12.1

Chickens

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 20 40 60 80 100

120

140

160

180

Exposure (min)

App

roac

h to

Sta

tiona

ry

Stim

ulus

(s/

min

)

Ducks

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

Exposure (min)

App

roac

h to

Sta

tiona

ry

Stim

ulus

(s/

min

) Moving Stimulus

Stationary Stimulus

Turkeys

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

Exposure (min)

App

roac

h to

Sta

tiona

ry

Stim

ulus

(s/

min

)

Quail

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

Exposure (min)

App

roac

h to

Sta

tiona

ry

Stim

ulus

(s/

min

)

Pheasants

0

10

20

30

40

50

0 20 40 60 80 100

120

140

160

180

Exposure (min)

App

roac

h to

Sta

tiona

ry

Stim

ulus

(s/

min

)

12.2

12.3

(a) Classical conditioning (b) Instrumental conditioning

Static features(CS)

Movement or other salient

feature(US)

Recognition(UR)

Stimulus absence(SD)

Aversive internal state is reduced

(SR)

Following response(Ri)

Following response

Aversive internal state

Following response strengthened

12.4

0

20

40

60

80

100

Sham (n=47) IMHV (n=15) IA (n=15) LCA (n=15)

Pre

fere

nce

Sco

re

0

20

40

60

80

100

Sham (n=12) IMHV (n=12)

Pre

fere

nce

Sco

re

Lesioned birds

(a) (b)

12.5

12.6

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 50 100 150

Age (Days)

De

nd

ritic

Sp

ine

s (1

00

mm

)

Isolated

Aviary

Isolation

12.7

0 100 200 300 400

Basal

Separation-Reunion

Infant Removal

Mother Removal

Plasma Cortisol (mg/100 ml)

Mothers

Infants

12.8

0

5

10

15

20

0 30 60 90 120 150 180

Age (Days)

Ho

urs

in P

roxi

mity

to C

loth

Mo

the

rCloth mother/Cloth fed

Wire mother/Cloth fed

Cloth mother/Wire fed

Cloth mother/Wire fed

12.9

12.10

Dog-reared monkeys Hobbyhorse-reared monkeys

Fonsie

Sandy

Sue

Ping

Tasha

Ron

Catfish

Shawn

Marcy

Jarvis

Poppy

KC

Proximity

Agonistic

Affiliative

12.11

12.12

Porifera (sponges)

Cnidaria (jelly fish, coral)

Ctenophora (comb jellies)

Nematoda (round worms)

Rotifera (rotifers)

Echinodermata (sea urchins)

Bryozoa (bryozoans)

Brachiopoda (lamp shells)

Phoronida (rube worms)

Chordata (vertebrates)

Platyhelminthes (flatworms)

Nemertea (ribbon worms)

Mollusca (octopuses)

Annelida (earthworms)

Arachnida (spiders)

Crustacea (lobsters)

Myriapoda (centipedes)

Insecta (ants)

Myxinoidea (hagfishes)

Petromyzontidae (lampreys)

Chondrichthyes (sharks)

Actinopterygii (bony fish)

Latimeria (coelacanths)

Dipnoi (lungfishes)

Amphibia (frogs)

Chelonia (turtles)

Aves (birds)

Crocodylia (crocodiles)

Lepidosauria (lizards)

Prototheria (platypus)

Metatheria (kangaroos)

Eutheria (placentals)

12.13

0

5

10

0

5

10

0

5

10

Fre

qu

ency

(kH

z)

0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0

Time (s)

(a)

(b)

(c)

12.14

Swamp Sparrow Song Sparrow

Normal song

Isolate song: Hearing intact

Isolate song: Deafened before singing

12.15

Hatching(summer)

Nesting period

Juvenile period(fall and winter)

(spring)

First breeding season

Adult lifeSensorimotor learning phase

• Crystallized or adult song• Plastic song• Subsong

• No song production• Acquisition of an auditory memory• Flexible sensitive period• Initial social interactions• Exposure to song

Sensory learning phase

12.16

0.5 s

5 kH

z

Morin

Berkeley

Sunset Beach

San Francisco Bay Area

12.17

Song(input)

Vocal behavior(output)

Basilar membrane

Cochlear nucleus

DLM

NOPosterior telencephalon

Anterior telencephalon

HVC RA

Nucleus of the Hypoglossal nerve

Syringeal muscles

LMAN

N. XII

N. VIII

Area X

Size of brain nucleiinvolved in song

learning

Quality of song repertoire (a proxy for cognitive

abilities related to foraging efficiency)

Female sexual preference

Early nutrition

Early stress

Feeding efficiency during the plastic song phase

Endocannabinoid brain levels

Sexual selection contributing to the evolution of a large telencephalon and higher cognition in songbirds

12.18