14 978-93-84659-88-2.pdf · 14th December, 2016 Edited by Dr. Devendra Kumar Awasthi Associate...

14th December, 2016

Edited by

Dr. Devendra Kumar Awasthi

Associate Professor and Head, Department of Chemistry

Sri Jai Naraian Post Graduate College Lucknow U.P

Jointly organized by

Bharat Raksha Dal Trust Environmental Cell

S.R. Institute of Management and Technology

Association of Chemistry Teachers

2017

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ISBN: 978-93-84659-88-2

Proceedings of National Seminar on sustainable Energy Resources iii

International E – Publication

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Proceedings of National Seminar on sustainable Energy Resources iv


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CONVENER REPORT: DR.D.K.AWASTHI

On behalf of Organizing committee, I extend a warm welcome to distinguished guests, speakers,

participants, research persons attending National Seminar on sustainable Energy Resources on

December 14th, 2016 organized by Bharat Raksha Dal Trust, SR Institute of Management &Technology

Lucknow and Association Chemistry Teachers., Firstly I would like to thanks, Our Honourable Chief Guest

Sri Pawan singh Chauhan MD SR Institute of Management &Technology Lucknow for his persistent

support & advice to customize and frame this event. Above all the support and guidance from Srinivasrai

Founder & President. I think topic of the seminar is more relevant. Today is the need to learn and

execute scientifically the methodologies, program, plans and implementation for generation of energy

and will have to think how to save for future. Er. S. K. Verma Director Technical Power Corporation UP

has provided knowledge how to save electricity and Dr. P. S. ojha has given lot of information for

generation of electricity from waste. Various research papers have been discussed.

)

DR.D.K.AWASTHI (convener)

Proceedings of National Seminar on sustainable Energy Resources v


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S.No Title Name Of Author

1. Opportunities And Challenges For A Sustainable Energy Future Dr.A.N.Dixit 2. Sustainable Energy As Deployment Foundation For National Transformation Dr. Archana Maurya

3. Renewable Energy : A Need For Environmental Sustainability Dr. Seema Joshi

4. Renewable Energy Resources And Their Applications Dr. Pallavi Dixit 5. Cellulosic Ethanol As A Sustainable Energy Resource Tahmeena Khan

6. Sustainable Energy : Needs, Types And Resources. Dr. Noohi Khan

7. Renewable Energy Sources And Climate Change Mitigation-A Review. Dr.Ruchi Srivastava

8. Biofuels As A Sustainable Energy Resource Upasanayadav 9. Equations For Kinetic Energy In Multiphase Porous Media Dr.Mohammad Miyan 10. Plasma Technique For Saving Energy Dr. Gyanendra Awasthi 11. Sustainable Energy Resources And Its Utility In Modern Times Dr. Jamal Haider Zaidi 12. High Performance Computing-Tool For Studying And Developing Sustainable

Energy Resources Sana Jafar

13. Eco-Friendly Biomass As An Alternative Future Fuel Dr. Jyotsna

14. Jatropha - A Substitute To Diesel Dr. Aseem Umesh 15. Concrete Efforts Are Needed To Conserve The Natural Resources For The

Survival Of Living Beings. Pushpa Vishwakarma

16. Green – IT Ms. Shikha Singh

17. Biofuel An Emerging Sustainable Energy Resource Dr.Niranjani Chaurasia

18. Bio-Gas Use In Rural India Jitendra Pal Singh

19. Study Of Different Renewable Energy Options For Environmental Sustainability

Manish Mishra

20. Concept Of Sustainable Development Anupriya Yadav

21. Nuclear Energy - An Alternative Option For Energy Demand Kalpana Singh

22. Production Of Fuel By Solar Energy Dr. N.K.Awasthi 23. Renewable Energy Sources And Its Policy Framework For Sustainable Growth

In India Dr Shobhit Goel

24. Consideration Of Power Sector For Sustainable Energy Dr.Sarita Chauhan

25. Carbon Dioxide: A Versatile Reagent As A Source Of Renewable Energy Devdutt Chaturvedi

26. Green Energy – A Better Option Over Fossil Fuels Dr.Sugandha Khare

27. A Review On Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (Dssc) Dr. Renu Gupta

28. Solar Energy: One Of The Sustainable Source Of Energy Dr.Sadhana Gupta 29. Sustainable And Unsustainable Energy Dr. Devendra Kumar

30. Wind Energy A Non-Conventional Sources Of Energy Dr. Usha Rani Singh

31. Solar Energy Mission: India Marching Ahead Dr. Sangeeta Verma

32. Role Of Computer Scientists In Making Renewable Energy More Cost Effective Anuradha Sharma 33. Integration Of Bio-Processing & Incineration Of Municipal Solid Waste Manish Mishra

34. Use Of Iron Complex System As A Photocatalyst For Treatment Of Methylene Blue Containing Wastewater

Savitri Lodha

35. Clean Green Practices For Sustainable Energy Resource In The Indian Pulp And Paper Industry

Ruchi Saxena,

ABSTRACT INDEX

Proceedings of National Seminar on sustainable Energy Resources vi


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36. Use Of Sustainable Energy: Necessity Of The Future Dr. (Mrs.) N.Verma 37. Tidal Energy : A Non Conventional Source Of Energy Dr. Alka Sharma

38. Renewable Energy And Pollution Dr.Jaya Panday

39. Renewable Energy And Energy Efficiency For Sustainable Development Samarthpande

40. Solar Energy: An Alternative Source Of Energy Generation In India Dr. Himanshu Rastogi

41. Overview Of Green Building: The Sustainable buildings An Analysis Of Renewable Energy Resources

Dr. Nimish Gupta

42. Survey On Significant Use Of Renewable Energy Resources Richa Mehrotra,

43. Sustainable Energy Resources As Future Energy Dr. Praveen Srivastava,

44. Hydro Power Anamika Srivastava

Proceedings of National Seminar on sustainable Energy Resources 1


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1

OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES FOR A SUSTAINABLE ENERGY FUTURE

Dr. A. N. Dixit, Retd. Principal, Govt. Degree College,Faridpur (Bareilly)

ABSTRACT Access to clean, affordable and reliable energy has been a cornerstone of the world’s increasing prosperity and economic growth since the beginning of the industrial revolution. Our use of energy in the twenty-first century must also be sustainable. Solar and water-based energy generation and engineering of microbes to produce biofuels are a few examples of the alternatives. This Perspective puts these opportunities into a larger context by relating them to a number of aspects in the transportation and electricity generation sectors. Concerns about sustainability, and the harsh realities of environmental catastrophe, can be traced back at least 4000 years. This paper points out how human pressures on the surrounding environment have had severe consequences over this period, coal burning has had adverse consequences traceable over the past 750 years, and the adverse environmental impacts of using other fossil fuels have aroused attention more recently. Heightened awareness of the need for sustainable development is a modern development, evident in international and national debates since the early 1970s. Fossil fuel use has continued to rise; renewable energy use has made insufficient inroads; waste and inefficiency in energy usage continues to be far too high; too many people remain without modern energy services or are exposed to severe pollution in the home and local atmosphere; there are mounting concerns about the conventional oil resource base—and future supplies and prices of oil and natural gas; greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise and evidence of human-induced climate change continues to mount. Indices of national environmental performance suggest no country is performing adequately; population, housing and transportation pressures result in greater pollution, loss of natural habitats, and species reduction; and poor governance is frequently cited as a major cause of poor environmental performance. The prospects for sustainable energy are bleak on current trends. In its most extreme guise, sustainable energy is that which can be provided without change to the earth’s biosphere. However, no such form of energy supply exists. All require some form of land use, with attendant disruption of the associated ecosystems, extraction, which can be disruptive for fossil fuels, and less so for nuclear ones. Ultimately, all of these extracted materials reenter the biosphere as wastes, where their sequestration practices are at least as important as their masses in determining the accompanying ecological disruption. In this paper, we treat energy technologies as being sustainable if their net effects upon the biosphere do not significantly degrade its capabilities for supporting existing species in their current abundance and diversity. This definition is



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inherently conservative and favorable to the status quo. It reflects our ignorance in assessing the quality of alternative ecosystems and in understanding our effects upon them. It also provides a snapshot of the current energy landscape and discusses several research and development opportunities and pathways that could lead to a prosperous, sustainable and secure energy future for the world.

2

SUSTAINABLE ENERGY AS DEPLOYMENT FOUNDATION FOR NATIONAL TRANSFORMATION. Dr.Archana Maurya,

Assistant Professor,Chemistry Department Shri J.N.P.G. College, Lucknow. [email protected]

ABSTRACT Sustainable energy is sustainable as it is obtained from sources that are inexhaustible (unlike fossil fuels). Sustainable or Renewable energy sources include wind, solar, biomass, geothermal and hydro, all of which occur naturally.Renewable energy, generally speaking, is clean energy and non-polluting. Many forms do not emit any greenhouse gases or toxic waste in the process of producing electricity. It is a sustainable energy source that can be relied on for the long-term. Renewable energy is cost-effective and efficient. Even among those who accept the reality of climate change and the central role of human-produced carbon dioxide emissions, there is a view that renewable energy is not a viable alternative to energy produced by fossil fuels. Among other things, it is felt to be too expensive, unreliable, inadequate and/or impractical.Among the available technologies, three – utility-scale photovoltaics, large solar arrays and land-based wind turbines – have the potential to meet many times our current electrical requirements. Other technologies such as rooftop photovoltaics (solar panels), offshore wind power, biomass, hydrothermal, geothermal and hydropower also have tremendous productive potential, ranging from .4 to 4 TW.Usefully, the report also estimates the amount of land that would be required by wind and solar technologies, as well as the production potential of each state. By reviewing the report, a state (or community) can estimate its potential to meet all of its electrical power requirements with renewable energy. In addition to different land requirements, all of these technologies vary in their cost. However, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration, the cost difference between renewable energy projects and comparable conventional projects such as coal, natural gas and nuclear is narrowing. For example, the electricity produced by a wind energy farm is less expensive than all fossil fuel systems except natural gas systems. In addition, electricity generated by a utility-scale photovoltaic system costs only about 17 percent more than that generated by advanced coal plant systems.



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INTRODUCTION SOLAR POWER Solar power is clean green electricity that is created from sunlight, or heat from the sun. Installing solar power systems in a residential setting generally means setting up a solar photovoltaic or a solar thermal system on the roof. Definition of photovoltaic: Photo = “light” and photons = energy particles coming from sunlight; voltaic = producing a voltage or volts. Abbreviation = PV Solar energy is a renewable free source of energy that is sustainable and totally inexhaustible, unlike fossil fuels that are finite. It is also a non-polluting source of energy and it does not emit any greenhouse gases when producing electricity. Solar electricity can supplement your entire or partial energy consumption. Using solar power means reducing your energy bills and saving money. Low maintenance and unobtrusive, installing solar panels adds value to your home. Wind power Wind power involves converting wind energy into electricity by using wind turbines. Wind comes from atmospheric changes; changes in temperature and pressure makes the air move around the surface of the earth. A wind turbine captures the wind to produce energy. Wind power is a clean energy source that can be relied on for the long-term future. A wind turbine creates reliable, cost-effective, pollution free energy. It is affordable, clean and sustainable. One wind turbine can be sufficient to generate enough electrical energy for a household, assuming the location is suitable. Because it is a renewable resource which is non-polluting and renewable, wind turbines create power without using fossil fuels, without producing greenhouse gases or radioactive or toxic waste. Wind power is one of the best ways to combat global warming. Micro hydro systems Micro hydro systems convert the flow of water into electrical energy. A turbine can be fully immersed in water. The flowing water rotates the turbine’s blades. The amount of energy created depends on the amount of water flowing on the turbine as well as the size of the turbine. Micro hydro systems are generally used as stand alone power systems which are not connected to the grid. They are recommended in remote areas where there is a continuous supply of water. Approximately 10% of Australia’s energy comes from this source. Australia’s biggest hydro system is in the Snowy Mountains. It is a cheap, reliable and non-polluting source of energy. Hybrid systems Hybrid systems consist of combining different types of energy production systems into a single power supply system. The most common type of hybrid system is combining a solar system with a wind generator; however, hybrid energy systems can integrate solar panels, diesel generator, batteries, and an inverter into the same system. Solar panels create electricity from sunlight. This electricity is then stored in batteries. The inverter converts the AC electricity into a DC current. The diesel generator automatically cuts in when the batteries are low. The generator when running supplies the load and charges the batteries. The key is to find the right mix of solar array, diesel generator and battery capacity. Green power Switching to green power means that electricity providers make it possible for customers to purchase green power from their power company if they pay extra for it. In theory, what this means is that instead of using normal electricity which comes from many non-renewable sources, the provider of the electricity ensures that the equivalent electricity used in your home is fed to the grid via a renewable source, such as solar arrays or wind turbines. However, in the past there has been instances of fraud involved in such schemes.



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Fuel cells Fuel cells create energy through chemical reactions. A fuel cell is an electrochemical cell which captures the electrical energy of a chemical reaction between fuels. It is an electrochemical conversion device which converts the chemical energy of fuel (i.e. hydrogen and oxygen) into water; and which produces electricity and hot air in the same process. Fuel cells have no moving parts and do not involve combustion or noise pollution. A fuel cell is similar to a battery but does not need to be recharged; a battery gets recharged by using electricity which is then stored in a closed system, whereas a fuel cell uses an external supply of fuel which needs to be continuously replenished. Fuel cells are not commercially available yet, and remain very expensive. They are used as power sources in remote areas. NASA uses fuel cells on space shuttles; they are also used for military applications, and in large public parks. Fuel cells cannot store energy like batteries. Even if the energy delivered from fuel cells is stored, their electrical efficiency is not nearly as high as a battery’s efficiency which also happens to be a much cheaper option. Nuclear energy Nuclear energy cannot really be termed renewable, since there is only a finite amount of uranium on this planet. Nuclear reactors also produce a by-product other than the power they generate: toxic harmful waste that must be stored indefinitely. Nuclear energy is produced by a nuclear reaction when the splitting or fusion of atoms occurs. Fusion energy is not available on an industrial scale yet. The splitting of atoms is called fission. A typical example of fission energy is when an atomic nucleus of a high mass atom (such as uranium) splits into fragments inside a nuclear power reactor, which then releases several hundred million electron volts of energy. The energy produced by the nuclear fission yields an amount of energy which is a million times greater than what is obtained through a chemical reaction. Nuclear reactors emit no greenhouse gases, and are the closest thing to a non polluting energy source apart from renewable energy. Modern reactors are safer, and are more economic than what they used to be. The main issues with nuclear energy are the safety standards of a nuclear power plant and the storage of its radioactive waste. It is still a debated issue about whether or not nuclear power is a good alternative to limit our dependence on imported oil. France is the world leader in nuclear energy production, relying on nuclear power for 80% of its electricity. Renewable energy system components While renewable energy is plentiful, most of the environmental impact is related to the production of equipment to harness the energy. Even so the energy payback time, that is the amount of time it takes to repay the energy and resources gone into creating something such as a solar panel, is quite short. In the case of a solar panel, the energy payback time is around 1.5 years. Given a solar panel has a life of 25 years, this is quite economical ecologically speaking. The following are descriptions of common components used in solar power systems. Solar panels Solar panels, also known as photovoltaic modules, consist of a series of solar cells that convert light from the sun into DC electricity. A solar panel is a rugged piece of equipment, built to last decades of exposure to harsh climate conditions – from freezing to searing temperatures, storms and high wind. Solar hot water 30% of total greenhouse gases households produce is due to water heating. Solar water heaters can dramatically reduce energy bills without any environmental impacts. Installing solar hot water also reduces our dependency on fossil fuels. The technology for solar water heaters is entirely different to a photovoltaic grid connect system. For example, solar heaters use a flat plate with collector panels or evacuated tubes to absorb the heat from sunlight and then raise the temperature of the water.



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Solar pumping Widely used on farms and outback stations in Australia to supply bore water to livestock, solar powered water bore pumps provide an ideal water delivery solution in areas where mains electricity is not easily accessed. Batteries Batteries are devices that convert chemical energy into electrical energy. Batteries are classified according to their application and the way they are constructed. The main applications are in cars, boats and deep-cycle. Deep cycle batteries can be charged and discharged repetitively. Deep cycle batteries are used in solar PV systems. The construction type of a battery are flooded (wet), gelled and AGM (dry). Dry or wet / flooded refers to whether or not the electrolyte is liquid. A dry cell means that the electrolyte is a solid powder electrolyte; a wet cell means that the electrolyte is liquid and is allowed to flow freely in within the cell casing. Dry cell batteries are used in flashlights, toys, radios, laptops and mobile phones. Batteries are usually used in stand alone power systems – such as a rooftop solar power system or wind turbine system – however, stand alone power systems can be designed to run without battery backup. In a standalone power system, the house in question is not connected to the electricity grid (the distribution of electricity through high-tension cables). It is “off” grid. This means that the stand alone power system is the sole source of energy available to the home. In a standalone solar power system, the energy created during the day is stored in a battery bank for use at night. Sometimes batteries are used in grid connect systems as a backup. Power and solar inverters A solar inverter is a device used to transform direct current electricity (DC) from solar panels (AC). A power inverter does the same, but the source is a battery. AC current is the standard current that makes all household appliances work. The inverter converts the DC power of the battery bank into 240 volts, 50 Hz AC. There are two types of inverters: the Sine Wave Inverter and the Modified Sine Wave Inverter. A Modified Sine Wave Inverter can adequately power some household appliances and power tools. It is cheaper, but presents certain compromises with some loads such as computers, microwave ovens, laser printers, clocks and cordless tool chargers. Virtually all low-cost inverters are “Modified Sine Wave”. They are usually about 70% efficient, so expect some significant power losses if you are using a Modified Sine Wave Inverter in your system. A Sine Wave Inverter is designed to replicate and even improve the quality of electricity supplied by utility companies. To operate higher-end electronic equipment, a sine wave inverter is recommended. Efficiency has reached up to about 94% and the electricity from these devices is of a higher quality than grid power almost anywhere in the world. A high quality inverter usually has an auto-start system, tweaking ability and a high quality heavy-duty power transformer. Solar regulators/ controllers A regulator is an electronic device which controls the voltage of the charging source. Regulators are used to stop the batteries from being overcharged. When the batteries are fully charged, the regulator halts the flow of power from the solar panels to the batteries. Additionally, a regulator stops any power flow from the batteries at night. The controller is also used so that the batteries get charged at the correct voltage. In order to calculate the Amp rating of a controller you must follow this simple equation: Amps x Volts = Watts. So, if you have a 175W panel at 24 volts the following calculation should be made Amps x 175 = 24, then the regulator should be at 175/ 24= 7.3 Amps. Generators



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Though not a renewable energy product, generators are used extensively in renewable energy system. They are primarily used as a source of backup electricity. Generators are a petrol or diesel motor. It is basically a machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy. A generator can create a supply of 240 volts AC and can be used for charging DC batteries. A generator is used in a backup situation when required. A generator is hooked to a battery charger which recharges batteries when they are running low otherwise damage can occur if the battery discharge is too high. Generators can be automatically started when the batteries reach a certain state of charge (“SOC”). Battery chargers Battery chargers are used in conjunction with the generator or main power to provide DC power to recharge batteries. There are many types of battery chargers, including solar chargers, and they primarily vary in the amount of time they take to charge batteries and how they take care of the batteries while Conclusion there is an emerging opportunity to redirect investment to support renewable energy development. Of the thousand or so existing coal plants, more than 60 percent were built before 1964 and will soon need to be replaced. This presents us with an excellent opportunity to use money that would have been spent replacing aging coal plants to instead build solar and wind projects on a scale large enough to significantly impact carbon dioxide emissions.Communities can take action now to begin to build their local renewable energy production using existing technologies. While they may not become energy self-sufficient, they will become more self-reliant and the world will become more sustainable. In addition, the involvement of more communities in applying these technologies will contribute to their improvement, as well as help clarify the advantages of regional collaboration and integration.All things considered, the challenge of reducing carbon dioxide emissions should be met with a sense of guarded optimism. Because, unlike just a few years ago, renewable energy technologies are now ready for local deployment at scales that can make a big difference. Such deployment can serve as the foundation for a national transformation. References;

1. Rural energy services ;a handbook for sustainable energy development Anderson , T Doig, A Rees, D Khennas

2. Optimization methods applied to renewable and sustainable energy: A review Volume 15,issues 4,may 2011,pages 1753-1761 3. Renewable and sustainable energy reviews Volume 4 ,issue 2,june 2000,pages 157-175



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3 RENEWABLE ENERGY :A NEED FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

DR. SEEMA JOSHI ASSOCIATE PROFESSORDEPTT. OF CHEMISTRY

ISABELLA THOBURN COLLEGE, LUCKHNOW ABSTRACT Continual use of Non-renewable sources is posing detrimental impact on the environment. In day today life, every day various devices and electrical appliances are consuming a lot of energy which is being produced from natural resources. The ever growing demand is a challenge before us. Total effect of extensive use of our natural resources is the environment changes which has led to global warming at a level that is threatening the long term stability of life. New challenges to save the environment are needed to be tackled to make the system safe for living. Thus in order to sustain our environment conservation of energy and more usage of renewable energy sources is urgently needed . Renewable energy sources are sources of energy that are theoretically inexhaustible and not derived from fossil fuels or nuclear sources for example wind, sun, water and geothermal sources etc. More use of renewable energy sources is important because these not only save our natural resources but also are more reliable and impose a substantially lower impact on the environment. New challenges to save the environment are needed to be tackled to make the system safe for living. One of the major challenges of renewable energy usage is its cost. In order to have zero emission power generation and economic efficiency , the cost of renewable energy is needed to be reduced. High performing transmission grids are the backbone of the entire power system. The high costs of these grids add to the price of energy. New highly cost effective ways of connecting renewable energy generation to the grid are significant issues. Intelligent and efficient power transmission will definitely be a key to reduce the cost of alternate source of energy. This can be achieved to some extent by reducing the distance between the centers of load in high densely populated areas and the places of generation of electricity. New technical approaches will make it possible to get power to where it is needed in an efficient, reliable and socially acceptable manner. Many new stake holders, new source of energy, fluctuating demand and new regulations needed to be considered. US energy department provides renewable energy funding to encourage business and local government to use renewable methods to generate energy .Some simple things to save the environment are : Using less energy, practicing water conservation and recycling it regularily, less use of automobile vehicles and more use of bicycles.

4

RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES AND THEIR APPLICATIONS DR. PALLAVI DIXIT

ASSISTANT PROFESSORDEPTT. OF BOTANY MAHILAVIDYALAYA DEGREE COLLEGE LUCKNOW

ABSTRACT

For every walks of life we need energy. Energy is the key input to improve our living. The demands for energy in the country has been growing rapidly which indicates that the country would be facing constraints in indigenous availability of renewable energy resources (fossil fuel ) which are exhaustible, limited in supply, more expansive, and emits more CO2 into the environment . With the increasing demand of energy and with the fast depleting conventional sources of energy the renewable energy resources such as solar, wind ,biomass. Tidal , geothermal etc. are gaining importance



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.Renewable energy is generated from the natural processes that are continuously replenished. All the renewable energy ultimately comes from the Sun. These resources can be renewed with the minimum effort and money. This energy is abundant, renewable, eco-friendly , pollution free, non- exhaustible. It is the energy for the future. Switching over to renewable energy system is being increasingly considered by the various countries globally. To meet our future energy demands & to provide green, pollution free, non-exhaustible energy supply to our population recent world attention go for, renewable energy resource because they are derived from natural process & being replaced & generate at the rate that they are being used. No wonder ,renewable energy is fast catching the imagination of the people in India.

Keywords : Renewable Energy; Definition, Type, Applications.

5 CELLULOSIC ETHANOL AS A SUSTAINABLE ENERGY RESOURCE

TAHMEENA KHAN, SAMANRAZA DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY, ISABELLA THOBURN COLLEGE, LUCKNOW-226007

ABSTRACT Use and development of sustainable energy resources which would lead to reduced dependence on fossil fuel resources and alleviate the environmental hazards of greenhouse gases is an urgent need in present times. One of the economically viable options is the use of bio-fuels like bio-ethanol, bio-diesel and cellulosic ethanol. Cellulosic ethanol is a bio-fuel produced from grasses, wood, algae, or other plants. Considerable interest in cellulosic ethanol exists because it has the potential for strong economic importance. It is more useful than other bio-fuels as the raw material used does not compete with food sources like grains for ethanol production. Additionally, transport may be unneeded, because grasses or trees can grow almost anywhere temperate. It could reduce demand for oil and gas drilling and even nuclear power in ways that grain-based ethanol fuel alone cannot.1Cellulosic ethanol is produced from lignocellulose, a structural material that comprises much of the bulk of plant body. The raw material is plentiful and found almost everywhere. In addition to this, paper, cardboard, and packaging materials which comprise a substantial part of the solid waste also contain cellulose, which can be transformed into cellulosic ethanol. This may have additional environmental benefits because decomposition of these products produces methane, a potent greenhouse gas.2 However, commercially viable bio-refineries to convert lignocellulosic biomass to fuel are yet to be developed.3 Also, the enzymes cellulase and hemicellulase used in the production of cellulosic ethanol are expensive. Therefore more research is needed in the development of commercially viable and cost effective production of cellulosic ethanol for use fuel. Keywords: sustainable energy, bio-fuel, cellulosic ethanol

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_fuelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algaehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_wellhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_wellhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_powerhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grainhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol_fuelhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignocellulosic_biomasshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biofuel



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References:

1. Somma D, Lobkowicz H, Deason JP, Clean Techn Environ Policy, 12: 373–380, 2010. 2. National Geographic Magazine, 'Carbon's New Math', October 2007. 3. National Research Council of the National Academies, Renewable Fuel Standard: Potential

Economic and Environmental Effects of U.S. Biofuel Policy, Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press, p. 3, 2011

6 SUSTAINABLE ENERGY : NEEDS, TYPES AND RESOURCES

DR.NOOHI KHAN ( AP II) AMITY SCHOOL OF APPLIED SCIENCESAMITY UNIVERSITY ,LUCKNOW,UP

ABSTRACT The study of sustainable energy sources is an important topic in the field of combustion science.Sustainable energy is energy that is consumed at insignificant rates compared to its supply and with manageable collateral effects, especially environmental effects. Another common definition of sustainable energy is an energy system that serves the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs.The aim of this paper is to know about the needs and types of sustainable energy. Keywords :Sustainable,renewable sources ,energy sources

1) Introduction Some renewable energy sources Sustainable sources of energy include solar, wind, water, biomass and geothermal. Non renewable energy sources include coal, oil and natural gas. Sustainable electricity production plays an increasing role in reducing Australia's greenhouse gas emissions.Solar energy does not emit harmful greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide that contributes to climate change, does not rely on non-renewable carbon-based fuel or produce harmful radioactive waste, as does nuclear power. Solar energy depends on the natural energy produced by the sun to generate electricity.Renewable energy is energy generated from natural resources—such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides and geothermal heat—which are renewable (naturally replenished). Renewable energy technologies range from solar power, wind power, hydroelectricity/micro hydro, biomass and biofuels for transportation

2) Need for Sustainable Energy During ancient times, wood, timber and waste products were the only major energy sources. In short, biomass was the only way to get energy. When more technology was developed, fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas were discovered. Fossil fuels proved boom to the mankind as they were widely available and could be harnessed easily. When these fossil fuels were started using extensively by all the countries across the globe, they led to degradation of environment. Coal and oil are two of the major sources that produce large amount of carbon dioxide in the air. This led to increase in global warming.Also, few countries have hold on these valuable products which led to the rise in prices of these fuels. Now, with rising prices, increasing air pollution and risk of getting expired soon forced scientists to look out for some alternative or renewable energy sources. The need of the hour was to look for resources that are available widely, cause no pollution and are replenishable. Sustainable Energy, at that time came into the picture as it could meet our today’s increasing demand of energy demand of energy and also provide us with an option to make use of them in future also.

3) Types of Sustainable Energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Geographic_Magazinehttp://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=13105&page=3http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=13105&page=3http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/EnergySources.phphttp://www.conserve-energy-future.com/BioMassEnergy.phphttp://www.conserve-energy-future.com/CoalAsFossilFuel.phphttp://www.conserve-energy-future.com/GlobalWarming.phphttp://www.conserve-energy-future.com/GlobalWarming.php



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Sustainable energy are not just a part of renewable energy sources, they are also the sources of energy that can best be used to power homes and industries without any harmful effects being experienced. This is the sole reason why many people advice the use of these forms of energy in everyday life. It is because its effects to the environment are purely beneficial. Solar energy is the best form of sustainable energy. This energy manifests itself in tow forms. There is the light and the heat. Both of these forms are equally important to us in our day to day living and other forms of life. For instance, the plants need the light to grow and generate food while man needs the heat energy to maintain body temperature and power their homes and industries. This means that it is the greatest form of sustainable energy. It can be used two folds with greater results as needed. This only serves to generate confidence and ensure that we live the way we intended without causing further harm to the environment. According to activists, it is the future of energy. Evidence of intensive use of this alternative energy source can be seen everywhere. There are many companies that are making solar panels to tap this energy for use at home or in the industries. Consequently, the energy is also being tapped for commercial purposes in many fields like powering of homes in power grids. All that one needs to do is to get hold of the solar panel and install it in the homes or commercial property. During the summer periods, you can cut down on your energy costs. Wind Energy ,Wind is a sustainable energy source. It is available naturally and can be tapped to produce vast amounts of power that can be used in many ways and places. For instance, sailors tap this energy to help the ship propel through its various directions to distant shores for trading. Nowadays, this energy sources is being commercialized. There are many companies that have invested heavily on power grids and windmills to tap into this energy source. The energy generated can be sold to other people to power their homes and industries. In the near future, sustainable energy like wind power will be a big industry and the fossil fuels exploration will have halted and no longer being used. Geothermal energy allows us fetch the energy from beneath the earth. This occurs by installing geothermal power stations that can use heat coming out from inside the earth and use it to generate electricity. The temperature below the earth around 10,000 meters is so high that it can used to boil water. Geothermal energy cannot be harnessed everywhere as high temperature is needed to produce steam that could move turbines. It can be harnessed in those areas that have high seismic activity and are prone to volcanoes. They are environment friendly and can produce energy throughout the day but their ability to produce energy at suitable regions restricts us from using it on a much wider scale. Ocean Energy There is massive size of oceans in this world. About 70% of the earth is covered with water. The potential that ocean energy has to generate power is much higher than any other source of energy. This sustainable energy allows us to harness it in 3 ways i.e. wave, tidal or ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC). Tides have immense power which when effectively tapped can generate a lot of energy and can be used to power millions of homes. Waves produced at the oceans can be used by ocean thermal plants to convert the kinetic energy in waves to mechanical energy of turbines which can again converted to electrical energy through generators. Setting up of big plants at ocean may cause ecological imbalance and disturb aquatic life. Biomass Energy Biomass energy is produced by burning of wood, timber, landfills and municipal and agricultural waste. It is completely renewable and does not produce harmful gases like carbon dioxide which is primarily responsible for increase in global warming. Although, carbon dioxide is produced by burning these products but that is equally compensated when plants take this carbon dioxide and produce oxygen. It also helps to reduce landfills but are not as effective as fossil fuels. Hydroelectric Power On the other hand, there are the rivers or waterfalls whose energy of the moving water is captured that can turn turbines to generate power. This is commonly known as hydroelectric power. It is very common nowadays and it is powering most parts of the world and one of the biggest

http://conserve-energy-future.com/SolarEnergy.phphttp://www.conserve-energy-future.com/SolarPanelBenefits.phphttp://conserve-energy-future.com/GeothermalEnergy.phphttp://conserve-energy-future.com/OceanEnergy.phphttp://www.conserve-energy-future.com/WaveEnergy.phphttp://conserve-energy-future.com/BioMassEnergy.phphttp://www.conserve-energy-future.com/GlobalWarmingCauses.phphttp://conserve-energy-future.com/HydroElectricPower.phphttp://conserve-energy-future.com/HydroElectricPower.php



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form of alternative energy currently being used. There are many companies and countries that are exporting this energy to other countries who unable to harness it on their own due to lack of the necessary resources or conditions. The energy is commonly transported in form of power lines to various parts of the country and even outside the country. These are the three best case examples of sustainable energy forms that are projected to run the world in the near future. They are very sustainable and so not cause any environmental effects. Their inability to be depleted and lack of effect to the environmental makes them a perfect candidate to future energy needs. References: 1) http://www.earthtimes.org/encyclopaedia/environmental-issues/renewable-energy/ 2) Urban happiness: context-sensitive study of the social sustainability of urban settings Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design January 1, 2016 43: 34-57 3) Yosef Rafeqjabreen, sustainable urban forms their typologies,models,concepts,Journal of planning education & research.

7 RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES AND CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION-A REVIEW.

DR.RUCHI SRIVASTAVA ISABELLA THOBURN COLLEGE, LUCKNOW

ABSTRACT The paper presents an review of the literature on the scientifi c, technological, environmental, economic and social aspects of the contribution of six renewable energy (RE) sources to the mitigation of climate change.Demand for energy and associated services, to meet social and economic development and improve human welfare and health, is increasing. All societies require energy services to meet basic human needs (e.g., lighting, cooking, space comfort, mobility and communication) and to serve productive processes. [1,2] Since approximately 1850, global use of fossil fuels (coal, oil and gas) has increased to dominate energy supply, leading to a rapid growth in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions .Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions resulting from the provision of energy services have contributed signifi -cantly to the historic increase in atmospheric GHG concentrations. The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) concluded that “Most of the observed increase in global average temperature since the mid-20th century is very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations.”Recent data confirm that consumption of fossil fuels accounts for the majority of global anthropogenic GHG emissions. Emissions continue to grow and CO2 concentrations had increased to over 390 ppm, or 39% above preindustriallevels, by the end of 2020. [3]There are multiple options for lowering GHG emissions emissions from the energy system while still satisfying theglobal demand for energy services. [4] Some of these possible options, such as energy conservation and efficiency, fossil fuel switching, Renewable Energy.As well as having a large potential to mitigate climate change, RE can provide wider benefits. RE may, if implemented properly, contribute to social and economic development, energy access, a secure energy supply, and reducing negative impacts on the environment and health. [5]. Renewable energy sources and technologies

http://www.earthtimes.org/encyclopaedia/environmental-issues/renewable-energy/



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1. Bioenergy- Itcan be produced from a variety of biomass feedstocks, including forest, agricultural and livestock residues; short-rotation forest plantations; energy crops; the organic component of municipal solid waste; and other organic waste streams. Through a variety of processes, these feedstocks can be directly used to produce electricity or heat, or can be used to create gaseous, liquid, or solid fuels.The range of bioenergy technologies is broad and the technical maturity varies substantially. Some examples of commercially available technologies include small- and large-scale boilers, domestic pellet-based heating systems, and ethanol production from sugar and starch.Advanced biomass integrated gasification combined-cycle power plants and lignocellulose-based transport fuels are examples of technologies that are at a pre-commercial stage, while liquid biofuel production from algae and some other biological conversion approaches are at the research and development (R&D) phase.[6]

Fig.1 - Share of energy sorces

1.2 Bioenergy technology and applications Commercial bioenergy technology applications include heat production— with scales ranging from home cooking with stoves to large district heating systems; power generation from biomass[7]. 1.3 Environmental and social impacts Bioenergy production has complex interactions with other social and environmental systems. Concerns—ranging from health and poverty to biodiversity and water scarcity and quality—vary depending upon many factors including local conditions, technology and feedstock choices,sustainability criteria design, and the design and implementation of specific projects. Perhaps most important is the overall management and governance of land use when biomass is produced for energy purposes on top of meeting food and other demands from agricultural, livestock and fibre production. [2.5]. Air pollution effects of bioenergy depend on both the bioenergy technology (including pollution control technologies) and the displaced energy technology. Improved biomass cookstoves for traditional biomass use can provide large and cost-effective mitigation of GHG emissions with substantial co-benefits for the 2.7 billion people that rely on traditional biomass for cooking and heating in terms of health and quality of life.[8]The production of biogas from a variety of waste streams and its upgrading to biomethane is already penetrating small markets for multiple applications, including transport in small networks and for heat and power in Nordic and European countries. A key factor is the combination of waste streams, including agriculture residues. Improved upgrading and reducing costs is also needed. [9] 2. Direct solar energy- Thistechnologies harness the energy of solar irradiance to produce electricity using photovoltaics (PV) and concentrating solar power (CSP), to produce thermal energy (heating or cooling, either through passive or active means), to meet direct lighting needs and, potentially, to produce fuels that might be used for transport and other purposes. The technology maturity of solar applications ranges from R&D (e.g., fuels produced from solar energy), to relatively mature (e.g., CSP), to mature (e.g., passive and active solarheating, and wafer-based silicon PV). Many but not all of the technologies are modular in nature, allowing their use in both centralized and decentralized energy systems.[10]



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2.1 Technology and applications Solar technologies currently in use to capture the Sun’s energy to provide both residential energy services and direct electricity. 2.12 Solar thermal: The key component in active solar thermal systems is the solar collector. Afl at-plate solar collector consists of a blackened plate with attached conduits, through which passes a fluid to be heated. Flat-plate collectors may be classified as follows: unglazed, which are suitable for delivering heat at temperatures a few degrees above ambient temperature; glazed, which have a sheet of glass or other transparent material placed parallel to the plate and spaced a few centimetres above it, making it suitable for delivering heat at temperatures of about 30°C to 60°C; or evacuated, which are similar to glazed, but the space between the plate and the glass cover is evacuated, making this type of collector suitable for delivering heat at temperatures of about 50°C to 120°C. To withstand the vacuum, the plates of an evacuated collector are usually put inside glass tubes, which constitute both the collector’s glazing and its container. In the evacuated type, a special black coating called a ‘selective surface’ is put on the plate to help preventre-emission of the absorbed heat; such coatings are often used on the non-evacuated glazed type as well. Typical efficiencies of solar collectors used in their proper temperature range extend from about 40 to 70% at full sun. [11]For passive solar heating, the building itself—particularly its windows—acts as the solar collector, and natural methods are used to distribute and store the heat. The basic elements of passive heating architecture are high-efficiency equatorial-facing windows and large internal thermal mass. 2.22 Concentrating solar power electricity generation: CSP technologies produce electricity by concentrating the Sun’s rays to heat a medium that is then used (either directly or indirectly) in a heat engine process (e.g., a steam turbine) to drive an electrical generator. CSP uses only the beam component of solar irradiation, and so its maximum benefi t tends to be restricted to a limited geographical range. The concentrator brings the solar rays to a point (point focus) when used in central-receiver or dish systems and to a line (line focus) when used in trough or linear Fresnel systems. 2.3 Industry capacity 2.3.1 Photovoltaic electricity generation: The compound annual growth rate in PV manufacturing production from 2003 to 2009 exceeded 50%.In 2009, solar cell production reached about 11.5 GW per year (rated at peak capacity) split among several economies: China had about 51% of world production (including 14% from the Chinese province of Taiwan); Europe about 18%; Japan about 14%; and the USA about 5%. Worldwide, more than 300 factories produce solar cells and modules. In 2009, silicon-based solar cells and modules represented about 80% of the worldwide market. 2.3.2 Concentrating solar power: In the past several years, the CSP industry has experienced a resurgence from a stagnant period to more than 2 GW being either commissioned or under construction. More than 10 different companies are now active in building or preparing for commercial-scale plants. They range from start-up companies to large organizations, including utilities, with international construction. 2.4 Environmental impacts- Apart from its benefits in GHG reduction, the use of solar energy can reduce the release of pollutants—such as particulates and noxious gases—from the older fossil fuel plants that it replaces. Solar thermal and PV technologies do not generate any type of solid, liquid or gaseous by-products when producing electricity. 3. Geothermal energy- utilizes the accessible thermal energy from the Earth’s interior. Heat is extracted from geothermal reservoirs using wells or other means. Reservoirs that are naturally sufficiently hot and permeable are called hydrothermal reservoirs, whereas reservoirs that are sufficiently hot but that are improved with hydraulic stimulation are called enhanced geothermal systems (EGS). Once at the surface,fluids of various temperatures can be used to generate electricity or can be used more directly



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for applications that require thermalenergy, including district heating or the use of lower-temperature heat from shallow wells for geothermal heat pumps used in heating or cooling applications.[8] 3.1Geothermal Technology Geothermal energy is currently extracted using wells and other means that produce hot fluids from: (a) hydrothermal reservoirs with naturally high permeability, or (b) Enhanced or engineered geothermal systems (EGS) with artificial fluid pathways (Figure TS.4.2). Technology for electricity generation from hydrothermal reservoirs is mature and reliable, and has been operating for about 100 years. Technologies for direct heating using geothermal heat pumps (GHPs) for district heating and for other applications are also mature. The basic types of geothermal power plants in use today are steam condensing turbines and binary cycle units. Condensing plants can be of the flash or dry-steam type (the latter do not require brine separation, resulting in simpler and cheaper plants) and are more common than binary units. They are installed in intermediate- and high-temperature resources (≥150°C) with capacities often between 20 and 110 Mwe. 3.2 Environmental and social impacts Environmental and social impacts related to geothermal energy do exist, and are typically site- and technology-specifi c. Usually, these impacts are manageable, and the negative environmental impacts are minor. The main GHG emission from geothermal operations is CO2, although it is not created through combustion, but emitted from naturally occurring sources. A fi eld survey of geothermal power plants operating in 2010 found a wide spread in the direct CO2 emission rates, with values ranging from 4 to 740 g/kWhe depending on technology design and composition of the geothermal fluid in the underground reservoir. Direct CO2 emissions for direct use applications are negligible, while EGS power plants are likely to be designed as liquid-phase closed-loop circulation systems, with zero direct emissions. Several prospects for technology improvement and innovation can reduce the cost of producing geothermal energy and lead to higher energy recovery, longer fi eld and plant lifetimes, and better reliability. Advanced geophysical surveys, injection optimization, scaling/corrosion inhibition, and better reservoir simulation modelling will help reduce the resource risks by better matching installed capacity to sustainable generation capacity. [12]



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Fig. Selected examples of (top) solar thermal, both passive and active integrated into a building; (bottom left) a photovoltaic device schematic for direct solar to electricity conversion; and (bottom right) one common type of concentrating solar power technology, a trough collector. 4. Wind energy- Harnesses the kinetic energy of moving air. The primary application of relevance to climate change mitigation is to produce electricity from large wind turbines located on land (onshore) or in sea- or freshwater (offshore). Onshore wind energy technologies are already being manufactured and deployed on a large scale. Offshore wind energy technologies have greater potential for continued technical advancement. Wind electricity is both variable and, to some degree, unpredictable, but experience and detailed studies from many regions have shown that the integration of wind energy generally poses no insurmountable technical barriers. [13]. The cost of most Resource Energy technologies has declined and additional expected technical advances would result in further cost reductions. Significant advances in RE technologies and associated long-term cost reductions have been demonstrated over the last decades. 4.1 Technology and applications Generating electricity from the wind requires that the kinetic energy of moving air be converted to electrical energy, and the engineering challenge for the wind energy industry is to design cost-effective wind turbines and power plants to perform this conversion. Though a variety of turbine configurations have been investigated, commercially available turbines are primarily horizontal-axis machines with three blades positioned upwind of the tower. In order to reduce the levelized cost of wind energy, typical wind turbine sizes have grown significantly (Figure TS.7.2), with the largest fraction of onshore wind turbines installed globally in 2009 having a rated capacity of 1.5 to 2.5 MW. As of 2016,onshore wind turbines typically stand on 50- to 100-m towers, with rotors that are often 50 to 100 m in diameter.



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Offshore wind energy technology is less mature than onshore, with higher investment costs. Lower power plant availabilities and higher costs have also been common both because of the comparatively less mature state of the technology and because of the inherently greater logistical challenges of maintaining and servicing offshore turbines.The deployment of wind energy must overcome a number of challenges,including: the relative cost of wind energy compared to energy market prices, at least if environmental impacts are not internalized and monetized. These studies employ a wide variety of methodologies and have diverse objectives, but the results demonstrate that the cost of integrating up to 20% wind energy into electric systems is, in most cases, modest but not insignifi cant. Specifically, at low to medium levels of wind electricity penetration, the available literature suggests that the additional costs of managing electric system variability and uncertainty, ensuring generation adequacy, and adding new transmission to accommodate wind energy will be system specific. 4.2 Environmental and social impacts Wind energy has significant potential to reduce (and is already reducing) GHG emissions. Moreover, attempts to measure the relative impacts of various electricity supply technologies suggest that wind energy generally has a comparatively small environmental footprint. [] As with other industrial activities, however, wind energy has the potential to produce some detrimental impacts on the environment and on human activities and well being, and many local and national governments have established planning and siting requirements to reducethose impacts. As wind energy deployment increases and as larger wind power plants are considered, existing concerns may become more acute and new concerns may arise[14]. 5. Integration into present and future energy systems



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Various RE resources are already being successfully integrated into energy supply systems The characteristics of different RE sources can influence the scale of the integration challenge. Some RE resources are widely distributed geographically. Others, such as large-scale hydropower, can be more centralized but have integration options constrained by geographic location. Integrating RE into most existing energy supply systems and end-use sectors at an accelerated rate—leading to higher shares of RE—is technologically feasible, though will result in a number of additional challenges. The costs and challenges of integrating increasing shares of RE into an existing energy supply system depend on the current share of RE, the availability and characteristics of RE resources, the system characteristics,and how the system evolves and develops in the future. There are multiple pathways for increasing the shares of RE across all end-use sectors. The ease of integration varies depending on region, characteristics specifi c to the sector and the technology. 6. Advancing knowledge about renewable energy Enhanced scientific and engineering knowledge should lead to performance improvements and cost reductions in RE technologies. Additional knowledge related to RE and its role in GHG emissions reductions remains to be gained in anumber of broad areas including: [15] • Future cost and timing of RE deployment; • Realizable technical potential for RE at all geographical scales; • Technical and institutional challenges and costs of integrating diverse RE technologies into energy systems and markets; • Comprehensive assessments of socioeconomic and environmental aspects of RE and other energy technologies; • Opportunities for meeting the needs of developing countries with sustainable RE services; and • Policy, institutional and fi nancial mechanisms to enable cost-effective deployment of RE in a wide variety of contexts. Knowledge about RE and its climate change mitigation potential continues to advance. The existing scientifi c knowledge is significant and can facilitate the decision-making process. References 1.Ardente, F., M. Beccali, M. Cellura, and V. Lo Brano (2008). Energy performances and life cycle assessment of an Italian wind farm. Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, 12(1), pp. 200-217. 2. Alsema, E.A., and M.J. de Wild-Scholten (2006). Environmental Impacts of Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Module Production. In: 13th CIRP International Conference on Life Cycle Engineering, Leuven, Belgium, 31 May - 2 Jun, 2006. Available at: www.mech.kuleuven.be/lce2006/Registration_papers.htm. 3. Badea, A.A., I. Voda, and C.F. Dinca (2010). Comparative Analysis of Coal, Natural Gas and Nuclear Fuel Life Cycles by Chains of Electrical Energy Production. UPB Scientific Bulletin, Series C: Electrical Engineering, 72(2), pp. 221-238. 4. Bergerson, J., and L. Lave (2007). The Long-term Life Cycle Private and External Costs of High Coal Usage in the US. Energy Policy, 35(12), pp. 6225-6234. 5. Bernier, E., F. Maréchal, and R. Samson (2010). Multi-Objective Design Optimization of a Natural Gas-combined Cycle with Carbon Dioxide Capture in a Life Cycle Perspective. Energy, 35(2), pp. 1121-1128. 6. Corti, A., and L. Lombardi (2004). Biomass integrated gasification combined cycle with reduced CO2 emissions: Performance analysis and life cycle assessment (LCA).Energy, 29(12-15), pp. 2109-2124. 7. Cottrell, A., J. Nunn, A. Urfer, and L. Wibberley (2003). Systems Assessment of Electricity Generation Using Biomass and Coal in CFBC. Cooperative Research Centre for Coal in Sustainable Development, Pullenvale, Qld., Australia, 21 pp. 8. Faix, A., J. Schweinle, S. Scholl, G. Becker, and D. Meier (2010). (GTI-tcbiomass) life-cycle assessment of the BTO-Process (biomass-to-oil) with combined heat and power generation. Environmental Progress and Sustainable Energy, 29(2), pp. 193-202.



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9. Frick, S., M. Kaltschmitt, and G. Schroder (2010). Life cycle assessment of geothermal binary power plants using enhanced low-temperature reservoirs. Energy, 35(5), pp. 2281-2294. 10. Gmünder, S.M., R. Zah, S. Bhatacharjee, M. Classen, P. Mukherjee, and R. Widmer (2010). Life cycle assessment of village electrification based on straight Jatropha oil in Chhattisgarh, India. Biomass and Bioenergy, 34(3):347-355. 11. Graebig, M., S. Bringezu, and R. Fenner (2010). Comparative analysis of environmental impacts of maize-biogas and photovoltaics on a land use basis. Solar Energy, 84(7), pp. 1255-1263. 12. Odeh, N.A. and T.T. Cockerill (2008). Life cycle GHG assessment of fossil fuel power plants with carbon capture and storage. Energy Policy, 36(1), pp. 367-380. 13. Tiwary, A., and J. Colls (2010). Mitigating secondary aerosol generation potentials from biofuel use in the energy sector. Science of the Total Environment, 408(3),pp. 607-616. 14. World Energy Council (2004).Comparison of Energy Systems Using Life Cycle Assessment. World Energy Council, London, UK, 67 pp. 15. Zhang, Y.M., S. Habibi, and H.L. MacLean (2007). Environmental and economic evaluation of bioenergy in Ontario, Canada. Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association, 57(8), pp. 919-933.

8 BIOFUELS AS A SUSTAINABLE ENERGY RESOURCE

UPASANA YADAV SCHOOL OF APPLIED SCIENCES, AMITY UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW

ABSTRACT The term biofuel is referred to liquid, gas and solid fuels predominantly produced from biomass. Biofuels include energy security reasons, environmental concerns, foreign exchange savings, and socioeconomicissues related to the rural sector. Biofuels include bioethanol, biomethanol, vegetable oils, biodiesel, biogas, bio-synthetic gas (bio-syngas), bio-oil, bio-char, Fischer-Tropsch liquids, and biohydrogen. Most traditional biofuels, such as ethanol from corn, wheat, or sugar beets, and biodiesel from oil seeds, are produced from classic agricultural food crops that require high-quality agricultural land for growth. Bioethanol is a petrol additive/substitute. Biomethanol can be produced from biomass using bio-syngas obtained from steam reforming process of biomass. Biomethanol is considerably easier to recover than the bioethanol from biomass. Ethanol forms an azeotrope with water so it is expensive to purify the ethanol during recovery. Methanol recycles easier because it does not form an azeotrope. Biodiesel is an environmentally friendly alternative liquid fuel that can be used in any diesel engine without modification.There has been renewed interest in the use of vegetable oils for making biodiesel due to its less pollutingand renewable nature as against the conventional petroleum diesel fuel. Due to its environmental merits, the share of biofuel in the automotive fuel market will grow fast in the next decade. There are several reasons for biofuels to be considered as relevant technologies by both developing and industrialized countries. Biofuels include energy security reasons, environmental concerns, foreign exchange savings, and socioeconomic issues related to the rural sector. The biofuel economy will grow rapidly during the 21st century. Its economy development is based on agricultural production and most people live in the rural areas. In the most biomass-intensive scenario, modernized biomass energy contributes by 2050 about one half of total energy demand in developing countries.

9

EQUATIONS FOR KINETIC ENERGY IN MULTIPHASE POROUS MEDIA



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DR.MOHAMMAD MIYAN ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR, DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS, SHIA P.G.COLLEGE, UNIVERSITY OF LUCKNOW, LUCKNOW,

ABSTRACT The macroscopic transport analysis for the incompressible fluid flow in the porous media based on the volume-average method for the heat transfer was given in the various researches. In the present paper there are the analysis and derivations of equations based on the concept of time-average. This gives a new concepts and method for the analysis of turbulent flow in porous media. The time-averaged transport equations play an important role on analyzing the transportation over the highly permeable media where the turbulent flow occurs in the fluid phase. Keywords: Heat, Porous media, Turbulent flow, Transportation. 1. Introduction The concept of macroscopic transportation for the incompressible fluid flow in the porous media was used by Vafai& Tien [10] in 1981 and Whitaker [12] in 1999, based on the volume-average method for the heat transfer by Hsu & Cheng [4] in 1990. The concept of space average in porous media is based on the assumption that although fluid velocities and pressure may be irregular at the pore scale, locally space-averaged measurements of these quantities vary smoothly [12]. Macroscopic equations are commonly derived by spatially averaging the microscopic ones over a Representative Elementary Volume (REV) of the porous media. A REV should be the smallest differential volume, which results in meaningful local average properties. It implies that the length scale of this volume must be sufficiently larger than the pore scale. Also, the dimensions of the system must be considerably larger than the REV’s length scale for avoiding the non-homogeneities i.e.,

where pis the pore scale or microscopic length scale, D is the macroscopic length scale and L is the megascale or scale of the system as represented by figure-1 .

Figure-1. Identification of different length scales.

A schematic representation of a spherical REV consisting of a fixed solid phase saturated with a continuous fluid phase and is shown by the figure-2, here the solid phase is fixed, i.e., the solid phase does not change randomly if different ensembles are considered. The volume of the REV is constant i.e., independent of the space and its value is equal to the sum of the fluid and solid volumes inside the REV, i.e.,



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Figure 2. Spherical representative elementary volume (REV).

The spherical representative elementary volume is shown by figure-2.On taking the time fluctuations of the flow properties with spatial deviations, there are generally two methods for deriving and studying the macroscopic equations. The first method based on the time-average operator followed by the volume-averaging initially used by Kuwahara et al. [5] in 1998. The second method based on the concept of volume-averaging before time averaging that was used by Lee & Howell [7] in 1987, and the macroscopic transport equations established by these two methods are equivalent. This initial method for the flow variables has been extended to the nonbuoyant heat transfer for the porous media by considering the phenomenon of time variations and spatial deviations was taken by Rocamora&Lemos [8] in 2000.Later, the researches on the natural convection flow on the porous layer, double-diffusive convection for the turbulent flow and heat transfer in the porous media was given by de Lemos et al. [2] in 2004. The numerical based analysis for applications of double-decomposition theory to buoyant flow was also reviewed by de Lemos [1] in 2003. 2. Governing Equations The macroscopic instantaneous transfer equations for the incompressible fluid flow having the constant properties are given as:

̅ ( ) ( ̅ ̅) ̅ ̅( )

( ) ( ̅ ) ( ) ( ) Where ̅is the velocity vector, P is the pressure, μ is the viscosity of the fluid, ρ is the density of the fluid, ̅ is the acceleration vector due to gravity, is the specific heat, T is the temperature and λ is the thermal conductivity of the fluid. The mass fraction distribution related to chemical species e is governed by the transport equation given as:

( ̅ ̅) ( ) Where me is the mass fraction of component e, ̅ is the mass-averaged velocity of the fluid mixture, so we have

̅ ∑

̅ ( )

Where ̅ is the velocity of species e. The mass diffusion flux ̅ is due to velocity slip of the species e and is given as:

̅ ( ̅ ̅) ( ) where is the diffusion coefficient of species e for the mixture. The equation (6) is also known as the Fick’s law. The Re represents the generation rate of species per unit mass.



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If the density ρ varies with the temperature T for the natural convection flow, the remaining density based on the Boussinesq concept will be given as:

[ ( )]( ) whereTr is the temperature at reference value and β is the thermal expansion coefficient and is defined as:

(

) ( )

By using the equation (2) and (7), we get ( ̅ ̅) ( ) ̅ ̅ ( )( )

where( ) ̅ represents the modified pressure gradient. From equation (3), we have the equation for fluid as:

( ) ( ̅ ) ( ) ( )

Also from equation (3), we have the equation for solid or porous matrix as:

( ) ( )

where the suffix F and p are used for fluid and porous matrix respectively. The factor or vanishes in

the absence of heat generation. The volume-averaging in the porous medium was given by Slattery in 1967 [9], Whitaker [11], [12], in 1969 and 1999 and Gray et al. [3] in 1977. It makes the concept of REV (representative elementary volume) and by using the concept, the equations are integrated. 2.1 Volume and Time Average Operators The volume average of the general property term φ over REV for the porous medium was given by Gray et al. [3] in 1977 and is written as:

[ ]

∫ ( )

where[ ] is taken for any point surrounded by REV of size . The average is given as: [ ] [ ] ( )

where the suffix ‘i’ is used for the intrinsic average and ϕ is the porosity of the medium and is defined as:

[ ] ( ) in addition to the condition that

[ ] ( ) where is the spatial deviation of for the intrinsic average . To derive the flow equations, we have to know the relation between the volume average of derivatives and derivatives of volume average. The relation between these two was presented by Slattery [9] in 1967 &Gray et al. [3] in 1977. So we have

[ ] { ( ) }

[∫ ̂ ]

( )

[ ] { ( ) }

[∫ ̂ ]

( )

[

]

{ ( ) }

[∫ ̂ ( ) ]

( )

where αi, and ̂ are interfacial area, velocity and unit vector normal to αi respectively. If the porous substrate is fixed then But if the medium is rigid and heterogeneous then depends on the space and doesn’t depend on time as taken by Gray et al. [3]. The time average of is given as:

̅

∫ ( )



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where is very small time interval as compared to ̅ but sufficient to calculate the turbulent fluctuations of Now the time decomposition will be taken as:

̅ ( ) with the condition that

̅ ( ) where is the time fluctuation of with respect to ̅ 3. Time-Averaged Transport Equation Let us consider the following:

̅ ̅ ̅ ( ) The equations (1), (2) and (9) will be

̅ ( ) ( ̅ ̅) ( ̅) ̅ ( ̅̅ ̅ ̅̅ ̅) ̅ ( ̅ )( )

( ) ( ̅ ̅) ( ̅) ( ( )̅̅ ̅̅ ̅̅ ̅̅ )( )

Taking, { ̅ ( ̅) }

̅̅ ̅̅ ( )

( ̅ ̅ )

( )

By using the eddy-diffusivity concept, we have from equation (24),

ρ ( )̅̅ ̅̅ ̅̅ ̅̅ μ ̅̅ ̅̅

ρ ̂( )

whereμ ̂ are the turbulent viscosity and unity tensor respectively.

Again by using the eddy-diffusivity concept for the turbulent heat flux for equation (25), we have

ρ ( )̅̅ ̅̅ ̅̅ ̅̅ μ ̅( )

where is the turbulent Prandlt number. The transport equation for turbulent kinetic energy will be founded by taking the multiplication of the difference between the instantaneous and the time-averaged momentum equations by Again, using the time-average operator, the equation takes the form:

ρ ( ̅ ) ρ { ρ } μ ρ ( )

where

ρ ( )̅̅ ̅̅ ̅̅ ̅̅ ̅ due to the mean velocity gradient

ρ β ̅ ( )̅̅ ̅̅ ̅̅ ̅̅ ( )

The term is the buoyancy generation rate of

( )

4. Conclusions The paper gives a new method for the analysis of turbulent flow in the porous media by using the time-averaged transport equation. This might be better when studying transport over highly permeable media where the turbulent flow occurs in the fluid phase. The analysis gives opportunities for environmental and engineering flows from these derivations. References 1. de Lemos, M.J.S. and Silva, R.A., 2003, Turbulent Flow Around a Wavy Interface Between a Porous Medium and a Clear Domain, Proc. of ASME-FEDSM 2003,4th ASME/JSME Joint Fluids Engineering Conference (on CD-ROM), Paper FEDSM2003–45457, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, July 6–11.



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2. de Lemos, M.J.S. and Tofaneli, L.A., 2004, Modeling of Double-Diffusive Turbulent Natural Convection in Porous Media, International Journal of Heat Mass Transfer, Vol. 47, no.19–20, pp. 4233–4241. 3. Gray, W.G. and Lee, P.C.Y., 1977, On the theorems for local volume averaging of multiphase system, Int. J. Multiphase Flow, 3, 333–340. 4. Hsu, C.T. and Cheng, P., 1990, Thermal dispersion in a porous medium, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 33, 1587–1597. 5. Kuwahara, F., Kameyama, Y., Yamashita, S., and Nakayama, A., 1998, Numerical modeling of turbulent flow in porous media using a spatially periodic array, J. Porous Media, 1, 47–55. 6. Lee, K. and Howell, J.R., 1987, Forced convective and radiative transfer within a highly porous layer exposed to a turbulent external flow field, Proc. 1987 ASME-JSME Thermal Eng. Joint Conf., 2, 377–386. 7. Pedras, M.H.J. and de Lemos, M.J.S., 1999a, On Volume and Time Averaging of Transport Equations for Turbulent Flow in Porous Media, Proc. 3rd ASME/JSME Joint Fluids Eng. Conf. (on CDROM), ASME-FED-248, Paper FEDSM99-7273, ISBN 0-7918-1961-2, San Francisco, CA, July18–23. 8. Rocamora Jr., F.D. and de Lemos, M.J.S., 2000a, Analysis of convective heat transfer for turbulent flow in saturated porous media, Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transfer, 27(6), 825–834. 9. Slattery, J.C., 1967, Flow of viscoelastic fluids through porous media, A.I.Ch.E.J., 13, 1066–1071. 10. Vafai, K. and Tien, C.L., 1981, Boundary and inertia effects on flow and heat transfer in porous media, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 24, 195–203. 11. Whitaker, S., 1969, Advances in theory of fluid motion in porous media, Ind. Eng.Chem., 61, 14–28. 12. Whitaker, S., 1999, The Method of Volume Averaging, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.

10 PLASMA TECHNIQUE FOR SAVING ENERGY

DR. GYANENDRA AWASTHI HOD, DEPARTMENT OF BIOCHEMISTRY

DOLPHIN INSTITUTE , DEHRADUN UTTARAKHAND.

ABSTRACT: Carbon dioxide (CO2) and Methane (CH4) are considered as most important Green House Gases. They are playing significant role in global climate change as well as environmental disbalance.Carbon dioxide and Methane are stable compounds, Can exist at low potential energies. Warm plasma is eco-friendly and auto sustainable. More recently plasma gas dry reforming technique is developed which is energy saving and does not create any environmental pollution. In the plasma reforming high electron energy provides not only radical species but also the enthalpy required for endothermic reaction. The dry reforming is an endothermic process there fore high external energy is required to complete the process. The conversion of hydrocarbon in by –products with addition of warm plasma which develops dissociation and ionization process, with respect to other techniques of hydrocarbon reforming plasma discharges. Many references are available for RF Plasma discharges, operating at much reduced pressure, even it there is presence of low pressure plasma, the conversion of high hydrocarbon and good H2 Selectivity.

11 SUSTAINABLE ENERGY RESOURCES AND ITS UTILITY IN MODERN TIMES

DR. JAMAL HAIDER ZAIDI ,ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY



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Sustainable energy resource is the demand of today's world. This is the type of energy which can be renewed and cannot be depleted or expired and can be used over and over again. The solar energy, hydropower, geothermal, wind etc. are renewable energy resource and are available in plenty. The usage of these energy does not pollute the environment or cause any damage to our plant and ecosystem. With the increase in population and subsequent demand in increased energy usage, our current resources of fossil fuels is fast depleting and we need to shift towards sustainable energy resources. As of today nearly 20% of the world's energy comes from renewable resources, and we need to increase this percentage. The world today is facing the dangers of pollution and many cities are so polluted that the air itself has become poisonous to breathe, causing many diseases and deaths. Steps have been taken by various countries and societies to reduce the usage of fossil fuels and shift towards a better and healthier alternative of renewable energy resource. For our day to day usage, solar energy can be efficiently used for heating and lighting up our houses and other buildings, for generating electricity, hot water heating etc. Many countries are now encouraging people to put up solar panels. With the advancement of science the cost of making solar panels has reduced and has become more affordable. Wind energy can be used to drive turbines and windmills and this energy can be captured for the generation of electricity. This energy source is being commercialised and soon will be a big industry for the generation of power when the usage of fossil fuels would have halted. Geothermal energy, or the energy which is produced beneath the earth is also used as a renewable energy resource however it cannot be used and harnessed in all places. Only places with high seismic activity and those prone to volcanoes can be used to harness this energy. Shifting our energy utilisation from fossil fuels to sustainable energy resource is the call of the day and save mankind from self destruction.

12 HIGH PERFORMANCE COMPUTING-TOOL FOR STUDYING AND DEVELOPING SUSTAINABLE ENERGY

RESOURCES SANA JAFAR, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

AMITY SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE

AMITY UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW Energy is needed for every single piece of task. This energy comes from the sources which may be sustainable or non sustainable. The non-sustainable energy resources are likely to finish after a certain period of time. A good example of this is fossil fuels, nuclear energy. Therefore, efforts are made to develop sustainable energy resources that could be used in place of non-sustainable energy resources and for a longer period of time. Some of the examples of sustainable energies are-solar energy, wind energy, geo thermal energy, bio energy, hydro power, ocean energy and so on. The sustainable energy is important due to many factors like:

They have a lower environmental impact than non sustainable energy.

The sustainable energy resources will never run out so they can replenish generations after generations.

Mostly the investments in sustainable energy are made on material and man-power to build and maintain the facilities rather than in importing the costly energy resources. This promotes better employment opportunities within the country. Also the renewable technologies develop and built in the country can be sold overseas, boosting the country’s trade.



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Considerable drop in prices of renewable energy resources as compared to non-renewable energy resources. In one of his articles, Cedric Philibert, a senior analyst in the Renewable Energy Division of the International Energy Agency, has shown considerable drop in prices of solar energy, on-shore and off-shore wind energy resources.

The article has also quoted that use of renewable energy resources has affected the whole value chain tremendously. More energy efficient equipment has led to better engineering work and has enabled a technology leap with innovation.

Being an infinite source of energy, the renewable are highly encouraged by policy measures and financial support with the aim of further bringing down the cost with early deployment.

Since sustainable energy is domestic, it reduces the nation’s dependence on foreign sources of energy. Having diversified sources of renewable energy in a country further leads to energy security as it protects the power sup

14 978-93-84659-88-2.pdf · 14th December, 2016 Edited by Dr. Devendra Kumar Awasthi Associate...

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