130605 Levitt Thermal Autonomy.ppt
Transcript of 130605 Levitt Thermal Autonomy.ppt
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Brendon LevittLoisos + Ubbelohde, Alameda, CaliforniaUniversity of California, BerkeleyCalifornia College of the Arts, San Francisco
M. Susan UbbelohdeLoisos + Ubbelohde, Alameda, CaliforniaUniversity of California, Berkeley
George LoisosLoisos + Ubbelohde, Alameda, California
Nathan BrownLoisos + Ubbelohde, Alameda, CaliforniaCalifornia College of the Arts, San Francisco
Thermal Autonomy as Metric and Design Process
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AUTONOMOUS BUILDING
Boards, .............................. $8.03½ mostly shanty boards.Refuse shingles for roof and sides, ... 4.00Laths, ................................ 1.25Two second-hand windows with glass, ... 2.43One thousand old brick, ............... 4.00Two casks of lime, .................... 2.40 That was high.Hair, ................................. 0.31 More than I needed.Mantle-tree iron, ..................... 0.15Nails, ................................ 3.90Hinges and screws, .................... 0.14Latch, ................................ 0.10Chalk, ................................ 0.01Transportation, ....................... 1.40 I carried a good part
on my back.In all, ............................. $28.12½
I got out several cords of stumps in
plowing, which supplied me with fuel
for a long time... The dead and for the
most part unmerchantable wood behind my
house, and the driftwood from the pond,
have supplied the remainder of my
fuel."
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FIRST YEAR’S HEATING BUDGET:
50% OF CONSTRUCTION COST
AUTONOMOUS BUILDING
“The next winter I used a small
cooking-stove for economy, since I
did not own the forest.”
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THE MODERN BUILDING
Sketch by LeCorbusier, 1930
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ENERGY USE AS METRIC
BASELINE OPTION 1+7.15%
OPTION 2-0.16%
OPTION 3-7.42%
Sketch by LeCorbusier, 1930
kWh/
m2
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ENERGY USE AS METRIC
BASELINE OPTION 1+7.15%
OPTION 2-0.16%
OPTION 3-7.42%
Sketch by LeCorbusier, 1930
• does not show occupant comfort
• does not show daily patterns
• does not show seasonal patterns
• does not show when or if systems can be turned off
• does not consider free-running or mixed mode operation
• does not question comfort assumptions
• does not question scheduling assumptions
• does not question mechanical systems assumptions
• undervalues how the building envelope filters the environment
kWh/
m2
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SHACK IN THE WOODS
Envelope Performance LOW
Energy Use NONE
Occupant Comfort LOW
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BUSINESS AS USUAL
Envelope Performance LOW
Energy Use HIGH
Occupant Comfort MEDIUM
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THERMALLY AUTONOMOUS BUILDING
Envelope Performance HIGH
Energy Use NONE
Occupant Comfort HIGH
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HIGH PERFORMANCE BUILDING
Envelope Performance HIGH
Energy Use LOW
Occupant Comfort HIGH
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Credit: Eric Kilby
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THERMAL AUTONOMY AS METRIC
percent of a year that occupants feel thermally comfortable through passive means only
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THERMAL AUTONOMY :: THE DASHBOARD
percent of a year that occupants feel thermally comfortable through passive means only
TA = 86%
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THERMAL AUTONOMY :: THE DASHBOARD
• weighted degree hours
• number of occupied hours
• percent of occupied hours
• histogram of annual distributions
• diurnal / seasonal patterns
TA = 86%
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THERMAL AUTONOMY :: THE DASHBOARD
• weighted degree hours
• number of occupied hours
• percent of occupied hours
• histogram of annual distributions
• diurnal / seasonal patterns
TA = 86%
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THERMAL AUTONOMY :: THE DASHBOARD
• weighted degree hours
• number of occupied hours
• percent of occupied hours
• histogram of annual distributions
• diurnal / seasonal patterns
TA = 86%
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THERMAL AUTONOMY AS METRIC
lends itself to understanding:• envelope as environmental filter• Influence of internal loads• an intuitive focus on occupant comfort• assumptions of comfort, schedule, and systems selection• gentle failure• reduction of active systems• extended free-running periods
TA = 86%
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... AS DECISION-MAKING TOOL
... AS DIAGNOSTIC TOOL
... AS DESIGN TOOL
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FREMONT HIGH SCHOOL OAKLAND, CA
Credit: CAW Architects
... AS DECISION-MAKING TOOL:
“Do we need air conditioning?”
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TA = 10%
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NATURAL VENTILATION
TA = 81%
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NATURAL VENTILATION
+ NIGHT FLUSH
TA = 65%
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NATURAL VENTILATION
+ NIGHT FLUSH
+ OPERATING HOURS ONLY
12
3
6
9
12
457
8
1011
TA = 86%
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TA = 86%
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BASE SCHEME
OPTIMIZED SCHEMETA = 86%
TA = 10%
“Do we need air conditioning?”
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BASE SCHEME
OPTIMIZED SCHEMETA = 86%
TA = 10%
YES!!!!
“Do we need air conditioning?”
maybe not
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PIER 27 FERRY TERMINALSan Francisco, CA
Credit: America's Cup Event Authority
... AS DESIGN TOOL
“What is the role of shade?”
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THERMAL AUTONOMY:
3%
THERMAL AUTONOMY:
13%
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THERMAL AUTONOMY:
3%
THERMAL AUTONOMY:
96%
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THERMAL AUTONOMY:
3%
THERMAL AUTONOMY:
97%
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THERMAL AUTONOMY:
3%
THERMAL AUTONOMY:
3%
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PRIVATE RESIDENCESonoma, CA
Credit: Turnbull Griffin Haesloop
... AS PATTERN-RECOGNITION TOOL
“When is it too hot?”
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INITIAL DESIGNTA = 57%
BETTER GLASSTA = 59%
UNINSULATED SLABTA = 56%
AIR MOVEMENTTA = 68%
VERY HOT
VERY COLD
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Thermal Autonomy: 12%SHACK IN THE WOODS
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Thermal Energy Use: 315 kWh/m2BUSINESS AS USUAL
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Thermal Autonomy: 12%THERMALLY AUTONOMOUS BUILDING
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Thermal Energy Use: 82 kWh/m2HIGH-PERFORMANCE BUILDING
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FUTURE RESEARCH
• Area- vs. occupancy-weighting in multi-zone buildilngs
• Benchmarking for different climates, building types, thermal comfort standards
• Benchmarking relative to Energy Use Intensity
• Tool for Mixed Mode operation scheduling
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BRENDON LEVITT[[email protected]]
Loisos + Ubbelohde, Alameda, California
University of California, Berkeley
California College of the Arts, San Francisco