133835244 disease-causation
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Transcript of 133835244 disease-causation
Patho - physiologic &
Psychodynamics of
disease causation
CONCEPTS OF HEALTH
• Health
• Health status
• Health belief
• Health behavior
Health - Belief Model
Individual perceptions•Perceived susceptibility•Perceived seriousness•Perceived threat
Modifying factors
•Demographic variables•Structural variables•Cues to action
Likelihood of action
•Perceived benefits to action – Perceived barriers to action
Concepts ( contd…)
• Patho-physiologic
• Psychodynamics
Body
The Dynamic Balance
A Steady State
Body- A balanced
state
Constancy
Homeostasis Stress
Adaptation
Homeostasis
Physiologic homeostasis
Psycho logic homeostasis
Physiologic homeostasis
Self-regulation Compensatory
Feedback mechanism
s
Physical environment
Psychological environment
Social environment
Life experiences
Psycho logic homeostasis
Stress
Types of stressors
• Physical• Physiologic• Psycho-social
Physiologic Manifestations of Stress
•`Interpretation of stressful stimuli by brain
•Sympathetic nervous system Response
•Sympathetic Adrenal Medullary response
•Hypothalamic Pituitary response
Physiologic Manifestations of Stress (Contd.)
• Dilation of pupils• Diaphoresis• Increases heart rate• Paleness of the skin• Increased blood pressure• Increased cardiac output• Increased rate & depth of respiration• Decreased urine output
Physiologic Manifestations of Stress (Contd.)
• Dry mouth• Increased peristalsis of the intestines• Increased muscle tension• Increased blood sugar• Lethargy, Mental lassitude, inactivity
Psycho logic Manifestations of Stress
• Anxiety- mild, moderate, sever anxiety
• Fear
• Anger- Hostility, Aggression, Violence
• Depression
Cognitive Manifestations of Stress
• Problem-solving• Structuring• Self-control• Suppression• Fantasy or day-dreaming• Prayer
Verbal & Motor Manifestations of Stress
•Crying•Verbal abuse•Laughing•Screaming•Hitting or Kicking•Holding & touching
Unconscious ego defense mechanisms
Stress at cellular levelCellular injury
Causes-• Hypoxia• Physical Agents – Extremes of temperature, Radiation & electrical shock, Mechanical trauma• Chemical agents• Disordered immune response• Genetic disorders
Adaptation
Modes of Adaptation
•Physiologic Mode/ Biologic adaptation
•Psycho logic adaptation
•Socio-cultural Adaptation
Characteristics of Adaptive responses
•All adaptive responses are attempts to maintain homeostasis.•Adaptation is a whole body or total body responses.•Adaptive responses have limits.•Adaptation requires time.•Adaptability varies from person to person.•Adaptive responses may be inadequate or excessive.•Adaptive responses are ego-centric and tiring.
Dimensions of Adaptation
Physical Developmental Emotional Intellectual Social Spiritual
Stages of Adaptation to response
1. An Alarm reactionShock PhaseCounter shock phase
2. Stage of resistance
3. Stage of exhaustion
General Adaptation response
ALARM REACTION
1. Hypothalamus
2. Posterior pituitaryIncreased ADH – increased water absorptionDecreased urine output
General Adaptation response
3. Anterior pituitaryIncreased ADH- Adrenal cortex-Increased Aldosterone
4. SNS & Adrenal medullaIncreased epinephrineIncreased nor epinephrine
5. Fight or Flight
General Adaptation response
RESISTANCE
Sterilization
Hormonal levels return to normal
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Adaptation to stress
General Adaptation response
EXHAUSTION
Increased physiological response as in alarm reaction
Decreased energy levels
Decreasing physiological adaptation
Death
Local Adaptation Syndrome
•Reflex pain response
•Inflammatory response
Inflammatory response
Vascular & cellular response
Exudative response
Reparative stage
Illness
Stages-
1. Transition from health to illness2. Period of accepted illness3. Convalescent stage
Illness behavior
IGUN’s 11 stages of illness behavior
1.Symptom experience2.Self-treatment or medication3.Communication to others4.Assessment of symptoms5.Sick-role assumption6.Concern
Illness behavior ( Contd.)
7. Efficacy of treatment8. Selection of treatment9. Treatment10. Assessment of effectiveness of
treatment11. Recovery & Rehabilitation
Nursing Implications
•Promoting healthy Life-style•Enhancing Coping strategies•Teaching relaxation exercises•Educating•Enhancing social support•Recommending support & therapy Group•Crises intervention
Stages of health behavior change
•Pre-contemplation
•Contemplation
•Preparation
•Action
•Maintenance
THANKS