhadap

kekuatan mekanis seperti tekanan• Thermoreceptors – yang dirangsang oleh

peruabahan temperatur



8/55

Senses and the receptors involved


Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.


9/55

How does sensation occur?

• Sensory receptors respond toenvironmental stimuli

• Nerve impulses travel to thecerebral cortex

• Sensation (consciousperception) of stimuli occurs

• Sensory adaptation, decrease

in stimulus response, canoccur with repetitive stimuli(i.e. odor)



spinal cord

brain

sensory receptor

stimulusPeripheral

Nervous System

nerve impulsesalong sensory

fiber

Central

Nervous System


10/55

Bagaimana cara terjadi sensasi

• Reseptor sensorik bereaksiterhadap stimuli lingkungan

• Perjalanan impuls saraf kekulit/lapisan otak

• Sensasi (persepsi sadar)terjadi di stimuli

• Sensori adaptasi, penurunan

tanggapan stimulus , dapatterjadi dengan stimuli berulang(yaitu ; bau)



spinal cord

brain

sensory receptor

stimulusPeripheral

Nervous System

nerve impulsesalong sensory

fiber

Central

Ntervous System


11/55

Proprioceptors

• Mechanoreceptors

involved in reflex

actions that maintain

muscle tone

14.1 Proprioceptors and cutaneous receptors


muscle fiber

muscle spindle

quadricepsmuscle

tendon

1

1

2

2

bundle of

muscle fibers


12/55

Proprioceptors

• Mechanoreceptors

melibatkan tindakan

refleks yang

memelihara nada otot



muscle fiber

muscle spindle

quadricepsmuscle

tendon

1

1

2

2

bundle of

muscle fibers


13/55

Cutaneous receptors• Receptors in the

dermis that make theskin sensitive to

touch, pressure, pain

and temperature



epidermis

dermis

Merkel disks (touch)

free nerve endings

(pain, heat, cold)

Meissner

corpuscles (touch)

Pacinian corpuscles

(pressure)

Ruffini endings

(pressure)

Krause end

bulbs (touch)

root hair plexus (touch)


14/55

Cutaneous receptors• Receptors didalam

dermis membuat kulitsensitiv ketika

disentuh , tekanan ,

kesakitan , dan

temperature



epidermis

dermis

Merkel disks (touch)

free nerve endings

(pain, heat, cold)

Meissner

corpuscles (touch)

Pacinian corpuscles

(pressure)

Ruffini endings

(pressure)

Krause end

bulbs (touch)

root hair plexus (touch)

1 3 S f


15/55

Taste receptors

• Sensitive to sweet, sour, salty and bitter tastes in food

• 3,000 taste buds mostly on the tongue

• 80-90% of what we perceive as taste is actually due tothe sense of smell

14.3 Senses of taste and smell


10µM

a.

epiglottistonsils

taste bud

supporting cell

microvillitaste cellconnective tissue

papillae

sensory nerve fiber taste pore

d. Tas te buds e. One tas te budb. Tongue c. Papillae

a: © ConeylJay/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (all tastebuds): © Omikron/SPL/Photo

Researchers, Inc.

14 3 S f t t d ll


16/55

Taste receptors• sensitif dengan manis , asam , asin dan rasa pahit

didalam makanan

• 3,000 perasa pada lidah yang kebanyakan terdapat padalidah atas

• 80-90% dari yang kita rasa berkaitan dengan indera bau.

14.3 Senses of taste and smell


10µM

a.

epiglottistonsils

taste bud

supporting cell

microvillitaste cellconnective tissue

papillae

sensory nerve fiber taste pore

d. Tas te buds e. One tas te budb. Tongue c. Papillae

a: © ConeylJay/Photo Researchers, Inc.; (all tastebuds): © Omikron/SPL/Photo

Researchers, Inc.

14 4 S f i i


17/55

Anatomy of the eye

• 2 compartments:

– Anterior chamber : between the cornea and lens filled

with a clear fluid called aqueous humor

– Posterior chamber: most of the eye, behind the lens

contains a gelatinous material called vitreous humor

• Made of 3 layers/coats –

A. Sclera: mostly white and fibrous except the corneaB. Choroid: darkly, pigmented vascular layer

C. Retina: inner layer containing photoreceptors

14.4 Sense of vision

14 4 S f i i


18/55

Anatomy of the eye

• 2 compartments:

– Anterior chamber :antara kornea mata dan lensa

mengisi dengan suatu cairan bersih aqueous humor

– Posteriorchamber : kebanyakan dari mata,

dibelakang lensa berisi suatu meterial agar-agar

vitreous humor

- Yang dibuat dari 3 layers/coats –

A. Sclera:kebanyakan berserat dan putih kecuali korneamata

B. Choroid:dalam gelap , lapisan pigmented vascular

C. Retina: bagian dalam lapisan yang berisi photoreceptors


14 4 S f i i


19/55

Anatomy of the eye


ciliary body

lens

iris

pupil

cornea

optic nerve

fovea centralis

retina

choroid

sclera

retina

choroid

sclera

retinal blood

vessels

posterior compartment

filled with vitreous humor

suspensory

ligament

anterior compartment

filled with

aqueous humor


14 4 Sense of ision


20/55

A. The eye: Sclera

• Sclera – the white of the eye that maintainseye shape

– Cornea: transparent portion of the sclera that

is important in refracting light – Pupil: a hole that allows light into the eyeball


14 4 Sense of vision


21/55

A. The eye: Sclera

• Sclera –bagian mata yang putihmemelihara bentuk mata

– Cornea: bagian transparant sclera yang

terpenting adalah membelokan cahaya – Pupil:suatu cahaya yang mengijinkan cahaya

kedalam bola mata




22/55

B. The eye: Choroid

• Choroid – middle layer that absorbs lightrays that are not absorbed by the retina

– Iris: donut-shaped, colored structure thatregulates the size of the pupil

– Ciliary body: a structure behind the iris thatcontains a muscle that control the shape of thelens

• Lens – attached to the ciliary body andfunctions to refract and focus light rays




23/55

B. The eye: Choroid

• Choroid – lapisan pertengahan yangmenyerap sinar cahaya yang tdak diserapoleh retina

– Iris:struktur diwarnai donut-shaped yangmengatur ukuran pupil

– Ciliary body:suatu struktur dibelakang iris yangberisi suatu otot yang mengendalikan bentuk

lensa• Lens – yang dihubungkan dengan ciliary body

dan berfungsi untuk mematahkan/membelokkandan memusatkan sinar cahaya




24/55

Anatomy of the eye14.4 Sense of vision

ciliary body

lens

iris

pupil

cornea

optic nerve

fovea centralis

retina

choroid

sclera

retina

choroid

sclera

retinal blood

vessels

posterior compartment

filled with vitreous humor

suspensory

ligament

anterior compartment

filled with

aqueous humor




25/55

The eye: The lens

• The lens is a flexible,transparent and concavestructure

• The lens accommodates,changes shape, to focuslight on the retina in orderto form an image

• As we age the lens loseselasticity and we useglasses to correct for this


ciliary muscle relaxed

lens flattened

light rays

suspensory ligament taut

ciliary muscle contracted

lens rounded

suspensory li gament relaxedb. Focusing on

near object

a. Focusing o n

distant object

ciliary body




26/55

The eye: The lens

• Lensa adalah suatu yangfleksibel , transparan ,dan melubangi struktur

• Lensamengakomodasi,berubah

bentuk, untuk memusatkancahaya pada retina dalamrangka membentuk suatugambaran

• Ketika kita berumur kita

kehilangan elastisitaslensa mata danmenggunakan kacamatauntuk mengoreksi nya.


ciliary muscle relaxed

lens flattened

light rays

suspensory ligament taut

ciliary muscle contracted

lens rounded

suspensory li gament relaxedb. Focusing on

near object

a. Focusing o n

distant object

ciliary body




27/55

C. The eye: Retina

• Contains photoreceptors called rods and cones

• Rods are sensitive to light

• Cones require bright light and see wavelengths of light (color)

• The fovea centralis is an area of the retina densely packed withcones where images are focused

• Sensory receptors from the retina form the optic nerve that takes

impulses to the brain

• The blindspot is where the optic nerve attaches and lacks vision




28/55

C. The eye: Retina

• Isi photorceptors di sebut tangkai dan kerucut

• Tangkai sensitif untuk cahaya

• Kerucut memerlukan cahaya yang terang dan melihat panjang

gelombang cahaya (warna)

• Fovea centralis adalah suatu area retina yang terbungkus rapatdengan kerucut dimana gambar dipusatkan

• Reseptor sensory dari retina membentuk syaraf yang berhubung

dengan mata yang mengambil impuls ke otak

• Blindspot yaitu dimana saraf optik yang berhubungan dengan matadan kekurangan visi




29/55

Anatomy of the retina


to optic nerve

sclera

choroid

retina

b. Micrograph of retina

light rays

optic

nerve

a. Location of retina

blind

spot

axons of

ganglion cells

rod cell

and cone

cell l ayer

ganglion

cell layer

bipolar

cell l ayer


b: © Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc.



30/55

C. The eye: Photoreceptors of the

retina• Rods:

– Contain a visual pigment called rhodopsin

– Important for peripheral and night vision

– Vitamin A is important for proper functioning

• Cones:

– Located mostly in the fovea – Allow us to detect fine detail and color

– 3 different kinds of cones containing red,green and blue pigments




31/55

C. The eye: Photoreceptors of the

retina• Rods:

– Berisi suatu pigmen yang disebut rhodopsin

– Penting untuk sekeliling dan penglihatan

malam – Vitamin A penting untuk fungsi

• Cones:

– Kebanyakan terletak di fovea – Mengijinkan untuk mendeteksi detil yangbagus dan warna

– 3 macam kerucut yang berbeda yang berisi

pigmen merah, hijau dan biru




32/55

Rods and cones in the retina


cell body

cone cell

rod cell

nucleus

inner segment

outer segment

synaptic endings

membrane of di sk

retinal

opsin

20 µma. b.

ion channelsin plasma

membrane

synaptic

vesicles

membrane

of disk

Rhodopsin molecule

(opsin + retinal)

ion

channels

close

light

rays


a: © Lennart Nilsson, from The Incredible Machine



33/55

Summary of eye structures14.4 Sense of vision




34/55

Abnormalities of the eye• Color blindness – genetic disease most common in

males in which they usually cannot see red or green

• Cataracts – lens of the eye is cloudy

• Glaucoma – fluid pressure builds up in the eye

• Astigmatism – condition in which the cornea or lens isuneven leading to a fuzzy image

• Nearsightedness – eyeball is too long making it hard tosee far away objects

• Farsightedness – eyeball is too short making it hard tosee near objects




35/55

Abnormalities of the eye• Color blindness – penyakit keturunan yang paling umum

pada pria dimana mereka tidak bisa melihat warna merahdan hijau.

• Cataracts – lensa tentang mata berawan

• Glaucoma – tekanan cairan yang menambah kekuatanpada mata

• Astigmatism – kondisi dimana kornea mata atau lensamendorong ke arah tidak seimbang suatu gambaranyang tidak jelas

• Nearsightedness – bola mata terlalu panjang membuatitu susah untuk melihat objek yang jauh.

• Farsightedness – bola mata terlalu pendek membuat itususah unutk melihat objek yang dekat



36/55

Abnormalities of the eye that are corrected

with lensesCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

a. Nearsightedness

b. Farsightedness

normal

eyeball

Long eyeball; rays focus in front o f

retina when viewing distant objects.

Concave lens allows subject

to see distant objects.

normal

eyeball

Short eyeball; rays fo cus behind

retina when viewing close objects.

Convex lens allows subject

to see close objects.

Uneven lens allo ws subject

to see objects clearly.

Uneven cornea;

rays do not focus evenly .

c. Astigmatism

14.5 Sense of hearing


37/55

Anatomy of the ear

• The ear functions in hearing and balance

• 3 divisions: A. Outer ear : functions in hearing; filled with air

B. Middle ear : functions in hearing; filled with air

C. Inner ear : functions in hearing and balance;filled with fluid

g



38/55

Anatomy of the ear

• Telinga berfungsi mendengar dan

menyeimbangkan

• 3 divisi:

A. Telinga luar :berfungsi mendengar; mengisi

dengan udara

B. Telinga pertengahan:berfungsi mendengar;

mengisi dengan udara

C. Labirin berfungsi mendengar dan

menyeimbangkan; mengisi dengan cairan

g



39/55

A. The ear: Outer ear

• Includes:

– Pinna: the external ear flap that catches

sound waves

– Auditory canal: directs sound waves to the

tympanic membrane

• lined with fine hairs and modified sweat glands

that secrete earwax

g



40/55

A. The ear: Outer ear

• Meliputi :

– Pinna:telinga yang eksternal mengepakkan

gelombang suara tangkapan itu

– Auditory canal: mengarahkan gelombang

suara kepada gendang telinga

– Dilapisi dengan rambut bagus dan kelenjar

pulih dimodifikasi yang mengeluarkan tahitelinga



41/55

B. The ear: Middle ear

• Includes:

– Tympanic membrane (eardrum): membrane

that vibrates to carry the wave to the bones

– 3 small bones called ossicles (malleus, incus,

stapes): amplify sound waves

– Eustachian tube: a tube that connects from

the throat to the middle ear and is used toequalize pressure so the eardrum does not

burst



42/55

B. The ear: Middle ear • Meliputi :

– Tympanic membrane ( Gendang telinga):

selaput yang bergetar unrtuk membawa

gelombang itu sampai kedalam.

– 3 tulang kecil disebut ossicles (malleus,incus, stapes): memperkuat gelombang

suara

– Eustachian tube: suatu tabung yangmenghubungkan kerongkongan ke telinga

bagian dalam dan digunakan untuk

menyamakan tekanan sehingga gendang

telinga tidak retak



43/55

Following the sound wave

round window

cochlea

vestibule

stapes semicircular canals

incus

malleus

Outer ear Middle ear Inner ear

pinna

vestibular

nerve

cochlear

nerve

temporal

bone

auditory

tube

auditory

canal

tympanic

membrane




44/55

C. The ear: Inner ear

• Important for both hearing and balance

• 3 areas: cochlea, semicircular canals, vestibule

• Stapes (middle ear bone) vibrates and strikesthe membrane of the oval window causing fluidwaves in the cochlea

• Vestibule – gravitational equilibrium

• Semicircular canals – rotational equilibrium



45/55

C. The ear: Inner ear

• Penting untuk kedua pendengar dan

menyeimbangkan• 3 area : pembuluh dalam telinga (cochlea),

saluran bebrbentuk setengah lingkaran(semicircular canals), ruang depan (vestibule)

• Stapes (tulang telingah pertengahan) bergetardan membentur selaput jendela yang oval yangmenyebabkan ombak cairan di dalampembuluh dalam telinga.

• Vestibule – keseimbangan gravitasi

• Semicircular canals – keseimbangan rotasi



46/55

C. The ear: Cochlea

• Converts vibrations into nerve impulses

• Contains the organ of Corti (spiral organ) sense

organ containing hairs for hearing – Bending of embedded hairs cause vibrations that

send nerve impulses to the cochlear nerve and then

to the brain

– Pitch is determined by varying wave frequencies thatare detected by different parts of the organ of Corti

– Volume is determined by the amplitude of sound

waves



47/55

C. The ear: Cochlea

• Merubah getaran menjadi saraf impuls• Isi organ badan Corti (bagian badan) organ

yang berguna yang berisi rambut untuk

mendengar

– Lentur rambut yang ditempelkan menyebabkan

getaran yang mengirimkan impuls syaraf ke koklear

syaraf dan kemudian kepada otak

– Titik nada ditentukan dengan bermacama-macam

gelombang frekuensi radio yang dideteksi oleh

berbeda-beda bagian-bagian dari organ badan corti

– Volume ditentukan oleh amplitudo gelombang suara



48/55

The inner ear: HearingCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

2 µm

Cochlea cross section

Spiral Organ

tectorial membrane

hair cell

stereocilia

cochlear nerve

stapes

oval window

cochlea

round window

Stereocilia

semicircular

canals

vestibular

canal

tympanic

canal

cochlear

nerve

basilar

membrane

tympanic

canal

© P. Motta/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.

cochlear canal



49/55

The inner ear: The organ of Corti

Spiral Organ

hair cell

stereocilia

tectorial membrane

basilar

membrane

tympanic

canalcochlear nerve



50/55

Please note that due to differing

operating systems, some animations

will not appear until the presentation is

viewed in Presentation Mode (Slide

Show view). You may see blank slides

in the “ Normal” or “ Slide Sorter” views. All an imations wil l appear after v iew ing

in Presentation Mode and playing each

animation. Most animations will require

the latest version of the Flash Player,

which is available at

http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer.

14.6 Sense of equilibrium


51/55

The inner ear: Semicircular canals and

vestibule

• Detects movement of the head in thevertical and horizontal planes(gravitational equilibrium)

– Depends on hair cells in the utricle andsaccule

• Detects angular movement (rotationalequilibrium)

– Depends on hair cells at the base of eachsemicircular canal (ampulla)



52/55

The inner ear: Semicircular canals and

vestibule

• Merasakan gerak-gerik kepala di bidangvertikel dan horizontal (keseimbangangravitasi)

– Bergantung pada rambut sel di utricle dansaccule

• Mendeteksi pergerakan sudut(keseimbangan rotasi)

– Bergantung pada sel rambut di dasar daritiap saluran berbentuk setengah lingkaran(ampulla)



53/55

The inner ear: BalanceCopyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

vestibular nerve

vestibular nerve

receptor in ampulla endolymph

ampullae

cochlea

kinocilium

supporting cell

hair cell

hair cell

otoliths

cupula

endolymph

flow of endolymph

stereocilia

stereocilia

utricle

saccule

a. Rotational equilibrium: receptors in ampullae of semicircular canal b.Gravitational equilibrium: receptors in utricle and saccule of vestibule

semicircular

canals

otolithic

membrane

supporting

cell

vestibular

nerve

flow of otolithic

membrane



54/55

Bioethical focus: Noise pollution

• Loud noises (>85 decibels) or chronic noise candamage inner ear cells

• Environmental noise can cause mental health

issues such as inability to concentrate, anincrease in irritability and anxiety

• Noise can cause loss of sleep and productivity

and can lead to anxiety

• What should be done about noise pollution?



55/55

Bioethical focus: Noise pollution

• Suara gaduh yang nyaring (> 85) atau suaragaduh kronis dapat merusakkan sel labirin

• Suara gaduh lingkungan dapat menyebabkanpersoalan kesehatan mental, seperti

ketidakmampuan berkonsentrasi, meningkatkansifat lekas marah dan ketertarikan

• Suara gaduh dapat menyebabkan hilangnyatidur dan produktivitas dan dapat mendorong ke

arah ketertarikan.• Apa yang sebaiknya dilakukan tentang polusi

suara gaduh?

14 Mader - The Senses

Documents

Transcript of 14 Mader - The Senses