13 th November 2003Stephen Dyer CentralNic Limited1 Domain Names A Brief History of Confusion...
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13th November 2003 Stephen Dyer CentralNic Limited 1
Domain Names
A Brief History
of
Confusion
Stephen Dyer
13th November 2003 Stephen Dyer CentralNic Limited 2
In the Beginning
• The Network• Jon Postel• Electronic Addresses such as:12345 • 194.23.45.67
13th November 2003 Stephen Dyer CentralNic Limited 3
A Bit Later
• Host File mapped memorable names to addresses:1 UCLA2 SRI3 UCSB4 UTAH5 BBN6 MIT7 RAND8 SDC9 HARVARD
• The number of computers increased
13th November 2003 Stephen Dyer CentralNic Limited 4
Even Later
• So some now familiar 3-letter suffixeswere introduced:
.com – companies
.net – network providers
.edu – academic institutions
.mil – military
.gov – governmental
.int – international treaty
.org – everything else
and all of these had the unspoken “US” with them
13th November 2003 Stephen Dyer CentralNic Limited 5
The Network spread abroad
• In 1985 and 1986, some European names were introduced, including these:
.de .fr .uk
• Plus another 180-ish two-letter Country-Code domains followed
13th November 2003 Stephen Dyer CentralNic Limited 6
The ISO 3166 List
• The domains were based around the two-letter codes for each country maintained by the ISO - the ISO 3166 list.
• Anomalies:GB vs. UK
Ukraine .UA
.GB and .OZ
13th November 2003 Stephen Dyer CentralNic Limited 7
RFC 1591
• It is extremely unlikely that any other TLDs will be created.
• Concerns about "rights" and "ownership" of domains are inappropriate. It is appropriate to be concerned about "responsibilities" and "service" to the community.
13th November 2003 Stephen Dyer CentralNic Limited 8
Top Level Domains
• GTLD’s Global Top-Level Domains
• ccTLD’s, Country Code Top-Level Domains
• USTLD’s including originals .gov, .mil etc
13th November 2003 Stephen Dyer CentralNic Limited 9
Sub-Domains
• Began with the logical progression to
.org.uk and .net.uk.
• Therefore what could be more sensible than
.com.uk, .net.uk, .edu.uk, .gov.uk, .mil.uk and .org.uk ??…
13th November 2003 Stephen Dyer CentralNic Limited 10
Well obviously:
.co.uk .ac.uk .nhs.uk .gov.uk
.bl.uk .jet.uk .x.uk .me.uk
.parliament.uk .police.uk .plc.uk
.org.uk .ltd.uk .sch.uk .mod.uk
13th November 2003 Stephen Dyer CentralNic Limited 11
New mixtures
• Further sub-domains introduced:
uk.com us.com au.com eu.com
• New uses for ccTLDs:
.MD
.TV etc
13th November 2003 Stephen Dyer CentralNic Limited 12
ICANN
• New GTLDS proposed:
.web .go .tel .dir .sex .xxx .fun .art .music .culture .help .shop .cash .home .kids etc.(Actually 33 in total)
.NAME, .PRO, .AERO, .MUSEUM, .INFO, .BIZ, .COOP (7 approved)
13th November 2003 Stephen Dyer CentralNic Limited 13
Rules of ccTLD
0
1
2
3
4
Lithu
ania
Luxe
mbo
urg
Belgium Ita
ly
Ger
man
y
Austri
a
Finlan
d
Nethe
rland
s
Dennm
ark
UK
Czech
Rep
ublic
Eston
ia
Roman
iaM
alta
Hunga
ry
Slovak
Rep
ublic
Latv
ia
Cypru
s
Sloven
ia
Irelan
d
Sweden
Bulgar
ia
Poland
Gre
ece
Spain
Franc
e
Portu
gal
Countries
1=o
pen
, 4=
rest
rict
ive
13th November 2003 Stephen Dyer CentralNic Limited 14
Success of ccTLD
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Lithu
ania
Luxe
mbo
urg
Belgium Ita
ly
Ger
man
y
Austri
a
Finlan
d
Nethe
rland
s
Dennm
ark
UK
Czech
Rep
ublic
Eston
ia
Roman
iaM
alta
Hunga
ry
Slovak
Rep
ublic
Latv
ia
Cypru
s
Sloven
ia
Irelan
d
Sweden
Bulgar
ia
Poland
Gre
ece
Spain
Franc
e
Portu
gal
Countries
% in
tern
et p
enet
rati
on
13th November 2003 Stephen Dyer CentralNic Limited 15
Today
• .EU
• Sunrise Periods
• Trademarks
• Regulators – Oftel/Ofcom
13th November 2003 Stephen Dyer CentralNic Limited 16
.EU
• The Regulation
• The Launch
• Languages and Nonsense
13th November 2003 Stephen Dyer CentralNic Limited 17
Internationalised Domain Names
• Up until recently you could register
Faberge.com
But not:
Fabergé.com
13th November 2003 Stephen Dyer CentralNic Limited 18
Internationalised Domain Names
• Special characters including: é, etc are
now possible
• You can now have .com
but strangely you can’t have
.
13th November 2003 Stephen Dyer CentralNic Limited 19
Internationalised Domain Names
• Unicode
xn—nescaf-gva.com = nescafé.comxn—caf-crme-60ag.com = café-crème.com
• Cybersquatting vs. trademarks• Problems: Religions, minorities etc
13th November 2003 Stephen Dyer CentralNic Limited 20
Summary
An epitaph for Domain Name Regulators:
He tackled a job that couldn't be done,
With a smile, he went right to it.
He tackled the job that couldn't be done,
And he couldn't do it.