Section 5.1 Explain why standards are necessary for networking
1.4 Explain the Functions of Networking Hardware - Student Copy
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1.0 INTRODUCTION TO
NETWORKING
1.4 Explain the functions of networking hardware
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1.4.1Identify various types of Network Interface
Card
a.
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OBE Method
1. The "One Minute Paper"
2. Note Comparison/Sharing
3. Visual Lists / Mind Mapping
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Network Interface Cards
The network interface card (NIC) provides the
physical connection between the network and the
computer workstation.
Most NICs are internal, and they are included in the
purchase of most computers.
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Network Interface Cards
Network interface cards are a major factor in
determining the speed and performance of a
network.
It is a good idea to use the fastest network card
available for the type of workstation you are using.
The most common network interface connectionsare Ethernet cards and wireless adapters
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a. Cards on expansion board inside a
computer (PCI NIC, PCI Express NIC)
A type of computer hardware that can be installedwithin a computers case, directly onto the
motherboard of the computer.
Installed into a peripheral component interconnect
(PCI) slot on a computers motherboard. Allow the computer to connect directly to some type
of network, either a wired network through an
Ethernet or similar cable or a wireless network,
depending on the card. Often used for desktop computers, rather than
laptops, since internal installations are easier on a
desktop.
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http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-ethernet.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-wireless-network.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-wireless-network.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-wireless-network.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-wireless-network.htmhttp://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-ethernet.htm -
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b. Cards installed to the computers bus externally
(PCMCIA adapter, USB port, FireWire, Compact Flash
NIC)
A PCMCIA network card, or PC Card, enables laptop computers to
connect to the Internet and Local Area Networks (LAN) via a CAT-5
Ethernet cable or wireless radio.
A PCMCIA network card encompasses a multitude of network
technologies, including modem, facsimile, Ethernet, and wireless
adapters.
Using a PCMCIA network card, computers can communicate with
other devices connected to the network and access the World Wide
Web.
Network cards facilitate a variety of functions, including file transfers,
web browsing, and resource sharing between systems. PCMCIA network card devices are typically about the size of a credit
card and utilize a 68-pin dual row connector interface; the thickness
can vary, based on the type of PCMCIA network card.
The network cards operate on 5-volt and 3.3-volt sockets and run on
a 33 megahertz frequency.7
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d. Wireless NIC Adapters
Abbreviated as WNIC, awireless network interface card
is a network cardwhich is used to connect radio-based computer networks.
WNICs uses an antenna to communicate through microwaves and is
typically connected using the computer's PCI bus orUSB port.
Similar to a Network Interface Card (NIC), the WNIC also works on Layer 1
and Layer 2 of the OSI Model.
Wireless adapters are found in most portable devices, such as laptops,
smart phones, and tablet devices.
External wireless adapters can be purchased and installed on most
computers having an open USB (Universal Serial Bus) port, or unused
expansion slot.
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http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/P/PCI.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/U/USB.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/U/USB.htmlhttp://www.webopedia.com/TERM/P/PCI.html -
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1.4.3Illustrate the functions of LAN connectivity
hardware
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Repeaters are simple two-port signal amplifiers.
They are used in a bus topology to extend the
maximum distance that can be spanned on a cable
run.
The strength of the signal is boosted as it travels
down the wire.
A repeater will receive a digital signal on one of its
ports, amplify it, and transmit it out the other side.
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Repeaters function similar to stereo amplifiers.
They simply boost whatever they receive and send it
on its way.
Unfortunately the signal they receive could be a goodframe of data, a bad frame of data, or even
background noise.
A repeater does not discern data quality; it simply
looks at each of the individual digital pulses and
amplifies them.
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Hubs
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Hubs are probably the most common piece of network
hardware after network interface cards.
Physically, they are boxes of varying sizes that have
multiple female RJ-45 connectors.
Each connector is designed to accept one twisted-pair
cable outfitted with a male RJ-45 connector.
This twisted-pair cable is then used to connect a single
server or workstation to the hub.
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Hubs
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Hubs are essentially multi-port repeaters that support
twisted-pair cables in a star typology.
Each node communicates with the hub, which in turn
amplifies the signal and transmits it on its remaining ports.
As with a repeater, hubs work at the electrical level.
Because hubs have no way to determine if a frame is good
or bad, they should be looked at, when you design your
network typology, as functionally identical to repeaters.
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Hub & Bridge connections in Network
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Switches Switches are the marriage of hub and bridge technology.
They resemble stackable hubs in appearance, having multiple RJ-45
connectors for connecting network systems.
Instead of being a dumb amplifier like a hub, however, switches
function as though they have a little miniature bridge built into each
port.
A switch will keep track of the MAC addresses attached to each of its
ports and direct traffic destined for a certain address only to the port to
which it is attached.
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Switches Figure 4 shows a switched environment in which the
device will learn the position of each station once a
single frame transmission occurs (identical to a
bridge).
Assuming that this has already happened, we now find
that at exactly the same instant station 1 needs to send
data to server 1, station 2 needs to send data to server 2
and station 3 needs to send data to server 3.
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Figure 4
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using
switchesto
conn
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to
the
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Bridges
A bridge looks a lot like a repeater; it is a small box
with two network connectors that attach to two
separate portions of the network.
A bridge incorporates the functionality of a repeater
(signal amplification), but it actually looks at the
frames of data, which is a great benefit.
A common bridge is nearly identical to a repeater
except for the indicator lights.
A forward light flashes whenever the bridge needs to
pass traffic from one collision domain to another.
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Routers20
Routers are the traffic directors of the global
internet.
All routers maintain complex routing tables
which allow them to determine appropriate
paths for packets destined for any address.
Routers communicate with each other, and
forward network packets out of or into a
network.
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Routers21
While bridges know the addresses of all
computers on each side of the network, routers
know the addresses other routers which in turn
know about their own networks.
Routers can even "listen" to entire networks to
determine which sections are busiest -- they can
then redirect data around those sections until
traffic congestion clears.
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Routers22
So, routers are network gateways.
They move network packets from one network
to another, and many can convert from one
network protocol to another as necessary. Routers select the best path to route a
message, based on the destination address of
the packet.
The router can direct traffic to prevent head-on
collisions, and is smart enough to know when to
direct traffic along back roads and shortcuts.
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Gateways
A node on a network that serves as an entrance to
another network.
In enterprises, the gateway is the computer that
routes the traffic from a workstation to the outside
network that is serving the Web pages.
In homes, the gateway is the ISP that connects the
user to the internet.
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Gateways
In enterprises, the gateway node often acts as a proxy
server and a firewall.
The gateway is also associated with both a router,
which use headers and forwarding tables to
determine where packets are sent, and a switch,
which provides the actual path for the packet in and
out of the gateway.
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Gateways
(2) A computer system located on earth that
switches data signals and voice signals
between satellites and terrestrial networks.
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