12 Lesson 12.1: The Lymphatic System Lesson 12.2: Nonspecific Defenses Lesson 12.3: Specific...

12

Lesson 12.1: The Lymphatic System

Lesson 12.2: Nonspecific Defenses

Lesson 12.3: Specific Defenses

Lesson 12.4: Disorders and Diseases of the Immune System

The Lymphatic and Immune Systems

Lesson 12.1

The Lymphatic System

Chapter 12: The Lymphatic and Immune Systems

Permission granted to reproduce for educational use only.© Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc.

• organization of the lymphatic system– lymph formation and flow– lymph drainage

• lymphatic cells, tissues, and organs– lymphatic cells– lymphatic tissues– lymphatic organs

The Lymphatic System


Organization of the Lymphatic System


• fluid leaks out of blood vessel capillaries– about 4 liters per day

• enters lymphatic capillaries

• fluid is now called lymph

• returns to circulatory system through lymphatic trunks

Lymph Formation and Flow


• thoracic duct– drains legs, abdominopelvic

area, left arm, and left side of the head and thorax

• right lymphatic duct– drains right arm, right side

of head, and right side of the thorax

Lymph Drainage


Lymph Drainage


• lymphocytes– T lymphocytes mature in thymus– B lymphocytes mature in bone marrow

• macrophages– begin as monocytes– leave lymphatic tissue to enter surrounding tissue

Lymphatic Cells


• mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue– tonsils

• pharyngeal• palatine• lingual

• lymphatic nodules

Lymphatic Tissues


• lymph nodes– cleanse lymph– store and produce T and B cells

Lymphatic Organs


• spleen– scans and cleans blood

• thymus– nursery for T cells

Lymphatic Organs


Match these words with 1–4 below: right lymphatic duct, thoracic duct, tonsil, spleen.

1. drains left side of head

2. scan and clean blood

3. drains right side of head

4. palatine

Review and Assessment

Lesson 12.2

Nonspecific Defenses



• physical barriers• cellular and chemical defenses• inflammatory response• fever

Nonspecific Defenses


• skin• hair• acidic secretions from sebaceous glands and

sweat glands• mucous membranes

Physical Barriers


• phagocytosis– engulf foreign cells and debris– neutrophils– macrophages (formerly monocytes)– exocytosis

• natural killer cells– release perforins to perforate cells

Cellular and Chemical Defenses


• complement system– classical pathway– alternative pathway

• opsonization

• interferons– released by virus infected cells– alpha, beta, gamma interferons

Cellular and Chemical Defenses


The Complement System


• promotes repair of damaged tissue• histamines and prostaglandins released• symptoms

– heat– redness– swelling– pain

Inflammatory Response


• tissue damage occurs• intracellular contents are released from damaged

cells into interstitial fluid• mast cells release histamine and other

inflammatory chemicals• blood vessels dilate, blood flow increases,

capillary permeability increases• clot formation occurs• scar tissue forms, replacement cells grow

The Development of Inflammation


• maintenance of higher than normal body temperature

• activation of leukocytes and macrophages causes release of pyrogens

• hypothalamus raises body temperature, causing a fever

Fever


True or False?

1. Interferon is released by virus infected cells.

2. Pyrogens cause fever.

3. Neutrophils are not phagocytes.

4. Mucous membranes are a physical barrier.

5. Perforins engulf cells.


Lesson 12.3

Specific Defenses



• antigens• immune system cells• humoral immunity• primary and secondary immune responses• cellular immunity

Specific Defenses


• on the surface of cells– proteins– polysaccharides– glycolipids– nucleic acids

• determine “self” from “nonself” cells

Antigens


• lymphocytes– recognize only one antigen– clonal selection– memory cells

• MHC proteins– class I– class II

Immune System Cells


• antibody-mediated immunity• plasma cells

– antibodies recognize and bind to specific antigen

• antibodies– also called immunoglobulins– recognize, bind to, and mark antigens– interfere with antigen function

Humoral Immunity


Antibody Classes


• primary immune response– when first exposed

• secondary immune response– memory cells respond to invader

• active immunity• passive immunity

– vaccination

Primary and Secondary Immune Responses


Cellular Immunity


Fill in the blanks with: antibodies, antigen, memory cells, or vaccination.

1. A(n) _______________ is passive immunity.

2. _______________ are also called immunoglobulins.

3. Lymphocytes recognize only one _______________.

4. _______________ are part of the secondary immune response.


Lesson 12.4

Disorders and Diseases of the Immune System



• cancer and lymph nodes• allergies• autoimmune disorders• HIV and AIDS

Disorders and Diseases of the Immune System


• rapid, unregulated cell growth• metastasis

– cancerous cells move within body

• cancerous cells may lodge in lymph nodes

Cancer and Lymph Nodes


• inappropriately strong response to a harmless environmental antigen

• exposure to allergen causes release of histamine• histamine causes allergy symptoms

– runny nose, itchy eyes, anaphylaxis

• anaphylaxis• immunotherapy

Allergies


Allergies


• immune system attacks own body• cause unclear• examples

– rheumatoid arthritis– multiple sclerosis– type I diabetes

Autoimmune Disorders


• HIV – infects and kills helper T cells

• AIDS – helper T cell count falls below 200/mm3– immune system seriously weakened– patient is susceptible to opportunistic infection

HIV and AIDS


Match these words with 1–4 below: metastasis, autoimmune disorder, HIV, cancer.

1. rapid, unregulated cell growth

2. cancerous cells move within the body

3. rheumatoid arthritis

4. infects and kills T cells


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