1301305710719Social Conflict and Unrest by P K Gera
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Transcript of 1301305710719Social Conflict and Unrest by P K Gera
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7/31/2019 1301305710719Social Conflict and Unrest by P K Gera
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P.K.Gera,Jt.Director
LBSNAA
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1. SocialConflict
and
movements
2. PoliticalAuthorityandMovementsforChange
3. Relationshipbetweenthestateandsocialmovements
4. SocialMovements
and
State
Response
5. SomeCasestudiestoillustratewithafilmRamkeNaam
onAyodhyaMovement
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SocialChan e:Aubi uitous henomenonasStaticSociet
conceptualnullity
BesidesEconomy,politicalrevolutionisa basicsourceof
ange
AsagainstSpreadeffectof economicdevelopment,political
revolutionisoneofdis lacements ndrome.
Transferofpowercomesnaturallywithit.Thosewhowield
powerlookatProtestswithsuspicion,asitisamechanismof
c ange. CollectiveActions:amechanismtobringchangefrom
eri her to Centre.
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Structuralcom onentsofmovements
ideology,
organization,
leadershipandparticipants
Processualdimensions
strategy,
tactics,
,
eventstructure
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The environmental milieu for the Movements:
Anexaminationofstateres onsetosocialmovementis
crucialto
an
understanding
of
the
environmental
milieu
in
whichtheyemergeandfunction.
a ureo es a emou s eposs yoro erw seo e
emergenceofsocialmovements,andthisinturninfluences
itsnature.
Twocomponentsoftheenvironmentalmilieuinwhich
movementsoriginateandoperate
tate
eo ogyan
t e
means
e ne
y
tas
eg t mate,
Valuesofthesociety
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Four
Phases
of
Political
authority
Changingfeaturesoftheauthoritystructuresalter
Fourvariations
in
the
nature
of
social
movements
based
on
Majorphasesinthetransformationofpoliticalauthority
structures:
1. The
First
is
the
pre
political
or
stateless
phase
.
a. Mostmovements wereakintoelementarycollective
behavioror,spontaneousmobilizations,primitive
rebellions,tribal
outbreaks,
slave
riots,
etc. by
clans
andtribes,oftenledbytheirhereditarychieftains
o eratin inlimited eo ra hicallocales
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SecondPhase:Withdevelopmentofcentralauthorityand
wereantiimperialistandanticolonialmobilizations.
Thirdphase Withthespreadofscienceandtechnology
moderncapitalism.
a. Movementsofparticularclassoroccupationalcategor escame ntovoguet ewor ngc assmovementsandpeasantrevolutions.
b. AStructural
change
Changeddrasticallytheclasscharacter(notclasscomposition)ofthosewhowielded
au or y,or
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t ey
ac tate
t eemergence
o
new
w e ers
o
aut or ty
who identifiedthemselveswiththepoor,the
disadvantagedandtheoppressed,exemplifiedbythe
political
power
holders
of
the
socialist
and
the
welfare
states,respectively
TheFourthandfinalphase:
,
globaldivisionofnationstatesbasedonthetypeof
economy
Aproliferation
of
international
movements
for
human
rights,dignityofwomen,disarmament,environmental
, , .
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Threepossibilitiesofrelationshipbetweenthe
First,theauthoritarianstatesinvariablyoppress,allsocial
Secondone
party
systems
oppress
effective
challengers
of
stateauthoritybutsponsormovementstotheiradvantage to
sustain statepower.
Third, themultipartystems:Repressionisresortedto
veryexistenceofthestate.
Nostatebyitsverynaturepermitstheoperationof
movementswhich
undermine
its
authority,
Theelasticityofpermissivenessandthelimitoftolerance
.
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Typesofsocialmovementsinmultiparty
emocracy
a Governments onsoredorsu ortedSM:ifasectionofthe
national
population
is
perceived
as
a
stumbling
block
in
institutionalizingchangeintermsofstateideology;
aga ns egovernmen an ssuppor ers
byanoverwhelmingmajorityofthepopulationeither
becauseit
deviates
from
the
rofessed
state
ideolo
or
becausethegovernmentperpetuatesitselfinpower
throughstateviolence;
tostem
t e
a errant
ten enc es
w c
crept
nto
t e
modeoffunctioningofthestate.
State res onse to social movements : No unilinear attern
dictatedbythenatureofmobilizationattemptedbya
movement25 March 2011 10Prem K Gera
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Theideolo andthemeansofamovementcorres ondto
those
of
the
state.
Response
facilitation. Theideologyofamovementdiffers fromthatofthestate
ut tsmeans perce ve as eg t mate,response to erat on.
Theideologyofamovementcorrespondstothatofthestate
throughdifferentroutes.Responsediscreditation
Boththeideologyandthemeansofamovementdifferfrom
thoseof
the
state.
Response
repression
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PlausiblepatternsofStateResponseto
Socia
Movements
Typeof Dimensions Movements State PossibleOutcome
mp r ca
Situation
o eo ogy eans esponse
I Sameas
thatofthe
Definedas
legitimateby
Facilitation State/movementdistinction
irrelevant;movementoperatesasan
State thestate extensionofState,reinforcingsystem
stability.
II Different
Sameas
Toleration Movement
functions
as
an
instrument
theState
ideology;eventual
reconciliation/partingofways.
III Sameas Definedas Discreditation Cooptionofleadership,
thatof
the
Statenon
legitimateby
thestate
neutralizationof
movement
through
statewelfaremeasures,eventual
fadingawayofthemovement.
IV Different Same as Re ression Li uidation of the movement and its
above
leadership;eventualterminationof
themovement.Alternatively,anew
systemmayemerge:Revolution25 March 2011 12Prem K Gera
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a. Socialmovementssponsoredorsupportedbythe
perceivedas
astumbling
block
in
institutionalizing
change
in
termsofstateideology;
b. Socialmovementsagainstthegovernmentbyan
overwhelming
majority
of
the
population
either
because
it
governmentperpetuatesitselfinpowerthroughstate
violence;
c. Socialmovements
against
the
government
as
well
as
against
asectionofthecollectivitywhichsupportsit,tostemthe
functioningofthestate.25 March 2011 13Prem K Gera
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Twocomponentsoftheenvironmentalmilieuinwhich
socialmovements
ori inate
and
function:
1. Traditionalvaluesand
.
Hierarchy:
tothewhole
institutionalizedinequality
in
every
conceivable
aspect
asecureanddefiniteplacetoeachindividualandcaste
Statusbasedvaluationoftheindividualandgroupsand
thedistribution
of
social
resources
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ThecardinalvaluesoftraditionalIndiansociety:
Pluralism
Toleranceofotherstylesoflifereligionwhilepreservingones
Castereinforced
the
pluralistic
tradition
Withlinguisticdiversitiesandculturaldifferences,caste
operate nreg onst at ac tate t ecoex stenceo soc a y
diversegroups
Holism
Arelationshipbetweenindividualandgroup
Latterhavingprimacyovertheformer.
individual
toperform
his
duties
and
claim
his
rights,
alwayskeepinginmindthewiderinterestsofthe
.
amultiplicityofcontexts,Beitfamilialcommunism, or
castecouncil
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Practicalaberrationsintraditionalvalues
werecommon:
Hierarchy:
1. Inrigidcastesystemhierarchy sharpandclearatthe
polarpoints,
2. Disputes
over
caste
rank
being
almost
endemic
in
the
3. oftenfacilitatingmobilityinspiteoftherigid
institutionalframework.
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creatinghostility
between
groups.
, .
Individualsoftenfelttheweightoftheheavyyoke:leadingto
considerabletension
in
inter ersonal
and
individual
rou
relations.
performanceintraditionalIndia.
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TheideologicaltenetsofIndianstate:
1. Socialism,
2. Secularismand
3. Democracy.Thisideologicalpackage notsharedfully byall
1. Socialismthemostimportantgoaltobepursued.
a. Differin
theory
and
practice
i. t eowners ipan contro o t emateria resourceso t e
communityaresodistributedasbesttosubservethecommon
good
ii. Economicsystem
does
not
result
in
the
concentration
of
wealthandmeansofproductiontothecommondetriment
iii. Noattemptoncollectivizationofprivateproperty
2. Othersbestowprimacyondemocracy
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Disagreementsexistovertheirrelativeimportanceoroverthe
mo ean
sequence
o
e r
rea za on
Secularism:
. ,
2. noninterference
in
the
affairs
of
other
communities
. .
4. TimidityinevolvingaUniformCivilCodeforthedifferent
religiouscommunities
points
to
this
feature
of
secularism.
5. Culturalautonomyintheregionallinguisticrecognised
whentheIndianstateswerereorganizedonthebasisof
6. SecularismisfundamentaltoindependentIndia,its
institutionalizationisforfrombeingachieved;communal,
linguisticandcastemobilizationsarenotinfrequent.
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MeaningofIndiandemocracyoftendiffersfromother
emocra csoc e es:
i. thefunctioning
of
Indian
democracy
is
substantially
influencedbyprimordialcollectivitiessuchasreligion,
caste,an ngu st cgroups,an requent yme ate y
traditionalvaluesandrigidinstitutionalstructures
individualscapableofparticipatinginthedecisionmaking
processasrequired
Weexamine
only
two
aspects
of
the
problem
presently;
first,
thepossibilityofreconcilingthesevaluepairsand,second,
unfoldin theirinternalconsistenc orcontradiction.
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SocietalValuesandStateIdeology:
Congruencean
Con ict
Tra t ona Va ue tate eo ogy Prerequ s te or
realization
I(a)Pluralism I(b)Secularism Toleranceandrespect
forothersstyleoflife
II(a)Heirarchy II(b)Socialism Statusbasedallocation
ofroles
and
resources
forII(a)andneedbased
allocationforII(b)
III(a)Holism III(b)Individualism Renunciationofself
Interestfor
III(a)
and
assertionofselfInterest
forIII(b)
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ForCPI: a entsofmobilizationsofworkersand easantsin
Kerala,
the
state
response
to
their
movement
undergone
a
substantialchange:
rec ac on roug grassroo organ za onss ou e
accelerated.
Policeshould
be
neutralized.
Judicialorgansshouldbedirectlyusedfortransition.
Thepartydirectivesshouldbeimplementedthroughlocal
administration. Thereshouldbelaxityincrimeadministration
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Ideolo icaldifferences
Individual
Vs
Collective
rights
over
the
property instrumentalityofvoluntarygiftslikebhoodan,gramdan,sampatidan,
, ,
norviolentrevolution,
rejectsthepowerofthestateandadvocatesvicharshasan
gradualpersuasion,andkartrittvavibhajan(divisionoflabour)or
distributionofworkamongindividualswithoutcreatingan
StateToleratedasmeanswerepeaceful,nonviolent,ideologicalfit
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ThirdCase: theSharedideologybutthemovementrestoredto
non
eg ma emeans
oac eve
sgoa s.
movementmaystartwithlegitimateandconstitutionally
,
attention Statemayattempt tolabelthemeansemployedas
illegitimateanddiscreditthemovement
Differinginterpretationsofanddeviationsfromthepractice
Movementsforreligiousconversionasamovementas
convertsdrawnfrombackwardcommunities
Onthe
ideological
plane,
no
reason
to
intervene
in
matters
regardingtheconversion,interventionswerejustifiedonthe
attemptedproselytization25 March 2011 Prem K Gera 24
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Acce tanceofcultural luralismreflectedthrureor anization
ofIndianstatesbasedonlanguage
GoverningPrinciples(a)preservationofandstrengthening
eun yan secur yo n a; ngu s can cu ura
homogeneity;and(c)financial,economicandadministrative
considerations SubstantialnumberofIndianslosetheirlinguisticcultural
identity
v s on
o
un a
nto
un a
su a
an
aryana
amounte
toacceptingreligionasthebasisofstatereorganization
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Incongruityexistswithregardtoideologyandmeansof
o
es a e
an
emovemen s
Twotypesofmovementsfitintothiscategory:leftistand
.
Discreditand
repress
Statesresponsetomovementsmaynotbelogicalor
rationalmanner. Butpragmatic,atbest,informedof
expedientrationally
demonstrateditspoliticalclout
indirectlyperpetuatesconflictingsituationsandcontributes
tothe
proliferation
whatmouldsstateresponseisnotsomuchtheideologyofa
movemen u emeans a op s
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Thank
you
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CommunicationpatternintheSocial
Movements
1. Radicallydifferfromcommunicationstylesacrossthe
movements.
2. Withmovementallies,thecommunicationiscooperative
.
Participantsaresacralizedandopponentsstigmatizedeven
demonized
3. Stylesofcommunication: Rootoferuptingviolence
4. AgenciesofCommunication press,radio,TVetccrucialrole
5. Attitudetoviolencedependson
whoisinvolved
whatpurpose
whetheravoidable
or
not25 March 2011 28Prem K Gera25 March 2011 28Prem K Gera
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CommunicationpatternintheSocial
Movements
6. Lifec cleandcareerofthemovement
Charismatic
movements
by
gurus Ideologicalmovements
7. MovementsbeginasAssociationororganizationnucleus
whichspreadbothverticallyandhorizontally
Communicationis
bound
b
Ins
and
Outs
8. StyleandContentofCommunicationtosuitpeopledrawn
fromdifferenthistoricalandsocioculturalbackgrounds
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ThreemainCollectiveactorsofAgrarian
Movements
Dalit AdivasiandBackwardClasses
Demanding
better
wages
and
working
conditions
organisaed
by
Left
parties
Demandingsubsidiesandremunerativeprices
Ca italistFarmers
from
middle
and
u er
classes
Demandingagrariancapitalism
Atrue
all
India
mobilization
of
any
particular
category
Limited
ascastecategories,ecoconditionsandstrengthofpolitical
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SomePatternsnoticedinDalit
Movements
Didnotor anizetoim rovetheirecoconditionsbutfollowed
hierarchyofdeprivations:
tostarttheyprotestedagainstslaveryanduntouchability gearedto
Struggleforpoliticalenfranchisementandmobilizationagainst
economicexploitation
Creatingnewidentitiesforfollowers:
Wearinginsignia,takingapledge
Sacralization and demonisation
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FactorsinfluencingtheInternalMilieuof
amovement
U sanddownsofCareerinfluencedb s ecific
manifestationslikeSuddendemiseofallpowerfulleader
Fatalerrorscommittedbyleader
Developmentoffactionleadingtosplit
Twoormorecollectiveactorssharingsamegoalsmay
Fissionandfusionarestrategiesforstrengthening
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thestateandsocialmovements
. ,
movementsto
their
advantage
and
nourish
state
ower.
2. Onepartysystemoppresseseffectivechallenges,
sponsormovements
to
their
advantages
to
sustain &nourishpower
3. Inthemultiparty,repressionisresortedto
againstthose
movements
which
are
explicit
threatstotheveryexistenceofthestateor
w c un erm ne sau or y.25 March 2011 33Prem K Gera25 March 2011 33Prem K Gera
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Howdoesstaterespondtothemovements?
,
projectingrepression
as
in
the
interest
in
common
welfare,
theresponseofthepopulacewouldbefavorable.
Thelegitimacyofastaterepressionorsurvivalofmovement,
dependsuponthemannerinwhichitprojectsitselftothe
.
criticalimportance.
Socialmovementsarespecificinmobilizingspecificsocial
categoriesinto
collective
actions.
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MostcriticalvariablethatmouldsStateresponsetosocial
movementsinademocraticpolityisthenatureofresponseto
Thepattern
of
mobilization
in
turn
vary
depending
upon
the
contextandcategoriesinvolved.
Antistateagrarianmobilizationofpriorandpost
independence
differed:
Preindependence Politicalandmulticlass
Postindependence: EconomicandClassbased
movementswhich
undermine
its
authority,
notwithstanding
thefactthattheelasticityofpermissivenessandthelimitof
o erancea m e yvaryaccor ng o esourceo s
authority.25 March 2011 35Prem K Gera25 March 2011 35Prem K Gera