Powerpoint Templates

Recognise the different types of fractures

List the signs and symptoms of a fracture

Understand the mechanisms of injury

Know the complications of a fracture

Know the principles and methods of immobilization

OBJECTIVES

IntroductionDefinition of fracturesComplicationsTypes of fracturesCauses of fracturesSigns and symptomsManaging Fractures PracticalConclusion

Bones are hard, living tissues found in the bodyA fracture is a breakage in bone continuity due to injury (trauma) to the boneFractures may cause complications which have more severe effects

Fractures rarely result in death, however with complications & other injuries involved, chances of fatality are proved to be higher

A fracture, in itself, is rarely life-threateningHowever, when combined with other injuries, it may contribute to a fatal outcomeEfficient fracture management consists of:The ability to identify the injuriesProviding prompt and suitable care Reducing pain and minimise aggravation (worsening) of the injury

Damage to internal organs

Damage to soft tissue

Impaired circulation

Excessive bleeding

Swelling of tissues

Spinal cord injury

WARNING!The following slides contain (OR may contain) pictures of shocking nature

ClosedOpenBroken bone that penetrates the skinBleeding is inevitableHigh risk of infectionBroken bone that does not penetrates skinInternal Bleeding is inevitablePossible damage to blood vessels

Unstable

Bone is completely brokenBone ends can easily move out of positionRisk of damaging internal organs, nerves and blood vesselsMust handle with greater care

Stable

Broken bone ends do not move as they are incompletely broken or jammed togetherMay be gently handled without causing further damage

Direct force

Direct blow was given to the injured part where the impact causes fracture to happen, breaking the bones

Indirect force

Twisting or wrenching could be consider as a form of indirect forces that contribute to fractures

DeformityUnnatural movementTendernessCrepitus (crackling sounds)SwellingLoss of movementIrregularityPain

Shortening of the limbDiscolourationGuarding of the limbSpasmsInstabilityIncontinence(accidental excretion of urine or stool )

Precautions:

Do not attempt to bandage the injury if medical assistance is on its way

Do not attempt to move an injured limb unnecessarily

Do not allow a casualty with a suspected fracture to eat, drink or smoke

Actions:

Steady and support injured part

Protect injury with padding

Take or send casualty to nearest hospital

1.2.3.4.Wrap round head with triangular bandage, cross ends of bandage (at the back, by the crown of the head) and tie a reef knot once theyre brought to the front. Tuck the excess sheet beneath the wrap.Tuck the dressing in neatly.

1.2.3.4.1/3 of triangular (narrow) bandage is to be measured from the chin to the back of the ear.Use the remaining 2/3 of bandage (running end) to wrap round the other side of the head (before the ear).Criss-cross the running end of the bandage with the end that goes behind the ear. Do make sure the bandange is tied behind the groove of the head

Following the diagram, finish off the wrapping round the head.

4.1.2.3.5.Run that end of the bandage round the back of the casualty and tie a reef knot.Twirl the excess end of the bandage and tuck it into the sling.Note: Casualtys hand has to remain visible to the first aider. Use Elevation Sling

1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.Narrow-fold bandage.Secure ends of bandage behind the neck and secure sling with a reef knot.Narrow-fold bandage round the chest with hand beneath.IF THE INJURED ELBOW CAN BE BENT:

1.2.3.4.5.Broad-fold bandage to immobilize the injured arm. Narrow-fold bandage to immobilize the elbow.Ends of bandage to go round the casualtys back. Secure it with a reef knot.Insert soft padding, such as a folded towel or clothing, between arm and chest.IF THE INJURED ELBOW CANNOT BE BENT:

*Twirl the excess end of the bandage and tuck it into the sling.Use broad-fold bandage to immobilize the arm.

*Ankle injury can be treated by the RICE procedure: rest the affected part, apply ice, compress with bandaging, and elevate.If injured only recently, quickly raise and support the foot to reduce blood flow to the area, which will minimize swelling.Apply an ice pack or cold compress to the site to reduce swelling.143256

Fracture sitePlace soft padding between legsKnot bandage on uninjured sideTie feet together with bandage in figure-of-eight123THIGH FRACTURESBandages must be added at:1: ankles and feet2: knees3: above fracture site4: below fracture site#4

Bandages must be added at:1: ankles and feet2: knees3: above fracture site4: below fracture siteLOWER LEG FRACTURES1243Fracture siteUse folded towel or clothing as paddingTie feet together with bandage in figure-of-eight#

Damage to internal organsDamage to soft tissueImpaired circulationExcessive bleedingSwelling of tissuesSpinal cord injuryFat embolism (blockage of blood vessels)

Name the complications of a fracture

Name any 3 signs and symptoms of fractures DeformityUnnatural movementTendernessCrepitus(crackling sounds)5)Swelling6)Loss of movement7)Irregularity8)Pain

Shortening of the limbDiscolorationGuarding of the limbSpasmsInstabilityIncontinence (accidental excretion of urine or stool )

The fracture itself is rarely life threatening

The danger lies in the complications arising from the fracture

-Cross the ends of the bandage at the back the head (do not tie any knots)Reef knot to be tied in frontJust above the eyebrows

FRACTURES1.2.3*-Might have to use 2 bandages-Tie the final knot at the cross-sectionFRACTURES1.2.3*FRACTURES1.2.3*Immobilise hand to body by tying a triangular bandage around chest.(Third pic) Pictures of knot tied nearer to wrist and one end goes top and bottom *FRACTURES1.2.3*Leg is immobilised by splinting it to the uninjured one. Position the bandages at the ankles and feet (1), then the knees (2). Add bandages above (3) and below (4) the fracture site. Insert soft padding between legs to prevent the bony parts from rubbing against each other.FRACTURES1.2.3*Position bandages at the feet and ankles (1), then knees (2). Add bandages above (3) and below (4) the fracture. Insert padding between the lower legs. Then tie the bandages firmly, knotting them on the uninjured sideFRACTURES1.2.3*