12.001 Introduction to Geology Spring 2008 For information ... · Pyroxene (Mg, Fe)SiO 3 Amphibole...
Transcript of 12.001 Introduction to Geology Spring 2008 For information ... · Pyroxene (Mg, Fe)SiO 3 Amphibole...
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12.001 Introduction to GeologySpring 2008
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Silicate ion (SiO44–)
The silicate ion forms tetrahedra
Oxygen ions (O2–) Silicon ion (Si4+)
Quartz structure
Figure by MIT OpenCourseWare.
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Mineral Chemical formula
Cleavage planesand number of
cleavage directions
1 plane
Silicatestructure
Isolatedtetrahedra
Specimen
Olivine (Mg, Fe)2SiO4
Images removed due to copyright restrictions.
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Isolated tetrahedra (soro- and nesosilicates)
Olivine group: forsterite-fayalite solid solution
Images removed due to copyright restrictions.
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Mineral Chemical formula
Cleavage planesand number of
cleavage directions
1 plane
Silicatestructure
Isolatedtetrahedra
Specimen
2 planes at 90°Single chains
Olivine
Pyroxene (Mg, Fe)SiO3
(Mg, Fe)2SiO4
Images removed due to copyright restrictions.
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Mineral Chemical formula
Cleavage planesand number of
cleavage directions
1 plane
Silicatestructure
Isolatedtetrahedra
Specimen
2 planes at 90°Single chains
2 planes at 60°and 120° Double chains
Olivine
Pyroxene (Mg, Fe)SiO3
Amphibole
(Mg, Fe)2SiO4
Ca2(Mg, Fe)5Si8O22(OH)2
Images removed due to copyright restrictions.
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Single chains of tetrahedra
Pyroxene group
Images removed due to copyright restrictions.
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Double chains of tetrahedra
Amphibole group
Images removed due to copyright restrictions.
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Mineral Chemical formula
Cleavage planesand number of
cleavage directions
1 plane
Silicatestructure
Isolatedtetrahedra
Specimen
2 planes at 90°Single chains
2 planes at 60°and 120° Double chains
1 plane Sheets
Olivine
Pyroxene (Mg, Fe)SiO3
Amphibole
Micas
(Mg, Fe)2SiO4
Ca2(Mg, Fe)5Si8O22(OH)2
Muscovite:KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Biotite:K(Mg, Fe)3AlSi3O10(OH)2
Images removed due to copyright restrictions.
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Sheets of tetrahedra (phyllosilicates)
Mica group
Images removed due to copyright restrictions.
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Mineral Chemical formula
Cleavage planesand number of
cleavage directions
1 plane
Silicatestructure
Isolatedtetrahedra
Specimen
2 planes at 90°Single chains
2 planes at 60°and 120° Double chains
1 plane Sheets
Olivine
Pyroxene (Mg, Fe)SiO3
Amphibole
Micas
Feldspars
Orthoclase feldspar:KAlSi3O8
Plagioclase feldspar: (Ca, Na) AlSi3O8
2 planes at 90° Three-dimensionalframework
(Mg, Fe)2SiO4
Ca2(Mg, Fe)5Si8O22(OH)2
Muscovite:KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2
Biotite:K(Mg, Fe)3AlSi3O10(OH)2
Images removed due to copyright restrictions.
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3-D frameworks of tetrahedra (tectosilicates)
Feldspar group
Images removed due to copyright restrictions.
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ANORTHITE
CaAl2Si2O8
ORTHOCLASE
KAlSi3O8
ALBITE
NAlSi3O8
Feldspars
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10
20
30
40
50
400 800 1200 1600 2000Temperature oC
coesite
lowquartz
high quartz
liquidtr. crist.
stishovite
60
70
80
Pres
sure
[kba
rs]
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Rose-colored nanofibers cause the color in rose quartz: George Rossman, CalTech
Courtesy of George R. Rossman. Used with permission.
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