13+ Science Syllabus and Revision Notes cut/Pupils' Items/Science/13...13+ CE Science Syllabus...

13+ CE Science Syllabus Revision for January ‐ June 2010 of 41

13+ CE Science Syllabus Revision booklet 2010 et seq v2 Last printed 472010 441 PM Page 1 of 41

13+ Science Syllabus and Revision Notes

YOU NEED TO READ THIS SYLLABUS WHILE DOING THE QUESTIONS IN THE QUESTIONS BOOKLET Biology Chemistry Physics

USE THE SYLLABUS TO CHECK THAT YOU KNOW ALL THE DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE SYALLABUS

THIS IS EVERYTHING THAT THE EXAMINERS ARE ALLOWED TO SET QUESTIONS ONhellip YOU WILL SOON SEE THAT YOU KNOW MOST OF IT

CHECK OUT THE THINGS ABOUT WHICH YOU ARE UNSURE BY LOOKING THEM UP IN THE TEXT BOOK

THEN START ON THE QUESTIONS BOOKLET ndash BUT KEEP THIS SYLLABUS BOOKLET OPEN ALL THE TIME

IF YOU ARE STUCK EMAIL NPWP AT nickparkbrockmarlorguk

13+ CE Science Syllabus Revision for January ‐ June 2010 Page 2 of 41


Sc2 LIFE PROCESSES AND LIVING THINGS

Pupils should be taught Candidates should know NP notes

1

BIOLOGY

CELLS AND CELL FUNCTIONS

2

that animal and plant cells can form tissues and tissues can form organs

that in multicellular organisms cells are massed together to form tissues and tissues can be massed together to form organs




3

the functions of chloroplasts and cell walls in plant cells and the functions of the cell membrane cytoplasm and nucleus in both plant and animal cells

that a typical animal or plant cell has a nucleus cytoplasm and cell surface membrane

the function of each component stated very briefly

that the nucleus contains genes which control the production of protein in the cell that genes are made of DNA which determines an organismrsquos characteristics

All living organisms are made from cells There is a great variety of these as they are often constructed differently to enable them to carry out specific tasks However they all have features that are common to all living organisms namely

bull Nucleus the control centre of the cell One of the main functions is the

part it plays in reproduction This is because all the information needed

for a cell to replicate itself is carried in genes in the long strands of DNA

called chromosomes

bull Cytoplasm all living material other than the nucleus Many of the

chemical reactions including respiration take place here

bull Cell surface membrane this allows the passage of certain chemicals both in

and out of the cell as well as enclosing its contents Plant cells

As well as containing the structures listed above plant cells may also contain

bull Cell wall a rigid layer made of cellulose that supports the cell adds strength

to the plant and lets water and gases in and out

bull Central vacuole a cavity filled with sap which is a sugary fluid that helps to

maintain the shape of the cell Lack of water causes the vacuole to shrink and

so rigidity of the cell is not maintained and the plant may droop (wilt)

bull Chloroplasts found in some plant cells and contain the chlorophyll

needed for the nutritional process of photosynthesis to take place

Note NOT present in root cells (lsquocos theyrsquore underground)




4

how to use a microscope to observe plant and animal cells and how to prepare a temporary microscope slide [eg using methylene blue as a stain for nuclei]




5

ways in which some cells including ciliated epithelial cells sperm ova and root‐hair cells are adapted to their functions

This section can be taught in the context of other parts of the syllabus Candidates will not be expected to draw these cells in an examination

But you still have to know them

Ciliated epithelial cells

Ciliated epithelial cells line the throat for example Air entering the throat contains dust that becomes trapped in the mucus of the throat lining The cilia wave to and fro (a bit like a Mexican wave) and carry the dust trapped in the mucus away from the lungs




6

about fertilisation in humans and flowering plants as the fusion of a male and female cell

that fertilisation in humans occurs when the head of a sperm (a male cell) enters the egg (a female cell)

that fertilisation in flowering plants occurs when a nucleus in a pollen tube fuses with a nucleus in a female egg cell (ovule)

You MUST sort out in your own mind the difference between pollination and fertilisation

Note that in humans fertilisation usually takes place in the OVIDUCT

7

NUTRITION about the need for a balanced diet containing carbohydrates proteins fats minerals vitamins fibre and water and about foods that are sources of these

that glucose and starch are examples of carbohydrates

vitamin C is an example of a vitamin and calcium salts are an example of a mineral

the effects on humans of lack of vitamin C and calcium

the dangers of an excessive intake of animal fats

one good source of each food component

how to carry out the iodine test for starch

No other food tests are required

Rickets (bandy legs) is a disease caused by lack of calcium Why might these children be short of calcium

Lack of Vitamin C causes scurvy ndash bleeding of the gums




8

Fibre Comes from plants and is mainly indigestible Provides bulk to enable food to travel through the digestive system more efficiently ‐ Found in cereals whole grain bread and vegetables

9

Fats Used as a store of energy (can be broken down into glucose for respiration) and also layer of insulation Found in meats dairy products and food fried in animal fats eg chips

10

Water Present in every living cell and forms about 70 of our bodies The blood system moves materials that have been dissolved in water Egg and sperm cells move around our bodies in fluids which are mainly water Humans lose about 15 litres of water each day in urine sweat and our breath Water can be replaced (i) as a drink (ii) in foods such as salads

11

Proteins Made from long strands of amino acids folded over into special shapes Used for growth and repair of cells Manufacture of enzymes used to control chemical reactions Found in meats fish milk cheese eggs nuts green vegetables and flour Carbohydrates Compounds containing the elements carbon hydrogen and oxygen Two main groups (i) sugars eg glucose (ii) starches (built up from sugars and stored in the muscles and liver until needed to be broken down into glucose for respiration) Sugars may be found in fruits jams soft drinks and sweets Starches may be found in potatoes nuts rice cereals peas beans bread and cakes

12

the principles of digestion including the role of enzymes in breaking down large molecules into smaller ones

Digestive enzymes in the gut breakdown food substances into soluble substances capable of being absorbed across the lining of the intestines into the bloodstream

Names sources and actions of particular enzymes will not be examined Enzymes are chemicals (proteins) that enable other chemical reactions to happen There is a different enzyme for each chemical reaction in the body




13

that the products or digestions are absorbed into the bloodstream and transported throughout the body and that waste material is egested

Ingestion food is taken into the mouth Physical digestion teeth cut and break down food which is mixed with saliva produced in the mouth Chemical digestion action of enzymes break down food into small soluble molecules that can be dissolved in the blood Absorption soluble food molecules move through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream which carries it to the liver for sorting then to all parts of the body Assimilation digested food is used by the cells for growth and repair Egestion in the large intestine undigested food mixed with fibre becomes faeces and passes out through the anus Note egestion NOT excretion which is the removal of urine or CO2

14

that food is used as a fuel during respiration to maintain the bodys activity and as a raw material for growth and repair

that carbohydrates are energy‐containing foods proteins are needed for growth and repair fats are an energy source and are also needed for insulation

15 Movement



know NP notes Pupils should be taught Candidates should

16

the role of the skeleton and joints

that the skeleton bull protects delicate organs bull supports the body and bull allows movement by providing attachment for muscles

Cartilage reduces friction

Joint capsule manufactures synovial fluid (not in the syllabus)

Ligaments connect bone to bone

17

and the principle of antagonistic muscle pairs [eg biceps and triceps] in movement

that muscles can contract and are pulled back to their original length by the contraction of antagonistic muscles

that muscles operate across moveable joints

18 Reproduction

19 about the physical and emotional changes that take place during adolescence

the principal changes which occur at adolescence

Note that puberty is the physical changes (body hair etc) and that adolescence refers to the emotional changes eg becoming more independent greater awareness of the opposite sex




20

about the human reproductive system including the menstrual cycle and fertilisation

the terms gamete and zygote the relative sizes and numbers of eggs and sperm and their roles that fertilisation is the union of a sperm with an egg bringing together through the genes some of the characteristics of both parents the structure and functions of the human reproductive system and how sperm and egg are brought together the menstrual cycle in outline only BBC website does this briefly httpwwwbbccoukschoolsks3bitesizescienceorganisms_behaviour_healthreproductionrevise4shtml

The pictures above show the plant gametes (egg or ovule and pollen grain) and the animal gametes (sperm and egg cells) In both cases they join (fertilise) to form a zygote

21




22

How the fetus develops in the uterus including the role of the placenta

how the fetus is protected and nourished in the uterus and how its waste materials are eliminated

The placenta is the series of blood vessels that grow into the wall of the uterus They allow EXCHANGE of oxygen and nutrients from the motherrsquos blood into the umbilical cord and thus to the baby and removal of CO2 and waste products from the baby to be dealt with by the motherrsquos systems

The amnion protects the fetus from changes in temperature and from physical shocks

The mother should not smoke or drink alcohol (nicotine and alcohol can be passed through the placenta) and should avoid excessive physical activity which may harm the fetus

The gestation period (fertilisation to birth) is 40 weeks or 9 months

23

the role of lung structure in gas exchange

including the effect of smoking

the structure of the lungs in outline only ie the lung surface is greatly folded creating a large surface area for gaseous exchange

that oxygen is taken into the lungs by breathing and transported to the tissues by the circulatory system

The alveoli are adapted to make gas exchange in lungs happen easily and efficiently

Here are some features of the alveoli that allow this

they give the lungs a really big surface area they have moist thin walls (just one cell thick) they have a lot of tiny blood vessels called capillaries

The gases move by diffusion from where they have a high concentration to where they have a low concentration

Oxygen diffuses from the air in the alveoli into the blood Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the air in the alveoli Excellent graphic

httpwwwbbccoukschoolsks3bitesizescienceorganisms_behaviour_healthlife_processesrevise5shtml




24

that smoking is one of the causes of lung cancer and heart disease

that smoking reduces the surface area of the lungs leading to severe breathing difficulties

Smoking cigarettes

Tar collects in the alveoli in the lungs reducing the surface area available to collect oxygen shortness of breath

The cilia of the epithelial cells in the throat also get clogged with tar so canrsquot clear mucus up into the mouth (lsquosmokersrsquo coughrsquo)

Lung cancer

Nicotine damages blood vessels leading to increase in blood pressure and so causing heart disease nicotine is addictive

Carbon monoxide reduces the supply of oxygen to the cells

25 Respiration

26

that aerobic respiration involves a reaction in cells between oxygen and food in which glucose is broken down to carbon dioxide and water

the difference between breathing and respiration

ALL living things respire (including plants) it is the process of making energy by combining oxygen and glucose It takes place in the cells especially muscles It is the process of taking air into and expelling it out of the lungs

BREATHING is not carried out by plants and not by very many animals vertebrates only because insects for example donrsquot have lungs But they ARE alive so they DO respire




27

to summarise aerobic

respiration in a word equation

that energy is made available by aerobic respiration summarised by the word equation

glucose + oxygen water + CO2 + energy

C6H12O6 + O2 H2O + CO2 + energy

how to test exhaled air for carbon dioxide using limewater

[Aerobic = using oxygen obtained from the air the opposite is anaerobic where the organism obtains its oxygen from oxygen‐containing chemicals around it] RESPIRATION glucose + oxygen water + CO2 + energy


You only need to know this as a WORD equation not as chemical symbols

Note that photosynthesis is the reverse process together they make up the carbon cycle

Limewater goes cloudy

Work out how this apparatus shows that CO2 is present in exhaled air but not in inhaled air




28

that the reactants and products of respiration are transported throughout the body in the bloodstream

that oxygen and carbon dioxide are carried in the blood and exchanged with the atmosphere through the lungs

When we breathe in oxygen enters the small air sacs called alveoli in the lungs Oxygen diffuses from there into the bloodstream

Oxygen is not carried in the plasma but is carried by the red blood cells These contain a red substance called haemoglobin which joins onto oxygen and carries it around the body in the blood then lets it go when necessary Like glucose oxygen can diffuse into cells from the capillaries

Red blood cells carry oxygen around the body

29 Health

30

that the abuse of alcohol solvents and other drugs affects health

the positive effects of exercise and healthy eating

Exercise means that more food and oxygen is needed by the cells all round the body so the heart beats faster to make this happen

Exercise reduces the risk of a heart attack

carbohydrate and fat used up reducing obesity

body muscles are kept in better shape (stamina)

Endorphins produced make you feel good and confident about yourself

In older people ageing is delayed by regular exercise (eg bones donrsquot become so brittle)

Alcohol can cause liver damage brain damage and delayed reactions (car accidents) or reduced awareness of risk Also mood changes so that the drinker becomes aggressive



NP notes Pupils should be taught Candidates should know

31

how the growth and reproduction of bacteria and the replication of viruses can affect health and how the bodys natural defences may be enhanced by immunisation and medicines

one example of a bacterial disease and one example of a viral disease

the importance of cleanliness at the personal and community levels as a defence against disease

that the bodys natural defences can be supplemented by artificial methods

Immunisation will not be examined

Bacteria live and grow outside living cells Eg Food poisoning infected wounds as in tetanus cholera Can be killed by antibiotics and antiseptics Sometimes called lsquogermsrsquo (a non‐science word)

Viruses live inside the cells of their hosts and so cannot be killed without killing the cells themselves Influenza (flu) common cold AIDS chicken pox

Fresh drinking water is the first and foremost way of keeping a community healthy Provision of medical care removal and safe storage of waste play a major part too

The body has white blood cells and produces clots over open wounds preventing bacteria from entering

32 Green plants as organisms

33 Nutrition and growth




34

that plants need carbon dioxide water and light for photosynthesis and produce biomass and oxygen

the global importance of photosynthesis in producing food and maintaining the composition of the atmosphere

about gas production during photosynthesis in eg Elodea

how to perform a controlled experiment to show that light is needed for starch production by a potted plant eg Pelargonium

The sun is the source of much of our energy on Earth captured during photosynthesis




35

to summarise photosynthesis in a word equation

that photosynthesis is summarised by the word equation light energy carbon dioxide + water glucose + oxygen

chlorophyll

36

that in most plants the glucose is then converted into starch which can be tested using iodine solution

The plant makes glucose This is easily soluble so the plant converts glucose to starch because starch is not very soluble and doesnrsquot get carried away

This is all about the method for testing a leaf for starch (be careful itrsquos easy to get confused with whether the question is asking about the experiment above (light and dark) or just asking you how to test for the starch)

Collect leaf which has been in sunlight

Boiling water to soften the cell walls so that the iodine will get in later

TURN OFF BUNSEN (safety precaution)

Ethanol in boiling tube in hot water as a WATER BATH (safety again) to remove chlorophyll

Rinse then test with iodine Starch goes bluepurple

Note the importance of having a de‐starched leaf also the fair test here has a control (the leaf in transparent cling film)




37

that nitrogen and other elements in addition to carbon oxygen and hydrogen are required for plant growth

Knowledge of mineral nutrients will not be examined

This used to be part of the syllabus and many scholarship questions expect a working knowledge of the fact that nitrogen (fixed into the ground by bacteria on the roots of plants) in the form of nitrates is essential for plant growth to form proteins and chlorophyll Without nitrogen the plants leaves turn yellow and the plant shows poor growth

38 the role of root hairs in absorbing water and minerals from the soil

that root hairs increase the surface area for absorption of water and minerals such as nitrates

You have already learnt about the specially adapted root hair cells in paragraph 5 and you need to understand about the large surface area and the thin cell walls of these cells

39

that plants carry out aerobic respiration

that animals and plants respire and plants photosynthesise how the carbon cycle maintains a balance between respiration and photosynthesis and the effect of this on the atmosphere

40 Variation

Photosynthesis in plants

CO2 + H2O oxygen+ glucose O2 +

C6H12O6

The Carbon Cycle

Respiration in animals (and in plants) = burning oxygen + glucose to

make energy for life processes

CO2 + H2O oxygen+ glucose O2 + C6H12O6

It really IS a cycle ndash the carbon goes round and round taken in by plants converted to carbohydrates and then eaten by animals who breathe it out again as CO2




41

about environmental and inherited causes of variation within a species

how to detect and describe variation within and between species and suggest possible causes

Here are some examples of inherited variation in humans eye colour hair colour skin colour lobed or lobeless ears Gender is inherited variation too because whether you are male or female is a result of the genes you inherited from your parents Within each species the individuals with the variations best suited to the environment will survive better than the others More of them will survive to reproduce than the others When they do they pass on the genetic information for these variations to their offspring [NPrsquos example is of a white pheasant in a snowy winter she will survive because of good camouflage and therefore live to lay many eggs some of her chicks will be white]

42 Classification

43

to classify living things into the major taxonomic groups

how to use a simple key to identify the group to which a specimen belongs that animals and plants are classified into separate kingdoms that bacteria fungi and single‐celled organisms are placed in other kingdoms the characteristic features of the animal and plant kingdoms and why fungi are not included with plants the diagnostic features of single‐celled organisms fungi arthropods (knowing the difference between insects and spiders) fish amphibians reptiles birds mammals and flowering plants

NPrsquos key is helpful here indeed itrsquos vital you know the bits you have to Itrsquos reproduced but rather small at the end of this booklet

You need to know The five kingdoms Animals (cannot make their own food cells have flexible membrane) Plants (chlorophyll so make their own food cells have cells walls) Fungi (no chlorophyll so rely on decomposing material for their nutrients) Bacteria no nucleus reproduce by splitting Single‐celled organisms (protoctista) or protists Then you need to know insects from spiders The characteristics of Amphibians mammals birds reptiles and fish Flowering plants (easy ndash they reproduce by seeds from flowers)




44

about ways in which living things and the environment can be protected and the importance of sustainable development

the importance of conserving local habitats that the resources of the Earth are limited and need to be managed

45

that habitats support a diversity of plants and animals that are interdependent

at least one habitat eg a freshwater pond or a hedgerow

Over to you you should take ownership of this section and actually visit one of these and think about what is going on there and why who is eating whom who the producers are what will happen as the seasons change

46

how some organisms are adapted to survive daily and seasonal changes in their habitats

about the habitat of at least one animal and one plant understanding how they are adapted to the conditions in their natural habitats at different times of the day and in different seasons of the year measure at least one physical factor eg temperature light intensity in the habitat

You must have a good knowledge of rabbits or house martins how they overwinter how they reproduce what they feed on (NOT worms) how many young they produce what nests they make etc

We will look at changing the temperature in the summer term of Form 1

47

how predation and competition for resources affect the size of populations [eg bacteria growth of vegetation]

simple methods of estimating the population size of one type of organism by means of a quadrat that population size is affected by predation and competition

You used quadrats in Form 2 make sure you understand how to do the calculations CE text book p71

Predation for example the presence of rats or foxes will reduce small mammal populations Competition growth of vegetation is affected by competition for light or nutrients or water




48

about food webs composed of several food chains and how food chains can be quantified using pyramids of number

about one simple food chain in one of the habitats studied the difference between a food chain and a food web

Pyramids of number biomass and energy will not be examined

Not in the syllabub any more but Downe House and other schools often ask this in their own entrance or scholarship papers

49

how toxic materials can accumulate in food chains

This means an understanding of how poisons designed to kill insects for example get into the small birds that eat those insects and then into the hawks buzzards etc that live on the small birds When they get to the top predator the concentrations can be high and can cause death but more often cause the reproductive system to go wrong (infertility) resulting in no chicks being born

50

51

This graphic from the BBC KS3 science website which also talks about energy httpwwwbbccoukschoolsks3bitesizescienceorganisms_behaviour_healthfood_chainsrevise6shtml



1 Chemistry

2 Solids liquids and gases

3

how materials can be characterised by melting point boiling point and density

Measurement of the mass and volume and calculation of the density of

regularly‐shaped solids and of irregularly‐shaped solids (using the displacement of water to find the volume)

and of liquids will usually be examined in the physics section of the Common Entrance examination

So too will the fact that air has

mass and that it is possible to measure its density

You MUST make sure that you can calculate density from the formula D=MV but also that you can change the formula round the make M or V the subject of the equation (what you are trying to calculate) Irregular solids



4

how the particle theory of matter can be used to explain the properties of solids liquids and gases including changes of state gas pressure and diffusion

the meaning of the words atom and molecule

how the particle theory of matter can be used to explain the properties of solids liquids and gases including changes of state gas pressure

A knowledge of ions and of diffusion will not be examined

Atom The smallest particle of an element

Molecule A particle made from two or more atoms joined together

Particle theory of matter

Solid Liquid Gas

Arrangement of particles

Close together

Regular pattern

Close together

Random arrangement

Far apart

Random arrangement

Movement of particles Vibrate on the spot Move around each other Move quickly in all directions

Diagram

5 Elements compounds and mixtures

6

that elements are shown in the periodic table and consist of atoms which can be represented

the term element as used in chemistry and the idea that samples of the same element contain the same type of atom that the elements are organised in the periodic table A knowledge of chemical symbols formulae and details of the periodic table will not be examined

Element made up of one type of atom cannot be chemically broken down



how elements vary widely in their physical properties including appearance state at room temperature magnetic properties and thermal and electrical conductivity and to use these properties to classify elements as metals or non‐metals

the terms conductor and insulator in both electrical and thermal contexts the grouping of elements into metals and non‐metals according to physical characteristics such as electrical conductivity shininess malleability whether they give acidic or basic

oxides

METALS NON METALS

Acid or alkaline oxide pH of the oxide

Alkaline oxides (the reactive metals) or neutral (insoluble basic oxides)

Acidic eg carbon dioxide pH 45 sulphur dioxide pH 1

Gaseous or solid oxide

Solid

Gaseous

Good electrical conductor

Yes No

Good conductor of heat

Yes No

Brittle or malleable Malleable

brittle(think of a lump of sulphur or a charcoal (carbon) stick breaking

Sonorous Yes No

Shiny or dull

Shiny Dull

7

Carbon copper iron magnesium sulphur and zinc are suitable examples for experiments on burning the elements in air and testing the oxides

Calcium and sodium if included must be handled only by the teacher



8

how elements combine through chemical reactions to form compounds [eg water carbon dioxide magnesium oxide sodium chloride most minerals] with definite composition

the idea that elements combine to give compounds whose properties differ from those of the constituent elements what happens when some elements are burned in oxygen eg carbon sulphur iron magnesium the reaction between pairs of elements eg iron + sulphur copper + sulphur aluminium + iodine (in fume cupboard or outside) Knowledge of the reaction of sodium with chlorine will not be examined

Sulphur + Iron Iron sulphide Element + element compound Can be separated by a magnet cannot be separated Heat given off ion the reaction (exothermic reaction)

9

to represent compounds by formulae and to summarise reactions by word equations

Representation by formulae will not be examinedhellipbut WORD EQUATIONS are vital



10

that mixtures [eg air sea water and most rocks] are composed of constituents that are not combined

that air is a mixture of gases the approximate percentages of

nitrogen oxygen and the relatively small proportion of other gases in the air

the uses of oxygen that carbon dioxide is a product of

respiration and a raw material for photosynthesis

Nitrogen 78 oxygen 20 carbon dioxide 003 noble gases 1 (almost all of which is argon) hydrogen there is no free hydrogen in air oxygen is used during oxidation and also respiration in living organisms carbon dioxide photosynthesis



11

how to separate mixtures into their constituents using distillation and chromatography and other appropriate methods

1 the following methods of separation evaporation to recover a solute

a and the testing of water purity by measurement of its boiling point and freezing point

2 simple distillation to recover a solvent from a solution eg how to obtain a sample of pure water from sea water or washable ink

3 of the need to prevent suck‐back of the distilled sample if simple apparatus is used and how to prevent it

4 fractional distillation to recover ethanol (alcohol) from wine or beer

5 use of the Liebig condenser 6 paper chromatography to separate

a mixture of two or more coloured solutes from a solution eg coloured inks food dyes Smartie‐type sweets how to interpret simple chromatograms

7 about filtration to remove insoluble solids from a suspension

8 the terms filtrate and residue 9 how to purify rock salt 10 Distillation of crude oil will not be

examined

12 Changing materials

13



14 Physical changes

15

that when physical changes [eg changes of state formation of solutions] take place mass is conserved

the terms solution solvent solute soluble insoluble and dissolving

These words are really important ndash but you probably know them

Notice the almost hidden point in the left hand column you have to

understand that when dissolving filtering etc etc are carried out MASS IS

CONSERVED Mass is never lost or gained in chemical reactions either We say

that mass is always conserved In other words the total mass of products at the

end of the reaction is equal to the total mass of the reactants at the beginning



16

about the variation of solubility with temperature the formation of saturated solutions and the differences in solubility of solutes in different solvents

1 that when soluble solids form a solution a chemical change is not involved 2 that a solution is a mixture which may be separated using physical techniques 3 about the abundance of water in nature including its existence as vapour in the air 4 the water cycle 5 about the use of anhydrous copper sulphate and anhydrous cobalt chloride to test for the presence of water vapour in the air 6 the effect of air flow and temperature changes on evaporation from oceans or in laboratory experiments 7 how to make predictions about the amount of water lost 8 the need for filtration 9 the differences between sea tap and distilled water demonstrated by evaporation 10 the importance of water as a solvent that ethanol and propanone are alternative solvents to water

You are very familiar with these diagrams one is included in the questions booklet

Tests for water Anhydrous cobalt chloride paper (blue) goes pink OR anhydrous copper sulphate paper (white) goes blue Test for the chemical purity of water evaporate to dryness if there is a residue the water is not chemically pure [Note that this is nothing to do with whether water is safe to drink ndash a bottle of lsquomineral waterrsquo such as Evian will contain lots of salts if you evaporate it to dryness but is still safe to drink Lots of thickets think that testing water for its pH is useful It is NOT as lots of things have a neutral pH Remember to keep other solvents in mind ndash you have used propanone and ethanol and they are not water but are still good solvents



17

to relate changes of state to energy transfers

1 the terms melting freezing boiling condensation evaporation and sublimation

2 that most solids liquids and gases expand on heating and contract on cooling eg the use of mercury or alcohol in thermometers

3 that evaporation can occur at any temperature but boiling occurs at a specific temperature for a particular substance

Sublimation catches people out it is when a solid goes straight to a gas without melting to a liquid first (surprisingly snow often does this so dies iodine and sulphur) or cools straight from a gas to a solid without going through the liquid phase This links a bit to the physics syllabus when we measure temperature we are measuring the energy of the particles because the warmer they are the more energy they have so they take up more space and in a thermometer move up the glass tube People often imagine evaporation only takes place when itrsquos hothellip not true itrsquos just faster when itrsquos hot

18

how mass is conserved when chemical reactions take place because the same atoms are present although combined in different ways

1 how to use the Bunsen burner for gentle warming vigorous heating etc

2 about the effect of air supply on the flame and relative temperatures of different parts of the roaring flame

3 about the experiment to demonstrate the conservation of mass in which lead iodide or another suitable solid is produced by mixing two solutions in a stoppered conical flask

4 how to construct word equations for simple chemical reactions

5 about recognising chemical change by the new substances which are formed



19

that virtually all materials including those in living systems are made through chemical reactions and to recognise the importance of chemical change in everyday situations [eg ripening fruit setting superglue cooking food]


20

about possible effects of the burning of fossil fuels on the environment [eg production of acid rain carbon dioxide and solid particles] and how these effects can be minimised

1 that when things burn in air they react with oxygen

2 the glowing splint test for oxygen and the limewater test for carbon dioxide

3 how to identify the products of combustion eg of a candle

4 the importance of oxygen as a reactant in respiration

5 the effect of burning fossil fuels that air is often polluted by sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide and the sources of these pollutants

Production and effects of ozone and oxides of nitrogen will not be examined

This is Combustion how to identify the products of combustion eg of a candle

21 Patterns of behaviour

22 Metals



23

how metals react with oxygen water and acids and oxides of other metals and what the products of these reactions are

1 how to apply the lighted splint test for hydrogen

2 about the rusting of iron 3 that oxygen in the air is involved

in the rusting process

Simple rusting experiments should be extended to show that air contains 20 oxygen Copper iron magnesium and zinc are suitable examples for experiments

Test for hydrogen a lighted spill burns with a squeaky pop

An experiment to show the conditions that make iron rust

24

about the displacement reactions that take place between metals and solutions of salts of other metals

about displacement reactions between metals and solutions of the sulphates of other metals

Displacement is the way a metal higher in the reactivity series will take a salt particle leaving the less reactive metal to collect on the bottom of the test tube Copper sulphate + iron iron sulphate + copper (the copper is displaced and drops to the bottom) A reaction has taken place the liquid is a little warmer and the colour goes paler because the liquid is now iron sulphate (duck‐egg blue) The pink or brown copper is on the bottom Common mistake people imagine that this is something to do with rusting Itrsquos not



25

how a reactivity series of metals can be determined by considering these reactions and used to make predictions about other reactions

1 how to use the reactivity series of metals to deduce that those higher in the series might 2 burn more vigorously in air 3 react faster with water and dilute acids 4 and replace a lower metal from its oxide 5 about the uses of metals low down the series such as lead and copper for roofing and piping 6 about the need for methods of covering the surface when the more reactive iron is used 7 about the exceptional lack of reactivity of silver and gold which makes them useful for jewellery and electrical contacts Reference should be made to the fact that most metals are not found in their free state and chemical reactions (lsquosmeltingrsquo) are necessary to extract metals from their ores

You must make sure that you have got your head round the box on the left It helps to explain why only certain metals can be used as water pipes for example (because they are low in the reactivity series and donrsquot react with water A pipe made of sodium would be quite exciting Iron is obtained from iron ore (usually iron oxide) by heating it with carbon although carbon is not a metal it is more reactive than iron and so takes the oxide to become CO2 This leaves the molten iron behind

26

Acids and bases

All acids contain HYDROGEN So hydrochloric acid is HCl (hydrogen chloride) and sulphuric acid is H2SO4 (hydrogen sulphate) Indeed this is why the pH scale is called that it shows the lsquopowerrsquo of the hydrogen contained [Mathematicians will realise that the lsquopowerrsquo bit means a number like 103 is ten‐to‐the‐power‐of‐three]



27

to use indicators to classify solutions as acidic neutral or alkaline and to use the pH scale as a measure of the acidity of a solution

1 about experiments which test substances with different indicators including litmus paper and Universal Indicator 2 that substances can be acidic alkaline or neutral 3 about the use of plant extracts eg red cabbage as indicators 4 colour changes for litmus 5 the pH scale 6 pH numbers for strong and weak acids and alkalis and a neutral solution

Blue litmus paper goes red in an acid Red litmus paper goes blue in an alkali

28

how metals and bases including carbonates react with acids and the products of these reactions

1 about neutralisation and salt formation 2 about the addition of dilute sodium hydroxide solution to dilute hydrochloric acid and evaporation of the neutral solution to illustrate neutralisation and salt formation 3 Alternatively salt formation could be illustrated by adding copper oxide 4 or copper carbonate to warm dilute sulphuric acid and evaporating gently

Neutralisation means adding an alkali (or a base) to an acid and ending up with a neutral pH 70 The equation for this is hydrochloric acid + sodium hydroxide sodium chloride + water HCl + NaOH NaCl + H2O ACID + ALKALI COMMON TABLE SALT +WATER this follows the rule that ACID + ALKALI SALT + WATER Although you have done this as part of our work on pH it is not very interesting because two colourless liquids end up as another colourless liquid (salty water) Much more interesting Copper oxide + sulphuric acid copper sulphate + water CuO + H2SO4 CuSO4 + H2O Black colourless blue Copper carbonate + sulphuric acid copper sulphate + CO2 + water CuCO3 + H2SO4 CuSO4 +CO2 + H2O



29

about some everyday applications of neutralisations [eg the treatment of acid indigestion the treatment of acid soil the manufacture of fertilizer]

about medical and agricultural applications of neutralisation

Using neutralisation 1 Farmers use lime (calcium oxide) to neutralise acid soils 2 Our stomachs contain hydrochloric acid and too much of this causes

indigestion Antacid tablets contain bases such as magnesium hydroxide and magnesium carbonate to neutralise the extra acid

3 Bee and ant stings are acidic They can be neutralised using baking powder which contains sodium hydrogen carbonate

4 Wasp stings are alkali so neutralise them with vinegar 5 Nettles hairs are acidic but the leaves of the dock contain an alkali To help with the colours of full range indicator and with the results you should expect there are two sheets already in your book but click here to be reminded pH colour chart for test learning Form 1 and results expected chart



30

how acids in the environment can lead to corrosion of metal and chemical weathering of rock [eg limestone]

1 that carbon dioxide dissolves in water to form an acid and that rain is slightly acidic 2 about limestone its chemical composition 3 its decomposition when heated 4 its reaction with dilute hydrochloric acid 5 its uses as a building material 6 and for the production of agricultural lime 7 about the weathering effect of acid rain on limestone

It is very important to be clear about the DIFFERENCE between naturally occurring CO2 in the air forming a weak carbonic acid pH about 5 ‐ 6) and man made acid rain most often caused by sulphur dioxide from coal‐burning power stations and other industries This dissolves in rain to produce dilute sulphuric acid with a much lower pH This acid rain causes young fish to die (damage to the gills) kills coniferous trees (damage to the growing tip of each branch) and quite quickly erodes limestone buildings Limestone is calcium carbonate Heating limestone Calcium carbonate calcium oxide + CO2 (carbonates give off CO2 when heated) CaCO3 CaO + CO2 CaO calcium oxide (colour white like all the alkaline metalsrsquo oxides) used to be called lsquoquicklimersquo because it reacts with water to make calcium hydroxide ndash our old friend limewater Calcium oxide glows when heated and was used as theatre lighting before electric lamps were invented So we still talk about someone who is lsquoin the limelightrsquo Calcium carbonate + hydrochloric acid calcium chloride + CO2 + water CaCO3 + 2 HCl CaCl2 +CO2 + H2O (carbonates also give off CO2 when with dilute acid) Many buildings in for example Oxford and London and the windows and terrace here at school are made of limestone from the Cotswolds or Dorset Lime is needed for farm fields because fertilizers both artificial and natural (manure) break down into acidic substances lime (calcium hydroxide) is about pH 10 Limestone dissolves slowly in natural rain and far faster in acid rain ndash see the top of this box This means that carefully carved statues become smoothed and quite grotesque ndash eg on Marlston Church



31

to identify patterns in chemical reactions

the terms 1 oxidation 2 reduction 3 neutralisation 4 decomposition 5 about the use of carbon to illustrate reduction 6 about the action of heat on copper and magnesium in air to illustrate oxidation 7 about the combustion of methane and similar fuels 8 and to illustrate thermal decomposition about hydrated copper sulphate 9 hydrated cobalt chloride 10 copper carbonate 11 potassium permanganate

All of this section is covered by the worksheet you have done called REACTIONSHEATING SUBSTANCES test SHEET

Iron is obtained from iron ore (usually iron oxide) by heating it with carbon although carbon is not a metal it is more reactive than iron and so takes the oxide to become CO2 This leaves the molten iron behind (Book p 196 ) Copper + oxygen copper oxide magnesium + oxygen magnesium oxide Use a candle as your example of a fuel if you wish this refers to lsquohydrocarbons burn in air to give CO2 and H2Orsquo CH4 (methane) + O2 CO2 + H2O Hydrated CuSO45H2O anhydrous CuSO4 + 5H2O Blue white + water driven off Maroon hydrated cobalt chloride light blue anhydrous cobalt chloride CoCl26H2O CoCl2 + 6H2O Copper carbonate copper oxide + CO2 Book p175 CuCO3 CuO + CO2 Green black Purpleblack crystals give off lots of oxygen for collecting over water Book p175



32

Colours CE papers often mention colours There are only two black substances in your syllabus copper oxide and carbon (in the form of soot or charcoal not graphite or diamond) Green copper carbonate Blue probably copper sulphate (hydrated) Brown be careful It might be copper but it might be iron oxide Pink copper is often described as this colour White the oxides of the more reactive metals so magnesium oxide calcium oxide sodium oxide also zinc oxide which goes yellow when heated but back to white when cooled Yellow probably sulphur but might be zinc oxide during heating (though thatrsquos not in the syllabub) When the word lsquocolourrsquo is mentioned in the sense of separating differently coloured things then chromatography is usually the key idea

33

Common silly mistakes How can you test the purity of water You can either evaporate to dryness to see if any residue remains or boil at 100C You CANrsquoT use pH indicator And you CANrsquoT drink it to see if itrsquos pure Decomposition does not mean lsquorottingrsquo especially in chemistry it means breaking down into simpler substances Mixing up copper and rust (iron oxide) Molecules donrsquot expand when they get hotter ndash they get further apart because they are vibrating more vigorously Combustion means rapid combination with oxygen To confuse a syllabub with a syllabus





Electrical symbols for Common Entrance



YOU NEED TO READ THIS SYLLABUS WHILE DOING THE QUESTIONS IN THE QUESTIONS BOOKLET


METALS

NON METALS





1

BIOLOGY

CELLS AND CELL FUNCTIONS

2

that animal and plant cells can form tissues and tissues can form organs

that in multicellular organisms cells are massed together to form tissues and tissues can be massed together to form organs




3









called chromosomes

















4





5









6






7














8


9


10


11


12







13



14



15 Movement




16






17




18 Reproduction







20




21




22







23














24



Smoking cigarettes



Lung cancer



25 Respiration

26








27
















28






29 Health

30













31















34









35



chlorophyll

36













37







39



40 Variation



C6H12O6

The Carbon Cycle








41




42 Classification

43








44



45




46





47








48





49



50

51




1 Chemistry


3










4








Solid Liquid Gas


Close together

Regular pattern

Close together

Random arrangement

Far apart

Random arrangement


Diagram


6








oxides

METALS NON METALS





Solid

Gaseous


Yes No


Yes No



Sonorous Yes No

Shiny or dull

Shiny Dull

7





8




9





10









11











examined


13



14 Physical changes

15











16







17






18









19



20










22 Metals



23








24






25




26

Acids and bases




27




28






29









30






31







32


33











METALS

NON METALS




3









called chromosomes

















4





5









6






7














8


9


10


11


12







13



14



15 Movement




16






17




18 Reproduction







20




21




22







23














24



Smoking cigarettes



Lung cancer



25 Respiration

26








27
















28






29 Health

30













31















34









35



chlorophyll

36













37







39



40 Variation



C6H12O6

The Carbon Cycle








41




42 Classification

43








44



45




46





47








48





49



50

51




1 Chemistry


3










4








Solid Liquid Gas


Close together

Regular pattern

Close together

Random arrangement

Far apart

Random arrangement


Diagram


6








oxides

METALS NON METALS





Solid

Gaseous


Yes No


Yes No



Sonorous Yes No

Shiny or dull

Shiny Dull

7





8




9





10









11











examined


13



14 Physical changes

15











16







17






18









19



20










22 Metals



23








24






25




26

Acids and bases




27




28






29









30






31







32


33











METALS

NON METALS




4





5









6






7














8


9


10


11


12







13



14



15 Movement




16






17




18 Reproduction







20




21




22







23














24



Smoking cigarettes



Lung cancer



25 Respiration

26








27
















28






29 Health

30













31















34









35



chlorophyll

36













37







39



40 Variation



C6H12O6

The Carbon Cycle








41




42 Classification

43








44



45




46





47








48





49



50

51




1 Chemistry


3










4








Solid Liquid Gas


Close together

Regular pattern

Close together

Random arrangement

Far apart

Random arrangement


Diagram


6








oxides

METALS NON METALS





Solid

Gaseous


Yes No


Yes No



Sonorous Yes No

Shiny or dull

Shiny Dull

7





8




9





10









11











examined


13



14 Physical changes

15











16







17






18









19



20










22 Metals



23








24






25




26

Acids and bases




27




28






29









30






31







32


33











METALS

NON METALS




5









6






7














8


9


10


11


12







13



14



15 Movement




16






17




18 Reproduction







20




21




22







23














24



Smoking cigarettes



Lung cancer



25 Respiration

26








27
















28






29 Health

30













31















34









35



chlorophyll

36













37







39



40 Variation



C6H12O6

The Carbon Cycle








41




42 Classification

43








44



45




46





47








48





49



50

51




1 Chemistry


3










4








Solid Liquid Gas


Close together

Regular pattern

Close together

Random arrangement

Far apart

Random arrangement


Diagram


6








oxides

METALS NON METALS





Solid

Gaseous


Yes No


Yes No



Sonorous Yes No

Shiny or dull

Shiny Dull

7





8




9





10









11











examined


13



14 Physical changes

15











16







17






18









19



20










22 Metals



23








24






25




26

Acids and bases




27




28






29









30






31







32


33











METALS

NON METALS




6






7














8


9


10


11


12







13



14



15 Movement




16






17




18 Reproduction







20




21




22







23














24



Smoking cigarettes



Lung cancer



25 Respiration

26








27
















28






29 Health

30













31















34









35



chlorophyll

36













37







39



40 Variation



C6H12O6

The Carbon Cycle








41




42 Classification

43








44



45




46





47








48





49



50

51




1 Chemistry


3










4








Solid Liquid Gas


Close together

Regular pattern

Close together

Random arrangement

Far apart

Random arrangement


Diagram


6








oxides

METALS NON METALS





Solid

Gaseous


Yes No


Yes No



Sonorous Yes No

Shiny or dull

Shiny Dull

7





8




9





10









11











examined


13



14 Physical changes

15











16







17






18









19



20










22 Metals



23








24






25




26

Acids and bases




27




28






29









30






31







32


33











METALS

NON METALS




8


9


10


11


12







13



14



15 Movement




16






17




18 Reproduction







20




21




22







23














24



Smoking cigarettes



Lung cancer



25 Respiration

26








27
















28






29 Health

30













31















34









35



chlorophyll

36













37







39



40 Variation



C6H12O6

The Carbon Cycle








41




42 Classification

43








44



45




46





47








48





49



50

51




1 Chemistry


3










4








Solid Liquid Gas


Close together

Regular pattern

Close together

Random arrangement

Far apart

Random arrangement


Diagram


6








oxides

METALS NON METALS





Solid

Gaseous


Yes No


Yes No



Sonorous Yes No

Shiny or dull

Shiny Dull

7





8




9





10









11











examined


13



14 Physical changes

15











16







17






18









19



20










22 Metals



23








24






25




26

Acids and bases




27




28






29









30






31







32


33











METALS

NON METALS




13



14



15 Movement




16






17




18 Reproduction







20




21




22







23














24



Smoking cigarettes



Lung cancer



25 Respiration

26








27
















28






29 Health

30













31















34









35



chlorophyll

36













37







39



40 Variation



C6H12O6

The Carbon Cycle








41




42 Classification

43








44



45




46





47








48





49



50

51




1 Chemistry


3










4








Solid Liquid Gas


Close together

Regular pattern

Close together

Random arrangement

Far apart

Random arrangement


Diagram


6








oxides

METALS NON METALS





Solid

Gaseous


Yes No


Yes No



Sonorous Yes No

Shiny or dull

Shiny Dull

7





8




9





10









11











examined


13



14 Physical changes

15











16







17






18









19



20










22 Metals



23








24






25




26

Acids and bases




27




28






29









30






31







32


33











METALS

NON METALS




16






17




18 Reproduction







20




21




22







23














24



Smoking cigarettes



Lung cancer



25 Respiration

26








27
















28






29 Health

30













31















34









35



chlorophyll

36













37







39



40 Variation



C6H12O6

The Carbon Cycle








41




42 Classification

43








44



45




46





47








48





49



50

51




1 Chemistry


3










4








Solid Liquid Gas


Close together

Regular pattern

Close together

Random arrangement

Far apart

Random arrangement


Diagram


6








oxides

METALS NON METALS





Solid

Gaseous


Yes No


Yes No



Sonorous Yes No

Shiny or dull

Shiny Dull

7





8




9





10









11











examined


13



14 Physical changes

15











16







17






18









19



20










22 Metals



23








24






25




26

Acids and bases




27




28






29









30






31







32


33











METALS

NON METALS




20




21




22







23














24



Smoking cigarettes



Lung cancer



25 Respiration

26








27
















28






29 Health

30













31















34









35



chlorophyll

36













37







39



40 Variation



C6H12O6

The Carbon Cycle








41




42 Classification

43








44



45




46





47








48





49



50

51




1 Chemistry


3










4








Solid Liquid Gas


Close together

Regular pattern

Close together

Random arrangement

Far apart

Random arrangement


Diagram


6








oxides

METALS NON METALS





Solid

Gaseous


Yes No


Yes No



Sonorous Yes No

Shiny or dull

Shiny Dull

7





8




9





10









11











examined


13



14 Physical changes

15











16







17






18









19



20










22 Metals



23








24






25




26

Acids and bases




27




28






29









30






31







32


33











METALS

NON METALS




22







23














24



Smoking cigarettes



Lung cancer



25 Respiration

26








27
















28






29 Health

30













31















34









35



chlorophyll

36













37







39



40 Variation



C6H12O6

The Carbon Cycle








41




42 Classification

43








44



45




46





47








48





49



50

51




1 Chemistry


3










4








Solid Liquid Gas


Close together

Regular pattern

Close together

Random arrangement

Far apart

Random arrangement


Diagram


6








oxides

METALS NON METALS





Solid

Gaseous


Yes No


Yes No



Sonorous Yes No

Shiny or dull

Shiny Dull

7





8




9





10









11











examined


13



14 Physical changes

15











16







17






18









19



20










22 Metals



23








24






25




26

Acids and bases




27




28






29









30






31







32


33











METALS

NON METALS




24



Smoking cigarettes



Lung cancer



25 Respiration

26








27
















28






29 Health

30













31















34









35



chlorophyll

36













37







39



40 Variation



C6H12O6

The Carbon Cycle








41




42 Classification

43








44



45




46





47








48





49



50

51




1 Chemistry


3










4








Solid Liquid Gas


Close together

Regular pattern

Close together

Random arrangement

Far apart

Random arrangement


Diagram


6








oxides

METALS NON METALS





Solid

Gaseous


Yes No


Yes No



Sonorous Yes No

Shiny or dull

Shiny Dull

7





8




9





10









11











examined


13



14 Physical changes

15











16







17






18









19



20










22 Metals



23








24






25




26

Acids and bases




27




28






29









30






31







32


33











METALS

NON METALS




27
















28






29 Health

30













31















34









35



chlorophyll

36













37







39



40 Variation



C6H12O6

The Carbon Cycle








41




42 Classification

43








44



45




46





47








48





49



50

51




1 Chemistry


3










4








Solid Liquid Gas


Close together

Regular pattern

Close together

Random arrangement

Far apart

Random arrangement


Diagram


6








oxides

METALS NON METALS





Solid

Gaseous


Yes No


Yes No



Sonorous Yes No

Shiny or dull

Shiny Dull

7





8




9





10









11











examined


13



14 Physical changes

15











16







17






18









19



20










22 Metals



23








24






25




26

Acids and bases




27




28






29









30






31







32


33











METALS

NON METALS




28






29 Health

30













31















34









35



chlorophyll

36













37







39



40 Variation



C6H12O6

The Carbon Cycle








41




42 Classification

43








44



45




46





47








48





49



50

51




1 Chemistry


3










4








Solid Liquid Gas


Close together

Regular pattern

Close together

Random arrangement

Far apart

Random arrangement


Diagram


6








oxides

METALS NON METALS





Solid

Gaseous


Yes No


Yes No



Sonorous Yes No

Shiny or dull

Shiny Dull

7





8




9





10









11











examined


13



14 Physical changes

15











16







17






18









19



20










22 Metals



23








24






25




26

Acids and bases




27




28






29









30






31







32


33











METALS

NON METALS




31















34









35



chlorophyll

36













37







39



40 Variation



C6H12O6

The Carbon Cycle








41




42 Classification

43








44



45




46





47








48





49



50

51




1 Chemistry


3










4








Solid Liquid Gas


Close together

Regular pattern

Close together

Random arrangement

Far apart

Random arrangement


Diagram


6








oxides

METALS NON METALS





Solid

Gaseous


Yes No


Yes No



Sonorous Yes No

Shiny or dull

Shiny Dull

7





8




9





10









11











examined


13



14 Physical changes

15











16







17






18









19



20










22 Metals



23








24






25




26

Acids and bases




27




28






29









30






31







32


33











METALS

NON METALS




34









35



chlorophyll

36













37







39



40 Variation



C6H12O6

The Carbon Cycle








41




42 Classification

43








44



45




46





47








48





49



50

51




1 Chemistry


3










4








Solid Liquid Gas


Close together

Regular pattern

Close together

Random arrangement

Far apart

Random arrangement


Diagram


6








oxides

METALS NON METALS





Solid

Gaseous


Yes No


Yes No



Sonorous Yes No

Shiny or dull

Shiny Dull

7





8




9





10









11











examined


13



14 Physical changes

15











16







17






18









19



20










22 Metals



23








24






25




26

Acids and bases




27




28






29









30






31







32


33











METALS

NON METALS




35



chlorophyll

36













37







39



40 Variation



C6H12O6

The Carbon Cycle








41




42 Classification

43








44



45




46





47








48





49



50

51




1 Chemistry


3










4








Solid Liquid Gas


Close together

Regular pattern

Close together

Random arrangement

Far apart

Random arrangement


Diagram


6








oxides

METALS NON METALS





Solid

Gaseous


Yes No


Yes No



Sonorous Yes No

Shiny or dull

Shiny Dull

7





8




9





10









11











examined


13



14 Physical changes

15











16







17






18









19



20










22 Metals



23








24






25




26

Acids and bases




27




28






29









30






31







32


33











METALS

NON METALS




37







39



40 Variation



C6H12O6

The Carbon Cycle








41




42 Classification

43








44



45




46





47








48





49



50

51




1 Chemistry


3










4








Solid Liquid Gas


Close together

Regular pattern

Close together

Random arrangement

Far apart

Random arrangement


Diagram


6








oxides

METALS NON METALS





Solid

Gaseous


Yes No


Yes No



Sonorous Yes No

Shiny or dull

Shiny Dull

7





8




9





10









11











examined


13



14 Physical changes

15











16







17






18









19



20










22 Metals



23








24






25




26

Acids and bases




27




28






29









30






31







32


33











METALS

NON METALS




41




42 Classification

43








44



45




46





47








48





49



50

51




1 Chemistry


3










4








Solid Liquid Gas


Close together

Regular pattern

Close together

Random arrangement

Far apart

Random arrangement


Diagram


6








oxides

METALS NON METALS





Solid

Gaseous


Yes No


Yes No



Sonorous Yes No

Shiny or dull

Shiny Dull

7





8




9





10









11











examined


13



14 Physical changes

15











16







17






18









19



20










22 Metals



23








24






25




26

Acids and bases




27




28






29









30






31







32


33











METALS

NON METALS




44



45




46





47








48





49



50

51




1 Chemistry


3










4








Solid Liquid Gas


Close together

Regular pattern

Close together

Random arrangement

Far apart

Random arrangement


Diagram


6








oxides

METALS NON METALS





Solid

Gaseous


Yes No


Yes No



Sonorous Yes No

Shiny or dull

Shiny Dull

7





8




9





10









11











examined


13



14 Physical changes

15











16







17






18









19



20










22 Metals



23








24






25




26

Acids and bases




27




28






29









30






31







32


33











METALS

NON METALS




48





49



50

51




1 Chemistry


3










4








Solid Liquid Gas


Close together

Regular pattern

Close together

Random arrangement

Far apart

Random arrangement


Diagram


6








oxides

METALS NON METALS





Solid

Gaseous


Yes No


Yes No



Sonorous Yes No

Shiny or dull

Shiny Dull

7





8




9





10









11











examined


13



14 Physical changes

15











16







17






18









19



20










22 Metals



23








24






25




26

Acids and bases




27




28






29









30






31







32


33











METALS

NON METALS



1 Chemistry


3










4








Solid Liquid Gas


Close together

Regular pattern

Close together

Random arrangement

Far apart

Random arrangement


Diagram


6








oxides

METALS NON METALS





Solid

Gaseous


Yes No


Yes No



Sonorous Yes No

Shiny or dull

Shiny Dull

7





8




9





10









11











examined


13



14 Physical changes

15











16







17






18









19



20










22 Metals



23








24






25




26

Acids and bases




27




28






29









30






31







32


33











METALS

NON METALS



4








Solid Liquid Gas


Close together

Regular pattern

Close together

Random arrangement

Far apart

Random arrangement


Diagram


6








oxides

METALS NON METALS





Solid

Gaseous


Yes No


Yes No



Sonorous Yes No

Shiny or dull

Shiny Dull

7





8




9





10









11











examined


13



14 Physical changes

15











16







17






18









19



20










22 Metals



23








24






25




26

Acids and bases




27




28






29









30






31







32


33











METALS

NON METALS





oxides

METALS NON METALS





Solid

Gaseous


Yes No


Yes No



Sonorous Yes No

Shiny or dull

Shiny Dull

7





8




9





10









11











examined


13



14 Physical changes

15











16







17






18









19



20










22 Metals



23








24






25




26

Acids and bases




27




28






29









30






31







32


33











METALS

NON METALS



8




9





10









11











examined


13



14 Physical changes

15











16







17






18









19



20










22 Metals



23








24






25




26

Acids and bases




27




28






29









30






31







32


33











METALS

NON METALS



10









11











examined


13



14 Physical changes

15











16







17






18









19



20










22 Metals



23








24






25




26

Acids and bases




27




28






29









30






31







32


33











METALS

NON METALS



11











examined


13



14 Physical changes

15











16







17






18









19



20










22 Metals



23








24






25




26

Acids and bases




27




28






29









30






31







32


33











METALS

NON METALS



14 Physical changes

15











16







17






18









19



20










22 Metals



23








24






25




26

Acids and bases




27




28






29









30






31







32


33











METALS

NON METALS



16







17






18









19



20










22 Metals



23








24






25




26

Acids and bases




27




28






29









30






31







32


33











METALS

NON METALS



17






18









19



20










22 Metals



23








24






25




26

Acids and bases




27




28






29









30






31







32


33











METALS

NON METALS



19



20










22 Metals



23








24






25




26

Acids and bases




27




28






29









30






31







32


33











METALS

NON METALS



23








24






25




26

Acids and bases




27




28






29









30






31







32


33











METALS

NON METALS



25




26

Acids and bases




27




28






29









30






31







32


33











METALS

NON METALS



27




28






29









30






31







32


33











METALS

NON METALS



29









30






31







32


33











METALS

NON METALS



30






31







32


33











METALS

NON METALS



31







32


33











METALS

NON METALS



32


33











METALS

NON METALS










METALS

NON METALS

13+ Science Syllabus and Revision Notes cut/Pupils' Items/Science/13...13+ CE Science Syllabus...

Documents

Transcript of 13+ Science Syllabus and Revision Notes cut/Pupils' Items/Science/13...13+ CE Science Syllabus...