120424 Concrete Midterm

7/31/2019 120424 Concrete Midterm

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C O N C R E T ET O M M Y M O N A F A R A H


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1.0 C O N C R E T E

Definition: The word Concrete comes from the latin word concretus (meaning compact or condensed), the perfect passive participle

of concrescere, from con. (together) and crescere (to grow).


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1.1 C O N C R E T E

PasteCementWater Paste

7-15%

14-21% 60-80%

Water Cement Aggregates (Admixture)

+ + +

Binder Filler Accelerator

H20

Chemical Substance

What is Concrete? Concrete is a mixture of cement, water, aggregate (fine and coarse) and admixture.

=

Concrete

Process of Mixing:

Proportions: 100%

Air6-8%

Proportions GraphAggregatesCement (C)Water (W)

W:C ratio

0.50- Exposed

to freezing &

thawning.

0.45- Sulphate

Conditions

Smoother surface,

easy to place

however, resuting

concrete will shrink

& be less economical

Difficult to place,

rough & porousHigher Quality

concrete.

+ =+ =

Synthetic

Conglomerate

Aggregates

Quantity depends

on type of

Admixture

Chemical Reaction

Hydration

Process of

hardening and

gaining stength

+

Admixtures

Variables affecting

Concrete Strength:

Keep Cost Low

added to the concrete to give it certain charachteristics

not obtainable with plain concrete mixes.

Strength of concrete Quality of paste Ratio of Water:Cement (W:C) Workability

Ability of fresh (plastic)

concrete mix to fill the

form/mould properly with

the desired work (vibration)

and without reducing the

concretes quality.Timimg is

critical

Less Water results in a

stronger concrete mix. Less

water is achievable if there

is proper curing, placing &

consolidating.


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2.0 C E M E N T

Cement is a material component of concrete. It is classified the chemically active component, but its reactivity

is only brought into effect when mixed with water.This reaction is called hydration Cement is a mixture of proportioned

and finely interground mixture of portland cement clinker and a small amount of certain substances such as lime, magnesia,

(Gypsum)calcium sulphate, etc.

C3S C2S C3A C4AF

Portland cement clinker is made up of four major compounds: Tricalcium Silicate (C 3S), Dicalcium Silicate (C2S),

Tricalcium Aluminate (C3A) and Tetra Calcium Aluminate (C4AF). A small quantity of other substances such as Lime (CaO),

Magnesia (MgO), Calcium Sulphate (CaSO4), Silica (SiO2 ), Alumina (Al2O3), Iron Oxide (Fe2O3), Sulphur Trioxide (SO3),

Alkaliks (Na2O + K2O) are also added.

100

0

80

60

40

20

(%)

Compounds

Percentage of Cement

Composition:

Compounds

Speed of Hydration

Quick

Slow

Very Quick

What is Cement?

Very Slow

Time of Hydration/

Strength Development

7 days

Slow Contributes to development

in strength after 7 days

Develops early Strength

7 days +

1 Day

After 24 hours Contribution to

Strength is almost 0

Insignificant time of hydration and

strength development. More than 10%

C3A makes cement prone to CaSO4 attack.

=+

+ + +

CaO

+

+ MgO CaSO4+Added Substances:

Performance of Compounds: The Silicates C3S and C2S are the main components responsible for the strength of the cement. C3A is the least stable, wherecement containing more than 10 % is prone to Sulphate attack which, causes an overall loss in strength.

C4AF is of less importance than the other componets. It does not have a significant effect on the behaviour. However, it can

increase the rate of hydration of the silicates. The added substances CaO, MgO and CaSO4 should not exist in excess quantities

as they may expand on hydration or react with other substances in the aggregate and cause the concrete to disintegrate. These

compounds affect the speed and time of hydration, as well as the strength developmen of the concrete.

Major Compounds of Cement Clinker:

Chemical Composition:

100

0

80

60

40

20

(%)

Percentage by Weight

in Cement:

Fine Cement Clinker Substances Cement

SiO2+ Al2O3+ Fe2O3+ +

+ Na2O + K2OSO3

a

c

Cement Hydration: Unhydrated cement particles

Cement Gel

Capilary Pores and Cavities

a)Immediatley after mixing

b)Reaction around particles - ealry stiffening

c)Formation of skeletal Structure- first hardening

d)Gel infiling - later hardening

b

d

a

c

+

C4AF

C3A

C2S

C3S

C4AF

C3A

C2S

C3S


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Use: Moderate Sulphate attackand Heat of Hydration

Ordinary (I) Modified (II)

Restrictions: None None

High Early Strength

Rapid Hardening(III)

Mass Concreting

Mass Concreting

Low-heat(IV)

None

Extensive exposure to

Sulphate

Sulphate Resisting (V)

Varying Types of Cement: Different types of cement with unique charachterestics are produced by varying the percentage of the differentcompounds in the mixture.

Portland Cement is the most common type of cement which, is made in five types.Portland Cement:

0

60

40

20

(%)

Compounds

General

Blended Cement:

Portland Blast-Furnace (IS) Slag Modified Portland (I(SM)) Super Sulphated(S)

25%-70%Composition: +

None

C3A-(I)(BFS)

Use: Mass Concreting and Sulphate attack.

0-25%(BFS)

+ (I)

Moderate Sulphate attack

0-85% (BFS) + (I)

Mass Concreting, resisting sulphate,peaty acids

and oils.

Portland-Pozzonlan (IP & P)) Pozzolan Modified Portland (I(PM))

Composition:

Cement Clinker

(I) 25%-70%

(PFA)

Use: Mass Concreting and Sulphate attack.

0-15%

(PFA)

Cement Clinker

(I) ++

General

Slag Cements:

Intergrinding or blending granulated Blast-Furnace Slag, gypsum and portland Cement together. Blast-Furnace Slag (BFS) is a

waste product in the manufacture of Pig Iron.

Pozzolanic Cements:

Produced by grinding a pozzolanic material with Ordinary Portland (Type I) Cement clinker. Pozzolans occur

naturally as volcanic ash and pulverised-fuel ash (pfa) also, known as fly ash.

2.1 C E M E N T


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Rate of Strength Development

and Heat Evolution

Medium

Slow

Doesnt affect overall

strength

Gains same strength in 7

Days that type I and II

gain in 28 days.

Other Cement: High Alumina White Portland Coloured Portland Waterproof

Hydrophobic Low-Alkali Shrinkage Compensating or Expansive

Use: Urgent Repair & Temporary Work Architecture Applications General & Architecture Applications Waterproofing

Composition:

Unfavourable conditions of humidityUse: Harmful active Ingredients Reduces Cracking

+

Lime stone

or chalk

Bauxite Grounding cold

mass

Lime stone

or chalk

+

White China

Clay

+

White PortlandMineral Pigments

+

Water Repelling

agents

+

Type (I)

Cement Clinker

(I)Composition:+

Stearic Acid, Oleic Acid,

Boric Acid

Na2O +K2O

0.60% + (I)

Portland Cement

C3A C4AF CaSO4++ + (I)

Portland CementExpanding Cements; Aluminates,

Calcium Sulphates

High

SlowDoesnt affect overall

strengthSlow-Medium


and Heat Evolution

Medium

Medium

Strongly affected at low and

high temperatures

Varying

Slow

Medium

(Blended Cements):(Portland Cements):

Very High

Medium

Medium

Medium

Medium


and Heat Evolution(Other Cements):

Develops 80% strength in 24 hrs

Strength adversely affected by

rise intemperature

Medium

MediumExpand a Little during first

few days of hydration.

Performance of Cements:

(I)

(II)

(III)

(IV)

(V)

(IS)

(I(SM))

(S)

(IP&P)

(I(PM))

(High Alumina)

(White Portland)

(Coloured portland)

(Waterproof)

(Hydrophobic)

(Low- Alkali)

(Shrinkage Compensating

or Expansive)

2.2 C E M E N T


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3.0 A G G R E G A T E S

+ + + + +

Aggregates are a collection of items which, are gathered together to form a total quantity

=

Coarse Aggregate 5.00mm + Fine Aggregate 0.075mm - 5.00mm

What is Aggregates?

Different Types:

Aggregate Properties:

Free of Excess Clay, Silt Mica, Organic Matter, Chemical salts, Coated Grains

Retains dimensional stability when temperature and moisture change. Resists weathering without decomposition

Develops full strength of cementing mix. Where wear resistance is important, the aggregate should be hard and tough.

Shape Texture

Round Angular Irregular Elongated Flaky Smooth Glassy Granular Rough Crystalline HoneycombPorous

Compressive and Flexural

Large Small

More Highly Sanded

mixes More Cement

and Water (C:W)

Increase

agreggate-

cement bond

Pitted

Smaller

W:C ratio

In structural concrete the Max size is

restricted to 25 mm or 40m due to size of concrete

section and spatial reinforcing.

Fine particles in a mix fill the gaps

Collection of Items Gathered Together Total Quantity

Used in Mass

Concrete work.

Reduces heat of hydration &

corresponding thermal stresses and

shrinkage cracks.

Cleanliness:

Soundness:

Strength:

Physical Properties: Size

Workability: Increases

Decreases

Strength:

Increases


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4.0 T Y P E S O F C O N C R E T E

P R E C A S T I N - S I T Uis manufactured under factory-controlled conditions& erected on site until it is fully hardened.

is formed on site using the traditional methods offormwork and ready-mixed concrete.

in-situ

precast

save time + cut labour cost

less

time consuming + skilled labour

more

advantages:

disadvantages:

where in New Zealand:

performance:

+form+finish+colour+speed+accuracy+prestressing+high-quality+assured covers+dense & properly cured

-limited design

-not available everywhere-joints between panels are often expensive & complicated-limited panel size-cranes are required- skilled workmanship is required

-time consuming

-workmanship is variable-depends on weather condition

+ economy+ flexibility+mouldability+ continuity+robustness

. Mt.Eden, Auckland

. East Tamaki, Auckland

. Paeroa, Waikato

. Kaiwharawhara, Wellington

. Hutt City, Wellington. Gonville, Wanganui

. Richmond, Nelson

. Balclutha, Otago

. Hornby, Christchurch

. Otorohanga, Waikato

. Porirua, Wellington

cost:

uses:

. strong

. durable

. stable

. readily available

. economic in terms of construction and life time maintenance

. the ability to control of form and shape

. the enclosure of space and structure in one material

. the ability to form integral surface finishes and colour

. its compatibilty with most other materials

. and excellent acoustic and fire resistant properties

. strong

. durable

. stable

. weatherproof

. and excellent acoustic and fire resistant properties

. Manukau, Auckland

. Athol St., Queenstown

. St. Woolston, Christchurch

. Landfill Road, Wellington

. Belmont, Wellington. Johnsonville, Wellington

. Miramar, Wellington

. Upper Hutt, Wellington

. Waikanae, Wellington


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smooth surface:

textured surfaces:

decorative surfaces:

technique:

stamped concrete

plaster moulds wooden moulds metal moulds

stained concrete

salt finish

coloured concrete

carvings

broom finish

technique:

technique:

exposed(washed)concrete seeded aggregate finish

stains or dyes are applied to the surfaceof the concrete to improve or change itsappearance.

concrete can be colored in two ways,through an integral mix that is addedwhen the concrete is mixed at the plant,or by dusting on a top coat of coloredpowder than gives a colored finish to thetop layer of concrete only.

a concrete panel is cast from aplaster mould and then fixedin the shuttering.

a concrete panel is cast from a woodenmould and then fixed in the shuttering.

a concrete panel is cast from a metalmould and then fixed in the shuttering.

concrete is typically installedand then stamped with largecookie cutter like patterns.

small decorative stones are imbedded intothe top layer of concrete, and during thefinishing process, exposed to give apebble texture to the concrete finish.

cast stones are carved and nished by a sculptor.

rock salt is seeded into the concretesurface, then washed away resultingin small pits in the surface of theconcrete.

the concrete is troweled to a smoothsurfaced and then broomed to create ahigher traction surface.

smooth finishes are typicallyachieved by using a smoothform-face material such as steelor plywood with a phenolic filmon the surface.

the top layer of concrete iswashed away, exposing thenatural aggregate stones used inthe concrete.

4.1 F I N I S H E S


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5.0 T I M E L I N E

200 A.D.Romans

1414the 1stmodern useof concrete

1824portlandcement.JosephAspodin

1836cement testing(tensile &compressionstrength)

1849iron reinforcedconcrete(ferroconcrete)

1886rotary kihln(made cement& productionconstant)

1889the 1st

reinforcedconcretebridge byErnest L.Ransome

1891the 1stconcretestreet

1913ready mix

1903the 1st concretehighrise (15-storeys)by Elzner & Anderson

1903coloured concrete(colour hardeners,colourwax integralcolour, sealers,chemical stains)byLynn M. Scofield

1931Le Corbusier (modernarchitecture -international style)

1938concreteoverlay

1980sconcretecountertops

1999polishedconcrete

1967c o n c r e t esports dome

1950sdecorativeconcretedeveloped 1990

concreteengraving

translucent concrete

glassfibre reinforcedconcrete (GRC)

self-compacting concrete

recycled concrete

precast composite

fabric-formed concrete

tactile concrete

Ductal

bendable concrete(liquid stone)

self-cleaning concrete

21st century

1970sfiber reinforcement(to strengthenconcrete)

HooverDam(largestscale concreteproject)

1930air entraining agents(to resist againstdamage from frozen &thawing)

Frank L. Wright- exploitcantilever

1936

1812Louis Vicatdevelopedartificialhydrauliclime(synthetict+ limestone+ clay)

1756John Smeatondiscoveredhydraulic lime(coarseaggregate +powderedbrick+cement)

1774quicklime(made cementharder)

1796naturalhydrauliccement.James

Parker

1793EddystoneLighthouse,

Cornwall(influence onlighthousedesign)

Pantheon

Colosseum

Pont de Notre Dame

Eddystone Lighthouse

Alvord Lake Bridge

The Ingalls Building

Villa Savoye

Assembly Hall,

University of

Illinois

Fallingwater

Hoover Dam, Colorado

Bellefontaine,

Ohio

Aqueduct


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6.0 C O N C R E T E & E N V I R O N M E N T

#1 #2

Concrete & livingConcrete is the second most

consumed substance on earth,

after water.

Sustainability &

New Zealand

The importance of sustainable development is currently dominating headlines, and as a concept is frequently defined as the

practice of meeting present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The quest for

sustainability has been compared with New Zealands nuclear free stance in the 1980s, and politicians have been

enthusiastically pledging their support to make New Zealand the first nation to be truly sustainable. There is no question

that sustainable development has been adopted as the philosophy to direct New Zealands way forward, and as a means to find

solutions that provide the best economic, social and environmental outcomes.

Ingredients offinished concreteAs with any building product, production of concrete and its ingredients does require energy that in turn results in thegeneration of carbon dioxide.

Typical composition of hydraulic cement concrete

Air Water Aggregate Cement

Average consumption of

concrete is about 1 ton per

year per every living human

being. 1t / Year

6% 18% 66% 10%


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The basic constituents of concrete are cement, water and aggregates. During the manufacturing of concrete,

considerable amount of carbon dioxide emissions occurs.

Fine

Aggregates

Production

Coarse

Aggregates

Production

Cement

Production

Electricity

Diesel Fuel

Transport of

Concrete to

Construction

Site

Transport of

Raw

Materials to

Concrete

Batching

Plants

Concrete

Production

Explosives

Unexploited

Resources

CarbonDioxide

Emissions

One Cubic

Meter of

Concrete in

Structure

Placement

(Pumping) of

Concrete on

SiteFly Ash

Processing

GGBFS

Processing

LPG Fuel

Admixtures

Production

Concrete carbon dioxide system diagram

CO2 emissions

during concrete

manufacture

The energy required to

produce 1 ton of cement

is 5 GJ(gigajoule). 2

GJ is required toproduce 1 ton of timber

and 30 GJ is required

to produce 1 ton of

steel.


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Main CO2

contributer

among concrete

ingredients

Water, sand, aggregates and other ingredients make up about 90% of the concrete mixture by weight. The process of mining sand

and gravel, crushing stone, combining the materials in a concrete plant and transporting concrete to the construction site

requires very little energy and therefore only emits a relatively small amount of carbon dioxide. The amount of caonbon dioxide

embodied in concrete are mainly from cement production.

from manufacturing

aggregates

Proportion of the total carbon dioxide emission embeded within finished concrete.

14% 17% 5% 18% 6%5% 35%

Other sectors Manufacturing Road transport Heat and Power

Cement Energy Industry Non-road transport

Global carbon dioxide emission by sectors

The cement industry is responsible for 5% of total global carbon dioxide emission.

Difference

between concrete

& cement

The primary difference between concrete and cement is that concrete is a composite material made of water, aggregate, and

cement. Cement is a very fine powder made of limestone and other minerals, which absorbs water and acts as a binder to hold the

concrete together. While cement is a construction material in its own right, concrete cannot be made without cement. The two

terms often are incorrectly used interchangeably, but concrete and cement are distinctly separate products.

20% 80%from manufacturing cement


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Global cement

production &

future trend

r

i

0

100

200

300

400

2 00 6 2015 2 03 0

Production(Mtcement)

2050

European Union 25

r

i

r

i

r

i

r

i

r

i

r

i

0

100

200

300

400

20 06 2 015 2 030


2050

Canada and United States

r

i

r

i

r

i

r

i

r

i

r

i

0

100

200

300

400

2 00 6 2015 2 03 0


2050

OECD Pacific

r

i

0

100

200

300

400

20 06 2 015 20 30


2050

Economies in transition

r

i

0

100

200

300

400

2 00 6 2015 2 03 0


2050

Other OECD Europe

r

i

r

i

r

i

r

i

r

i

r

i

r

i

0

100

200

300

400

20 06 2 015 20 30


2050

Latin America

low demand scenario

high demand scenario

2006 2015 2030 2050

low demand scenario

high demand scenario

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000


European Union 25

Canada and United Stat e

OECDPacic

China

India

Other developingAsia

Economies in transition

Africa and MiddleEast

Latin America

Other OECDEurope

low high low high low high

Global cement production:

2006, 2015, 2030 and 2050

0

200

1800

1600

1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

2 00 6 2 015 2 03 0


2050

China

0

200

400

600

800

20 06 2 015 20 30


2050

Africa & Middle East

0

200

400

800

600

2 006 2 015 2 03 0


2050

Other developing Asia

0

200

400

600

800


India

2006 2015 2030 2050

This map and figures

show estimated cement

production for 2006,

2015, 2030 and 2050,

and regional breakdown

of forecast production

under BLUE high and low

demand scenarios.

(Source: International Energy Agency)


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Global cement

productin trend

11851123

12911370

14451493

1547 15401600

16601750

1850

2020

2190

2350

2610

28102860

3060

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Unit: million tons

(Source: U.S geological survey)

Unit: million tonsRegional cement production & CO2 emission in 1994

420

180

150

120111

88101 97

6241

372

129105 105 95

78 80 7160

33

China Europe OECDPacic

Other Asia MiddleEast

NorthAmerica

EE/FSU LatinAmerica

India Africa

Regional cement

production & CO2

(Source:Cambureau)

Global cement production trend

Cement volume

CO2 volume


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576 579

800

900

950974 976

950 960 950 950

1000

10801100

1050

1120

1200 1200 1200

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009



New Zealand

cement

production trend

Unit: thousand tons

(Sourec: IPCC/USGS)

New Zealand cement market sectors in 1994

NZ cement market

sectors

New Zealand cement production trend

Ready mixed concreteMerchant bagsPrecastMasonry

2% Pipes and tiles

62%19%10%7%

(Sourec: BRANZ)


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Embodied CO2

from cement

production

Cement manufacturing releases carbon dioxide in the atmosphere both directly when calcium carbonate is heated, producing lime

and carbon dioxide, and also indirectly through the use of energy if its production involves the emission of carbon dioxide.

The cement industry produces about 5% of global man-made carbon dioxide emissions, of which 50% is from the chemical process,

and 40% from burning fuel. The amount of carbon dioxide emitted by the cement industry is nearly 900 kg of carbon dioxide for

every 1000 kg of cement produced.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Prehomogenization

and raw meal grinding

Crushing

Preheating

Precalcining

Clinker production

in the rotary kiln

Cooling and storing

Quarries

Blending

Cement grinding

Storing in

the cement silo

Quarrying

raw materials

Typical manufacturing process of concrete

Golden bay cement plant,

which is located at Portland

near Whangarei,

produced 522,169tons

(approximately 55% of

national production in 1993)

Holcim cement plant,

which is located near

Westport,

produced 402,000 tons

(approximately 43% of

national production

in 1993)

Cement plant in NZ and their capacity

(Source: International Energy Agency)


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Reduction of CO2The primary options for reducing the quantity of carbon dioxide generated during cement manufacturing process are to use

alternatives to fossil fuels, change the raw ingredients used in manufacture and intergrind additional materials with the

clinker.

Using byproducts such as fly ash, blast furnace slag and silica fume to supplement a portion of the cement used in concrete.These industrial products, which would otherwise end up in landfills, are called supplementary cementitious materials or

SCMs for short. The use of SCMs in concrete work in combination with portland cement to improve strength and durability in

addition to reducing the carbon dioxide embodied in concrete by as much as 70%, with typical value ranging between 15 and

40%.

Fly ash is the waste byproduct of burning coal in electrical power plants.

Generally, 15% to 20% of burned coal takes the form of fly ash. At one time,

most fly ash was landfilled, but today a significant portion is used in

concrete.

Blast furnace slag is the waste byproduct of iron manufacture. After

quenching and grinding, the blast furnace slag takes on much higher value as

a supplementary cementitious material for concrete. Blast furnace slag is

used as a partial replacement for cement to impart added strength and

durability to concrete.

Silica fume is a waste byproduct of processing quartz into silicon orferro-silocon metals in an electric arc furnace. Silica fume consists of

superfine, spherical particles that when combined with cement significantly

increases strength and durability of concrete. It is used for some high-rise

buildings to produce concretes which exceed 140MPa compressive strength and

in bridge and parking garage construction to help keep chlorides from deicing

salts from corroding steel reinforcement.


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Raison detre Using Traditional Building materials to bring Identity and Ornament to Architecture in Christchurch

Ornament Define Re Configure

-(Extract Ornament Components)

-Multiply

-Rotate

-Multiply and Join

-Multiply

-Scale up

-(Extract Components Of Component)

-Rotate and Scale up

-Combine and Overlay

-Tile and Multiply

-Stack

Create a new Ornament

- Extrude

- Overlay

- Boolean

- Perforate

- Print

2D 3D

Derive Building Component

- Surface,Facade, Skin, Wall, Roof, Floor

- Detail- Openings, Seat, Frame, Joint

- Structure- Column, Wall, Roof, Floor

- Organization (Circulation,Floor Plans)

DetailSurface Structure

Ornament

Organization

ornament is a decoration used to embellish parts of a building or object. Architectural ornament can be carved from stone,

wood or precious metals, formed with plaster or clay, or painted or impressed onto a surface as applied ornament; in other

applied arts the main material of the object, or a different one such as paint or vitreous enamel may be used.

7.0 M A T E R I A L I N V E S T I G A T I O N


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7.1 O R N A M E N T I N C H R I S T C H U R C H

Architectural Style

Molding

Architectural Style

Pediment

Riccarton House

Government Building

The Riccarton house was commissioned in 1856. A second section was built in 1874. A substansial addition was also added in

1900. The house is open to public and used as a functions and meetings venue.

Victorian/Edwardian

A Molding is a strip of material with various profiles. It is used to cover transitions between surfaces and

decorations. A Sprung molding has beveled edges that allow mounting between two non parallel planes. (walls and ceilings)

Front Elevation Section 3D

Ornament: Molding

Renaissance Palazzo on a small scale

Ornament: Pediment

A Pediment is a classical architectural element consisting of the triangular section found above the horizontal structure,

typically supported by columns. The gable end of the pediment is surrounded by cornice moulding.

Front Elevation 3DSection

One of the Government buildings on 28-30 Cathedral Square. Deisgned in 1909 to accomodate many of the government

departments in Christchurch. It has served that role for 70 years yet shows little evidence of changeto its external

apperance. Winner of the Christchurch Heritage Trust- Built Heritage award 2010.


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7.1 O R N A M E N T I N C H R I S T C H U R C H

Ornament: Rose Window

Ornament: Quoin

Rose Window A Rose Window is a generic term applied to a circular window. It is especially found in churches of the gothic

architectural style. It is composed of patterned tracery arranged in petal-like formation. The window openings are filled

with stained glass designs. Stained glass windows served three purposes in Gothic architecture: Added beauty to the

structure, allowed more light into the structure and the stained glass designs of biblical accounts served as bible for

the illiterate people.

Quoin A Quoin is a stone or brick helping to form a corner of a wall of masonry.

Front Elevation Section 3D

Front Elevation 3DSection

Architectural Style Gothic

The origins of the Christchurch Cathedral date back to the plans of the Canterbury Association who aimed to build a

city around a central cathedral and college in the Canterbury region based on the English model of Christ Church, Oxford.

The Anglican Cathedral was built in the second half of the 19th century. It is located in the heart of Christchurch

surrounded by the Cathedral Square.

Christchurch Cathedral


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7.2 O R N A M E N T M A N P U L A T I O N

Original Ornament 1.0 Multiplied 2.0 Rotated and Joined

3.0 Multiplied 4.0 Scaled up

5.0 Rotated and Scaled Up 6.0 Combined and Overlayed

7.0 Tiled and Multiplied 8.0 Stacked


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3.0 Multiplied 4.0 Scaled up

5.0 Rotated and Scaled Up 6.0 Combined and Overlayed

7.0 Tiled and Multiplied 8.0 Stacked


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Original Ornament

2.0 Multiplied

3.0 Rotated and Joined

4.0 Multiplied

5.0 Scaled up

1.0 Extractacted Ornament Components

6.0 Extracted Components of Components


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7.0 Rotated and Scaled Up

8.0 Combined and Overlayed

9.0 Tiled and Multiplied

10.0 Stacked


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3.0 Multiplied

5.0 Scaled up 6.0 Rotated and Scaled Up

4.0 Extracted Components of Ornament

7.0 Combined and Overlayed 8.0 Tiled and Multiplied 9.0 Stacked


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Barber Osgerby Stella McCartney Store, 2002. Interior Wall

Thomas Faulders Architecture/ Studio M. Airspace

Tokyo, 2007. Facade/ Skin

Matthias Hoch, Amsterdam #15, 2002. Facade

Mount Fuji Architects Studio Masahiro

Harada + MAO Facade/Skin

Jun Aoki, White Chapel, Hyatt

Regency hotel, Osaka, Facade/

Skin

Ornament as a Facade,Skin

and Roof

Barkow Leibinger Architekten Gatehouse of Trumpf

GmbH, Ditzingen,2007.

Honeycomb roof Structure/Surface

Ornament as a Wall

Ornament as Surface

7.3 P R E C E D E N T P R O J E C T S


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7.3 P R E C E D E N T P R O J E C T S

Sint Lucas Art Academy, Boxtel, The Netherlands,

2006. Screen and Opening Detail

Ornament as a Column

Michael-Hansmeyer. Subdivision can define and embellish this

column order with an elaborate system of ornament.

Ornament as a Opening, Gateway

Ornament as Furniture Polymer 3d printed bench by Ran San Fratello Architects.

Inspired by Sea Slugs and tesselations of Japanese Karakusa.

40 Bond Street, New York, Graffiti by Herzog and De Meureon.

Gateway Detail

Ornament as Detail

Ornament as Structure


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7.4 B U I L D I N G C O M P O N E N T C A T A L O G

Structure

A Structure is a body

or assemblage of

bodies in space to

form a system capable

of supporting loads.

SurfaceOutisde Part or uper-

most layer of something.

- Wall

- Facade

- Skin

- Roof

- Floor


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DetailAn Individual feature,

fact or Item. i.e:

- Window Openig

- Door Opening

- Gateway

- Seat

- Joint


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OrganizationA correct order or

placement.

- Floor Plans

- Circulation



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7.5 O R N A M E N T T O D A Y

A facade is one exterior side of a

building, usually but not aways

the front.Word Comes from French

Language Literally meaning Front.

A Perforation is a small hole in

a thin material or web. There is

usually more than one perforation

in an organized fashion, where all

of the holes are called a

perforation.

Is a Vertical Structure that

defines and sometimes protects an

area. Partional walls are usually

non-load bearing and are used to

divide up spaces. Walls can also

become a work of art.

Historical

Ornament President Project

Ornament Today Manipulatated

Historical Ornament

Ornament TodayBuilding Component

Ornament as a

Perforated Facade

Ornament as a Facade

Ornament as a Wall


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Is a Structural element that

transmits,through compression,

the weight of the structure above

to other structural elements

below.

Is a void in a solid matter; a gap

or hole, or aperature. Allows

passage of light, air and sound.



Ornament as a Opening

Historical

Ornament President Project


Historical Ornament



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Ornament as Furniture

Historical

Ornament


Historical Ornament


Spatial Configuration of

Building Components



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7.6 P R O P O S E D P R O G R A M A N D S I T E

Christchurch CBD

4 Major Avenues

Proposed Site-

Concrete Group

South

Hagley ParkChristchurch

Station

RailwayShopping

Complex

Carpark Moorhouse

Avenue

Blenheim

Road

8 Lanes

Industrial

Proposed Site

Site Benifits

Contemporary Temporary Arts Centre

Residential/Accomodation/Retail

Concrete Recycling and Reuse Plant/

Educational Facilities

Overall Choosen Sites - Concrete Group

Group Sites and Programs

The proposed site for the Contemporary Temporary Arts Centre had to accomodate all the group memebers. The proposal needs to

be highly accesible so that it can generate a flow of people from all around Christchurch. This site provides the perfect

oppertunity for this. Blenheim Road and Deans avenue create a prominent corner which is accesible via car, train, walk,

cycle and bus. Its placement is ideal next to one of Christchurchs main train stations, a mall and Hagley park which

connects back to Christchurchs CBD. The proposed building is to be an Iconic building in Christchurch which will reconnect

the people of Christchurch with history that is lost. It will also be an achor point for exciting new architecture to develop

down Moorhouse Avenue.

Site Motive

SA

10,000M2


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Issues Christchurchs vibrant arts centre was severely damaged following the February 22nd earthquake. The site has been issued

a red unsafe placecard. The 23 arts centre heritage buildings are all very significant and will be restored however, itis uncertain how much funds are required, the extent of restoration and strengthining required and the time frame needed.

The arts centre is currently unaccesible and thus, in the meantime the

city is in need of a vibrant place for people to come together.

Aim The aim of this project is to create a Temporary Contemporary Arts Centre which, will temporary replace the arts centre whileit is under restoration. The building will need to be futureproofed so that it can adapt to a new program in the future.

Architectural Proposal To create a building which borrows from the past and adapts to the future. Ornament of a building represents the personalstyleof the building. It is a Snapshot in time. The proposal looks at how ornament was applied to architecture in the past,

and how it is being applied today. Today ornament is no longer just an embellishement but building components; Skin, Detail,

Structure, Wall and Furniture. The ornament on the Christchurch Arts Centre will be formally translated into building

components.

Title Temporary Contemporary Arts Centre

Objectives

Permeability - Many Points of entry from the street and associated alternative routes.

Compatibilty - The building(s) should be contemporary in its architectural expression, but it must be possible to identifyformal and qualitative compatibitly with the Christchurch Arts Centre

Permeability

Accesibility - The building(s) should be accesible by all means of public and private transport.

Density - The new building(s) should be arranged to achieve a distinctive street presence, while ensuring continuedpermeability from the street.

Open Space - Particular emphasis is required to achieve distinct open space(s) within the site.

"What you're seeing now is a series of gaps that have appeared - huge slices of the city, huge gaps in people's memories.

It's about the loss of the memory of the city, the loss of 150 years of the European settlement. - Jenny May (architectural

historian and heritage planner .

Problem



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Total Surface Area of Proposed Building

A place for Artists

A place for Craftspeople

A place where Anything Might Happen

A place to Eat

A place to Find A Bargain

A place for ArtistsA place to See A Play

A place to See A Play

Public Plaza (3000M )

2

Retail (600M )

Flexible Exhibition/ Event Space (900M )

Indoor Performance Stage (300M )

2

2

2

Public

Private

Flexible Education Space (700M )2

Live + Work Studios (60m/Studio x 10 = 600M )2

Offices (60m/Studio x 10 = 600M )2

Private Plaza/Terrace (500M )2

A place of Learning

A place of Quiet Reflection

A Place to Live + Work

A Place to Work

Program Breakdown

4800M + 2400M2 2

7200M2

=

++

10,000MClaimed Surface Area:2



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8.0 M A T E R I A L I N V E S T I G A T I O N

pre-fabricationprecast modulevolume_3D

face

variable

patterns_2D

joints

types of joint

variable


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reason to be:

variations in repetition


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8.1 P A T T E R N 2 D


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8.1.1

> > > > >

> > >

>>>


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8.2 V O L U M E 3 D

volume

face

4 faces

8 faces

16 faces

36 faces

2 faces

variable

variable01

same

variable03

variable02

mix

other objects

+

+

+ +

/ / /

+ +


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8.2.1 V A R I A B L E 0 1

+

+

+

+

+


44/76


+

+

+

+

+

8.2.2 V A R I A B L E 0 2


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8.3 J O I N T S

joints

type of joints

variable

+

+

neutral

variable01

neutral

variable02

same

variable03

mix

joints

joints

+ + + + + + + +joints other joints

joints


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+

neutral

+

neutral

+

neutral

+

neutral

joints

joints

joints

joints

8.3.1 V A R I A B L E 0 1


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+

neutral

+

neutral

+

neutral

+

neutral

+

neutral

joints

joints

joints

joints

joints


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+

+

+

+

joints

joints

joints

joints

joints

joints

joints

joints

8.3.2 V A R I A B L E 0 2


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+

+

+

+

+

joints

joints

joints

joints

joints

joints

joints

joints

joints

joints


50/76


+

+

+

+

+ ++ + + ++

jointsjoints

joints

joints joints

joints

8.3.3 V A R I A B L E 0 3


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8.4 P R O P O S E D S I T E & P R O G R A M

area

Proposed site

Location Plan not to scale

Site Plan not to scale

248,125m


52/76


aim

objectives

issue

a place people want to spend time in and invest in.

to become a vibrant and comfortable living space which

stimulate & foster new lifestyle to the people of Christchurch.

...lives were lost, peoples homes and livelihoods destroyed...

Bob Parker

Mayor of Christchurch

a place that fosters business investment and growth, attracts

visitors and invites residents to wander, explore and

discover the new public spaces and network of green spaces.

easy to get around, with a business-friendly compact core, an

array of inviting green spaces and plenty of activities to

draw people into the area throught the day and into the

evening.

accessibility - supported by excelent walking and cycling

paths.

people-friendly and responds to the needs of todays and

future generations.

+

+

+

+

+


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proposed program

usermeans of transportation activities

residential

accommodation

retail

office

f&bcafe

restaurant

studio

2-bedrooms

3-bedrooms

entertainment

residents sleep

eat

shop

socialize

recreation

work

walk

cycle

car

public transport

family

children

adults

workers

retailers

disabled

tourists/

visitors

teenagers

mixed-use development

program

++ live

live

play

play

work

work

suite

deluxe twindeluxe king


54/76


9.0 R E C Y C L I N G

Reason for

recycling

The life cycle of a buliding used to be a one-way street. Building materials were extracted and used to manufacture building

products, and once the building reached the end of its useful life and was demolished, the materials were buried in a landfill

or incinerated. Societal and economic factors require that todays building life cycle be circular, with the loop completed to

the largest extent possible by reusing demolition materials to manufacture new products.

Some key benefits of recycling concrete include:

Reduction of waste, landfill or dumping and associated site degradation

Substitution for virgin resources and reduction in associated environmental costs of natural resource

exploitation

Reduced transportation costs: concrete can often be recycled on demolition or construction sites or close to

urban areas where it will be reused

Reduced disposal costs as landfi ll taxes and tip fees can be avoided

Good performance for some applications due to good compaction and density properties (for example, as road

sub-base)

In some instances, employment opportunities arise in the recycling industry that would not otherwise exist in

other sectors

Resource extration

Manufacturing

Construction

Use/Occupancy

Demolition

Recycling

Desired closed loop building life cycle

Disposal

Resource extration

Manufacturing

Construction

Use/Occupancy

Demolition

Existing one way building life cycle


55/76



Myths and

reality about

concrete

recyclingConcrete cannot be recycled Although concrete is not broken down into its constituent parts, it can be recovered

and crushed for reuse as aggregate (for use in ready-mix concrete or other

applications) or it can be recycled through the cement manufacturing process in

controlled amounts, either as an alternative raw material to produce clinker or as

an additional component when grinding clinker, gypsum and other additives to cement.

Recycled concrete aggregate

cannot be used for structural

It is generally accepted that about 20% (or more) of aggregate content can be

replaced by recycled concrete for structural applications.

Although some concrete can be

recycled it is not possible

to achieve high rate

Countries such as the Netherlands and Japan achieve near complete recovery of waste

concrete.

Concrete can be 100% made byrecycling old concrete

Current technology means that recovered concrete can be used as aggregate in newconcrete but (1) new cement is always needed and (2) in most applications only a

portion of recycled aggregate content can be used (regulations often limit content

as do physical properties, particularly for structural concrete).

Recycling concrete will

reduce greenhouse gases and

the carbon footprint

Recycling concrete into

low-grade aggregate is

down-cycling and is

environmentally not the bestsolution

Recycled aggregate is more

expensive

Most greenhouse gas emissions from concrete production occur during the production

of cement. Less-significant savings may be made if transportation needs for

aggregates can be reduced by recycling.

A full lifecycle assessment should be undertaken. Sometimes low-grade use is the

most sustainable solution as it diverts other resources from the project and uses

minimal energy in processing. That is not to say more refined uses might not also

suit a situation.

This depends on local conditions (including transportation costs).

Myths Reality


56/76



Truth and

rationale of

concrete

recycling

Truth Rationale

Cement cannot be recycled

Demolition concrete is inert

Recycled concrete can be

better than virgin aggregates

for some applications

Using recycled aggregate

reduces land-use impact

Recycling all construction

and demolition waste (C&DW)

will not meet market needs

for aggregate

Figures are not complete for

recovery rates

Once cement clinker is made, the process is irreversible. No commercially viable

processes exist to recycle cement.

Compared to other wastes, concrete is relatively inert and does not usually require

special treatment.

The physical properties of coarse aggregates made from crushed demolition concrete

make it the preferred material for applications such as road base and sub-base. This

is because recycled aggregates often have better compaction properties and require

less cement for sub-base uses. Furthermore, it is generally cheaper to obtain than

virgin material.

By using recycled aggregates in place of virgin materials (1) less landfill is

generated and (2) fewer natural resources are extracted.

Even near complete recovery of concrete from C&DW will only supply about 20% of

total aggregate needs in the developed world.

Data are often not available. When data are available different methods of counting

make cross-country comparisons difficult.


57/76



Concrete

recycling

process

Mobile sorters and crushers are often installed on construction sites to allow on-site processing. In other situations,

specific processing sites are established, which are usually able to produce higher quality aggregate. Sometimes machines

incorporate air knives to remove lighter materials such as wood, joint sealants and plastics. Magnet and mechanical processes

are used to extract steel, which is then recycled.

Recyling process types

For direct reuse

without treatment

Mobile treatment

on-site and use

material on-site

Stationary treatment

at centralized

treatment plant and

sale of differentproducts to different

construction

companies


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Mobile recycling

facility Demolition

Feeder

Presieve, 15mm

Jaw breaker

Crushed aggregate

Simple base material

Soil and fine grainsSimple filling

e.g. landscaping

e.g. simple roads,parking lot

Demolition

Entrancec ontrol

Stockpile Manualcrushingof oversized parts

Sieve,15 mm

Jaw breakerdischarge < 60 mm

Magnetic sep.

Pickingbelt

Sieve,22 mm

Product30/22mm

Product 10/15 mm

Product222/60 mm

Engineering fillCivilengineering

e.g.sub-baseCivil engineering

e.g.sub-base

Ironscrap

Non-ferrous metal

Waste

LandfillRecyclingindustry

Stationary

recycling

facility

Flowchart of simple stationary recycling facility

Flowchart of

simple mobile

recycling facility

(Source: Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Internationale Zusammenarbeit)

(Source: Deutsche Gesellschaft fr Internationale Zusammenarbeit)


59/76



Guiding

principles of

construction &

demolition waste

management

Door frames, pipes, windows,

beams and etc

Aggregate, steel, wood and

etc

Avoidance

Reuse

Recycling

Landfill

Increasing

sustainability

Sustainability ranking of recycling

method

Reuse original form on site

Reuse original form on the other site

Mobile recycling and use it on site

Mobile recycling and use it on the

other site

Treatment plant recycling

Transportation to

plant

Energy

(fossil fuel

and electricity)

Delivery to

destination


60/76



Recycled

concrete

applications

(after mobile or

plant treatment)

1.Concrete road

2.Bituminous road

3.Hydraulically bound road

4.Ground improvement

5.Earthworks - Embankments

6.Earthworks - Cuttings

7.Shallow foundation

8.Deep foundation

9.Utilities

10.Utilities - reinstatement in roads

11.Concrete sub-structure

12.Concrete structure

13.Building - industrial

14.Building - residential

(Source: WRAP)


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Recycled

concrete

applications

(after mobile or plant

treatment)

Building - industrial

1. Precast concrete staircase

Product Reinforced concrete

Notes RCA may be used where properties and performance have

been established by the manufacturer. Recyclied

material allowed in the coarse aggregate is 20%.

2. Heavy duty industrial floor


Notes RCA may be used to replace 20% of the coarse

aggregate.

3. Wall



aggregate.

4. Foundations



aggregate.

5. Blinding concrete

Product Unreinforced concrete

Notes RCA may be used to replace up to 100% of the coarse

aggregate.

6. Slab


Notes RCA may be used to replace 20% of the coarse aggregate.

7. Fill to foundations

Product Granular material

Notes A wide range of recycled and secondary materials may be

appropriate, such as RCA and RA, to replace 100% of the

material.

8. Precast concrete drainage pipes and manhole units

Product Concrete pipes and manhole units

Notes RCA may be used where properties and performance have beenestablished by the manufacturer.

9. General industrial floor



10. Concrete column



11. Precast concrete structural beam

Product Concrete beam

Notes RCA may be used where properties and performance have been

established by the manufacturer.

12. Concrete floor for light foot and trolley traffic

Product

Notes

Reinforced concrete

RCA may be used to replace 20% of the coarse aggregate.

(Source: WRAP)


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Concrete reuse

applications

Sculpture

Furniture

Construction (embeding)

Sculpture

Furniture


Landscape

Furniture


Landscape

Furniture


Plantation

Furniture

Landscape

Sculpture

Construction (filling)

Landscape

LandscapeLandscapeLandscapeLandscapeLandscapeLandscape


63/76



Concrete reuse

applications

(Gabion wall)


64/76



Concrete reuse

applications

Domus winery

Villanueva public

libraryFurniture

ETC

(Architecture with

gabion system)


65/76



Concrete reuse

applications

(Hesco system)

(Source: Hesco)


66/76



Concrete reuse

application case

studies

Resin + RCA

Note Resin can bind raw RCA

(recycled concrete aggregate)

and create space betweenaggregates at the same time.

By creating space, light can

penetrate through. This has a

potential to be used as

partition wall.

Mixed in gap

Note By filling gap with RCA, it

creates visual contrast

between finished concrete and

RCA.


67/76



Gabion

Note Gabions are cages,cylinders,

or boxes filled with soil,

sand or aggregates. Gabionshave been used in various

applications. This has a

potential to be used as wall

(e.g Dominus estate winery by

Herzog & De Meuron).

Benefits of gabion system are

Concrete reuse

application case

studies

Monolithic : distributes

forces across the wall

Flexible : can deform and

still maintain its

function

Permeable : high voids

prevent hydrostatic

pressure development

Durable : advanced coating

technology to achieve

design life

Versatile : easy to shape

to match the local site

conditions

Environmentally friendly :

built using stone andaggregate that can form

part of the ecosystem.


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Use demolished concrete pieces as part of concrete

Note Demolished concrete pieces

can be used for another

concrete structure such aswall. By placing raw

demolished concrete within

new concrete construction, it

creates contrast between old

and new. Also it displays how

the recycled concrete can be

reused in new structure.

Concrete reuse

application case

studies


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Considered

design for

future reuse

Considering recycling at the time a building is designed improves the chances of closed loop constructoin as introduced

earlier.

Resource extration

Manufacturing

Construction

Use/Occupancy

Demolition

RecyclingDisposal

The benefits are two-fold: eventual C&DW is minimized

and the demand for new materials for a future project

is reduced. Designs should consider ways to maximize

possibilities for reuse, or at least possibilities for recycling

of the structure and its components. As a first step, designsthat allow for eventual adaptation or renovation of a

structure can allow partial replacements that lengthen the

ultimate life of the building. Keeping components separate

or separable is key for component reuse or recycling.

Evaluation of any possible contamination issues is also

relevant.

One of the most important characteristics of concrete is its

durability. The best design for deconstruction for concrete is

to allow for on-site reuse: concrete can be an ideal building

material as buildings made with concrete can be adapted

and renovated for future use for many decades.

In situ and pre-cast concrete materials both play a role in design for future reuse plans.

In situ concrete is sometimes mistakenly believed to have few reuse or recovery

possibilities. However, buildings with post-tensioned slabs can be reused and altered as

required. If the building is demolished, having a record or tag on the concrete

detailing its components may aid in possible future recycling. Sometimes designs note

that this is downcycling as the recycled concrete aggregate is used for projects such

as road sub-base. However, as noted elsewhere, the best overall environmental solution

does not necessarily require refined reprocessing and a closed loop material use can

still be achieved.

Pre-cast designs should consider the use of precast slabs that can be dismantled and

reused. It may be that fillers such as polystyrene should not be used to avoid hampering

later recycling efforts.


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Building

structure

involving

recycled

concrete

Paving

system

Foundation

system

Wall

system

Roof

system

Recycled concrete

(within soil)

Recycled concrete

(within cement)

In-situ concrete

foundation

In-situ concrete

wall

In-situ concrete

roof

Precast concrete

wall

Gabion wall

Gabion foundation

Precast concrete

roof

Concrete debri

within concrete

9 0


71/76



Conclusion Throughout this research, it was found that recycling concrete has two main advantages. Firstly, it reduces the use of new

virgin aggregate and the associated environmental costs of exploitation and transportation. Secondly, it reduces unnecessary

landfill of valuable materials that can be recovered and redeployed.

There is, however, no appreciable impact on reducing the carbon footprint apart from emissions reductions from transportation.

The main source of carbon emissions in concrete is in cement production. The cement content in concrete cannot be viably sepa-

rated and reused or recycled into new cement and thus carbon reduction cannot be achieved by recycling concrete. Therefore itis required for us to avoid cement use when possible.

Making considered design for future recycle and reuse of its parts

Try to avoid using cement whenever possible

Try to recycled concrete whenever possible

Try to avoid in-situ concrete to keep components separate so each components can be

reused or recycled (e.g modular system)

Proposal to achieve carbon reduction within the context of this research (when recycling)

Proposal to achieve carbon reduction within the context of this research (when design)

Try to recycle and reuse material on site

Try to avoid using cement whenever possible

When using recycled concrete the best option is to use it without any treatment and the

least desired option is to use recycling plant treated concrete aggregates. However it

is still better for environment than using virgin aggregates.

9 0 C C G


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Site and program

Primary road

Secondary road

Rail way

Site

Program:

Benefit:

Motive:

Site is located close by

major road and rail way. The

generated possible heavy

volume of traffic including

loading trucks for plant and

visitors can use primary,

secondary roads and rail way.

By using main roads and rail-

way, heavy volume of traffic

and related matters can be

avoided within residential

area.

The challenge was to find the

site, which can accomodate

all of group members proposed

programs. Residential, public

and industrial programs were

chosen to be placed within

close range to create

synergy.

Educationl centre

- Exhibition space

(500 m2)

- Experience space for

children

(250 m2)

- Cafeteria/Lounge

(150 m2)

- Management office

(50 m2)

Recycling and reusing plant

and storage

- Plant

(300 m2)

- Storage

(1200 m2)

Claimed

area: 2450 m2 (approximately)

(Aerial map showing surrounding major transportation paths)

(Close up map showing surrounding of the site)

10 0 E N D N O T E O F T O M M Y S H I N


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10.0 E N D N O T E O F T O M M Y S H I N

Summary of the

research and

arguement

Research phase Investigation phase Proposal and arguement

1 ton of concrete is consumed

by every human being on earth

every year.

2nd most consumed substance

in the world is concrete.

Water is the only substance

that has been consumed more

than concrete.

5% of the total global carbon

emission comes from cement

manufacturing. Cement is

crucial element of finished

concrete.

Considered design for

environment is one of the key

topics in this era.

Christchurch earthquake

triggered heavy volume of

destruction and construction.

Traditionally life cycle of

construction is not looped as

heavy volume of demolished

and finished materials end up

filling land fill.

It is essential to promote

environmentally friendly

design within the context of

Christchurch as there are

never seen before volume of

construction and demolition

is happening at the moment.

Create architecture using

construction and demolition

waste whenever possible.

Promote the potential of

recycling and reusing by

creating educational centre

and recycling plant.

By reusing construction anddemolision waste, this will

create good contribution for

environment.

It also close the loop of

construction materials life

cycle.

10 0 E N D N O T E O F T O M M Y S H I N


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10.0 E N D N O T E O F T O M M Y S H I N

Glossary

Clinker In the manufacture of Portland cement, clinker is lumps or nodules, usually 3-25 mm in diameter, produced by

sintering limestone and alumino-silicate (clay) during the cement kiln stage.

C&DW Construction and demolition waste

RCA Recycled concrete aggregate

Fly Ash One of the residues generated in combustion, and comprises the fine particles that rise with the flue gases. Ash

which does not rise is termed bottom ash. In an indusgtrial context, fly ash usually refers to ash produced during

combustion of coal.

GGBFS Ground granulated blast-furnace slag is obtained by quenching molten iron slag (a by-product of iron and

steel-making) from blast furnace in water or stream, to produce a glassy, granular product that is then dried and

ground into a fine powder.

Type of concrete that is manufactured in a factory or batching plant and delivered to work site by truck mounted

transit mixers.

Ready

mixed

concret

Merchant

bags

Manufactured cement product, which is in powder form. Merchant bag is to carry and sell manufactured cement powder.

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References CCANZ. Annual report. 2011.

CEMBUREAU. Building a future, with cement and concrete. 2007.

CEMBUREAU. Sustainable cement production. 2007.

Cement & concrete association of New Zealand. Concrete3 economic, social, environmental. 2007.

Holcim. Annual review. 2010.

International Energy Agency. Biofuels roadmap. 2011.

International energy agency. Cement technology roadmap 2009. 2009.

International energy agency. Energy technology transitions for industry. 2009.

International energy agency. Tracking industrial energy efficiency and co2 emissions. 2007.

International Energy Agency and World business council for sustainable development. Cement Technology Roadmap 2009.

Isaacs, Nigel. "Cementing history." Build. no. June/July (2008): 88-89.

Jaques, Roman. Environmental impact associated with New Zealand cement manufacture. BRANZ, 1998.

NRMCA (National Ready Mixed Concrete Association). Concrete CO2 fact sheet. 2008.

USGS. 2010 Mineral yearbook. 2010.

World Business Council for Sustainable Development. The cement sustainability initiative. 2009.

Worrell, Ernst, Lynn Price, Nathan Martin, Chris Hendriks, and Ozawa Meida. Carbon Dioxide Emissions from the Global Cement

Industry.

WRAP, Accessed March 23, 2012. http://aggregain.wrap.org.uk.

(For section 6 and 9)

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11.0 S I T E R E L A T I O N S H I P S

8 Lanes

Shopping Centre

Christchurch Train Station

Train Stop

Gathering of People

Public Seating

Cafes/Restauraunts

Performances

Residential

Hagley Park

Bicycle Parking/ Promotes cycling

Pedestrian Way

Cars

Moorhouse Avenue (1/4 Major avenues)- Accesible

Industrial Zone

Bl h i R d A ibl

Monas Site- Residential/Accomodation/Retail

Farahs Site- Temporary Contemporary Art gallery

Tommys Site- Recycle/Reuse Concrete Plant/ Education

Main StreetsPublic Space

Retail

Train Stations/ Access

Railway Track

Hagley Park

Industrial Area

Residential

8 Lanes

Key:

Bubble Diagram Showing relationships between chosen sites and site features:

Map Of Choosen Sites: Zoomed up map Of Choosen Sites:

Four Major Avenues of Christchurch CBD

The challenge was to find a site, which could accomodate all of the group members proposed programs.

Residential, public and industrial programs were chosen to be placed within close range to create synergy

between each programs users.

Site Relationships

120424 Concrete Midterm

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