137974700-MIL-STD-271-Requirments-for-NDT.pdf

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1/97

AMSC N / A

DISTRIBUTI

- MIL-STD-271F(SH)

27

June

1986

SUPERSEDING

MIL-STD-Z71E(SHIPS)

31

October 1973

(See9 .2 )

MILITARYSTANDARD

REQUIREMENTSFORNONDESTRUCTIVE

TESTING METHODS

AREA NDTI

ON STATEMENT A Approved f o r p u b l i c r e l e a s e ; d i s t r i b u t i o nu n l i m i t e d

/THIS

DOCUMENT CONTAINS 97 - - . - PAGES.

ded by IHS Licensee=VSE Corp Specs/9957810104Not for Resale, 02/24/2009 06:53:47 MSTeproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

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2/97

NIL-STD-271F(SH)

27 J une

1986

DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY

NAVAL

SEA SYSTENS CONNAND

Washi ngton, DC 20362-5101

Requi rements f or Nondest ruct i ve Test i ng Methods.

1. Thi s Standard i s approved f or use by the Naval Sea Syst ems Command NAVSEA)

and i s avai l abl e for use by al l Departments and Agenci es of the Department of

Defense.

2. For cont racts

or

acqui si t i on orders whi ch i nvoke pr i ox i ssues of thi s docu-

ment , the cont ractor shal l not use thi s i ssue w thout pr i or cont ractual approval .

3 .

Benef i ci al comments recommendat i ons, addi t i ons, del eti ons) and any pert i nent

data whi ch may be of use i n i mprovi ng thi s document shoul d be addressed to:

Commander , Naval Sea Systems Command, SEA523, Depart ment of the Navy,

Washi ngton, DC 0362-5101 by usi ng the sel f - addressed Standardi zati on Document

I mprovement Proposal

DD

Form 1426) appeari ng at the endf thi s document or by

l etter.

i i


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3/97

-

MIL-STD-271F

N D

W 7777933 0057830 O W

~~

MIL-STD-Z71F(SH)

27

June

1986

FOREWORD

Thiss t a nda r dc ove r snon des truc t iv e est ing method requirements

f o r

r a d io -

g r a p h i c ,m a g n e t i cp a r t i c l e , i q u i dp e n e t r a n t ,u l t r a so nic , eddy cur ren tand

v i sua l n spe c t ions .The se e qu i r e m e n t s are d e s i g n e d oe nsu r e he n t e g r i t y an

r e l i a b i l i t y

of

inspec t ionsper formed.This tandarddoesno tconta inacceptance

c r i t e r i a f o r t h e i n s p e c t i o n methods d e f i n e d .

iii

.-

-


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4/97

FlIL-STD-271F(SH)

2 7

June1986

CONTENTS

Paragraph

1

1.1

1 . 2

1 . 3

1 .4

1 . 5

1 . 5 . 1

1 .5 .2

1 . 5 . 3

1 . 5 . 4

1 . 5 . 5

1 . 5 . 6

1 .5 .7

1 .6

1 . 6 . 1

1 . 6 . 1 . 1

1 . 6 . 1 . 2

1 . 6 . 2

1 . 6 . 3

1 .6 .5

1 . 6 . 5 . 1

1 .6 .5 .2

1 .6 .6

1 . 7

1 . 8

SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

General

.........................................

C l a s s i f i c a t i o n ..................................

Ge ne r a lde f in i t i ons

.............................

Acceptance tandards

............................

T im e of nspec t ion

..............................

Autho r ized represent a t ive of he NavalSea

Systems CommandNAVSEA) .......................

Government inspector

............................

A c t i v i t y ........................................

Nominal thickness

...............................

Nondes t ruc t ive es texaminer

.....................

Nondestruct ive t e s t ope r a to r ....................

N o n d e s t r u c t i v e e s t n s p e c t o r

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Personne lqua l i f ica t ion equi rements

. . . . . . . . . . . .

Hours of ra in in g and exper ie nce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Othermethods

...................................

C e r t i f i c a t i o no fp e r s o n n e l ......................

Nondestruct ive

t e s t

p e r s o n n e l c e r t i f i c a t i o n

. . . . .

R e c e r t i f i c a t i o n

.................................

V i s i o n e s t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Brightnessd isc r imina t ion

.......................

Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

P r oc e dur equa l i f ica t ion andapproval . . . . . . . . . . . .

Maintenanceof nspection ecords

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

age

1

1

1

1

1

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

2

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

4

4

4

5

2

.

APPLICABLE

DOCUMENTS

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 . 1 Government documents ............................

2 . 1 . 1pec i f ica t ion s and s tandard s

....................

2.2the rubl ica t ions

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5

5

5

5

6

.3rderfrecedence

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3

.

3 . 1

3.1.1'

3 .1 .2

3 . 1 . 3

3 .1 .4

3 .1 .5

3 .1 .6

3 .1 .7

3 .1 .8

3 .1 .9

3.1.10

3 .1 .11

3 .1 .12

3 .1 .13

3.1.14

RADIOGRAPHY

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

F i lmho lde r so rc a s se t t e s .......................

F i l t e r s

.........................................

I n t e ns i f y ing c r e e ns ............................

Maximum ef fe ct iv e adi at io nsou r c ed im e ns ion

. . . .

Wult ip le i lm echnique

.........................

P e n e t r a m e t e rs e n s i t i v i t y

........................

Radiograph .......................................

Radiograhic i lmdens i ty ........................

Radiographic nspection

.........................

R a d iog r a ph ic a l lys im i l a rm a te r i a l s ..............

De f in i t i ons .....................................

Ma te r i a l t h i c kne ss (T.

) .........................

Penetrameter ....................................

Shie ld ing .......................................

i v

6

6

6

6

7

7

7

7

7

7

7

7

7

8

8

8

..

-~

. .

. .


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`,,

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`,

`,,

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`,

`,,

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5/97

FfIL-STD-271F(SH)

27 June 1986

-Paragraph

.

3.1.15

.

3-1 .16

3.1.17

3 .2

3 . 2 . 1

3 .2 .1 .1

3 .2 .2

3 . 2 . 2 . 1

3 .2 .2 .2

3 .3

3 . 3 . 1

3 .3 .2

3 . 3 . 3

3 . 3 . 3 . 1

3 .3 .3 .2

3 .3 .3 .3

3 .3 .4

3.3.5

3 .3 .6

3 .3 .7

3 . 3 . 8

3.3.9

3 .3 .10

3 .3 .11

3 .3 .12

3 .3 .13

3.3.14

3 .3 .15

3 . 4

3 .4 .1 .2

3 . 4 . 2

3 . 4 . 3

3 . 4 . 4

3 . 4 . 4 . 1

3 .4 .4 .2

3 .4 .5

3 .4 .6

3 . 4 . 6 . 1

3 . 4 . 6 . 1 . 1

3 .4 .6 .1 .2

3 .4 .6 .1 .3

3 . 4 . 6 . 2

CONTENTS ontinued

Page

Source

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Source - to- f i lmdis tance

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Specimen thickness (T. ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

General equirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Extentof ad iographic nspec t ion

. . . . . . . . . . . . .

RadiographicShootingSketch

(R S S )

f o r

c a s t i n g s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Radiographicprocedure

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Minimum radiographicprocedure equirements . . .

S ur ve yof a d iog r a ph ic a c i l i t i e s . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Radiography equirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Dir e c t iono f a d i a t ion

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

S c r e e n s , i l t e r s , andmasking

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Film

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

F i l mq u a l i t y

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fi lmdens i ty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mult ip le i lm echniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fi lmless echniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Radia t ion ources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

S our c e - to - f i lmd i s t a nc e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Radiographic ocat ionmarkers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

F i l m d e n t i f i c a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Maintenanceof adiographic ecords . . . . . . . . . . .

Da r k r oom f a c i l i t i e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fi lm

v i e w i n g f a c i l i t i e s .......................

Sur faceprepara t ionof componentsandwelds

p r i o r o a d i o g r a p h y

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

S a f e t y

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I n t e r p r e t a t i on o f r ad iogr a phs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Radiographic ecords ..........................

Penetrameters

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pene t ramete rmate r ia l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Dissimilarmetalwe lds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Othermetals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

'Pene t ramete rd imens ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

P e n q t r a m e t e r d e n t i f i c a t i o n

Welds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Castings and forgings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Acceptanctandards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Number,

'8,

o at io n , and placement of pene-

t r a m e te r s \i

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pene t ramete r oca t ion

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Film-sidepenetrameter echnique double-

F i lm - s ie ne t r a m e te re c hn iques ing le -

xposure) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Separa te block penetrameter echnique . . . . . . . . .

Requirements orcast in g and forgi ngs . . . . . . . . .

L,

Pene2Kameter selection

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

allexp sure)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8

9

9

9

9

9

9

10

10

10

11

11

11

11

12

12

12

12

12

13

13

13

13

14

14

14

15

15

15

1 7

17

17

1 7

1 7

1 7

1 7

18

18

18

V


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6/97

Paragraph

3 . 4 . 6 . 3

3 . 5

3 . 5 . 1

3 . 5 . 2

3 .6

3 . 6 . 1

3 . 6 . 2

3.7

3 . 7 . 1

3 .7 .2

3 . 7 . 2 . 1

3 . 7 . 2 . 2

3 .8

3 .9

3.10

3 . 1 1

4 .

4 . 1

4 .2

4 . 2 . 1

4 . 2 . 2

4 . 2 . 3

4 . 2 . 4

4.2 .5

4 . 2 . 6

4 . 2 . 7

4 .2 .8

4 . 2 . 9

4.2 .10

4 . 2 . 1 1

4 . 3

4 . 3 . 1

4 . 3 . 1 . 1

4 . 3 . 1 . 1 . 1

4 .3 .1 .2

4 . 3 . 1 . 3

4 . 3 . 1 . 3 . 1

4 . 3 . 1 . 3 . 2

4 . 3 . 1 . 4

4 .3 .1 .5

4 . 3 . 1 . 5 . 1

4 . 3 . 1 . 6

4 . 3 . 1 . 6 . 1

4 . 3 . 1 . 6 . 2

4 . 3 . 1 . 7

PiIL-STD-27lF SII)

27 June 986

CONTENTS ontinued

Page

Requirementsorelds

......................

18

Shims

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20

Shims for ack ing ingwelds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Shims for consumable insertwe lds

. . . . . . . . . . .

20

Radiographicua l i ty l eve l s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

-X--ray radiography

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 1

Radio iso topeadiography .................... 21

Single -wa l l andouble-walladiography . . . . . 22

Single-wallad iography ..................... 22

Double-walladiography ..................... 22

Double-wallxposure/single-walliewing .... 22

Double-wallxposure/double-walliewing . . . . 23

Radiographyfarts ........................ 23

Radiography

of

repa i rwe lds

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23

Radiography fast ingsndorgings

. . . . . . . .

23

Radiographici lmwnership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

MAGNETIC

PARTICLE

TESTING

....................

Intendeduse ................................

De f in i t i ons

.................................

Ar c s t r ike s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

B la c k igh t .................................

Circular method

............................

Continuousmethod

...........................

Fluorescence ................................

Longitudinal method .........................

Ma gne t i cpa r t i c l e s

..........................

Residual method

.............................

Relevant ndica t ions ........................

I n d i c a t i o n ..................................

Non-re levant nd ica t ions ....................

Magnet ic pa r t ic le nspec t ion e qui rem ents . . .

Method ......................................

L i g h t i n g n e s t

area .......................

Procedure

...................................

S ur f a c ep r e pa r a t ion

.........................

Cleaning andmasking

........................

C le a n ingso lu t ion ...........................

Direct ionofmagnetiza t ion ..................

Demagnetization .............................

General equirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Demagnetiz ingapparatus

.....................

Equipment accuracy ..........................

Dc por table prod and sta t io nary mag net ic

pa r t ic le equipment

.........................

Yoke equipment ..............................

Magne t iz ingcurrent .........................

v i

23

23

24

24

24

24

24

24

24

24

25

25

25

25

25

25

25

25

25

26

26

26

26

27

27

27

27

27

27


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7/97

PIIL-STD-271F SH)

27 June 1986

Paragraph

4 . 3 . 2

4 . 3 . 2 . 1

4 . 3 . 2 . 1 . 1

4 .3 .2 .2

4 . 3 . 2 . 2 . 1

4 . 3 . 2 . 3

4 . 3 . 2 . 4

4 .3 .2 .5

4 . 3 . 2 . 5 . 1

4 . 3 . 2 . 5 . 2

4 . 3 . 2 . 5 . 3

4 . 3 . 2 . 5 . 4

4.3 .2 .5 .5

4 . 3 . 2 . 5 . 6

4 .3 .2 .5 .7

4 .3 .2 .6

4 . 3 . 2 . 6 . 1

4 . 3 . 3

4 . 3 . 3 . 1

4 . 3 . 3 . 2

4 .3 .3 .2 .1

4 .3 .3 .3

4 . 3 . 3 . 3 . 1

4 . 3 . 3 . 3 . 2

4 .3 .3 .3 .3

4 . 3 . 3 . 3 . 4

4 . 3 . 3 . 4

4 . 3 . 3 . 4 . 1

4 . 3 . 3 . 4 . 2

4 . 3 . 3 . 4 . 3

4 . 4

4 .5

4 .6

5 .

5 . 1

5 . 2

5 . 2 . 1

5 . 2 . 2

5 .2 .3

5 .2 .4

5 . 2 . 5

5 .2 .6

5 .2 .7

CONTENTS

. ontinued

Wet

method

..................................

27

Genera l equi rements

........................ 27

Equipment

...................................

28

Vehic les

.................................... 28

Cleaninganddrying

.........................

28

Ma gne t i c pa r t i c l e s

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Suspensions

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

28

Procedure

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Continuousmethods

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Residual method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

C ir c u la r m a gne t i z a t ion ;

c e n t r a lc onduc to r

( indi rec t me thod)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

29

C ir c u la r m a gne t i z a t ion ;

i temasconductor

(d i rec t me thod)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

29

Circula r magne t iza t ion ;

magnetiz ing

c u r r e n t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Long i tud ina lm a gne t i z ingur ren t . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

C onc e n t r a t ion fu s p e n s i o ne s t . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Genera l equi rements ormagne t ic

Longi tudina lagne t iza t ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Maintenance

of

suspens ion

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

29

Dryowdermethod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

p a r t i c l e s

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30

A p p l y i n ga r t i c l e s

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30

Removal

of

e x c e s s a r t i c l e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Magnetiz ingrocedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

C ir c u la rm a gne t i z a t ion

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

31

Longi tudina lagne t iza t ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1

Yoke magnetization

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

31

Magnetiz ingurrentprodmethods) . . . . . . . . . . 31

Magnetiz ingechniqueyokend rod) . . . . . . . 31

Weld inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Baseetal

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Continuous method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

31

Non- r e l e va n tnd ic a t ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

F i n a ll e a n i n g

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

32

Arc s t r i k e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

L IQ U ID PENETRANT

TESTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

32

In tendedse

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

32

D e f i n i t i o n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Developers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

B la c k l i gh t

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

32

Em uls i f i e r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

S e l f - e m u l s i f i a b l e

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

32

P os t - e m ul s i f i a b l e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Penetrant remover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Fluorescence

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

33

v i i

. . . . . .

~ded by IHS Licensee=VSE Corp Specs/9957810104Not for Resale, 02/24/2009 06:53:47 MSTeproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

--```,,``,`,`,,`,,`,,``,,`,`,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---


8/97

M I L -S T D -2 7 L F N D m

7777733

0057835 T m

MIL-STD-Z71F(SH)

27 June 1986

CONTENTS

.

ontinued

Page

Paragraph

5. 3

5. 3. 1

5. 4

5. 4. 1

5. 4. 2

5. 4. 2. 1

5. 5

5. 5. 1

5. 5. 2

5. 6

5. 6. 1

5. 6. 2

5. 6. 3

5. 6. 3. 1

5. 6. 4

5. 6. 4. 1

5. 6. 4. 3

5. 6. 4. 4

5. 6. 5

5. 6. 5. 1

5. 6. 5. 2

5. 6. 6

5. 6. 6. 1

5. 6. 6. 2

5. 6. 6. 3

5. 6. 7

5. 6. 8

5. 6. 9

5. 7

6

.

6. 1

6. 1. 1

6. 1. 2

6. 1. 3

6. 1. 4

6. 1. 5

6. 1. 6

6. 1. 7

6. 1. 8

6. 1. 9

6. 1. 10

6. 1. 11

6. 1. 12

6. 1. 13

6. 1. 14

6. 1. 15

6. 1. 16

Insp ecti on methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Type of l iq ui dp e n e t r a n tm a t e r i a l

. . . . . . . . . . . . .

General equirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Equipment requirements

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Procedure

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Change ofpe ne t r a n tm a te r i a l s

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

S ur f a c ep r e pa r a t ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

General equirements

..........................

F in i she d u r f a c e s .............................

Testprocedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

P r e - t e s tc l e a n l i n e s s

..........................

Temperature

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

P e ne t r a t ion

time

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Appl ica t ion o f emuls i f ie r groups I I , V

andVI)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Removal ofpene t ran t

..........................

Groups

I

and

VI1

m a t e r i a l s ....................

Groups

I I ,

V and V I

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Groups

I I I

and IV only ........................

Sur facedry ing

................................

Groups

I I

through

V I

..........................

Appl icat io n of developer ......................

Dry developer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

L i g h t i n g n e s ta r e a ..........................

F ina lc l e a n ing

................................

Groups

I

and VI1

..............................

Nonaqueous wet developer

......................

Aqueous wet developer .........................

Safe typrecaut ions

.

T e s t e s u l t s . . . . . . .

ULTRASONICTESTING

. .

De f in i t i ons

. . . . . . . .

Ac ous t i c a l lys im i l a r

Amplitude . . . . . . . . . .

Ampli tude re ec t ion

Angle beam testing

.

1

..........................

..........................

..........................

..........................

m a t e r i a l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

..........................

eve1 (ARL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

..........................

A-scan ........................................

As-welded condition ...........................

Attenuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Back re f lec t ion

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

C a l i b r a t i o n

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

C a l ib r a t ions t a nda r d ..........................

Cathode ay ube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Classofweld

.................................

Compressional wave ............................

Continuous can

...............................

Couplant

......................................

Delaycontrol .................................

33

33

34

34

34

34

34

34

34

35

35

35

35

35

36

36

36

36

36

36

36

37

37

37

37

37

37

37

38

38

38

38

38

38

38

38

38

38

38

39

39

39

39

39

39

39

39

v i i



9/97

N IL-STD -271F(SH )

27 June

1 9 8 6

Paragraph

6 . 1 . 1 7

6 . 1 . 1 8

6 . 1 . 1 9

6 . 1 . 2 0

6 . 1 . 2 1

6 . 1 . 2 2

6 . 1 . 2 3

6 . 1 . 2 4

6 . 1 . 2 5

6 . 1 . 2 6

6 . 1 . 2 7

6 . 1 . 2 8

6 . 1 . 2 9

6 . 1 . 3 0

6 . 1 . 3 1

6 . 1 . 3 2

6 . 1 . 3 3

6 . 1 . 3 4

6 . 1 . 3 5

6 . 1 . 3 6

6 . 1 . 3 7

6 . 1 . 3 8

6 . 1 . 3 9

6 . 1 . 4 0

6 . 1 . 4 1

6 . 2

6 . 2 . 1

6 . 2 . 2

6 . 2 . 3

6 . 2 . 4

6 . 2 . 5

6 . 2 . 6

6 . 3

6 . 4

6 . 4 . 1

6 . 4 . 1 . 1

6 . 4 . 1 . 2

6 . 4 . 1 . 3

6 . 4 . 1 . 4

6 . 4 . 2

6 . 4 . 2 . 1

6 . 4 . 3

6 . 4 . 4

6 . 5

6 . 5 . 1

6 . 5 . 1 . 1

COhTENTS ontinued

Pag

Di s con t i nu i t y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

39

Di s rega rdevel (DRL)

.........................

39

Frequency

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

F u l lc r e e ne i g h t

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Gainontrol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

39

IIW

block .....................................

39

I n d i c a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

39

I n i t i a lu l s e

................................. 4 0

I n t e r f a c e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4 0

L i n e a r i t y

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Longitudinal wave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40

Megahertz

(MHz)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40

Peak ind ica t ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40

Refe rencea l i b ra t i ont anda rd

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40

Ref l ec t i on

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40

Resolu t ion

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Scanning

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

S e a r c hn i t

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

S e n s i t i v i t y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40

Shear waves

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Sk i p i s t ance ng l e beam t e s t i n g

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1

T e s tu r f a c e

. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . 41

Transducer . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .

41

U l t r a s o n i c t e s t s e n s i t i v i t y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Ul t ra s on i ca l l youndmat e r i a l

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

41

Procedurend t e s t methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Tes t method se lec t ion

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4 1

S u r f a c ei n i s h

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4 1

Tes t ingpeed

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

41

Couplant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

41

Test symbols

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2

C a l i b r a t i o n ...................................

4 2

Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4 2

Generalequirements

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4 2

Equipmentequirements ........................

4 2

Bas i cns t rumen t ua l i f i ca t i on

-

pulse cho . . .

4 2

Shear wave tra nsd uc er

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3

Bas i c n s t rumen tqua l i f i ca t i on - t h i cknes s

gauge

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3

Frequency

of

b a s i cn s t r u m e n t u a l i f i c a t i o n

. . .

4 3

Inspect ionrocedure

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4 3

P r o c e d u r ee q u a l i f i c a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4 4

Di s con t i nu i t yva l ua t i on

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4

Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4 4

Test methods

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 4

Forgings,wrought and ext rud edmater ia l

. . . . . . . 4 4

T e s t a l i b r a t i o n,ongi tud ina l wave . . . . . . . . . . .

4 4

iX

~~

.........



10/97

~ ~ I L - s T D - ~ ~ L F

D 4 4 7 ~ ~ L L0 5 9 8 3 7

3

NI L- STD- 271F SH)

27 June 1986

CONTENTS ontinued

age

Paragraph.5.1.2ingorgings

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

45

6 . 5 . 1 . 2 . 1

T e s t

c a l i b r a t i o n ,hear wave

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

45

6 . 5 . 1 . 2 . 2 T e s t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

46

6 .5 .1 .2 .3ongitudinal wave t e s t s

of

r i n go r g i n g s . . 46

6 . 5 . 1 . 2 . 3 . 1e s ta l i b r a t i o n ,ongi tudina l wave . . . . . . . 46

6 .5 .1 .2 .3 .2e s t ing - l o n g i t u d i n a l

wave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

46

6.5 .1 .3ec tangula rorg ings ...................... 46

6 . 5 . 1 . 3 . 1 T e s t c a l i b r a t i o n ,o n g i t u d i n a l

wave . . . . . . .

46

6 . 5 . 1 . 3 . 2e s t i n g - l o n g i t u d i n a l wave

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

46

6.5 .1. 4 Round and mu lti sid edor ge dr wrought

b a r sn c l u d i n g i s c

o r

pancakeorgings

. .

47

6 . 5 . 1 . 4 . 1

Test

c a l i b r a t i o n ,ongi tudina l wave . . . . . . . 47

6 .5 .1 .4 .2e s t ing

-

longitudinal wave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

6 .5 .2

Pla t e

and sheet

...........................

47

6 . 5 . 2 . 1

6 .5 .2 .2

6 .5 .2 .2 .1

6 . 5 . 2 . 2 . 2

6 .5 .2 .2 .3

6 .5 .2 .3

6 . 5 . 2 . 3 . 1

6 .5 .2 .3 .2

6 . 5 . 2 . 3 . 2 . 1

6 .5 .2 .3 .2 .2

6 . 5 . 3

6 .5 .3 .2

6 .5 .3 .3

6 .5 .4

6 . 5 . 4 . 1

6 .5 .4 .2

6 . 5 . 4 . 2 . 1

6 .5 .4 .2 .2

6 .5 .4 .2 .3

6 .5 .4 .2 .4

6 . 5 . 4 . 2 . 4 . 1

6 . 5 . 4 . 2 . 4 . 2

6 .5 .4 .3

6 . 5 . 4 . 3 . 1

6 .5 .4 .3 .2

6 .5 .4 .3 .3

6 . 5 . 4 . 3 . 3 . 1

6 .5 .4 .3 .3 .2

6 .5 .4 .3 .4

6 . 5 . 4 . 3 . 4 . 1

S ur f a c ep r e pa r a t ion

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Shear wave te s t ing echnique

..............

Grid

t e s t

procedure .......................

Continuousscanningprocedure . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Longi tudina l wave te s t ing e chn iqu e . . . . . . .

T e s t i n gc a l i b r a t i o n .......................

Testprocedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Continuous method

.........................

Stat ic method

.............................

Pipes and tubes

. eamless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Test c a l i b r a t i o n . a d i a ld e f e c t s

de t e c t ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

T e s t . a d i a ld e f e c t s

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ul t r a son ic n spe c t ionof weldments . . . . . . . .

Scope

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

General equirements ......................

Scanning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

S u r f a c e i n i s h

............................

Limita t ions

...............................

R e f e r e nc ec a l ib r a t ions t a nda r ds

. . . . . . . . . . .

Buttwelds.cornerwelds and

t e e

welds for

d is con t in ui t ie s n to he hro ug h member

..

De te c t iono f a c ko fpe ne t r a t ion

i n

f u l l

.

pe ne t r a t ion

t e e

welds

....................

S pe c i f i c e qu i r e m e n t s o rbu t ta ndc o r ne r

welds

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Instrument

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

S e a r c hu n i t s ..............................

C a l i b r a t i o n ...............................

Class I welds .............................

Class

I I

and

I I I

welds

....................

Procedure

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

T e s tc a l i b r a t i o n ..........................

L o n g i t u d i n a ld i s c o n t i n u i t i e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

47

47

47

48

48

48

48

48

48

48

48

49

49

49

49

49

49

49

49

50

50

50

50

50

50

50

50

51

51

51

X

. .

L ..


--```,,``,`,`,,`,,`,,``,,`,`,,`-`-`,,`,,`,`

,,`---


11/97

M I L - S T D - 2 7 1 F N D

~

Paragraph

6 . 5 . 4 . 3 . 4 . 2

6 . 5 . 4 . 3 . 4 . 3

6 . 5 . 4 . 3 . 4 . 4

6 . 5 . 4 . 4

6 . 5 . 4 . 4 . 1

6 . 5 . 4 . 4 . 1 . 1

6 . 5 . 4 . 4 . 1 . 2

6 . 5 . 4 . 4 . 1 . 3

.

6 . 5 . 4 . 4 . 2

6 . 5 . 4 . 4 . 2 . 1

6 . 5 . 4 . 4 . 2 . 2

6 . 5 . 4 . 4 . 2 . 3

6 . 5 . 4 . 4 . 2 . 4

6 . 5 . 4 . 5

6 . 6

6 . 6 . 1

6 . 6 . 2

6 . 6 . 3

6 . 7

6 . 7 . 1

6 . 7 . 1 . 1

- 6 . 7 . 2

6 . 7 . 3

6 . 7 . 4

6 . 7 . 4 . 1

6 . 7 . 4 . 2

6 . 7 . 4 . 3

6 . 7 . 4 . 4

6 . 7 . 5

6 . 7 . 6

7

.

7 . 1

7 . 2

7 . 2 . 1

7 . 2 . 2

7 . 2 . 3

7 . 3

7 . 3 . 1

7 . 3 . 1 . 1

7 . 3 . 1 . 2

7 . 3 . 2

7 . 3 . 3

7 . 4

l l IL-STD -271F(SH )

27 June 1986

CONTENTS

.

ontinued

T r a n s v e r s ed i s c o n t i n u i t i e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Compressional

wave

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Disc on t inu i tye va lua t ion

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

S p e c i f i cr e q u i r e m e n t sf o rw e l d so f e e

j o i n t s

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Detec t ion of l a c k o f p e n e t r a t i o n n f u l l

p e n e t r a t i o n t e e welds ....................

S e a r c hun i t s

...............................


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Procedure

.................................

D e t e c t i o no f d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s n t o h e

through member ...........................

Inspectionzone

...........................

S e a r c hun i t s

..............................


. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Procedure

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

R e c or do f n spe c t ion e su l t s

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Thicknessmeasurements ....................

Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

C a l i b r a t i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Method

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Bonding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Transducers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

C a l i b r a t i o nof es t equipment

. . . . . . . . . . . . .

Scanning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Continuous canning

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I n t e r m i t t e n ts c a n n i n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

C a l i b r a t i o n f o r u l t r a s o n i c e s t i n g o f

n o n p a r a l l e l u r f a c e s .....................

Cont inuousscanningofnonparal le l

s u r f a c e

..................................

Marking ...................................

Flaw p l o t t i n g

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

EDDY CURRENT

TESTING

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Scope

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

D e f i n i t i o n s

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

End (edge)e f f e c t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

L i f t - o f fe f f e c t

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Stand-off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Eddy current nspection equirem ents . . . . . .

General equirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nethod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

S u r f a c e i n i s h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Procedure

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Records

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Equipment equirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Page

5 1

5 2

5 2

5 2

5 2

5 2

5 2

5 3

5 3

5 3

5 3

5 3

5 4

5 4

55

5 5

55

5 5

55

5 5

5 5

55

5 5

5 6

5 6

5 6

57

57

5 7

57

57

5 7

57

57

57

57

5 8

5 8

5 8

5 8

5 8

5 8

5 8

xi

. .

. .

.

~.


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12/97

Paragraph7. 4. 1

7. 4. 2

7. 5

7. 5. 1

7. 5. 2

7. 6

7. 6. 1

7. 6. 2

7. 6. 3

M L- STD-Z71F SH)

27 J une 1986

CONTENTS . ont i nued

Page

Eddy current nst rument

........................

59

Per f ormance ver i f i cat i on ref erence bl ock

. . . . . . .

59

On- si t e verification/standardization . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Ver i f i cat i on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Standardi zat i on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Test echni que

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Toe of wel d scan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Wel dscan

......................................

59

I nspect i on of sur f aces other than wel ds . . . . . . . . 60

8.

VI SUALNSPECTI ON ...............................

60

8. 1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

8. 2 Referencetandard .............................

60

8. 4 I nspecti onechni ques

..........................

60

8. 5mensi onalnspect i onccuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

8. 6 Li ght i ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

60

8. 3rocedureequi rement s

.........................

60

9. NOTES

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

61

9. 1ubj ectermkeyword)i sti ng

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

61

9. 2 Changesromrevi ousssue

....................

61

FI GURES

Fi gure

1 .

2

.

3

.

4 .

4A

.

4B

.

4c.

5

.

6.

7.

7A.

8

9.

Recommended X- ray vol tage sett i ngs and radi o-

i sotope sources to be used w th var i ous st eel

andsi ml aral l oys

............................

62

Recommended X- ray vol tage set t i ngs and

radi oi sotope sources t o be used w th var i ous

copper- base and si ml ar al l oys

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

63

radi oi sotope sources to be used w th var i ous

al umnum magnesi um and si ml ar al l oys

. . . . . . . .

64

Penetrameterdesi gns

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

65

Penet ramet er dent i f i cat i on notchi ng . . . . . . . . . . . 66

Maxi mumal l owed Ug

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

67

Recommended i ncrease i n source- to- f i l m di st ance

f or var i ous radi oi sotope sources w th l engths

greater than 1/ 8 i nch

......................... 68

Recommended X- ray vol tage set t i ngs and

Exampl es of mater i al thi ckness

T

)

and

Magnet i c i el d ndi cator

.......................

73

Ski p di st ance exampl e .......................... 74

Accepted scanni ng techni ques f or but t wel ds . . . . 75

Typi cal ul t rasoni c cal i brat i on pl ot f or

vert i cal i near i ty ............................ 76

Typi cal ref erence cal i brat i on standard

sensi ti vi ty) ................................. 77

.

speci men thi ckness T, )

.......................

69- 72

xi i

. . . .

c

.



13/97

NI L- STD- 271F SH)

27 J une 1986

Fi gure0.

11.

Tab l e

12

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

I .

I I .

I I I .

I V.

V.

VI .

VI 1

.

FI GURES - Cont i nued

Pag

Typi cal vi ew ng screen cal i brat i onbutt wel ds)

I

w th dB control )

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

78

Typi cal vi ew ng screen cal i brat i on

butt wel ds)

w thoutdBcont rol ) .......................... 78

Scanni ng procedures f or wel ds ................... 79

Scanni ng procedure for t ee wel ds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80


tee wel ds) w th dB control )

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

81


tee wel ds) w thout dB control ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Sur f ace opposi te at tachment member

accessi bl e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

Sur f ace opposi t e at tachment member not

accessi bl e

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

82

Ul t rasoni c wel d i nspect i on record . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

Recommended probe- to- wel d att i t ude f or eddy

current standardi zati on and scanni ng

operat i ons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

84

TABLES

Exampl es

of

penet rameter i dent i f i cat i on

. . . . . . . .

16

Penet rameter pl acement f or wel ds

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19

Al l owabl e i l msi de penet rameters

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20

Def i ni t i on of radi ographi c qual i ty l evel s

. . . . . .

21

Wni mum radi ographi c qual i t y l evel s f or

I r i di um192 radi ography of nonst ructural

wel ds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Cal i brat i on hol e si ze f or l ongi tudi nal t est

. . . .

45

square and

U

bottom notch

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

47

Cal i brat i on ref erence notch di mensi onsf

xi i



14/97

PIIL-STD-271F(SH)

27 June

1986

1. SCOPE

1 .1 Genera l .This t andard overs the equ i rements o rdonduct ing

n o n d e s t r u c t i v e e s t s u s e d n d e t e r m i n i n g h e p r e s e n c e o f s u r f a c e and i n t e r n a l

d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s nm e t a l s . I t a l s oco nt ai ns he minimum requir eme ntsnecessary

t o q u a l i f y n o n d e s t r u c t i v e e s t and i ns p ec t io npersonnel ,procedures , and

n o n d e s t r u c t i v e e s te q u i p m e n t .T h i ss t a n d a r dd o e sn o tc o n t a i na c c e p t a n c e

c r i t e r i a f o r n o n d e s t r u c t i v e

t e s t s .

1.1.1

Areas

t ob e e s t e ds h a l lb es p e c i f i e d n h ea p p l i c a b l ed r a w i n g s ,

s pec i f i ca t i ons ,con t r ac to rpu rchas eo rde r .Nondes t ruc t i ve

t e s t

markings

i n c o r p o r a t e d n d r a w i n g s s h a l l b e n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h

AWS

A2.4.

1 . 1 . 2

S i n c ec a l i b r a t i o np r o c e d u r e sa r ese l f -c on ta i ne d n h i s document,

t h e

t e s t

ins t rumentsandstandardscontainedhereinarenot ncluded n

Ca l i br at io n Programs defined byMIL-STD-45662 wi th he ex ce pt io n of in ea r

measur ing oo l ssuchasmechanica l cal ipers andmicrometers.

1 . 2

C l a s s i f i c a t i o n .T h i s t a n d a r d o v e r s h e o l l ow i n g y p e so f e s t

methods :

(a)adiography

(b )M agne t i c a r t i c l e

(c) iqu idenet ran t

(d)l t rasonic

(e) Eddy cu rr en t

( f )V i s ua ln s pec t i on

1.3Acceptance t andards . The s tan dard s o r cce p tan ce ha l lb e s

s p e c i f i e d n h e a p p l i c a b l e s p e c i f i c a t i o n , c o n t r a c t , o r o r d e r .

1 .4 Time of nspec t ion.Unlesso therwise pec i f i edhere inor n he

app l i cab l e s pec i f ica t i on , accep t ance n s pec t i on s ha l l be pe r fo rmed on . an item

i n

t h e

f i n a l s u r f a c econd i t i on and f i na l h e a t r e a t e dc o n d i t i o n ,e x c e p ta s

s p e c i f i e d n1 . 4 . 1 ,1 . 4 . 2 ,1 . 4 .3 and 1 .4 . 4 .

1 .4 .1Ra diog rap hic nsp ect ion may beperformed

a t

t he o l l owi ng i mes :

( a )Befo reo r f t e r

s t r e s s

r e l i e f .

(b )Beforeoraf te rhea t rea tmentwhere heheat rea tmentdoesnot

requi requenchingof he t em

i n a

liquid medium.

1 .4 .2Cas t i ngor o rg ings may be ad io grap hed n hea s - c a s t ,a s - f o r g e d ,

orrou gh machined con diti ons ,prov ided herequi rementsof3 .4 .4 .2are met.

1. 4. 3 Weldments tha t equ irecontour ingorma ch ini ng may be adiog raph ed

i n t he a s -we l ded cond i t i on p rov i ded he s u r f ace cond i t i on does no t n t e r f e re

wi t h he n t e rp re t a t i on o f he r ad i og ra phs and t hepene t r ame t e r s e l ec t i on

i s

+

. .

based on the requ i rements o f 3 .4 .4 .

1 .4 .4 The f in a l m a g n e t i cpar t i c le nsp ec t io n may beaccomplishedwithin

..-

1/32

i nch o f he f i na l mach inedbasemetalsurface,prov ided a ha l f wave re c t i -

f i e dd i r e c tc u r r e n t ( d c )d i r e c tmagnet iza t ion method

i s

u s e df o r h e n s p e c t i o n .

1


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``,

`,

`,,

`,,

`,,

``,,

`,

`,,

`-`-`,,

`,,

`,

`,,

`---


15/97

blIL-STD-271F(SH)

27

June 1986

1 .5Genera l e f i n i t i ons .

1 .5 .1Au t ho r i zed ep res en t a t i veof he NavalSeaSystems Command

NAVSEA ) . Unl es sot he rw is e pe ci fi ed , he Commander of a Nava lShipyard, he

Superv i s o r o f Sh i pbu i l d i ng o r he i r de lega t ed r ep res en t a ti ve .

1.5 .2 Government in sp ec to r. Government o f f i c i a l who

i s

chargedwith he

re s pons i b i l i t y f o ra s s u r i n g h a t h em a t e r i a l s ,p r o c e s s e s ,f a b r i c a t i o n

technique and tes t i ng pers onn el meet spe c i f i ca t io n and cont rac tua l

r equ i r emen t s . n h i s ega rd ,heo r he may beas ol lows:

(a)Fo r Government sh ip ya rd s: The Shi pya rd Commander o rh i s

(b)For ommercial hipyards: The Su pe rv iso ro fSh i pbu i l d i ngo rh i s

(c)For the r rga niz atio ns: The cogniz ant Government in sp ec to r,

de l ega t ed r ep res en t a t i ve .

de l ega t edrep res en t a t i ve .

h i s r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o r h e r e p r e s e n t a t i v e o fanother

Government agencydesignated by or hrough he cogniz ant

Government inspector.

r e p r e s e n t a t i v e .

de l ega t edrep res en t a t i ve .

(d)ForForcesAf loa t: The squa dron commander orh i sd e l e g a t e d

(e)For .Naval R ep ai rFa ci l i t i es : The commanding of fi ce ro rh i s

1 . 5 . 3Ac t i v i t y . A p a r t i c u l a rs i t e of ny ommercial o r Government

ac t i v i t y pe r fo rmi ng work w i t h i n t he s cope o f t h i s s t anda rd .

1. 5 . 4 Nominal thic kne ss .That h ickne ss pec i f i ed on p lans o r d rawings

wi thoutappl ica t ionof any al lowe d oleran ce.

1 .5 .5Nondes t ruc t ive

t e s t

examiner.Pers onne l t o whom t h ea c t i v i t y

as s i gns he r e s pons i b i l i t y and au t ho r i t y o examineand c e r t i f y n o n d e s t r u c t i v e

t e s tpe r s onne l o n s u re ha t he i rpe r s onne la recompe t en t and qu a l i f i e d o

perform heappl icab le es t s nconformancewi thcont rac tura lrequi rements .

This

i s

t he nd i v i dua l o whom t he ac t i v i t y a s s i gn s he r e s pon s i b i l i t y o f

approvingnondestruct ive t e s t procedures andworkmanship standards.

1 ; 5 .6Nondes t ruc t i ve e s tope rato r . The individu alper formingor

a c t u a l l y a p p l y i n g h e

t e s t

method.

1 .5 .7Non des truc t ive es t nspe ctor . The indiv idua l who acc eptso r

re jec t s he nsp ec ted par t by compar isonof t h e t e s t r e s u l t s w i t h t h e

acceptancestandards .

1 .6Nondes t ruc t i vees t e r s onne l e r t i f i ca t i on .Pe r s onne l e r fo rmi ng

n o n d e s t r u c t i v e e s t i n g s h a l l be c e r t i f i e d n a c c o r d a n c e w i t h h e g u i d e l i n e s

of

ASNT

Recommended P r a c t i c e No.

SNT-TC-lA,

1980 Edi t ion. Each ac t i vi tys h a l l

devel op a wr i t t en p rac t i ce , as required by ASNT Recommended P r a c t i c e No.

SNT-TC-lA, 1980 Ed i t i on , d en t i f y i ng h er e q u i r e m e n t sr e l a t i v e o h e

gu i de l i nes . The wr i t t e np r a c t i c e sh a ll be made a v a i la b l e o h e Government

Inspec tor upon re que st . The guidel in esof ASNT Recommended P r a c t i c e No.

SNT-TC-lA,

1980 Editions ha l lbecons i de redas minimum re qu ire me nts ,exceptas

modified herein.

2


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16/97

MIL-STD-271F(SH)

2 7 June 1986

1 .6 .1P e r sonne l ua l i f i c a t ion e qu i r e m e n t s .Nonde s t r uc t ive t e s t examiner

p e r s o n n e l s h a l l b e q u a l i f i e d by e x a m in a ti o nsadm inis tered by th e Employing

+

Activi ty, AmericanSociety forNonde s t r uc t ive Te st in g (ASNT), o ro t h e r o u t s i d e

agency.The specif ice xa m ina t ionsha l lbeprepareda ndadminis te red by th e

employing a c t i v i t yo ra no u t s i d eage ncy . The employing ac t i v i ty s h a l l d e n t i f y

minimum pas sin g gra de req uir em ent s when t h e b as i c andmethod examinations a re

administered by ASNT, which ssuesgradeson

a

p a s s / f a i l b a s i s . I n h i s case,

t he pa s s i ng g r a de f o r he ba s i c andmethod exam ina t i on sha l l be a ss ig ned a

numer ica lscoreof 80 pe rce nt .

1 . 6 . 1 . 1 Hourso f t r a in inga n dexper ience . Thenumber ofhour so f r a in ing

a ndexper ience for

a l l

n o n d e s t r u c t i v e e s t p e r s o n n e l s h a l l b e i n accordancewi th

ASNT Recommended P r a c t i c e No.SNT-TC-lA, 1980 E d i t io n . However, th eh o u r s o r

perso nnel who perform only one operat ion of a n o n d e s t r u c t i v e t e s t method t h a t

cons is t s of more than one opera t ion ,

or

pe r f o r m nonde s t r uc t ive e s t e xa m ina t ions

o f im i t e dsc op e, may be

less

t h a n h o s e s p e c i f i e d n ASNT Recommended P r a c t i c e

No. SNT-TC-lA, 1980 Edit ion,p r o v i d e d h e time of r a i n i ng a nd e xpe r i e nc e i s

d e s c r i b e d n h e w r i t t e n p r a c t i c e , andany l i m i t a t i o n o r r e s t r i c t i o n o n t h e

c e r t i f i c a t i o n i s de sc r ibe d i n t h e w r i t t e n p r a c t i c e and i n c e r t i f i c a t i o n r e c o r d s .

1 . 6 . 1 . 2 Other m e thods .Fornon destr uct i ve est methods not overedby

ASNT Recommended P r a c t i c e No. SNT-TC-lA, 1980 Edi t ion ,p e r s o n n e l s h a l lb e

qua l i f ied o-comparable eve lso fcomp eten cy by theadminis t ra t ionofcomparable

exam ina t i ons on he pa r t i cu la r method involved .

1 . 6 . 2C e r t i f i c a t i o no fpe r so nne l . The e mploying a c t i v i ty

i s

r e spons ib l e

for he adequ acy of he programand i s r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e c e r t i f i c a ti o n

of

a l l l e v e l s o f n o n d e s tr u c t i v e e s tp e r s o n n e l .

1 . 6 . 3R e c e r t i f i c a t i o n .N o n d e s t r u c t i v e e s tp e r s o n n e l h a l lb e e c e r t i f i e d

by examination

a t

3 - y e a r n t e r v a l s ( a s a minimum) ina c c o r da nc ew i t h h e

a c t i v i t y s

wri t ten

pr a c t i c e .Th i s e - e xa m ina t ionsha l lb ea sc om pr e he ns ive as

t h a t employed i n t h e n i t i a lc e r t i i c a t i o n . na d d i t i o n ,p er s o n n el who perform

pr oduc t ion NDT s h a l l b e r e c e r t i f i e d by e xa m in at io n i f t h e y h av enotperformed

t e s t s ( f o r w h i c h h e y a r ec e r t i f i e d )f o r a pe r iodof 6 months; th is e -exam ina t i on

needonlycons is tofanapprovedopera t iona lexamina t ionadminis te red by th e

a c t i v i t y s t e s t examiner.

1 . 6 . 4

The

Government In sp ec to r may re q ue s ta no p e r a t i o n a lo rw r i t t e n

examinationbea dmin is t er e d i f t h e r e i s reason t o b e l i e v e h a t a n n d i v i d u a l i s

una b le t o c o m p e t e n t l y p e r f o r m a t h e e v e l h a t h e n d i v i d u a l i s c e r t i f i e d .

1 . 6 . 5V i s i o n e s t s .

1 .6 .5 .1Ge ne r a l . A l l n o n d e s t r u c t i v e e s tp e r s o n n e l h a l lb e e q u i r e d o

pa ss a v i s ion t e s t . The v i s i on e s t must bec u r r e n t a t the imeofexamina t ion

a nd v i s ion t e s t s s h a l l b ec onduc te da nnua l ly .V i s ion e s t ingsha l lbec onduc te d

by a qua l i f i e d e c h n ic i a n , u s i ng s t a nda r d e s t m ethods f o r de t e r m in ing v i sua l

a c u i t y . T h es t a n d a r do fa c c e p t a n c e o rv i s i o n e s t ss h a l lb e :

3



17/97

(b)

1 . 4 . 5 . 2

i n1 . 5 . 7 ,s h a

NIL-STD-271F(SH)

27 June 1986

Na tu r a l o r c o r r e c t e d ne a r d i s t a nc e a c u i ty suc h ha t he

ind iv idua l i s capableof eading J1 l e t t e r s on th eS tandard

Ja e ge r ' sTe s t ypec ha r t o rne a rv i s ion ,o re qu iva l e n t ype

te s t .Th is eq ui rem en t must be metby oneorbotheyes.

Ab i l i t y to d i s t in gu is h be tween co lors when requ i red by the work .

B r igh tne s sd i sc r im ina t ion . A l l rad iographicpersonne l sde f ined

11 a d d i t i o n a l l y b e e s t e d f o r b r i g h t n e s s d i s c r i m i n a t i o n , u s i n g

t e s t

r a d iog r aphs c on ta in ing randomly d i s t r i b u te d pe ne t r a m e te r s , w i th va r y in g de ns i t i e s

a nd s i z e s .

1 .6 .5 .3 The cor r ec t i ve a i d su s e d o rv i s i o n t e s t s

must

beusedduring

c e r t i f i c a t ione xa m ina t ion a nd a l l subsequent nspec t ions and t e s t s performed.

1.6,6 Records.Employing ac t i v i t ie s ha l lm a i n t a i n n d i v i d u a ln o n d e s t r u c -

t i v e e s tp e r s o n n e l r e c o r d s n c l u d i n g h e f o l l o w i n g :

( a )Tra in ing and xperience.

(b)Resul t so fa l lcur ren texamina t ionswh ic hcanbecor re la ted o

theexamina t ionadmi nist ered and a mastercopyofeachexamina-

t i o n . When ASNT

i s

use d o re xa m ine rce rt if ic at io n, h e ASNT

l e t t e r may be used for he basic and method examinations.

( c ) A r e c o r do fv i s i o n e s t sn o t i n gc o r r e c t i v ea i d su s e d .

(d)Records sh a l l bemain ta ined or hec u r r e n t a ndp r e c e d i n gc e r t i f i -

c a t i o n p e r i o d u n l e s s o t h e r w i s e s t a t e d .

A l l of he above reco rds sha l l be made av a i la b l e to th e Government In spec tor

upon request .

1 .6 .7T r a n s f er of NDT c e r t i f i c a t i o n s oo t h e r a c t i v i t i e s

i s

pr oh ib i t e d

except asau tho r ize d by NAVSEA.

1 . 7 P r oc e dur equa l i f ica t io n and appro va l .Non des t ru c t ive es t ing methods

spe c i f i e d he r e in sha l l be pe r f o r m e d in a c c o r da nc e w i th wr i t t e n p r oc e dur e s .

1 . 7 . 1 Ac t iv i t i e spe r f o r m ing NDT sha l ldeve l op and main ta in a wr i t t en

procedure forea ch method performeda nd c e r t i f y ha t e a c h p r oc e d ur e i s i n

accordancewi th he equi rements of t h i ss t a n d a r d .T h i sc e r t i f i c a t i o ns t a t e m e n t

sha l l be pa r t o f each wr i t t en proced ure and signed by thecognizantexaminerof

t h e a c t i v i t y .

1 . 7 . 2 Each proceduresha l lha vebeenqu ali fied by pr ov in g ha t known

d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s , e i t h e r n a t u r a l o r a r t i f i c i a l , c a n b e r e l i a b l y d e t e c t e d and

evaluated.Datadocumenting thisp r o c e d u r ed e m o n s t r a t i o ns h a l lb ep r o v i d e d o

t h e Government In sp ect or upon requ est .This equi rementdoe sno tapply o

proceduresa ppr ove dunderpr iorrev is ions of h iss tandard .

1 . 7 . 3 Procedures hal lbeapproved by thecognizantexaminerof he

ac t i v i t y and eviewedby t h e Government In sp ec to r. The Government In sp ec to r

may reques t demo nst ra t ion of he proced ure dur in g n i t ia l r ev iew of he

p r o c e du r e o r a t a ny im e he r e

i s

r ea so n t o b e l i e v e it

i s

una b le op r ov ide

a de qua te r e su l t s .

4


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1986

1 . 7 . 4P r o c e d u r e ss h a l ln o tbe rans fe r r ed f romo n e a c t i v i t y

wi thou t hespec i f icapprova lo f

NAVSEA.

1 .8

Maintenanceof nspec t ion ecords .Records hal lbe mai.

s p e c i f i e d n h e a p p l i c a b l es h i ps p e c i f i c a t i o n s ,f a b r i c a t i o ns p e c i f i c a t i o n s

and o th e r documents nvoking th is s t an da rd .

2 . APPLICABLE DOCUNENTS

t oa n o t h e r

n ta ine d a s

2 . 1 Government documents.

2 . 1 . 1 S pe c i f i c a t ions a nd s t a nda r ds .U n l e s s t h e r w i s e p e c i f i ed ,h e

f o l l o w i n g s p e c i f i c a t i o n s and s t a n d a r d s o f h e s s u e i s t e d n h a t s s u e

of

the Depar tmentofDefense ndexofSpecif ica t ionsandStandards (DoDISS)

s p e c i f i e d i n t h e s o l i c i t a t i o n form a p a r t of t h i s s t a n d a r d o h e e x t e n t

s p e c i f i e d h e r e i n .

SPECIFICATIONS

FEDERAL

P-D-680

-

Dry Cleaningolvent .

MILITARY

EIIL-1-25135 - I n spe c t ionMa te r i a l s , e ne t r a n t s .

STANDARDS

MILITARY

MIL-STD-278 - Fab r ica t io n Weldingnd Inspection; nd

C a s t ing I n spe c t ion a ndRepair orMachinery,

P ip ing and PressureVe sse l s nS h ipso f he

Uni t e dStates Navy.

Sp eci al Pur po se Components.

PIIL-STD-792 - I de n t i f i c a t ion Ma r k ingRequirements for

MIL-STD-45662 - Calibra t ionSystemsRequirements .

(Copieso fspec i f ica t ions and s tandards equi red by cont r ac tors nc onne c -

t i o n w i t h s p e c i f i c a c q u i s i t i o n f u n c t i o n s s h o u l d b e o b t a i n e d from t h e c o n t r a c t i n g

a c t i v i t y o r a s d i r e c t e d by t he c o n t r a c t i n g o f f i c e r . )

2 .2Othe rpu bl ica ti on s. The following ocuments orm a p a r to f h i s

s t a n d a r d o h ee x t e n ts p e c i f i e dh e r e i n .U n l e s so t h e r w i s es p e c i f i e d , h e

i s sue s of he documentswhich a re DoD a do pt ed sh al l be h os e is t ed n h e

i s s u eof he DoDISS sp ec i f ie d n he s o l i c i t a t i o n . T he i ss ue sofdocuments

wh ic h ha ve no t be e n a dop te d sha l l be hose n e f f e c t on the da t e

of

t h e c i t e d

DoDISS.

AMERICAN

SOCIETY

FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS (ASTM)

D

3699

-

StandardSpec i f ica t ion orKe ro si ne . (DoD ado pted )

( A p p l i c a t i o n f o r c o p i e s s h o u l d b e a d d r e s s e d o

the

American So c i e ty fo r

Tes t ing and Mate r ia l s ,

1916

Race Street ,P h i l a d e l p h i a , PA 19103.)

5


` ` `

` `

`

`

`

`

` `

`

`

`

`

`

`

`

`

`


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AMERICAN

WELDING SOCIETY (AW)

A2.4 - Symbols f o r Weldin gandNondestruct iveTest ing ncluding

Bra zin g. (DoD ado pt ed)

(App l ica t i on for copie s shou ld be addre ssed o he AmericanWelding

Soc ie t y , nc . , 550

NW

LeJeuneRoad, P . O . Box 351040,Niami, FL 33135.)

SOCIETY OF AUTONOTIVE ENGINEERS (SAE)

AMS 3161 - I n spe c t ion O i l , Odorless

(Appl ica t ion forcopiesshou ldbeaddressed o heSoc ie tyo fAu tom ot ive

Engineers, 400 Commonwealth Drive,Warrendale ,

PA

15096.)

AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTING (ASNT)

SNT-TC-1A. - Recommended P r a ct i c e o rNonde s t r uc t iveTe s t ing

Personne l Qua l i f i ca t ion and C e r t i f i c a t i on .

Supplement

A

-

RadiographicTest ingNethod.

Supplement B - Ma gne t i cPar t ic leTes t ingNe thod .

Supplement C - Ul t r a son ic Testing Method.

Supplement D - Liqu idPene t ran t Testing Method.

Supplement E - Eddy CurrentTest ingNethod.

( App l i c a t ion f o r c op ie s s h o u l dbe add res sed o he American Soc ie t y f o r

Nonde s t r uc t iveTes t in g , nc . , 4153 Ar l in ga tePlaza, Columbus, OH 43228-0518.)

(Nongovernment s ta nd ar ds a r eg e n e r a l l ya v a i l a b l ef o r reference f rom

l i b r a r i e s . They a r ea l s od is tr i b u te d among nongovernment sta nd ard sbodies and

us ing Federa l agenc ies . )

The docum en ts c i t e d n h i s s e c t io n a r e f o r gu id a nc e and in f o rm a t ion .

2.3Orderofprecedence. n heeventof a co nf l i c t between th e ex t of

t h i s

s tandard and the r e f e r e n c e sc i t e dh e r e i n , h e e x t o f h i s s t a n d a r d s h a l l

take precedence.

3 . RADIOGRAPHY

3 . 1

De f in i t i ons . The f o l l owi ngd e f i n i t i o n s r e p p l i c a b l e o

radiography:

3 .1 .1Energy . A proper ty

of

r a d ia t ion wh ic hdetermines

i t s

p e n e t r a t i n g

ab i l i t y . n X- ray ad iography,energy i s usua l lyde te rmined by th e

a c c e l e r a t i n g v o l t a g e a p p l i e d o h e an od eand

i s

e xpr e s se da sk i lovo l t s

(kv)

o rm i l l i o nel ec tr on vo lt s (MeV). In gamma-ray radio grap hy, nerg y i s a

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c

of

the sou r c e .

3 .1 .2F i lmholdersor a sse t te s .L ightproof o nta ine rs orho ld ing

r a d iog r a ph ic i lmw i t ho rwi thou t n t e ns i f y ingsc r e e ns .The se i lmho lde r so r

c a s s e t t e s may be r i g i d o r f l e x ib l e .

6


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3 . 1 . 3F i l t e r s .S h e e t so f e a do ro t h e rm a t e r i a l sp l a c e d n h e a d i a t i o n

beam, e i the r

a t

th e X- ray ubebetween hespecimenand he i lm,orbehind he

f i l m t o improve image q u a li ty by s e l ec t i ve ly removing low energycomponents rom

th e ra d i a t io n beam.

3 .1 .4 n t e ns i f y ing c r e e ns .S he e t so f e a do r a ye r so f l uo r e sc e n t

c r ys t a l s betwe enwhich th e f i l m i s p l a c e d o d e c r e a s e h e e x p o s u r e t ime,

3 . 1

t h e p en e

m a t e r i a l

5

Ma te r i a l h i c kne ss

(Tm).

The th icknesso fmater ia l uponwhich

t r a m e te r i s ba se d o rp i p i n gs y s t e mwe lds , nc lud ing e pa i rwelds. The

th i c kne ss

i s

t he nom ina l h i c kne sso ra c tua l h i c kne ss ,

if

measured,

o f t he s t re n g th member, and doe snot nc lude e inforcements,backing ings

O r

s t r i p s . The st re ng th member

i s

d e f i n e da s h e h i n n e ro f h es e c t i o n sb e i n g

j o i n e d s e e3 . 4 . 4 ) .

3. 1. 6 Maximum ef fec t i ve ad ia t i on ou rc edi m en si on . The maximum so ur ce

o r oc a ls p o td im e ns ionpr o je c t e d on thec e n te r o f t he a d iog r a ph ic i lm .F or

example,

a

c y l ind r i c a l so topesourc e whose len gth

i s

g r e a t e r h a n

i t s

diamete r

w i l l have a g r e a t e r e f f e c t i ve r a d ia t i on sou r c e d im e n s ion when o r i e n te d c oa x ia l ly

i n t h e c e n t e r o f a p i p e f o r a panoramicexposure han when th e ax is

of

t he sou r c e

i s p o s i t i o n e d a t r i g h t a n g l e s o h e p i p e .

3 . 1 . 7 Mul t ip l e i lm e c hn ique . A pr oc e dur e nwh ich two o r more films

of he same or d i f fe re n t spe ed a re use d n he same f i lmholder ,andexposed

s im u l t a ne ous ly .

3 . 1 . 8 Penetrameter . A device whosemage i n a radiograp h

i s

u se d t o

d e t e r m i n e a d i o g r a p h i cq u a l i t y e v e l . I t

i s

n o t n t e n d e d o ru s e n u d g i n g

t h e s i z e n o r f o r e s t a b l i s h i n g a c c e p t a n c e o f d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s .

3 . 1 . 9

P e ne t r a m e te r e ns i t i v i ty . An ind ic a t iono f h ea b i l i t yo f h e

radiographic procedure o demonst ra te a c e r t a i n d i f f e r e n c e n s p e c i m e n h i c k n e s s

( u s u a l l y 2 p e r c e n t ) . I t i s t h e a t i oe x p r e s s e das a pe rcentageo f he h i c kne ss

of

a

pene t ramete r whose out l ine

i s

d i s c e r n i b l e i n a r a d i o g r a p h o h e m a t e r i a l

th i c kne ss

(T,)

of the pecimen adiographed.

. 3.1.10Radiograph. A v i s i b l e imagen f i lm roduced by th ep e n e t r a t i o n

o f a d i a t i o n h r o u g h h em a t e r i a lbe in g es te d. When two superim posed ilms

a r e e x p o s e ds imul taneou s ly n he same f i lm ho lde r , obev ie we d a t e r

as a

supe r im pose dpa i r , hesupe r im pose dpa i ro fe xpose df i lmcons t i tu tes he

radiograph .

3.1.11 R a d iog r a ph ic i lmde ns i ty . A qua n t i t a t i vem e a su r eo f i lm

blackening ,def ined by the e qua t ion :

Where

:

d

=

d e n s i t y .

I = t h e i g h t n t e n s i t y n c i d e n t on t h e i l m .

1; = t h e i g h t n t e n s i t y r a n s m i t t e d h r o u g h h e i l m .

7


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3 .1 .12Radio graph ic nspec t ion. The use ofX-rays nd amma-rays,

o r

b o t h , o d e t e c t d i s c o n t i n u i t i e s n m a t e r i a l by p r e s e n t i n g h e i r im ages on

record ing medium su i t ab le fo r n t er pr e t a t io n by a qua l i f i e d nsp ecto r ( s e e

1 . 5 . 7 ) .

3 .1 .13Rad i og raph i ca l l y i mi l a rmate r ia l s . i a t e r i a l s which ave s im i la r

X-ray o r gamma-ray ab so rp ti on c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ,r ega rd l e s s o fchemical

compos it on .

3 .1 .14Shie ld ing .Sheet sof eadoro thermater ia lused o bsorb

s c a t t e r e d r a d i a t i o n .

3.1 .15Source. A machine o r ad ioa c t i vema ter ia l which mit s

p e n e t r a t i n g r a d i a t i o n .

3 .1 .16Source- to - f i lmdis tance . The d i s ta nce between the ad ia t ion ourc e

and the f i lm .

3.1.17 Specimen thi ck ne ss

(Ts).

The to ta l h ick nes s ob e a d i o g r a p h e d .

This i s the hic kne ss upon which the s o u r c e - t o - f i l md i s t a n c e i s based,and i s

al s o he h ic kn ess upon whichpenet rameters arebased fors t ruc tura lcas t ings ,

and s t ruc t u ra l we l d s .

3 .2General equirements .The adiographic method of es t in g i s used

fo r de t e rm i n i ng he p re s en ce o f d i s con t i n u i t i e s n a l l f e r rous and non fe r rous

metals.

Radiographic nspect ion pec i f i edhere in

i s

i nt en de d t o a pp ly t o a l l

items r equ i r i ngrad i og raph i c n s pec t i on n compl i ance wi t happ l i cab l e

s pec i f i ca t i ons ,d rawi ngs ,con t r ac t s ,o rpu rchas eor de rs , and oneof the

fo l lowing sha l l be used :

(a) X-raymachine.

(b)ridium-192.

c )

Cobalt -60.

(d)

Cesium-137.

(e ) The us eo fo t he r ad i a t i ons ou rces equ i r e ss pec i f i c NAVSEA

approval .

3 . 2 . 1

Extent of rad iographic nspect ion . A l l procurement ocuments,

d rawi ngs ,o rbo t hs ha l ls pec i fy heex t en to frad iogr aph ic nsp ect ion, when it

i s r equ i r ed .This n form at ion ha l l nc lude he number o fareas and i t ems t o

be rad iogr aph ed , he po in t n fab r ica t ion when rad iographyshal lbeperformed,

t h e q u a l i t y level of inspect ion and theaccep t ance s t anda rd obeapp l i ed .

Drawings spe cifying adi ograp hiccoverage equi rementsshall employ

rad i og raph i c symbols t ha t a r e n acc o rda nce w i t h AWS

A 2 . 4 .

3 . 2 . 1 . 1

RadiographicShootingSketch (RSS) fo r as t i ng s . The ca st in g

d e s i g n e r s h a l l s e l e c t and i den t i fy , nacco rdancewi t h AWS A2.4,areas

requi r ing ad iography on theengineer ingdrawing . The con t rac toro ra c t i v i t y

pe rf or mi ng he ns pe ct ion sh all pr ep ar e he RSS which shows fi lmplacements

and radiat iond i r ec t i ons oas s u readequa t erad i og raph i ccove ragea ss pec i f i ed

by theengineer ingdrawing. The

RSS

s h a l l b eval idat ed by a s ignatu reof a

ce r t i f i e d ad i o g rap h i c n s pe c t o r . The r equ ir emen t s

of

3 .3 .14here inprovide

s pec i f i c de t a i l ed r equ i r e men t s which s ha l l becontained on th e

RSS.

8

.

-

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3 .2 .2Radiographic rocedure .Radiographicnspect ion rocedures

s h a l l c o n t a i na s a minimum, the ol lo wi ngelements :

3 . 2 . 2 . 1 Piinimum rad iog rap hicprocedure equirements .

(a)X-raymachinenformat ion.

1) Model and type

(2)anufacturer

( 3 )F o c a l p o t i z e

4 ) V o l t a g ea t i n g

(b)sotopeourcenformat ion

(1) Type of i s o t ope

(2) ource trength (maximum)

3 ) Sourceimensions

(c)Film rocessingmethods

(d ) e r s onne l ua l i f i ca t i ons

(e)i lmype

( f ) Viewing f a c i l i t i e s

(9)

Fi lmdensi ty equirements ncludingdensi tymeasuringequipment

(h ) Method o fp rov i d i ng i l m den t i f i ca t i on nacco rdancewi t h3 .3 .8

( i ) The r equ i r e men t so f h i s t a n d a r d h a ta p p l y

used

3 .2 .2 .2Surve y f ad iogra -ph ic ac i l i t i es . TheGovernment Inspector

s h a l l p e r f o r m r a d i o g r a p h i c f a c i l i t ie s a n dp r o c e d u r e s u r v e y s o fa c t i v i t i e s o e n s u r e

t h a t h e o r g a n i z a t i o n i s performing rad iographic nspect ion naccordancewi th

t h e e q u i r e m e n t so f h i sst an da rd . The surve ys may beconducted a t 12-month

i n t e rva l s un l e s s he qua l i t y o f r ad i og raph i c pe r fo rmance d i c t a t e s a needfor

more frequentsurvei l l ance . TheGovernment Inspectors h a l lm a i n t a i n

a

recordof

t h e e s u l t s o feach urvey. The re co rd ss h a l l n c l u d es u f f i c i e n t n f o r m a t i o n o

e s t a b l i s h h a t h e a c t i v i t y

i s

performingrad iographic nspect ion naccordance

wi th i t s procedu re and h i s s t anda rd .

3.3Radiographyequirements .

3 .3 .1Di rec t i on f ad i a t i on .Un l es s t he rwi s e pec i f i ed , he

d i r e c t i o n

of

t h e c e n t r a l beam of r a d i a t i o n s h a l l b e a s n e a r l y c e n t r a l t o t h e

ar ea be ing examinedand pe rpend i cu l a r o he s u r f ace o f he f i l m

as

p o s s i b l e .

3 . 3 . 2S c r e e n s , i l t e r s , andmasking.

A l l

radiographs roducedwith

a

source

of

150 kv o r g r ea t e r s h a l l employ a f ro n t andback eadscreen

i n

c o n t a c tw i t h h e i l m . n t e n s i f y i n gs c r e e n sa n d i l t e r ss h a l lb ea s o l l o w s :

(a)

In t ens i fy i ng c reens . Lead ox i d eo r e a d o i l h a l lb eu s e da s

i n t e n s i f y i n gscr ee ns . Lead ox ide ,however, hal lonlybeused

forenergiesbetween

100

and 300 k v. ntim atecontactbetween

the screen s and thef i lmsshouldbemain ta ined dur ingexposure .

0 . 7 FleV org r e a t e r( i n c l u d i n gC o b a l t - 6 0 ) , a l e a d f i l t e r w i t h a

minimum thicknessof0 .010 nchshal lbeplacedbetween

the

specimenand he i lm. The f i l t e r may be oca tede i t h e r n

.

( b )Fr on t i l te rs . When usin gad i a t i on ou rceswi t h ne rg i e s f


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th e fi lm ho ld er and may becombined wi th he n t en s i f y i ng

sc r e e n ,o r may be oc at ed i n f r o n to f h e f i l m h o l d e r .

However, i f t h e f i l t e r

i s

l o c a t e d n f r o n t

of

t h e i l mh o l d e r ,

t h e s c r e e n ss h a l lb ep l a c e d nc o n t a c tw i t h h e f i l m ,a s n ( a )

above.

( c ) Back f i l t e r s . Lead f i l t e r s s h a l l beusedbehind he i lmholder

t op r e v e n tsc a t t e r e d a d ia t io n from th e f l o o r , w a l l s ,a i r , o r

o the r u r r ound ingobj ect s f rom fog gin g he i lm . Each hold er

sha l lh a v e a l e a d e t t e r

B a

minimum of 1 / 2 inchhighand a

minimum of 1/ 16 inch h ick pos i t ioned behind he f i lm and

wi th in hea r e ao f i lm obe ea d . When perf orm ingpanoramic

exposures,o ne e ad l e t t e r B may beplaced neachquadrant .

The l e a d e t t e r B i s not equi red or ad iographyofcircum-

f e r e n t i a lwe ldsw i t ha n ns ided ia m e te r e s s ha n

3 / 4

i nc h

which areperformed by thes ing lewa l le xposu r e e c hn ique . f

t he im a ge o f he e t t e r

B

shows a light imageon a dar ker

background, the ad i ogr aph ha l lb e e j e c t e d . A darker image

of t h e l e t t e r

B

on a l ig h te r background

i s

notcause or

re jec t i on provi ded he da rke r image does not n te r fe re wi th he

f i lm e va lua t ion .

3 . 3 . 3

-

i lm . R a d iog r aphs sha ll be made on f in e g r a in , e x t r a - f i ne g r a in

o ru l t r a - f i n eg r a i n ,s a f e t yb a s e i l m .Hi gh -s pe ed , medium orc o a r s eg r a i n

f i l ms sha l l be use d on ly when aut hor i zed by NAVSEA o r i t s author ized repre -

s e n t

a t ve .

3 . 3 . 3 . 1

Fi lm qua l i ty .R a d iog r a phsp r e se n te d o r n t e r p r e t a tion h a l l

be f r e e from b le m is he s o r f i lm a r t i f a c t s whichmigh t mask orbeconfusedwith

defec ts n hemate r ia lbe ingexamined . I f d o u b te x i s t sc o n c e r n i n g h e r u e

n a t u r e o fa n nd ica t ion on the i lm , he a d iog r a phs h a l lb e e j e c t e d .T y p i c a l

b lemishesa reas o l lows:

(a)Foggingcaused by l ig h t eak s n hepro ce ss i ng room or

c a s s e t t e s ,d e f e c t i v es a f e l i g h t s ,ex po su re marks caused by

improperprocessing,orold i lm.

watermarks, orc h e m i c a ls t a i n s .

i n t e ns i f y ing sc r e e ns and the f i lm .

marks, o r s t a t i c e l e c t r i c i t y m ar ks .

l o c a l i z e d a r e a s .

( b )Me c ha n ic a lp r oc e s s ingde f e c t s uc ha s t r e a k ing ,a i rbe l l s ,

(c)Blemishes aused by d i r t nc a s s e t t e s ,pa r t i c u l a r ly be twe e n

(d)Pressureor eadmarks , c ra tches ,gouge s , i nge rmarks , r imp

(e) Lossof de ta i lc a use d bypoor i lm- to-sc reencontac t n

3 . 3 . 3 . 2

Fi lmdens i ty . The de ns i t y ha l lb e 1 . 5 t o 4 . 0 f o rs i n g l e

f i l m

viewingand 2 . 0 t o 4 0 forsuper imposed i lmviewing n heareabeing examined

foracceptance . For cas t ing s and for g in gs , hed e n s i t ys h a l lb e 1 . 5 t o 4 0 i n

the a r e a be ing examined for acce pta nce for bo t h he s in gle andsuperimposed ilm

viewing . When th e hi ck ne sso f hepa r tva r i e

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