A. SITE PLANNING/DESIGN PROCESS

Planning and design as a process, by which we mean that they follow a logical

sequence of actions or events that must be carried out to arrive at a viable solution.

SITE PLANNING (BY KEVIN LYNCH)

It is the art of arranging structures on the land and shaping the spaces between.

It is a multi-disciplinary problem solving operation often involving architects, landscape

architects and engineers and frequently may require input from physical scientists as

well to address environmental issues.

It requires a logical objectivity for some steps, but also allows room for subjective design

interpretation at others.

There are several notable models from which we can draw to understand the basic

components of the site planning and design process. Kevin Lynch outlines an eight

stage site planning cycle that includes:

1. Defining the problem

2. Programming and the analysis of site and user

3. Schematic design and the preliminary cost estimate

4. Developed design and detailed costing

5. Contract documents

6. Bidding and contracting

7. Construction

8. Occupation and management

SITE IMPACT CHECKLIST

A. General Site Context

1. Geographic location

2. Political jurisdiction

3. Ecological and hydrographic system

4. Nature of the area economy other proposals or projects nearby and their effects

on the site

B. Physical Data, Site and Adjacent Land

1. Geology and soils ( underlying geology, soil, types, areas of fill or ledge)

2. Water ( existing, surface drainage pattern, water table)

3. Topography (contours, pattern of land forms, unique features)

4. Climate (regional pattern of temperature, local microclimate, snow fall, ambient

air quality)

5. Ecology (plant and animal communities, pattern of plant covers, specimen trees

modifications)

6. Man-made Structures ( existing buildings, networks, fences and other human

modifications)

7. Sensory qualities (character an relationship of visual spaces, viewpoints and

vistas, quality and variations of light

C. Cultural Data, Site and Adjacent Land

1. Resident and using population (number, social structure, economic status,

organization and leadership

2. Behavior settings nature, location, participants, rhythm, stability, conflicts

3. Site values, rights and restraints (ownerships, zoning, economic value, accepted

4. Past and future (history of the site, public and private intentions for future use

5. Site character and Image (user identification with aspects of the site, how site is

organized, meanings attached to th site , symbolic associations, hopes, fears,

preferences

D. Correlation of Data

1. Subdivision of the site: areas of consistent structure, character, problem

2. Identification of key points, axes, areas best left undeveloped, areas where

intensive development is possible

3. Ongoing changes, and those likely to occur without intervention, the dynamic

aspect of the site

4. Summary of significant problems and potentials, including a summary of the key

positive and negative impacts of the proposal

PHASES OF THE SITE DESIGN PROCESS

Site Planning, 2ndEd., Kevin Lynch

1. PROGRAMME PHASE

Program

Total Budget

Site Analysis

Design and construction schedule

2. SCHEMATIC PHASE

Revised program and schedule

Schematic site plan showing structures, activity location, circulation, major

outdoor spaces, critical utility mains, plant massing, over-all ground form and

general level of finish

Rough costs estimated from experience by the length or area of typical

features

Fixed essential site design

3. DESIGN DEVELOPMENT PHASE

Complete specification of detail, sufficient to assure the solution of all

problems and to allow a detailed costing

Cost estimated by elements

4. CONTRACT DOCUMENT PHASE

Drawings and verbal documents on which the contract bidding is based

5. CONSTRUCTION SUPERVISION PHASE

To ensure compliance and to make detailed adjustments as unexpected

problems and opportunities arise

FIRST STEP : PROGRAMME PHASE

Output:

This phases from aims and resources and the knowledge of the actions and

purposes of the users

Influence by the site and the technical possibilities

Furnishes the following:

Quantitative schedule of behavioral settings to be provided their linkages

o Their desired qualitative characteristics

o Resources to be devoted to them (allowable costs including time

element

Result is an activity diagram

1. Statement of Objectives and Performance Requirements

Typical considerations include accessibility, adequacy, diversity, cost, health

and safety, adaptability and stability, legibility

Supplemented by technical objectives

Indicates what aspects of the site are relevant

2. Budget

Defines what can be done

3. Site analysis

Sometimes preceded by site selection

General un-oriented reconnaissance

Systematic inventory of significant information

Concise identification of site‘s essential character, how it maintains itself and

is likely to respond to development and its major problems and potentialities

Typical considerations include subsurface conditions, topography, climate,

ecology, existing land use, circulation

Influence goals that are possible and desirable

4. Design and Construction Schedule

Identifies interrelationship and timing of activities

Necessary project management tool

Specifies the time frame for the project‘s start to finish

SECOND STEP : SCHEMATIC PHASE

Output

Deals with patterns of activity, circulation and th physical environment

Shows building location and form, circulation on the surface, expected

activities in all outdoor and associated indoor areas, general shape and

treatment of the ground, major landscaping and any additional featues that

will affect the outdoor space

Accompanied by a duly revised program and budget

Plan, program and budget are now formally reviewed by the client

The Design Process

Deals with three (3) fundamental patterns of location in space and time:

Pattern of activity

Pattern of circulation

Physical form

Characteristic of the Process

Alteration of attention from part to part while judgment is reserved (prepares

the mind for studies in which the significance of each partial decision is

quickly understood in every important dimension)

Simultaneous mastery of the whole that, when achieved, makes each trial

modification reacts on the remainder of the design in all its aspects

Study carried out in various forms such as plans, sections diagrams of

behavior settings and circulation, model studies, etc.

Studies proceed in the schizophrenic manner common to all design

alternating between stages of reason and unreason

A large number of sketch studies

Proceeds gradually from partial aspects

Goes into a simultaneous treatment of the whole pattern in all its major

dimensions

Through a process which typically alternates between bursts of unconscious

suggestions and the rational development and criticism of feasible

alternatives

Possible Approaches

Unit Analysis:

Piecemeal attack: reserves final judgment until the problem can be seen as a

whole and is based on the cause and effect analysis of the following:

Possible alternatives of the activity pattern

Analyze circulation

Analyze form

Unit Analysis:

Seek the cheapest or most flexible plan possible

Isolated Studies of Use, Form, Site or Circulation

Analyze overall patterns of the whole, alternating with other sketches for the

development of small units of developments

THIRD STEP: DESIGN DEVELOPMENT

Output:

Shows the precise alignment and specification of the road and walk systems,

location and design of utilities and grading plan and is checked for internal

consistency and for compliance with the basic plan, the program and the budget

Precise layout of the structures and paths shown on the Schematic Plan

Detailing of Vertical Dimension

Design of road profile

General grading plan

Utility layout

Landscaping and Site Details

Utility fixtures

Pavement construction and finish

Street furniture

FOURTH STEP: CONTRACT DOCUMENT PHASE

Output

A set of detailed plans and terms and conditions for the construction work and is

the basis of estimates and work to guide actual construction.

Working Drawings

Precise surveying layout

Set of road profiles

Grading plans and spot elevations at key points

Utility layout

Landscape plan

Sheet details specifications

Outlines work methodology, type and kind of material utilities, grading, site

Topic 2: Cultural heritage planning

INTRODUCTION TO CULTURAL LANDSCAPES

There exist a great variety of Landscapes that are representative of the different

regions of the world. Combined works of nature and humankind, they express a

long and intimate relationship between peoples and their natural environment.

Certain sites reflect specific techniques of land use that guarantee and sustain

biological diversity.

Others, associated in the minds of the communities with powerful beliefs and

artistic and traditional customs, embody an exceptional spiritual relationship of ,

have been people with nature.

To reveal and sustain the great diversity of the interactions between humans and

their environment, to protect living traditional cultures and preserve the traces of

those which have disappeared, these sites, called cultural landscapes, have

been inscribed on the World Heritage List.

Cultural landscapes—

Cultivated terraces on softly mountains, gardens, sacred places, testify to the

creative genius, social development and the imaginative and spiritual vitality of

humanity. They are part of our collective identity.

Definition

According to the Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World

Heritage Convention, cultural landscapes are cultural properties that represent

the ―combined works of nature and man‖ designated in Article I of the

Convention.

They are illustrative of the evolution of human society and settlement over time,

under the influence of the physical constraints and/or opportunities presented by

their natural environment and of successive social, economic, and cultural forces,

both external and internal.

Historical and Terminology

In 1992 the World Heritage Convention became the first international legal

instrument to recognize and protect, cultural landscapes. The Committee at its

16th session adopted guidelines concerning their inclusion in the World Heritage

List.

The term ―cultural landscape‖ embraces a diversity of manifestations of the

interaction between humankind and its natural environment. Cultural landscapes

often reflect specific techniques of sustainable land-use, considering the

characteristics and limits of the natural environment they are established in, and

a specific spiritual relation to nature.

Protection of cultural landscapes can contribute to modern techniques of

sustainable land-use and can maintain or enhance natural values in the

landscape. The continued existence of traditional form of land-use supports

biological diversity in many regions of the world. The protection of traditional

cultural landscapes is therefore helpful in maintaining biological diversity.

Man

This embraces garden and parkland landscapes constructed for aesthetic

reasons which are often ( but not always) associated with religious or other

monumental buildings and ensembles.

Organically Evolved Landscape

This results from an initial social, economic, administrative, and/or religious

imperative and has developed its present form by association with and in

response to its natural environment. Such landscapes reflect that process of

evolution in their form and component features.

They fall into two sub-categories:

A relict (or fossil) landscapes is one in which an evolutionary process came

to an end at sometime in the past, either abruptly or over a period. Its

significant distinguishing features are, however, still visible in material form.

Continuing landscape is one which retains an active social role in

contemporary society closely associated with the traditional way of life, and in

which the evolutionary process is still in progress. At the same time it exhibits

significant material evidence of its evolutionary process is still in progress. At

the same time it exhibits significant material evidence, which may be

insignificant or even absent.

Inscription of Cultural Landscapes on the World Heritage List

The extent of a cultural landscape for inscription on the World Heritage List is

relative to its functionality and intelligibility. In any case, the sample selected

must be substantial enough to adequately represent the totality of the cultural

landscape that it illustrates.

The possibility of designating long linear areas that represent culturally

significant transport and communication networks should not be excluded.

General criteria for protection and management are equally applicable to

cultural landscapes. It is important that due attention be paid to the full range

of values represented in the landscape, both cultural and natural. The

nominations should be prepared in collaboration with and the full approval of

local communities.

The existence of a category of ―cultural landscape‖, included on the World

Heritage List on the basis of the criteria set out in Paragraph 77 of the

Operational Guidelines, does not exclude the possibility of properties of

exceptional importance in relation to both cultural and natural criteria

continuing to be inscribed. In such cases, their outstanding universal value

must be justified under both sets of criteria.

B DEFINITIONS

Adaptation means modifying a place to suit the existing use or a proposal

use. (Burra Charter Article 1.9)

Assessment of Significance

means producing a succinct statement of significance summarizing an items

heritage values. The assessment is the basis for policies and management

structures that will affect the items future and will ensure retention of these

values. (NSW Heritage Office)

Compatible use means a use which respects the cultural significance of a

place. Such as use involves no, or minimal, impact on cultural significance. (

Burra Charter Article 1.11)

Conservation ―means all the processes of looking after a place so as to

retain its cultural significance.‖ (Burra Charter Article 1.4) ―Conservation

encompasses the activities that are aimed at the safeguarding of a cultural

resource so as to retain its historic value and extend its physical life. There

are conservation disciplines that address different kinds of cultural resources.

strategies that can be placed on a continuum that runs from least intervention

to greatest that is, from maintenance to modification of the cultural resource.‖

(Parks Canada)

All operations designed to understand a property, know its history and

meaning, ensure its material safeguard and if required, its restoration and

enhancement (Nara Document).

Conservation Plans set out clearly the conservation needs, priorities and

methodologies for a heritage property. They are used by custodians to guide

their actions and the use of funds.

Cultural Heritage Impact Assessment is a systematic methodology for

assessing potential impacts on heritage resources of proposed development

or other actions. It is embedded in environmental legislation and carried out

by heritage professionals who recommend and design mitigating measures to

address impacts.

Cultural Tourism is that form of tourism whose object is, among other aims,

the discovery of monuments and sites. It exerts on these last a very positive

effect in so far as it contributes to satisfy its own ends to their maintenance

and protection. This form of tourism justifies in fact the efforts which said

maintenance and protection demand of the human community because of the

socio-cultural and economic benefits which they bestow on all the populations

concerned. 1976 ICOMOS Charter on Cultural Tourism)

Fabric ―means all the physical material of the place including components,

fixtures, contents and objects‖ (Burra Charter Article 1.3)

Groups of buildings comprise groups of separate or connected building

including towns or parts thereof which are noteworthy because of their

architecture, their homogeneity, their place in the landscape, or historical,

cultural, economic, social, political or ideological significance, whether

abandoned, still-inhabited or newly-built

Information Sources are all physical, written, oral, and figurative sources

which make it possible to know the nature, specificities, meaning, and history

of the cultural heritage.

Intagible Cultural Heritage means ―the practices, representations,

expressions, knowledge, skills – as well as the instruments, objects, artefacts

and cultural spaces associated therewith – that communities, groups and in

some cases, individuals recognize as part of their cultural heritage‖

(Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, Article

2).

Integrity describes ―the health and wholeness‖ of a heritage resource. A

resource can be said to possess integrity when the values for which it was

designated are not impaired or under threat, they are effectively

communicated to the public and are respected in all decisions and actions

affecting the site (Parks Canada).

Interpretation means all the ways of presenting the cultural significance of a

place Burra Charter Article 1.17) and is to be distinguished from repair.

Repair involves restoration or reconstruction (Burra Charter Article 1.5)

Management Plans set out clearly the short and long term priorities and

methodologies to be used to monitor, maintain and conserve the significance

and authenticity of a heritage property.

Meaning denote what a place signifies, indicates, evokes or expresses (Burra

Charter Article 1.16)

Monuments are architectural works, works of monumental sculpture and

painting, elements or structures of an archaeological nature, inscriptions,

cave dwelling, and combinations of these features.

Patina means the sense of age or passage of time as reflected in the layers

of visible change to fabric of a building or object.

Period restoration ―is the accurate recovery of an earlier form, fabric and

detailing of a site or structure based on evidence from recording, research

and analysis, through the removal of later additions and the replacement of

missing or deteriorated elements of the earlier period. Depending on the

intent and degree of intervention, period restoration maybe a presentation

rather than a conservation activity.‖ (Parks Canada)

Place ―Site, area, land, landscape, building or other work, group of buildings

or other works and may include components, contents, spaces and views‖

(Burra Charter Article 1.1). Places may have a range of values for different

individuals or groups.

Preservation means ―maintaining the fabric of a place in its existing state and

retarding deterioration.‖ (Burra Charter Article 1.6) ―Preservation

encompasses conservation activities that consolidate and maintain the

existing form, material and integrity of a resource. Preservation includes

short-term protective measures as well as long-term actions to retard

deterioration or prevent damage. Preservation extends the life of the resource

by providing it with a secure and stable environment.‖ (Parks Canada

Preservation Guidelines) ―Preservation standards require retention of the

greatest amount of historic fabric, including the historic form, features and

details as they have evolved over time‖ (Secretary of the Interior‘s Standards

for Treatment of Historical Properties)

Reconstruction means returning a place to a known earlier state and is

distinguished from restoration by the introduction of new material into the

fabric. (Burra Charter Article 1.8) ―recreation of vanished or irreversibly

deteriorated resources‖ (Appleton Charter).

Redevelopment means ―insertion of contemporary structures or addition

sympathetic to the setting.‖ (Appleton Charter)

Rehabilitation is the modification, including adaptive re-use, of resource to

meet various functional requirements such as safety, property protection and

access while preserving the historic character of the structure.

Renovation entails refurbishing and/or adding to the appearance of an

original building or elements of a building in an attempt to ‗renew‖ its

appearance in keeping with contemporary tastes and perceptions of

―conservation‖.

Replication means the copying of an existing structure in order to maintain

aesthetic unity and harmony.

Restoration means ―returning the existing fabric of a place to a known earlier

state by removing accretions or by reassembling existing components without

the introduction of new material‖ (Burra Charter Article 1.7) ―to reveal the

original state within the limits of design‖ (Management Guidelines for World

Cultural Heritage Sites)

Setting ―means the area around a place, which may include the visual

catchment‖ ( Burra Charter Article 1.12). This includes natural and built

aspects, fixtures and the activities associated.

Sites are works of human groups or individuals or the combined works of

humans and nature and areas including archaeological sites, cultural

landscapes planned or evolved over time through use or human events,

environments of cultural significance, sacred geographies, and landscaped

religious, artistic, historical or other cultural associations.

Statement of Significance is the product of assessment of significance. It

briefly summarizes an item‘s heritage value and clarifies why the item is

important. The statement is an important part of the management of all

heritage items and forms the basis for policies, management structures and

all good heritage decisions which will affect the item‘s future. (NSW Heritage

Manual)

Sustainability refers to the preservation and management of cultural heritage

in such way as to ensure that its fabric and values are safeguarded for the

benefit of future generations.

Tangible Cultural Heritage includes all resources that have some physical

embodiment of cultural values such as historic towns, buildings,

archaeological sites, cultural landscapes and objects.

Use means the functions of a place, as well as the activities and practices

that may occur at the place. (Burra Charter Article 1.10)

C SIGNIFICANCE AND AUTHENTICITY

The Cultural Significance of heritage sites has been defined by the Burra

Charter as the ―aesthetic, historic, scientific, social or spiritual value for past,

present or future generations‖ which is ― embodied in the place itself, its

setting, use, associations, meanings, records, related places and related

objects.

The goal of conservation is to preserve this significance by ensuring that all

int relative degree of significance of interventions and actions meet the test of

authenticity in all respects.

Understanding the relative degree of significance of heritage resources

is essential if we are to rationally determine which elements must be

preserved under any circumstance, which should be reserved under some

circumstances and which, under exceptional circumstances, will be sacrificed.

Degree of significance can be assessed on the basis of the

representativeness, rarity, condition, completeness and integrity and

interpretive potential of a resource.

Assessment of the significance of a place site or monument should be

carried out as a necessary preliminary to any conservation action.

Significance assessment is the process of studying and understanding the

meanings and values of places, objects and collections. It involves three main

steps: firstly analyzing the object or resources; secondly,

Understanding its history and context and thirdly, identifying its value

for the communities which created and/or carefor it.

The key to the process is the concept of Authenticity which has become the

universal concern of the conservation profession since the adoption of the

1972 UNESCO World Heritage Convention, which defines authenticity as the

primary and essential condition of the heritage.

Authenticity is usually understood in terms of a matrix of dimensions of

authenticity of essential qualities. Together these form the complete

authenticity from which significance derives. The Retention of authenticity is

the aim of good conservation practice.

Dimensions of Authenticity:

1. LOCATION AND SETTING

2. FORM AND DESIGN

3. USE AND FUNCTION

4. ESSENCE

5. Place Spatial layout Use(s) Artistic expression

6. Setting Design User(s) Values

7. ―Sense of Place‖ Materials Associations Spirit

8. Environmental riches

9. Crafts Changes in use overtime

10. Emotional impact

11. Landforms and vistas

12. Building techniques Spatial distribution of usage

13. Religious context

14. Environs Engineering Impacts of use Historical associations

15. Living elements Stratigraphy Use as a response to environment

16. Sounds, smells, and tastes

17. Degree of dependence on locale

18. Linkages with other properties or sites

19. Use as a response to historical context

CLASSIFICATION OF HISTORIC SITES AND STRUCTURES

Under existing procedures, the framework adopted by the Institute in the

classification of historic sites and structures for preservation consists of the

following:

1. National Shrine historic site or object hallowed and hallowed and honored

for their history or association, e.g.; Rizal Shrine-Calamba, Laguna; Rizal

Shrine-Fort Santiago, Intramuros, Manila: Aguinaldo Shrine, Kawit, Cavite;

Pinaglabanan Memorial Shrine; San Juan, Metro Manila; Quezon Memorial

Shrine, Quezon City; and, Mabini Shrine, Tanauan, Batangas.

2. National Monuments objects, structures or sites dedicated to memorialize or

give reverence to a special historic personage or event, e.g; Rizal National

Monument, Rizal, Park; A. Bonifacio National Monument, Caloocan City

3. National Landmarks sites or structures that are associated with an event,

achievement, characteristic, or modification that makes a turning point or

stage in Philippine history, e.g.; Paoay Church Historical Landmark ( also a

World Heritage Site), Ilocos Norte; Miagao Church Historical Landmark ( also

a World Heritage Site), Iloilo; Barasoain Church Historical Landmark,

Malolo,s, Bulacan; Sheik Mahkdum Historical Landmark, Tawi-tawi; Taal

(Town Center) Historical Landmark; and, Pila (Town Center) Historical

Landmark, Pila, Laguna.

4. Heritage Houses house of ancestry with notable historical and cultural

significance, e.g.; Syquia Mansion, Vigan City Ilocos Sur, Houses in Silay

City, Negros Occidental.

5. Historic Sites natural areas or places with historical significance, and places

recognized, marked or declared such as, Biak-na-Bato, San Miguel,

Bulacan;Pamitinan Cave, Montalban, Rizal.

6. Classified structures and sites not falling under the above categories and

marked are listed as Classified and recorded in the NHI‘s National Registry of

Historic Structures. e.g.; All Philippine colonial churches which are more than

50 years old, with or without the official historical marker of the National

Historical Institute, by virtue of NHI Board Resolution No. 3,s.1991. All sites

and structures must fall within the NHI Criteria for Identification of Historic

Sites and Structures. In the identification procedure, all sites and structures

must, at least be 50 years old and display a high degree of authenticity to

qualify for consideration.

The Global Habitat Agenda:

Conservation and Rehabilitation of Historic and Cultural Heritage

To promote historic and cultural continuity and to encourage broad civic

participation in all kinds of cultural activities, governments at the appropriate

levels, including local authorities, should:

1. Identify and document, whenever possible, the historic and cultural

importance of areas, sites, landscapes, ecosystems, buildings, other objects,

and manifestations and establish conservation goals relevant to the cultural

and spiritual development of society;

2. Promote the awareness of such heritage in order to highlight the value and

the need for its conservation and the financial viability of rehabilitation;

3. Encourage and support local heritage in order to highlight the value and the

need for its conservation and rehabilitation efforts and inculcate in children

and youth an adequate sense of their heritage;

4. Promote adequate financial and legal support for the effective protection of

cultural heritage;

5. Promote education and training in traditional skills in all disciplines

appropriate to the conservation and promotion of heritage; and

6. Promote the active role of older persons as custodians of cultural heritage,

knowledge, trades, and skills.

To integrate development with conservation and rehabilitation goals,

governments at the appropriate levels, including local authorities, should

1. Recognize that the historic and cultural heritage is an important asset and

strive to maintain the social, cultural, and economic viability of historically and

culturally important sites and communities;

2. Preserve the inherited historic settlement and landscape forms, while

protecting the integrity of the historic urban fabric and guiding new

construction in historic areas;

3. Provides adequate legal and financial support for implementation of

conservation and rehabilitation activities, in particular through adequate

training of specialized human resources;

4. Promote incentives for such conservation and rehabilitation to public, private,

and nonprofit developers;

5. Promote community-based action for the conservation, rehabilitation,

regeneration, and maintenance of neighborhoods;

6. Support public-and private-sector and community partnerships for the

rehabilitation projects;

7. Ensure the incorporation to environmental concerns in conservation and

rehabilitation projects;

8. Take measures to reduce acid rain and other types of environmental

pollution that damage buildings and other items of cultural and historic value;

9. Adopt human settlements planning policies, including transport and

frustracture policies that avoid environmental degradation of historic and

cultural areas;

10. Ensure that the accessibility concerns of people with disabilities are

incorporated into conservation and rehabilitation projects.‖

Source: United Nations Centre for Human Settlements 1996

Conceptual Framework for Revitalization of Historic Inner-City Areas

Urban regeneration refers to reinvestment in the social, economic, cultural, and

physical infrastructure of urbanized areas.

Couch (1990) describes urban regeneration as seeking to bring back investment

employment, and consumption and to enhance the quality of life within urban

areas.

Holcomb and Beauregard (1981) agree with Couch, but they add ―growth‖ and

―progress‖ to the definition of what they refer to as ―urban revitalization‖ and state

that, as with earlier labels (e.g., ―urban redevelopment‖, ―urban renewal‖, and

―urban regeneration‖), urban revitalization implies growth, progress, and infusion

of new economic activities into stagnant or declining cities that are no longer

attractive to investors or middle-class households.

Ultimately, all cities are in a state of continuous transition. That is, they are

continually in the process of becoming larger, smaller, better, or worse-in one

way or another, different than they were in the past.

This process of continual transition occurs partly in response to the political,

industrial, economic, and social changes cited by Middleton (1991). Holcomb

and Beauregard (1981) discuss the reasons for continual transition, pointing out

that cities experience periods of growth and decline, both of which lead to

transformation of urban space from one economic and social use to another.

Decay of inner urban space often occurs within the context of such

transformation. According to Clark (1989), inner urban decay, crime, racial

tension, riots, mass unemployment, and falling standards in the provision of

urban services are some of the more obvious and disturbing indicators of a

general and deep-seated deterioration in the social, economic, political, and

financial fabric of a city. Middleton (1991) points out that such decline leads to

out-migration of younger and more skilled members of urban populations as they

seek employment elsewhere. The result is that, as Robson (1988) points out, the

population trapped in inner-city areas tends to mainly comprise single parents,

unskilled workers, and elderly persons.

In recent decades, urban revitalization initiatives have enjoyed increasing support

in industrialized countries. However, in developing countries, interest in it--both

intellectually and professionally—has rarely extended beyond heritage campaign

groups, a relatively small number of foreign-trained local professionals, and

external advisors who advocate adaptive reuse of heritage structures.

This pattern is perhaps most apparent in the political dimension in developing

countries. For the most part, the legal and administrative framework for

conservation of historic areas in developing countries—in so far as it exists at

all—largely consists of a set of prohibitions against construction within historic

areas, although effective enforcement of such prohibitions is rare. In developing

countries, housing areas of earlier vintages are, for the most part, still seen as

―problems‖ rather that as an aspect of urban life that can make an important

contribution to growth in national income and cultural identity. In some cases,

―modernization‖ drives have been carried out to the extent th

At historic urban cores were decimated. Singapore provides an excellent

example of this phenomenon, in that it has almost completely destroyed its stock

of heritage building.

How Should Historic City Centers Be Rebital for seeing initiativesized?

Adaptive reuse and cost recovery. Ultimately,, all revitalization initiatives must

be financed. A key concern is raising the funds necessary approach, private

entities and/or nongovernment institutions are allowed to lease historic facilities

for commercially viable uses that respect their historical value and to earn a profit

from the use to which the facilities are put.

Integrated area development. There exist few examples of initiatives that

address integrated revitalization of entire historic city centers. The reason for this

is that such initiatives simultaneously require

1. Modernization of economic activities within the entire urban core, which

usually requires significant investment in infrastructure;

2. Restoration of monument; and

3. Mass rehabilitation of entire housing areas, which requires a cooperative

financing plan funded by individuals as well as commercial and public sector

entities.

Full commercialization of historic city centers. Few cities have followed an

entirely commercial model in revitalizing historic urban areas. Singapore provides

the best example of this approach, since it allowed the local redevelopment

authority to acquire all plots of land located within the designated conservation

areas. These plots were then sold to commercial entities for rehabilitationcum-

redevelopmentas shops, restaurants, tourist hotels or offices.

Transfer of development rights. Both Mumbai and Rio de Janeiro are

experimenting with the North American method of transfer of development rights,

which can be applied to privately held or owned premises listed as monuments

and located in areas deemed ripe for development. Typically, land prices are

rising rapidly in such areas due to the construction of nearby high-rise buildings.

In order to encourage renovation rather than demolition of privately owned

monuments, owners are offered alternative plots of land suitable for

development. This intent is to compensate the owners for the income they forego

by not developing the plots occupied by the monuments and to cover the cost of

their renovation. A precondition to success in using this approach is availability of

government owned land that can be offered as compensation.

From socialism to real estate development. Historic city centers in the PRC

offer numerous opportunities for urban revitalization, mainly because of the

current trend toward privatization, commercialization, and the opening of housing

and real estate to private investors.

Modernization of commercial activity. An emerging concern within the context

of modernization of historic of historic urban centers is the likely disappearance

of traditional forms of land use and the economic activities with them

Tourism. Development of tourism often encourages conservation of monuments

and revitalization of historic urban center. However, the degree to which the

economic benefits of tourism are distributed across the population of the entire

city in question depends on the manner in which the revitalization initiative is

implemented

Conservation of historic monuments. Numerous local and national

governments and religious organizations that administer monuments simply do

not have the financial resource to rehabilitate them-even the most precious ones.

Implementations of Conservation Projects and Heritage Interventions. The

process is initiated by establishing a conservation task force that plans and

implements the urban heritage projects in question. It comprises the following

members:

Relevant municipal corporations and/or urban local bodies;

Urban development authorities;

Agencies responsible for financing the initiative, including infrastructure

and housing; and

Private sector investors and developers.

An urban heritage committee is then established for the purpose of monitoring

the implementation process and providing advice to the conservation task force It

comprises the following:

Relevant NGO‘s;

Municipal corporations and/or urban local bodies;

Urban development authorities; and

Individuals and specialists with an interest and stake in the initiative.

Proposals for specific development projects within the heritage zone are routed

through the urban heritage committee prior to reaching the conservation task

force. This ensures that such proposals have the concurrence of the urban

heritage committee members, as well as those they represent prior to reaching

the conservation task force. However, care must be taken to avoid procedures

based on subjective, bureaucratic control; instead, procedures should emphasize

transparent, objective criteria for approving or supporting specific interventions.

Any special limitations on development within the heritage zone must be routed

through the urban heritage committee prior to being put into place. As well, the

urban heritage committee may wish to organize public hearings on specific

development proposals likely to impact the urban heritage zone resident

community. The purpose of the above structure is to separate planning and

implementation functions from monitoring and technical advice. To ensure that

these functions remain separate, guidelines are then established for both the

conservation task force and the urban heritage committee that delineate how

planning, implementation, monitoring, management of the information database,

and advocacy are to be carried out. An information campaign targeting all

members of the community that stresses the need for conservation is then

formulated and implemented to ensure participation by all members. A list of

buildings, precincts, or heritage zones that merit conservation is also drawn up.

This list is then used to established urban heritage zones for the area concerned

in accordance with relevant urban planning statutes.

The second stage of the information and awareness campaign is then

implemented. The purpose of this second stage is to encourage owners and

occupants of heritage buildings to collaborate with the conservation task force

and urban heritage committee in the formulation and preparation of specific

interventions. These interventions are then implemented. Throughout the

initiative, the conservation task force and urban heritage committee remain the

primary actors in formulating specific interventions, including:

Adaptive reuse projects for rehabilitating landmark buildings of historical e

Revenue-generating development projects that raise sufficient revenue

that then can be used to subsidize rehabilitation of heritage buildings or

monuments for which the revenue generating potential is weak or entirely

lacking;

Provision of affordable home improvement loans for homeowners or

renters;

Mitigation of the negative impacts of removing rent control (e.g., through

the information of renters‘ cooperatives as in the case of Bombay‘s shawls

{mass housing complexes for workers} redevelopment projects); and

Provision of infrastructure appropriate to the renovated heritage zone in

question, as well as financing for its construction or upgrading.

The following often facilitate implementation of specific interventions such as

those referred above :

Tax incentives that support private investment;

Ensuring availability of sufficient financing from urban financial institutions

for specific interventions;

Procuring as much technical assistance as is practicable from urban

financial institutions, urban heritage campaign organizations, NGOs, and

state governments;

Obtaining written commitments from all persons with an interest in

particular revitalization projects; and

Generating public interest in schemes that facilitate replication of

successful demonstration projects.

Processes similar to that outlined above have been successful in moving

from small scale demonstration projects to a full-blown development

master plan and an integrated conservation policy for specific heritage

zones.

Source: Steinberg 1998.

Impact of Gentrification

Gentrification is an aspect of urban revitalization that has received considerable

Attention in both popular and professional literature. Williams (1983) finds that

gentrification indicates whether an urban rehabilitation has been successful in

that the principal purpose of urban revitalization is to produce a profitable real

estate market.

When Does Gentrification Occur?

There has been a significant amount of discussion in literature regarding the

conditions that must be fulfilled for gentrification to occur. For Holcomb and

Beauregard (1981), it is replacement of a neighborhood‘s residents with

newcomers of higher income, who, having acquired homes cheaply, renovate

them and upgrade the neighborhood.

Topic 4 : Integrated area or integrated rural development (IAD or IRD)

Integrated Area Development (IAD)

The Old IAD

The Integrated Area Development or IAD approach evolved from traditional rural

development strategies such as community development, comprehensive

planning and integrated rural (agriculture) development. It is also one of the tools

whereby decentralized planning can be operationalized. Through this approach

the population in the area can be involved in identifying projects beneficial to

them and would be able to discuss and plan the projects together with planners,

technicians and politicians.

The basic idea for an IAD is to build a ―planning region‖ or a ―community region‖

that has a common interest in some development projects or set of projects.

There are varied approaches in setting up these planning areas or IAD units. The

general principles that these units should be small enough to be ―seen steadily

and seen whole‖, possessing some kind of cohesion and homogeneity but big

enough to be of some significance in the overall national development scene.

he search for a ―homogeneous region‖ became a failure and thus a more

pragmatic approach was taken. In this vein, some IAD units were conceived or

chosen on the basis of the following: influence of feeder roads, river basin,

irrigation projects, erosion zone, reforestation area, mining area, resettlement

area, school districts, among others. However, still the concept of ―ideal‖ or

―functional‖ units have been problematic and there was a realization that IAD

units necessitate an institutional mechanism or organizations at the local or

community level top plan and execute the projects and where funds can be

channeled.

Analytical framework for delineating communities or areas as IAD units that can

be generally applicable, Higgins(1981) enumerated six general principles in this

regard which can be met in real field situations:

1. Functional Meaning. The area (in spatial terms) must have some meaning in

terms of function. They should not be haphazard or meaningless in terms of

the development planning exercise (e.g. not cutting region into rectangular

areas of identical size and shape). Borders should have a development

planning significance, e.g. area of influence of a feeder road, an irrigation

project, resettlement, erosion, zone etc.

2. Inhabitants are Target Population. The population inhabiting the area should

distinguish its populations from the populations of other areas, e.g.

beneficiaries of feeder roads, population interested in school or clinic, etc.

The old IAD approach takes the bottom up perspective of the agropolitan

approach

3. Integration Potential. The area should be suitable for integrated development

whether alone or in conjunction with a limited number of other areas.

4. Aggregation Potential. The area should be capable of aggregation with other

units to permit integrated planning and development at the provincial, regional

and national levels.

5. A Political and Administrative Unit. The area should be itself a political or

Administrative unit, with an organization suitable for participation of the target

population in planning and execution of projects and programs, or it must be

capable of easy aggregation with other areas into such a unit.

The political authority may, however, be a regional development authority, a

special body with representatives of all levels of government interested in the

execution of program or local organizations altogether outside the existing

political and administrative structure, e.g. youth groups, community councils, etc.

Caution has been placed, however, in adopting either of the two depending on

which one is worse. The former ( political units) will leave the way to bureaucratic

manipulation while the latter (non-political organizations) may merely deliver the

population into the hands of the local power structure.

6.Available Information and Statistics. The area must be one where statistics and

other information already exist or one where the same can be available without

excessive cost or delay.

The New IAD

The IAD concept has seen transformations and has taken new terminologies in

the process. While it has been so, one will find still similarities of these new IAD

approaches to the basic or ―old‖ IAD concept but this time in a new or bigger

dimension and dynamics.

Two general categories according to the nature of the approach – their objectives

and the setting in which it is applied:

1. Inter-Regional or Inter-Local Approach

Clustering in the past decades, the use of clusters or clustering, networks and

other related terms have emerged. The use of the term cluster has been

popularized with the introduction of Porter (1998)33 of the term in the context

of competition of firms and locations. He defined a cluster to mean ―a

geographical proximate group of interconnected companies and associated

institutions in a particular field, linked by commonalities and

complementarities‖. He showed the significance of these inter industry

linkages in the competitiveness of national (and regional) economies.

There are two ways clustering has been used in regional development

strategies.

1.1 The first is a traditional strategy, which identifies a ―growth cluster‖ basing

itself from the growth pole or growth center paradigm. A growth cluster is

where clustering of areas (small political units, e.g. municipalities) are

based on criteria such as common economic activities, growth potentials

and physical linkages. A growth cluster has a center which offers more

diversified and higher level of services than what is present in the

influence areas which can perform any of the following roles: industrial

center, trading center, administrative center, educational center,

recreational center, and other functional roles.

1.2 A more recent use of clustering is in pursuit of sustainable urban

development and environmental management. Here, a cluster is defined

as a sub-regional development area wherein the boundaries are

determined using inter-local delineation covering two or more areas or

political units. Such cluster comprises a development sub-region which is

a suitable unit for land management and planning due to its physical,

demographic, spatial and economic characteristics.

The criteria to determine the boundaries of a cluster includes the

following:

Economics(existence of common economic base, complementary

resources, high economic growth and export potentials), social (having

the same cultural background and using the same language and dialect),

physical (geographically contiguous and linked by infrastructure within the

urban structure), political ( the demarcation of the cluster coincided with

the administrative boundaries of the LGUs) and environmental

(experiencing similar environmental problems and existence or use of

common resources such as water)

2. Inter-country Approach

Trans-border Regions. The creation of transborder regions or cross-border

regions as exemplified by growth triangles and similar kind of integration of

sub-national areas across national boundaries have been very prominent in

Asia especially in the 1990s.

Currently, there are six of these government sponsored regions that are in

operation:

1. Trumen River Area Development Program (Russia, China, North Korea,

South Korea, Japan);

2. Southern China Growth Triangle (Hongkong, Taipei, China and Southern

China manily parts of Guandong and Fujian provinces);

3. Greater Mekong Sub region (or GMS including areas in Vietnam, Laos,

Cambodia, Thailand);

4. Singapore-Johor-Riau Growth Triangle (Singapore, Malaysia, and

Indonesia); and

5. The BruneiDarussalam-Indonesia-Malaysia-Philippines (BIMP) East

ASEAN Growth Area (EAGA).

This approach has been used in the on-going World Bank-assisted project in

the Philippines ―Cavite-Laguna (CALA) Urban Development and Environment

Management Project‖.

Douglass (1998)36 observes that the current trans-border region in Asia as

mentioned above cover sites which had serious political and ideological

conflicts in recent years and yet they now comprise zones of international

economic integration and cooperation. The reduction of political tensions may

explain partly the foundation of the re kindled interest in forming regional

cooperation. In fact, Tang and Thant(1994)37 mentioned this factor in the

formation of growth triangles along with the other traditional rationale for

regional cooperation in Asia such as increase in economies of scale,

exploitation of complementarities in production and enlarging the size of

markets. Trans-border or cross-border regions are what Douglass (1998)

calls the emerging forms of so-called ―transnational spaces‖, a term for

geographies that are detached in varying degrees from normal regulation by

the nation state. The more classic forms of these transnational spaces include

export-processing zones (EPZs) or free port zones

While both exploit international mobility of capital and the comparative low-

cost of labor, there are basic differences in the features of a growth triangle or

cross border regions with EPZs,. First, is the involvement of more than one

country compared with activities with EPZs, which only one country is

involved. Second, there is a wider range or diversity in activities from

economic (including tourism) to cultural, or even educational activities

compared with EPZs which are largely manufacturing. Third, there is a much

more complex policy coordination required than in EPZs.

The success of cross-border regions had been attributed to three factors:

economic complementarity ( significant differentials in factor endowments),

geographical proximity (to reduce transaction and transport costs and seize

cultural and linguistic similarities) political commitment (willingness of member

countries for compromises in sovereignty), policy coordination (tariffs,

employment regulation, real estate, finance, foreign while the benefits are

enormous, the cost for capital development and physical maintenance are

also high. The experience of existing cross-border regions showed that

member countries minimized start-up costs by taking advantage of existing

physical infrastructure if possible. It is expected that on a longer term, the

benefits point to both regional development goal attainment as well as the

development of human resources.

CLUSTER HOUSING

Cluster Housing Environment – it‘s the most fundamental and enduring

form of human settlement

Cluster Housing defined; housing that is joined together so that individual

units share common walls, floors and ceiling and including a share of

common open space and common facilities.

Cluster Housing – has the flexibility of configuration and space to be

organized into prescribed social groupings.

CHARACTERISTIC

Focus – a focal point that serve a group of houses rather that individual

hous/unit.

Unity / Similarity – there is a measure of similarities among the building

giving the whole design a unique appearance.

Articulation – each cluster is articulated, group of building are made

identifiable through the use of planning material, design, color or open

space

Spatial Relationships – there is a definable space relating to a group of

unit or territory.

Identification – a trellised walkway / covered bus stop sign, or special

planting identifying cluster entrances.

ADVANTAGES

Development costs are lower since there are fewer areas of developing

and less linear meter utilities for dwelling.

Sewerage is cheaper and there is less run off with cluster since there is

less paving and more ground surface to absorb water.

Concentration of Building aids in good drainage, leaving natural water

coursed and the drainage network in its natural state.

Reduced maintenance cost for residences and community to realize.

Lot size can be reduced and the land thus saves, can be used for

common green and open spaces.

PHYSICAL CRITERIA:

1. Stagger units to relieve row house monotony.

2. Design placement of playground, active recreational areas and connecting

walk pattern to invite friendliness and compatibility.

3. Planting screens, walks or fences to contribute to individual privacy.

4. Design walls without steps or excessive gradient wherein possible.

5. Interim Collector Street which links off-size circulation network to interior

building cluster.

6. Cluster interrelates to lie into a continuous network of open spaces and

recreation.

7. Varied landscape treatment within development of a cluster enhances

individuality or repetition of landscape theme.

Four (4) to five (5) units are about the minimum units to form a cluster, while

20 units maximum.

Cluster Units within a development shall appear as a unified whole yet each

cluster should be from adjacent to nearby cluster, through buffering, point

variation, architectural theme, plantings for, one single access point for

interaction.

TYPES OF CLUSTER HOUSING

LINEAR – unites the level areas with circulation in a linear pattern

NODAL – relates each cluster to itself using the open space for buffer and

Separation.

GRADUATED - has a center or several centers from which units move out in

concentric rings.

PLANNED UNIT DEVELOPMENT (PUD)

Planned Unit Development or PUD is an approach of designing residential

neighborhoods where it:

o Provides better environment for its users

o Produces more profits for developers

DEFINITION

A means of land regulation which promotes large scale, unified land development

through midrange realizable program in pursuit in physically curable, social and

economic deficiencies in peripheral land and city scape.

SALIENT FEATURES OF PUD

1. Greater flexibility in locating building and combining land uses to achieve

reduction in construction costs and preserve open spaces and other

amenities.

2. Allow the best use and arrangement of land

3. Propose to arrange buildings in any durable manner eliminating setbacks to

save natural features.

4. Land and development costs per unit are reduced and so with street facilities

and grading costs

5. Provided guarantees of quality to the community and approval securities of

grading costs.

6. Flexibility in design

7. Open spaces can be utilized for recreational areas, i.e. playgrounds and

parks and community facilities

8. Permits small groups of shops, markets, school and churches.

GRAPHICAL CONCEPT OF PUD

o Direct Street Access

o Court Yard Related

o Path Related

o Street Related (parallel)

Advantages for people living in a planned unit development:

1. Larger houses for less money

2. More choice of house types

3. Presentation of natural features like ponds and lakes

4. Community recreation space

5. Safe pedestrian ways and safer streets

6. More conveniently located schools and shops

Advantages for the developer and builder:

1. Less land use for streets

2. More efficient utility return

3. Better drainage, less grading and site preparation

4. More varied house types that can reach a wider market

5. More dwelling units and bigger houses

6. The ability to include shops and stores.

Preservation of Natural Features

Instead of developing the whole section with paved streets and narrow fenced

yards. Planned Unit Development permits as much as 30% of the land area to

remain in its natural state, while housing the same number of families as

conventional development sometimes even more. This means that natural

features like ponds and rock outcropping as well as trees and streams can be

preserved near the places where people live.

Community Recreation Space

Open space created by Planned Unit Development can be used for recreation

areas like playing fields and swimming pools and there can easily be areas for

open space or schools and other facilities that is integral to a residential

neighborhood, instead of being in their own separate locations.

Safe Pedestrian ways and Safer Streets

The community open space of Planned Unit Development can also be used to

create pedestrian greenways connecting houses with schools and large open

areas. Such greenways can be designed so that cross few or no streets

providing safe routes for children to walk to school or play areas.

The intersection of 2 conventional ―grid iron‖ streets creates as many as 16

potential places where a collision can take place. The neighborhood loop street,

possible in Planned Unit Developments can have as few as 3 potential collision

points. In addition the clear distinction between through traffic streets and

neighborhood streets made possible by Planned Unit Developments provides a

generally safer traffic pattern with fewer cars moving more slowly in the areas

where people live.

More Convenient to School and Shops

In conveniently zoned areas, shops can only be placed in sections with

commercial zoning. A planned Unit Development permits small groups of shops

and restaurants in the middle of a residential area giving the kind of convenience

often found in the center of the city but seldom in outlying residential districts. In

addition, by placing a school adjacent to community open space it is likely to be

far more centrally located than would be possible under conventional conditions.

Fewer and Shorter Streets

Developers in large low density areas generally are responsible for buildings that

streets themselves, therefor the fewer and shorter streets needs for Planned Unit

Developments mean a substantial savings for the developer. Thus may be as

much as 30% less street area under Planned Unit Developments which not only

means less development cost but more valuable land available for housing.

MIXED-USE DEVELOPMENT AND COMMERCIAL CENTERS

INTRODUCTION

A publication concerned with property development naturally tends to

concentrate on the physical activities but the question of use is of vital

importance comparing the particular ―mix‖ of activities with those analogous cities

and regions.

It is possible to argue that planning control is basically one of land-used; because

once the use of land has been determined the question of precisely what is built

is a matter of detail. In fact, it is a substantial commitment to use land or buildings

for particular

DEVELOPMENT DEFINED

The statutory definition of development is the carrying out of building,

engineering, mining or other operations in, on, over or under land, or the making

of any material change of use in any building or land.

KEY STAGES

1. Preparation

2. Implementation

3. Objectives

4. Local Authority

1. Preparation

Once the decision to proceed with a particular site has been made, there are

many things that have to be done before the site can be purchased and the

development started.

In the period of preparation the following work to be completed:

o Study of the physical extent and nature of the site

o Investigation of extent and nature of the interest in the land that is being

purchased

o Preparation of detailed drawings.

Submission of planning application

Obtaining short and/or long term finance

In some cases, securing a pre-letting of whole or part of the project

In all cases, through investigation of the market and establishment of levels of

price or rent.

Discussion as to the contractor to be selected and possibly some preliminary

negotiations with one or more contractors.

2. IMPLEMENTATION

Implementation brings together at one point in space and times all the raw

materials of the development process.

A commitment has now been made to a particular site and to particular

buildings at a particular cost spread over a particular time.

3. OBJECTIVES

It is very difficult to set down objectives for development; in simple terms the

purpose of development is to provide accommodation for occupation for the

person carrying out the development, or for someone else.

An Occupier – his prime objective is to provide a building within which he can

carry on his business or activities

A Property Company – the prime objective, whether it is a small, local one

man band or multi-national, is to make direct financial profit from the process

of development.

An Investor – the prime objective is to make direct financial gain. However,

they tend to take long view are more concerned with the flow of income over

an extended period of time.

A Builder – extends his contracting role and takes on the additional risk of

development, buying land, arranging the finance and organizing sales of

lettings.

When he acts merely as contractor, he takes profit related to building cost

and time.

4. LOCAL AUTHORITY

Directly related to and ancillary to their statutory public duties.

LAND USE VALUE

According to planner McHarg there are land-use values discernible after

inventory and analysis, namely;

Productive Value – are those which can be intelligently utilized for

economic gain. I.e. forestry, fisheries, extractive minerals, housing and so

forth

Performing Values – are those lands which are needed for water

purification and climate drought water, air control

Negative Values – includes land subject to natural disasters where

occupancy by man might lead to costly destructions.

Intrinsic – are lands which neither produce perform, nor endanger , I.e.

land having scenic, scientific, and educational value.

Pattern of Land Uses

1. Residential land-use

2. Industrial land-use

3. Industrial activities and environment

4. Comercial land-use

Factors in determining best location

1. Accesibility

2. Site availability

3. Relation of site to prospective

1. Downtown Center

Trend is toward a close integration on two or more shopping levels of

department stores, shopping facilities, hotels, office building, and theaters

or parking groups.

2. Regional Center

Contains four (4) department stores plus 50 to 100 more satellite shops

and facilities all fronting on a interval pedestrian mall or shopping

walkway.

Parking surrounds the building groups so that all stores face inward to the

mall with their backs to the parking.

Combines major function plus some function of community center plus

sale of general merchandize, apparel, furniture, etc.

3. Community Center

Usually strip of stores but larger than neighborhood center containing a

department store as the major unit.

Parking pattern similar to neighborhood center

Major function: sales of convenience goods and personal services plus

sale of shopping goods.

4. Neighborhood Center

Row of stores, customarily in a strip or line or parallel the highway; parking

between line of store fronts and the highway.

Service is by an alley in the rear. Range from 20,000-100,000 sq. ft of

space contains a supermarket, drugstore, variety about half-dozen or

more service-type stores, cater to limited trade area.

Major function sales of convenience goods and personal services

Perquisites of a center are

1. Motivated quality of the Etrepreneur

2. Supporting population

3. The site

4. Accessibility

New towns and other spatial districts ( agro/eco villages)

Industrial estates/economic zones development

Topic 5 INDUSTRIAL DISTRICTS/ESTATES

EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 282 OCTOBER 30, 1995

PROVIDING FOR THE GUIDELINES AND REGULATIONS FOR THE

EVOLUTION OF THE EXPORT PROCESSING ZINE AUTHORITY; CREATED

UNDER PRESIDENTIAL DECREE NO. 66, INTO THE PHILIPPINE ECONOMIC

ZONE AUTHORITY UNDER REPUBLIC ACT NO. 7916

SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONE ACT OF 1995 (Republic Act No. 7916)

SECTION 3. Purposes, Intents and Objectives – It is the purpose, intent and

objectives of this Act.

a. To establish the legal framework and mechanisms for the integration,

coordination, planning and monitoring of special economic zones, industrial

estates/parks, export processing zones and other economic zones;

b. To transform selected areas in the country into highly developed agro-

industrial, commercial, tourist, banking investment, and financial center,

where highly trained workers and efficient services will be available to

commercial enterprises;

c. To promote the flow of investors, both foreign and local, into special economic

zones which would generate employment opportunities and establish

backward and forward linkages among instries in and around the economic

zones;

d. To stimulate the repatriation of Filipino capital by providing attractive climate

and incentives for business activity;

e. To promote financial and industrial cooperation between the Philippines and

industrialized countries through technology-intensive industries that

modernize the country‘s industrial sector and improve productivity levels by

utilizing new technological and managerial know- how;

f. To vest the special economic zones on certain areas thereof with the status of

a separate customs territory within the framework of the Constitution and the

national sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Philippines.

SECTION 4. DEFINITION OF TERMS – For purposes of this Act, the following

definitions shall apply to the following terms:

a. ―Special economic zones (SEZ)‖ - hereinafter referred to as the

ECOZONES, are selected areas with highly developed or which have the

potential to e developed into agro-industrial, industrial tourist/recreational,

commercial, banking, investment and financial centers.

An ECOZONE may contain any or all of the following: industrial estates (IEs),

export processing zones (EPZs), free trade zones, and tourist/recreational

centers.

b. ―Industrial estate (IE)‖ – refers to a tract of land subdivided and developed

according to a comprehensive plan under a unified continuous management

and with provisions for basic infrastructure and utilities, with or without pre-

built standard factory buildings and community facilities for the use of the

community of industries.

c. ―Export processing zone (EPZ)‖ - a specialized industrial estate located

physically and/or administratively outside customs territory, predominantly

oriented to export production. Enterprises located in export processing zones

are allowed to import capital equipment or stored, repacked, sorted, mixed, or

otherwise manipulated without being subject to import duties. However,

movement of these imported goods from the free-trade area to a non-free-

trade area in the country shall be subject io import duties.

Enterprises within the zone are ganted preferential tax treatment and

immigration laws are more lenient.

SECTION 6. CRITERIA FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF OTHER ECOZONES

In addition to the ECOZONES identified in Section 5 of this Act,other areas may

be established as ECOZONES in a proclamation to be issued by the President of

the Philippines subject to the evaluation and recommendation of the PEZA,

based on a detailed feasibility and engineering study which must conform to the

following criteria:

a. The proposed area must be identified as a regional growth center in the

Medium-Term Philippine Development Plan or by the Regional Development

Council;

b. The existence of required infrastructure in the proposed ECOZONE, such as

roads, railways, telephones, ports, airports, etc. and the suitability and

capacity of the proposed site to absorb such improvements;

c. The availability of water source and electric power supply for use of the

ECOZONE;

d. The extent of vacan lands available for industrial and commercial

development and future development of residential areas for the ECOZONE

workers;

e. The availability of skilled, semi-skilled and non-skilled trainable labor force n

and around the ECOZONE;

f. The area must have a significant incremental advantage over the existing

economic zones and its potential profitability can be established;

g. The area must be strategically located; and

h. The area must be situated where controls can easily be established to curtail

smuggling.

INDUSTRIAL ESTATES

a. A tract of land which is subdived and developed according to a

comprehensive plan for the use of a community of industrial enterprises.

b. Classification ranges from the most restricted uses for light industry to the

unrestricted heavy industry areas

c. Light industry may be located within the central and sub-communities in order

that a considerable amount of employment may be provided close to living

areas

d. More offensive light industries should be located within special light industrial

zones in the green wedges or adjacent to the heavy industrial districts.

e. Heavy Industry should be located at the outer edges of the sub-communities

or within the green wedge areas where they can be connected by the railroad

belt line and made accessible to all railroads on equal terms, and where they

can be quickly reached from employees‘ homes.

f. Adoption of ― performance standards‖ may obviate the need for arbitrary

distinctions between ―light‖ and ―heavy‖ industry and provide a more rational

utilization of industrial land

g. Performance standards for control of smoke, oder, glare, vibration, dust,

sound, radiation, water or sewer pollution, and moisture are enforced through

the measurement of the effects of plant operation

h. Industrial areas have a density of some 30 to 50 workers per acre while the

areas of heavy industry have less than 10 workers per acre.

i. Size of industrial estates vary depending on factors such as types and

number of industries to be accommodated, number of units, size of their

employment, potential industrial growth, availability of land and its

development costs, proximity of transport and availability of workers‘ housing.

j. Large enough to achieve practical economies of scale but not to the point

where this economies of scale, particularly traffic and administrative

difficulties may become serious.

k. In the US, the most popular factory lot size is from 2,000 sq. m. to 25,000 sq.

m. The smallest plot being 200sq. m

l. United Nations has recommended that the smallest industrial lot should have

a frontage of 40 meters and a depth of 65 meters. Room for expansion twice

the original floor space should be provided

CLASSES OF INDUSTRIAL ESTATES

1. Industrial tract - An improved tract of land including provisions for streets and

access roads, and installation of utilities. No buildings are provided.

2. Industrial subdivision – An improved tract of land with industrial buildings and

large enough in area to provide sufficient economics of scale to offer special

facilities and services to industrial occupants.

Facilities of Industrial Estate

1. Parks and open spaces

2. Standard Factory Buildings

3. Fire Station

4. Warehouses

5. Administrative Buildings

Bank

Communications Office

Canteen for Executives

Clinic

Training Area

Conference Room

Administrators‘ Office

Accounting Office

INDUSTRIAL PARKS

A more highly restricted type of planned industrial district in which special

attention and emphasis is given to aesthetics preservation of open spaces

and community compatibility.

A planned industrial district and distinguished from a miscellaneous collection

of industrial structures on separate parcels of land

Serve the same manner as industrial districts of earlier times

Industrial parks are not suitable to all industries

Development was due to effort to become more integrated with home areas

of employees.

Relieve industry of legal problems stemming from zoning

Offers utilities and services thus wont encounter problems from local

government in obtaining them.

There is a signification on site development cost to the industry that locates

with the park.

Provide benefits to industry such as security, eating facilities and club

employees.

Communities housing industrial parks benefit from diversification of local

economy, broader tax base, more community income, and a general

stimulant to the area.

Standards of industrial parks are high to be accepted by residents bu not so

rigid to become unacceptable to industries

Proper development and restrictions can make land usage predictable and

can protect property values in the park and the surrounding area.

Density in Industrial Parks range from 15 to 20 workers per acre.

Typical standard include architectural control through an architectural board

of review, minimum setback of 25 feet with complete landscape treatment of

open areas, provision of adequate enclosed parking and loading spaces,

exclusion of any operation that emit smoke or fumes and limiting noise levels.

RESOURCE CLASSIFICATION OF INDUSTRY

1. Resource-oriented Industries

Characterized by the large proportion of raw materials value to production

value.

Located in areas where resources are available, thus minimizing added cost

to transporting raw materials

2. Market-oriented Industries

These involve processing that add bulk and weight to the products

Distribution costs and other related problems are minimized if located near

marketing centers

3. Footloose Industries

Second-stage users where processing cost of materials count more than

transfer costs

Located where linkages are great

INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION BY SIZE

1. Cottage Industry – Total assets not exceeding 100,000 pesos.

2. Small Scale Industry – Total assets should be 2 million pesos.

3. Medium Scale Industry – total assets should be 1 to 4 million pesos

4. Large Scale Industry – total assets should be 4 million pesos and up.

TYPES OF INDUSTRY

1. Heavy Industry

An operating establishment having an employment size greater that 500

employees

Precedent activity, proximity to raw materials, natural resources, pwer

sourcces, and location at major transportation hubs and population

centers are several factors that prompt that continuation of heavy

industrial activity

Facilities include intense manufacturing operations, heavy equipment,

construction and fuel yards, mining and quarrying major transportation

terminals.