12.3 Circulatory System disordersmsholau.weebly.com/uploads/1/2/8/7/12873058/06_ppt_12_3.pdf ·...
Transcript of 12.3 Circulatory System disordersmsholau.weebly.com/uploads/1/2/8/7/12873058/06_ppt_12_3.pdf ·...
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12.3 CIRCULATORY SYSTEM DISORDERS
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Arteriosclerosis• Wall of arteries thicken, lose elasticity
• Atherosclerosis: plaque builds up (fats, calcium, fibrous tissues)
• Narrow artery blood pressure increases
• Lead to:• angina (chest pain)
• blood clots
• shortness of breath
• heart attack
• heart failure
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Arteriosclerosis
• Prevention: healthy lifestyle
• Treatments: aspirin, urokinase, t-PA (for clots), angioplasty, coronary bypass
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Aneurysm• A bulge in an artery
• Weakened area of the arterial wall
• Blood pressure causes aneurysm grow larger over time
• Bursts internal bleeding can be fatal
• Most occur in aorta
• Treatments: surgery – removed damaged portion and replace with a patch or graft (synthetic material)
A coloured MRI scan
shows an
aneurysm (bulging) in
one of the arteries of
the neck. The scan
was done to determine
the cause of the
patient’s dizziness.
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Heart Valve Diseases• Regurgitation: • valve not close properly
• blood flows backward
• Stenosis: • valve opening narrowed
(thickening/scarring)
• inhibit blood flow
• Mitral valve prolapse: • one/both valve flaps bulges back into atrium
• prevent tight seal
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Heart Valve Diseases• Causes: • ageing, previous heart attack,
infection
• Treatment: • repair valve
• replace with human/animal/metal/plastic/ synthetic alternative
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Arrthythmia
• Problem with speed or rhythm of heartbeat
• insufficient blood flow to brain/other organs
• Treatment:• Medication
• Implant artificial pacemaker
• Video (3:06)
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Congenital heart defects
• From birth
• problems with septum, valves, blood vessels
• Diagnose: CT or MRI scans
• Treatment: surgery to repair or reduce damage
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Stroke
• Ischemic stroke: clot blocks blood flow to brain
• Hemorrhagic stroke: blood vessel in brain bursts
• kill brain cells permanent damage
• Treatment • Immediate to be effective
• Surgery
• Non-surgical procedures (Clot-busters)
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Disorders of blood
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Anemia
• Fewer than normal RBC
• Causes: blood loss or RBC not enough hemoglobin
• Symptoms: dizziness, fatigue, shortness of breath, headache, cold extremities
• Treatment: dietary supplements
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Hemophilia
• Inherited disorder (genetics)
• Missing clotting proteins (eg factor VIII)
• blood does not clot properly
• Treatment:• Factor VIII injection
• Lifestyle changes (avoid injury and internal bleeding)
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leukemia
• Cancer of the WBC
• Myeloid leukemia: • too many immature leukocytes (cannot fight infection)
• Lymphoid leukemia: • too many lymphocytes that cannot preform their immunity
role
• Both acute and fatal or chronic
• Treatment: blood transfusion, chemotherapy, bone marrow transplant
(A) Normal blood cells. (B) Blood from a patient
with leukemia. Notice the increased number of
white blood cells (shown in purple).
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Diagnosing disorders• coronary angiography: maps the coronary (heart) arteries
• echocardiogram: cause of a stroke and possible blood clots
• exercise electrocardiogram: cause of chest pain, irregular heartbeats, dizziness, or fatigue
• Holter monitor: cause of rhythm disturbances
• event monitor: cause of a problem while symptoms are present
• cardiac catheterization: takes internal X rays of the heart to investigate problems
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Treatment: Angioplasty• For arteriosclerosis
• Insert tube into clogged artery
• Inflate a tiny balloon force artery to open
• Insert a vascular stent (a wire-mesh tube) to keep vessel open
• Video (1:30)
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Treatment: Coronary Bypass• Use a section of healthy artery/vein from other body parts
• Create a new pathway (blood flows around a blockage)
• Double, triple or quadruple bypass depends on number of blockage
• Video (1:38)
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Treatment: organ transplants
• >1800 Canadians waiting for organ transplant
• Lungs, liver, kidney, pancreas, corneas, stomach, heart valves, bone, skin, heart
• Many die before a suitable organ is available
A surgeon holds a human heart
during a heart transplant operation.
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Treatment: xenotransplants
• Use non-human compatible species
• Organ is called a graft
• Recipient may reject organ
• drugs
• Health, safety, legal, ethical, regulatory issue
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Treatment: artificial hearts
• Made of titanium and plastic
• External battery constantly and wirelessly recharge an internal battery
This artificial heart is currently used as a
temporary replacement for patients
awaiting a human heart transplant due to
a condition known as biventricular failure.
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Treatment: nanotechnology• Use microscopic structures to detect changes in cells and
molecules
• Biomarker: molecule that points to development of a disease
• Eg. Enzymes produced by cancer cells
• Microcontainers (nanovalves): delivers drugs only when encounter the biomarker
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Homework
• p.503#1-5, 7, 9, 10,12-14