Waratah Pty Ltd, Galilee Coal and Rail Project, Galilee Basin, Queensland
14 .11.10 M. Galilee
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Water Quality and FishWater Quality and Fish
HealthHealth
איכות מים ומחלות דגיםאיכות מים ומחלות דגים
דר. יצחק בז'רנומגיש :
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Selye 1950Selye 1950
• General Adaptation Syndrome (G.A.S)General Adaptation Syndrome (G.A.S)– Sum of the responses activities keeping or rehabilitating normalSum of the responses activities keeping or rehabilitating normal
metabolic rate (Interaction between external stimulations andmetabolic rate (Interaction between external stimulations andphysiological mechanisms, maintaining homeostasis.).physiological mechanisms, maintaining homeostasis.).
• The G.A.S sequence can be divided to three stages. The G.A.S sequence can be divided to three stages.
• 1. Alarm reaction1. Alarm reaction stage.stage.
– Releasing Corticosteroids & Catecholamine hormonesReleasing Corticosteroids & Catecholamine hormones – – antiantiinflammatory and reacting the sympathetic system, respectively.inflammatory and reacting the sympathetic system, respectively.
• 2.2. Resistance reaction stage.Resistance reaction stage.• Characterized by internal and external activities.Characterized by internal and external activities.
• 3. Exhaustion reaction3. Exhaustion reaction stage.stage.– Over exposureOver exposure – – time, intensity or both.time, intensity or both.
– Irritation without capability to rehabilitated.Irritation without capability to rehabilitated.
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Selye 1950Selye 1950
•General Adaptation Syndrome (G.A.SGeneral Adaptation Syndrome (G.A.S((
סך כל התגובות המביאות למצב או שיקום מטבוליזםסך כל התגובות המביאות למצב או שיקום מטבוליזם•
פיזיולוגיים השומרים על הומהוסטזיס.פיזיולוגיים השומרים על הומהוסטזיס.נורמאלי. )אינטראקציה בין גירויים חיצוניים למנגנוניםנורמאלי. )אינטראקציה בין גירויים חיצוניים למנגנונים
רצף התגובות מאופיין בשלשה שלבים:רצף התגובות מאופיין בשלשה שלבים:•
שלב ההזעקה.1.1
– הפרשת הורמונים– הפרשת הורמונים((((Alarm reactionAlarm reactionשלב ההזעקה
קורטיקוסטרואידים וקטכולאמינים. נוגדי דלקת ומפעיליקורטיקוסטרואידים וקטכולאמינים. נוגדי דלקת ומפעיליהמערכת הסימפטתית בהתאמה.המערכת הסימפטתית בהתאמה.
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Selye 50Selye 50 (cont(cont.(.(
-- .((Resistance reactionResistance reactionשלב ההתגוננות. שלב ההתגוננות22
מאופיין בתגובות הסתגלות, פנימיות וחיצוניות.מאופיין בתגובות הסתגלות, פנימיות וחיצוניות.
.((Exhaustion reactionExhaustion reactionשלב אפיסת הכוחות. שלב אפיסת הכוחות33- המצב שלאחר גירוי ממושך מידי או גירוי בעל- המצב שלאחר גירוי ממושך מידי או גירוי בעל
עוצמה גבוהה מידי, ממנו האורגניזם לא מסוגלעוצמה גבוהה מידי, ממנו האורגניזם לא מסוגל
להשתקם.להשתקם.
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Stress and Fish DiseasesStress and Fish Diseases
Snieeszko 1957Snieeszko 1957
1+2+3
1
Fish
2
Pathogen
3
Environment
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Wedemeyer 1981Wedemeyer 1981היילס לדומל הבחרה(היילס לדומל הבחרה(
שינויים ראשוניים – הורמונאליים.שינויים ראשוניים – הורמונאליים.•
הפרשת הורמונים על ידי ההיפופיזה.הפרשת הורמונים על ידי ההיפופיזה.–
הפרשת קורטיקוסטרואידים וקטכולאמינים.הפרשת קורטיקוסטרואידים וקטכולאמינים.–
שינויים משניים – פיזיולוגיים.שינויים משניים – פיזיולוגיים.•
שינויים כימיים והמטולוגיים – שינויים כימיים והמטולוגיים – –
עליה בריכוז סוכר הדם.עליה בריכוז סוכר הדם.•עליה בריכוז החומצה הלקטית בדם.עליה בריכוז החומצה הלקטית בדם.•
שינויים בהרכב גופיפי הדם.שינויים בהרכב גופיפי הדם.•
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Wedemeyer 1981Wedemeyer 1981 (Cont(Cont.(.(
•ךשמה( םיינשמ םייונישךשמה( םיינשמ םייוניש
שינויים ברקמותשינויים ברקמות–
..CCירידה בריכוז הגליקוגן בכבד, חסר ויטמיןירידה בריכוז הגליקוגן בכבד, חסר ויטמין•
–.?( ילילש ןקנח ןזאמ – םיילובטמ םייוניש.?( ילילש ןקנח ןזאמ – םיילובטמ םייוניש
שינויים בריכוז האלקטרוליטים בדם.שינויים בריכוז האלקטרוליטים בדם.–
שינויים שלישוניים.שינויים שלישוניים.•
עיכוב גדילהעיכוב גדילה–
קושי בהטלהקושי בהטלה–
–הדידנ – תויתנוע( תויתוגהנתה תוערפההדידנ – תויתנוע( תויתוגהנתה תוערפה
עליה בשיעור התחלואה .עליה בשיעור התחלואה .–
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Research topicsResearch topics
• What is the connection betweenWhat is the connection between
stress condition and development of stress condition and development of
fish diseases.fish diseases.• Development of simulation systemDevelopment of simulation system
• Field observations and applications.Field observations and applications.
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Tilapia, Tilapia, In constant volumeIn constant volume
Phenomena of Phenomena of
““socialsocial
””
stress instress in
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Timeh
r(
Number of fish
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Changes in physical & hematologicalChanges in physical & hematological
parameters, under stress conditionparameters, under stress condition..
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
C o r t i s
o l
G l u
c o s e
L a c t a t e
R . B . C H b . H
c t .
AcuteThermal
Chronic
P
ercentageo f
normal
Cl f b t i ftCl f b t i ft
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Clearance of bacteria afterClearance of bacteria after
challengechallenge (Viable count of (Viable count of VibrioVibrio
parahaemolyticus parahaemolyticus((
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0 10 20 30 40 50
Time after injection hr(
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0 20 40 60
Blood
Liver
Spleen
Kidney
Bacteria
log10,Num
ber/g(
Stressed fishNon stressed fish
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The relationship of environmental conditions The relationship of environmental conditions
and other biological factors in aquacultureand other biological factors in aquaculture
that influence infectious diseases of fishthat influence infectious diseases of fish
Reduced
ResistanceInfectious diseases(
Culture
speciesStocking
density
Feeding
rate
Water
enrichment
Water qualityO2, CO2, pH,
NH3, NO2
Availability
of Fresh water
Growth
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Some variables of the infectious agent, host,Some variables of the infectious agent, host,
and the environment that influence theand the environment that influence the
potential occurrence of fish diseasespotential occurrence of fish diseases
a. Infectivity
b. Virulence
c. Pathogenicityd. Viability
e. Strain
a. Species
b. Age
c. Nutritional statusd. Physiological condition
e. Population density
a. Temperatureb. Oxygen concentration
c. Water alkalinity
d. Water hardness
e. Other water quality
parameters
f. Season
Pathogen Host
Environment
Disease
potential
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0
10
20
30
40
50
6070
80
90
100
110
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Toxicity of component x to fish Toxicity of component x to fish
(LC(LC5050
((
Concentration mg/l(
Mortality%(
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Fish mortality as a result of Fish mortality as a result of
harvest by vacuum pumpingharvest by vacuum pumping
1
10
100
1000
10000
1 2 3 4 5
Days after handling
M
ortalitynumb e
roffish(
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Beit-Shan Valley, May 2005. Poly Culture , more than 20 tones/hectare. Mortality over 60 tones.
B i killi i l fB t i killi t i l f
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Bacteria killing rate in spleen of Bacteria killing rate in spleen of
contaminated tilapiacontaminated tilapia ((OreochromisOreochromis
SpSp.(.(
NoNo.. pHpH TreatmentTreatment Cells/gCells/gspleenspleen
11 99 ControlControl 00
22 99 ControlControl 1.6x101.6x1022
33 99 NONO22 32 mg/l32 mg/l 6.6x106.6x1066
44 99 NONO22 32 mg/l32 mg/l 3.0x103.0x1055
55 99 NHNH44-N 2 mg/l-N 2 mg/l 6.0x106.0x1044
66 99 NHNH44-N 2 mg/l-N 2 mg/l 7.6x107.6x1044
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Comparison of conditions in theComparison of conditions in the
aquatic and terrestrialaquatic and terrestrial
environmentsenvironmentsVariant AquaticVariant Aquatic TerrestrialTerrestrial• OxygenOxygen Low and variableLow and variable Nearly constant,Nearly constant,
00 – – 12 mg/l 300 mg/l12 mg/l 300 mg/l
• PressurePressure Variable Nearly constantVariable Nearly constant• Temperature Temperature Variable VariableVariable Variable
• ChemistryChemistry Variable ConstantVariable Constant
• DensityDensity High: 800 x air, significant Low: No significantHigh: 800 x air, significant Low: No significant
energy cost toenergy cost to ““breathbreath”” energy to breathenergy to breath
• ViscosityViscosity High: Significant energy Low: No significantHigh: Significant energy Low: No significantcost to swim limitation to ovementcost to swim limitation to ovement
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Temperature (oC( Oxygen)mg/l)
Temperature )oC) Oxygen)mg/l(
1 14.2 21 8.9
2 13.8 22 8.7
3 13.5 23 8.6
4 13.0 24 8.4
5 12.7 25 8.2
6 12.4 26 8.1
7 12.1 27 8.0
8 11.8 28 7.8
9 11.5 29 7.7
10 11.3 30 7.5
11 11.0 31 7.4
12 10.7 32 7.3
13 10.5 33 7.2
14 10.3 34 7.1
15 10.0 35 6.9
16 9.8 36 6.8
17 9.6 37 6.7
18 9.4 38 6.6
19 9.2 39 6.5
20 9.1 40 6.4
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1 liter of oxygen (gas) = 1.4 gram
1 gram of oxygen (gas = 0.7 ( liter
1 liter of liquid oxygen = 1.14 kg
1 kg of liquid oxygen = 0.778 liter
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Hyperbolic and Sigmoid Oxyhemoglobin
Dissociation Curve
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
Oxygen Tension (mm Hg)
S a t u r a t i o n o f
H e m o g l o b i n ( % )
O2 concentration
at tissues
O2 concentration
at gills
Sigmoid
Hyperbolic
Coldwater fish:Amount O2
unloaded at
tissue
W ar mw a t er f i sh : Am o un t O2
unl o a d e d a t
t i s s u e
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Growth rate &Food consumptio as a function of
dissolved oxygen in the water
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Growthg/d
ay(
orFoodcon
su
mption
0.1g
/gfish/ d
ay(
Dissolved Oxygen mg/l(
Growth
Food
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Oxygen consumption as a functionOxygen consumption as a function
of fish weightof fish weight
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Weight g(
Oxygenconsu
mption
mg/kgfish/hr(
Dissolved O2 = 6 mg/l
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Effect of dissolved oxygenEffect of dissolved oxygen
concentration on oxygen consumptionconcentration on oxygen consumption
by fishby fish
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Dissolved oxygen mg/l(
Oxygen
consumption
m
g/kg
fish/hr(
Fish weight = 500 g
xygen m a ons an
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xygen m a ons anrequirementsrequirementsO2mg/l
Species Effect Reference
2-32-3 Tilapia Tilapia Lowest levels forLowest levels forgrowthgrowth
Balarin & HattonBalarin & Hatton19791979
2.82.8 CyprinidsCyprinids Possible mortalities,Possible mortalities,long exposurelong exposure..
Downing &Downing &
Merkens 1957Merkens 1957
>>33 CyprinidsCyprinids Growth decreaseGrowth decrease Itazawa 1971Itazawa 1971
77 CyprinidsCyprinids Maximum growthMaximum growth.. Huisman 1974Huisman 1974
55 SalmonidsSalmonids Minimum sustainedMinimum sustainedlevellevel
Forster et. 1977Forster et. 1977
33 S. salarS. salar 7272hr, LChr, LC5050 fresh waterfresh water Alabaster et. 79Alabaster et. 79
44//66 Peneus japPeneus jap Feeding reduced / optFeeding reduced / opt.. Liao 1969Liao 1969
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Respiration in pond divided toRespiration in pond divided to
componentscomponents
SourceSource Mg/lMg/l %%of totalof total
DiffusionDiffusion 2.112.11 25.625.6
FishFish 1.081.08 13.113.1
PlanktonPlankton 4.324.32 52.452.4
BenthosBenthos 0.730.73 8.98.9
TotalTotal 8.248.24 100.0100.0
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Scheme of nitrogen transformations in intensive fish pond.
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Percentage of un-ionized ammonia inPercentage of un-ionized ammonia in
diluted fresh waterdiluted fresh water
0
20
40
60
80
100
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Solution pH
Percent
Ammonia
Ammonium
NH4+ = 109.2
NH3 10pH
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Percent NHPercent NH33 in aqueous ammonia solutions,in aqueous ammonia solutions,
for different temperature and pHfor different temperature and pH
TempTemp
((ooCC))
pHpH6.56.5
pHpH7.07.0
pHpH7.57.5
pHpH8.08.0
pHpH8.58.5
pHpH9.09.0
pHpH9.59.5
00 0.0260.026 0.0830.083 0.2610.261 0.8200.820 2.552.55 7.647.64 20.720.755.. 0.0390.039 0.1250.125 0.3940.394 1.231.23 3.803.80 11.111.1 28.328.3
1010.. 0.0590.059 0.1860.186 0.5860.586 1.831.83 5.565.56 15.715.7 37.137.1
1515.. 0.0860.086 0.2730.273 0.8590.859 2.672.67 7.977.97 21.521.5 46.446.4
2020 0.1250.125 0.3960.396 1.241.24 3.823.82 11.211.2 28.428.4 55.755.7
2525 0.1800.180 0.5660.566 1.771.77 5.385.38 15.315.3 36.336.3 64.364.3
3030 0.2540.254 0.7990.799 2.482.48 7.467.46 20.320.3 44.644.6 71.871.8
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NONO22 LimitationsLimitations
• 0.012 mg/l0.012 mg/l – – Stress shown inStress shown in SalmonidsSalmonids..
• 0.15 mg/l0.15 mg/l – – Methaemoglobinemia in Trout.Methaemoglobinemia in Trout.
• 0.5 mg/l0.5 mg/l – – LCLC5050 , fingerlings 24 h, in Trout., fingerlings 24 h, in Trout.
•1.6 mg/l1.6 mg/l – – LCLC
5050
, yearling 24 h, in Trout., yearling 24 h, in Trout.
• 1. 8 - mg/l, Larva growth reduced, in1. 8 - mg/l, Larva growth reduced, in MacrobrchiumMacrobrchium..
• 15.4 mg/l15.4 mg/l – – LCLC5050 , 3-4 wk,, 3-4 wk, MacrobrachiumMacrobrachium..
• 7.55-24.8 mg/l7.55-24.8 mg/l – – LCLC5050 , 96, 96 IchtalurusIchtalurus..
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Eeffect of pH on the relative proportion of total
CO 2 (H2CO 3, Free CO 2), HCO 3-
and CO 3
-0.1
0.15
0.4
0.65
0.9
3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5 8.5 9.5 10.5 11.5
pH
M o l e F r a c t i
H2CO3 and
Free Co2
HCO3-
CO32-
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Respiratory as function of Respiratory as function of
dissolved oxygendissolved oxygen
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
COCO
22produced / unitproduced / unit
timetimeR.QR.Q. = ----------------------------------. = ----------------------------------
OO22consumed / unitconsumed / unit
timetime
The respiratory quotient R.Q. The respiratory quotient R.Q.in relation to ambientin relation to ambient
oxygen concentration inoxygen concentration in
Tilapia mosab- bica,Tilapia mosab- bica, in freshin fresh
water at 30water at 30ooCC..
Ambient oxygen mg/l(
R . Q
.
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COCO22 LimitationsLimitations
• Narcotic effect, higher concentrations mayNarcotic effect, higher concentrations may
cause death.cause death.
• Accumulate in blood, cause acidosis.Accumulate in blood, cause acidosis.
• Interfere with the loading of hemoglobin withInterfere with the loading of hemoglobin with
oxygen.oxygen.
• 1212 – – 55 mg/l, increasing nephroclcinosis in55 mg/l, increasing nephroclcinosis in
trout.trout.• 10 mg/l10 mg/l – – may be tolerated.may be tolerated.
• Up to 60 mg/lUp to 60 mg/l – – most species can survived.most species can survived.
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Effects of pH on fishEffects of pH on fish
33 44 55 66 77 88 99 1010 pHpH
11
22
33
** ** 44
** 55
66
77
88
99
1010
** 1111
• Salmonids growth inhibition (4-5)Salmonids growth inhibition (4-5)
• Warm water fish, no growth (5.5-6)Warm water fish, no growth (5.5-6)
• Warm water fish, no reprod. (6-6.5)Warm water fish, no reprod. (6-6.5)
• Tolerance (6.5-7.5) Tolerance (6.5-7.5)• Grass carp, fry tolerance (9-9.5)Grass carp, fry tolerance (9-9.5)
• Bass mortality (10.2)Bass mortality (10.2)
• Trout mortality (3.6) Trout mortality (3.6)
• No viable fishery (5-5.5)No viable fishery (5-5.5)
• Desirable range fresh water (6.5-7.5Desirable range fresh water (6.5-7.5
• Marine culture system (8.3)Marine culture system (8.3)
• Trout mortality (9.8) Trout mortality (9.8)
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Temperature Temperature
1.1. Hoff Hoff ’’s lows low – – 1010ooC increase, doubles reaction rate.C increase, doubles reaction rate.
2.2. The peak O The peak O22 consumption rate is maintained overconsumption rate is maintained over
a small Temp. range.a small Temp. range.
Tolerate range 5 to 36, max. growth 25 to 30. Tolerate range 5 to 36, max. growth 25 to 30.
44. O. O22 decrease relatively rapidly to lethal.decrease relatively rapidly to lethal.
55. Coldwater or warm water species. Coldwater or warm water species (diversity).(diversity).
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Oxygen consumption as function of Oxygen consumption as function of
temperature (100%=500mg/kg fish/htemperature (100%=500mg/kg fish/h(.(.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 10 20 30 40 50 60Water tmperature (oC)
O x y g e n C o n s u m p t i o n % o f
m a x . r a t e
ooCC OO22
1010 11.311.3
2020 9.29.2
3030 7.67.6
4040 6.66.6
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Seasonal mortalities of GreySeasonal mortalities of Grey
mulletmullet
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec.
Month
N u m b e r o
f c a s e s
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
T e m p e r a
t u r e ( o C )
Temp
Cases
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Changes in bio-filter efficiency inChanges in bio-filter efficiency in
correlation with temperaturecorrelation with temperature
3030 2525 2020 1515 1010
100100 7373 4747 3333 2020
TemperatureoC(
Percentage
%(
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Water quality limits recommended toWater quality limits recommended to
protect health of cold- and warm waterprotect health of cold- and warm water
fishfish• Acidity pH 6Acidity pH 6 – – 99
• Alkalinity >20 mg/lAlkalinity >20 mg/l
• (as CaCO(as CaCO33))
• Ammonia < 0.02 mg/lAmmonia < 0.02 mg/l
• Calcium > 5 mg/lCalcium > 5 mg/l
• Carbon dioxideCarbon dioxide
• <5-10 mg/l<5-10 mg/l
• Chloride > 4.0 mg/lChloride > 4.0 mg/l
• Chlorine <0.003 mg/lChlorine <0.003 mg/l
• CopperCopper• <0.0006 mg/l in soft water<0.0006 mg/l in soft water
• <0.03 mg/l in hard water<0.03 mg/l in hard water
• Iron < 0.1 mg/lIron < 0.1 mg/l
• GasGas super saturationsuper saturation <102%<102%
• HydrogenHydrogen sulfidesulfide <0.003 mg/l<0.003 mg/l
• Nitrate <1.0 mg/lNitrate <1.0 mg/l
• Nitrite <0.1 mg/lNitrite <0.1 mg/l• OxygenOxygen coldwatercoldwater fishfish 6 mg/l6 mg/l
• warm water fishwarm water fish 4 mg/l4 mg/l
• Total dissolved solids Total dissolved solids<200 mg/l<200 mg/l
• Total suspended solids Total suspended solids
<80 mg/l<80 mg/l• Turbidity <20 NTU Turbidity <20 NTU
cro a s seasescro a s seases
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cro a s seasescro a s seasescommonly considered stresscommonly considered stress
mediatedmediatedDiseaseDisease Predisposing environmental factorsPredisposing environmental factors
Bacterial gill diseaseBacterial gill disease
ColumnarisColumnaris
Cold water diseaseCold water disease
Enteric redmouthEnteric redmouth
FurunculosisFurunculosis
MotileMotile Aeromonas Aeromonas
septicemiasepticemia
Spring viremia of Spring viremia of carpcarp
Ulcer disease of Ulcer disease of goldfishgoldfish
VibriosisVibriosis
**Crowding, unfavorable environmental condition,Crowding, unfavorable environmental condition,and presence of causative bacteria, elevatedand presence of causative bacteria, elevatedammonia, particulate material in waterammonia, particulate material in water
**Crowding, handling, seining, adverse temperature,Crowding, handling, seining, adverse temperature,
other infectious diseasesother infectious diseases** Temperature decrease from 10 - 15 Temperature decrease from 10 - 15ooC to 7 - 13C to 7 - 13 ooCC
**High stocking density, elevated water temperature,High stocking density, elevated water temperature,excessive metabolites, handling, transportexcessive metabolites, handling, transport
**Low oxygen, handling whenLow oxygen, handling when A. salmonicida A. salmonicida isisendemicendemic
**Injury to skin, fins or gills, hauling, improperInjury to skin, fins or gills, hauling, improperhandling, temperature stress, low oxygen, otherhandling, temperature stress, low oxygen, otherdisease organisms, pesticides, seasonal changes,disease organisms, pesticides, seasonal changes,improper nutrition, crowdingimproper nutrition, crowding
**Handling after over- wintering at low temperaturesHandling after over- wintering at low temperatures
Handling and stocking in late winter or early springHandling and stocking in late winter or early spring
**Handlin , oor environmental conditions, mi rationHandlin , oor environmental conditions, mi ration
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Mode of action of prymnesium toxin onMode of action of prymnesium toxin on
fishfish
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Table of chemicals for treating Table of chemicals for treating
PrymnesiumPrymnesium
Temp.Temp.((ooCC))
pHpH Liq. AmmLiq. Amm..(NH(NH33OHOH))
Ammon.Ammon.sulfatesulfate
CopperCoppersulfatesulfate
Over 20Over 20 Over 9.0Over 9.0
8.68.6 – – 9.09.0
Below 8.6Below 8.6
- - - -- - - -
1010 – –1212
1313
1010 – –1212
1515
1515 – –1717
- - - -- - - -
- - - -- - - -
- - - -- - - -
1818 – –2020Over 9.0Over 9.0
8.68.6 – – 9.09.0
Below 8.6Below 8.6
1010 – –1212
1212 – –1313
1313
1515
2020
2525
22
22
- - - -- - - -
1212--1818 Over 9.0Over 9.0
8.68.6 – – 9.09.0
Below 8.6Below 8.6
1313
1313
- - - -- - - -
2525
- - - -- - - -
- - - -- - - -
22 – –33
22 – –33
22--33
Amount for treating 1 d 1 m depth( *
Instructions for preparing aInstructions for preparing a
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Instructions for preparing aInstructions for preparing a
test for identifying Prymnesiumtest for identifying Prymnesium
toxintoxin
BeakerBeaker
typetype
Pond waterPond water(ml(ml))
TapTapwaterwater
(ml(ml))
OrdinaryOrdinarycofa.cofa.
(ml(ml))
SensitivSensitive cof.e cof.
(ml(ml))
Ord. contOrd. cont..
Sens. ContSens. Cont..
¼¼unitunit
11unitunit
55unitunit
--
--
50505050
1010
5050
5050
----
4040
11
--
--11
11
--
11
11--
--
Beaker capacity