1206-1265 Genghis Khan (Temujin)-conquered all North China, threaten Song

-Mongol realms united until his death

*Khubilai declares self Great Khan, others disagree, split*

Mongols before empire- nomadic, headed by khan, tribute system, 1100s- Mongolia dries up, Mongols need new lands.

Il-Khan- Hulegu-1260s: control Azerbaijan, Mesopotamia, Iran-Mongols murdered last Abbasid caliph, Muslim and Mongol relations tense-Euros attempt alliance to drive Muslims out of Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, & Euro help Ilkhan drive GH out of Caucasus but-1295- Ghazan khan converts to Islam, alliance doesn't work out-goal: Taxes! Use tax farming-Over taxation>higher grain price> smaller tax base> econ crisis 1295, paper $ fails-GH attacks and dismembers it

Golden Horde- Batu-1260s: Russia-Batu’s successor converts to Islam, want avenge last caliph, Ilkan vs Golden -deafeat Kievan Rus, make cap Volga -ruled Russia “from afar”-goal: Taxes!-Prince Alexander of Novgorod assist them, Novgorod and Moscow favored, become important-Mongols bad for Russia or princes that overtax already bring down?-1480: Ivan III end Mongol rule, become tsar(czar)

Yuan- Khubilai-1271: founded, cap BeiJing-unify Tanggut, Jurchens, Song, preserve Chinese gov-force Viet Annam and Champa to pay tribute-tax farming, use Western Asian Muslim officials, Confucians weak, doctors & merchants status goes up-China population goes down by 40%, war, Yellow R floods, disease-1368: Zhu Yuan Zhang end it, make Ming

Jagadai- Timur/Tamerlane-14th century: Ilkhan and GH decline, Jagadai formed-Central and Western Eurasia-rule Middle East for a while

1500s- Babur of the Timurs founds Mughal in India

Why: -superior horsemanship-better bows-volley then charge technique-ability to learn and adopt new military techniques-usage of non Mongols in army-rep for slaughtering all who don’t surrender-take advantage of enemy rivalries

Effects:-did not try to change the culture of their conquered people-Silk Road!!! open overland trade, bring unprecedented transfer of culture, religions, ideas, and-disease, ex: Bubonic Plague-made strides in astronomy, calendars, further Indian numeric system, develop more accurate pi,

•4th/5th Cent: small states unified by Korean warriors- Yamamoto ruling family•mid 7th: model gov on Tang China but adapt to own needs, ex: Shinto native religion survives with incoming Buddhism•592: Siuko empress•604: constitution written, influential for centuries•Heian 794-1185: Fujiwara clan, civil officials, none above warriors•Late 1000s: warrior clan Kamakura Shogunate•1274: unsuccessful Mongol invasion help Jap centralize and militarize•1281: 2nd mongol invasion fails due to Japan’s readiness and a kamikaze•1338: Kamakura replaced by Ashikaga Shogunate after civil war, Ashi weak shogun, strong lords, Zen Buddhism•1477: Onin War, no power in shogun, lords fight eachother, trade with Asia•1500s: Hideyoshi invades Korea•Late 1500s: Jesuits come, lower class converts, Japs suspicious of Euro intent, ban Christianity and then•1600: Tokugawa Shogunate, still decentralized but stimulated commerce•1649: close country•1702: 47 Ronin, law vs tradition, law wins

Japan•Early 19th: still Tokugawa•1853: American Perry goes to Jap with warships, demand Japs open trade, people disagree what to do, civil war•1868: Shogunate overthrown, new rulers the Meiji oligarchs•Meijis: willing to change to become industrial and military power. Sent students to West •1890s: want expand “sphere of influence” and compete with Euro, •1894: defeat China in Sino Jap War•1905: defeat Russia in Russo-Jap War, get Manchuria•1920: annex Korea, Jap now an imperial power•7/1941: France let Jap occupy Indochina, US and Brits stop exporting to Japs•12/7/41: Japs, desperate for materials, join WWII(Axis), bomb Pearl Harbor and occupy SE Asia and Dutch East Indies•6/1942: Battle of Midway, US destroy 4 of 6 Jap carriers, turning point, Jap certain to lose•8/1945: US drop A bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Jap emperor surrenders•Now: Jap huge economic power, problem with very low birthrates, too many old people, not enough young

During this time in the left column Japan has fuedal system similar to Euro

King

Lord

Vassal

Knights

Serfs

Shogun

Daimyo

Samurai

(emperor has only ceremonial power)