12 Arguments

7/30/2019 12 Arguments

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GRE Analytical Writing Argument Essay Topic - 1

A recent study shows that people living on the continent of North America suffer 9 times more chronic

fatigue and 31 times more chronic depression than do people living on the continent of Asia. Interestingly,

Asians, on average, eat 20 grams of soy per day, whereas North Americans eat virtually none. It turns out

that soy contains phytochemicals called Isoflavones, which have been found to possess disease-preventing

properties. Thus, North Americans should consider eating soy on a regular basis as a way of preventing

fatigue and depression.

The above argument tries to establish a direct link between soy consumption and chronic fatigue and

depression. The underlying basis of the argument is that soy protein contains phytochemicals called

Isoflavones, which are found to possess disease-preventing properties.

However, disease is a much larger term, which does not cover only fatigue and depression, but also a host

of other medical conditions. Moreover, it is seen that chronic fatigue and depression are also the results of

high profile life, which leads to insomnia and stress. Chronic fatigue and depression can be the symptoms

of some other diseases also. The weather conditions, economic stature and work environment of Asia and

North America are very different from each other. People in these continents have different lifestyles. Their

attitude towards life is also very different. These health related problems could not be certainly related with

the intake of a certain kind of food that is soy foods. Therefore, it is very important to establish a direct

relation between soy foods and chronic fatigue and depression before arriving at any conclusion.

The second point is that fatigue and depression are totally different from each other as scientifically they

are treated differently. You cannot categorize them in the same group. You need to consult a psychologist

to treat depression and a doctor for fatigue related problems. Hence, there cannot be the same solution for

two different problems. Above all, according to the author, chronic fatigue is 9 times and depression is 31

times more in North Americans as compared to their Asian counterparts. There is a huge difference

between 9 and 31. Therefore, you cannot relate or treat them together. There are definitely going to be

different reasons for the two diseases.

According to the author, soy foods contain a chemical called Isoflavones, which have disease preventing

properties. However, there is no study, which reveals that it is relevant for all types of diseases. Hence, a

research has to be done to establish that the drugs used to treat these two diseases contain Isoflavones.

However, it is a known fact that soy foods are good for human health as soy foods contain many nutrients

required for the human body. Again, there is no solid evidence that eating soy foods on a regular basis is a

solution for chronic fatigue and depression. The author has not even mentioned about any side effects of

Isoflavones. Hence, the suggestion to take soy foods daily, without any detailed study about soy food, does

not hold any ground.

Hence, it can be said that one should take soy foods for overall health. It is a possibility that soy foods can

be helpful in treating or preventing some diseases, which further have chronic fatigue or depression as its

symptoms. That way one can link these two diseases with Isoflavones. However, there is no direct relation

between soy proteins and chronic fatigue and depression; it is not justified in the given argument. Theauthor should have provided a few proofs and data to establish this relationship.


"In order to save a considerable amount of money, Rockingham's century-old town hall should be torn

down and replaced by the larger and more energy-efficient building that some citizens have proposed. The

old town hall is too small to comfortably accommodate the number of people who are employed by the

town. In addition, it is very costly to heat the old hall in winter and cool it in summer. The new, larger

building would be more energy efficient, costing less per square foot to heat and cool than the old hall.


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Furthermore, it would be possible to rent out some of the space in the new building, thereby generating

income for the town of Rockingham."

According to the conclusion of this editorial, the new and larger building of town hall in place of the old one

will help in saving money and energy. However, many points given in support of the views of the writer are

not very convincing. Although, there is no doubt that the new proposed building will have many

advantages over the old town hall, but the author has ignored to mention many important points. He has

completely failed to provide evidence for his reasons to build the new building. The points given by the

author have no relevant relation among themselves. For example, the cost effectiveness and the fact thatthe old building is not able to accommodate its employees are not related anywhere. He has tried to explain

the need of the new town hall but has neglected to suggest the alternative measures that can be taken to

solve the problems faced by the old town hall.

The author has talked about the larger and the energy efficient new building. According to him, it would

cost less per cubic foot to heat and cool the new building as compared to the old town hall building.

However, he has easily forgotten to mention the overall cost of heating and cooling the much larger new

building. This cost might be much higher than the current expenses. In addition, there will be the costs of

constructing the new building and installing new systems. The author has not even mentioned the option

of installing new heating and cooling systems in the old building. The upgradation of the old system might

be more cost effective. Besides, the new building might also need some maintenance fee to maintain the

new facilities added to the building.

The second point on which the author is insisting is that the current building cannot comfortably

accommodate all the people who work in it. This point is anyways not related to the money saving

measures the author is talking about. Here again, the author has ignored other more effective solutions for

this problem. For example, adding another structure for the employees.

Another point is about the renting out of the parts of the new property to generate some income. However,

the views of the author are contradictory as on one hand, he is explaining the need of a larger building and

on the other hand, he is talking about the renting out some part of property. Hence, if the new and larger

building is the need of the hour then there is no scope of additional income. The author has failed to give

enough and strong evidence for the requirement of the new building. He has also forgotten to consider theheritage value of the Rockingham's century old town hall.

Hence, the author has to collect more information about the old building. The author must search for some

solid evidence. He should do a complete and detailed study of comparing the cost effectiveness of both the

options including the initial cost of setting up the new building and replacing the old heating system in the

old building. The author has to work towards making his editorial logically more correct.


Claitown University needs both affordable housing for its students and a way to fund the building of such

housing. The best solution to this problem is to commission a famous architect known for experimental

and futuristic buildings. It is common knowledge that tourists are willing to pay money to tour some of the

architect's buildings, so it can be expected that tourists will want to visit this new building. The income

from the fees charged to tourists will soon cover the building costs. Furthermore, such a building will

attract new students as well as donations from alumni. And even though such a building will be much

larger than our current need for student housing, part of the building can be used as office space.

This argument is about hiring a famous architect to build a cost effective building to house the students of

Claitown University. However, it seems from the author's statement that the University does not have

enough funds to construct this kind of building. The author's line of thought is not very convincing. He has


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not been able to give logics for his reasons. He should have gone in details of the cost of the new building

and other costs and the source of this money.

This argument has many loopholes as the author is talking on the basis of his assumptions. First of all, he

is talking about commissioning a famous architect, who might charge a heavy amount for his work. It will

add a heavy burden on the University's budget. The author has simply skipped this line of reasoning. He

has not included this expenditure in the cost. The author is assuming that all the expenditure related to

the building will be taken care of by the funds coming from the students' fee, donations coming from the

alumni and the amount paid by tourists to visit the new building.

However, all these are just assumptions. The author has not considered the possibility that the tourists

might not be interested in visiting a building that is meant for students' housing. Once the students start

using the building, tourists will not be attracted towards the building or they might be happy by watching

it from outside only. That way there will not be any income from the tourists. Hence, the argument's claim

fails to prove that a famous architect's work will generate income for the balancing of costs.

The author has not even explained the source of money to construct the building. The building will receive

the funds from students in the form of fee and other funds only when the building will be in use. Hence,

this argument holds base only if the architect agrees to take his payment later on and the supplier also

supplies the construction material without taking any advance.

Further, the author has talked about attracting new students and the old students who can make

donations. However, he has not provided any evidence to support his views neither he has given any

example of some other university. It might be possible that the old alumni are more attached to the

existing building. Therefore, one cannot accept this conclusion without any proof.

In short, we can say that the author could not support his argument. He has not supplied any evidence to

prove his point. He should have studied similar cases of other college buildings that were designed by

famous architects and tourists are interested in visiting and paying to watch them. The author should also

have emphasized on the detailed explanation of the financial aspects of the building project. A survey of old

students and alumni also would have been a good idea as then we will know how interested students are

to make donations.


As a result of numerous consumer complaints of dizziness and nausea, Promofoods requested that eight

million cans of tuna be returned for testing last year. Promofoods concluded that the cans did not, after all,

contain chemicals that posed a health risk. This conclusion is based on the fact that the chemists from

Promofoods tested samples of the recalled cans and found that, of the eight chemicals most commonly

blamed for causing symptoms of dizziness and nausea, five were not found in any of the tested cans. The

chemists did find that the three remaining suspected chemicals are naturally found in all other kinds of

canned foods.

This argument is based on the complaints of nausea and dizziness from the consumers who have used

canned tuna. Although Promofoods had recalled eight million cans of tuna and also some samples of tuna

to lab for testing, it concluded that the cans did not contain any chemical, which can cause any health

hazard.

The results of the tests done by chemists from Promofoods do not hold any ground, as these results are not

supported by any strong evidence. As per the chemists from Promofoods, there are eight chemicals

responsible for dizziness and nausea and five of them were not present in the tested cans of tuna.

However, they have not considered the possibility that certain chemicals in contact with other chemicals


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can also cause dizziness and nausea. The results of this testing can also be biased as the testing has been

done only on a few samples. Hence, it cannot be said that five chemicals not present in the tested samples

were not present in the cans consumed by the affected buyers. Promofoods should have collected the cans

from where tuna was consumed and that caused health risk for many people. It might be possible that

those cans contained these chemicals. When it comes to testing, you cannot generalize the results.

According to Promofoods, five suspected chemicals were not present in the tested samples and the otherthree are present in the other canned foods and do not cause any bad effect. However, this is again without

any strong evidence. It is just an assumption that the chemicals, which do not cause any bad effect in one

canned food, will not cause any ill effect in canned tuna. It might be possible that one of these chemicals

causes health risk when exposed to some specific chemical present in tuna. Hence, it is not right to say in

general that tuna cans were not responsible for the symptoms of dizziness and nausea. It can be said the

whole conclusion of Promofoods is based on weak evidence. The results of the tests done by the chemists

are not very convincing.

Promofoods should have done tests on a large number of canned tuna. It should have gathered more

results to make its study more convincing. However, it cannot be said that the study done by Promofoods

is baseless. It is entirely possible that there are some other chemicals, which are responsible for the

symptoms of nausea and dizziness and it is not found yet. Promofoods should also take this possibility into

account.

In the end, it can be said that the entire study of this argument is based on assumption that the eight

chemicals responsible for nausea and dizziness were not present in the tuna cans. This is an important

study and Promofoods should work on providing stronger evidence. They have to prove that there was no

biased sampling and the testing was correct. The chemists have to prove that the three chemicals, which

are normally found in other canned foods, do not cause any harmful effect in tuna.


People should not be misled by the advertising competition between Coldex and Cold-Away, both popular

over-the-counter cold medications that anyone can purchase without a doctor's prescription. Each brand

is accusing the other of causing some well-known, unwanted side effect: Coldex is known to contribute to

existing high blood pressure and Cold-Away is known to cause drowsiness. But the choice should be clear

for most health-conscious people: Cold-Away has been on the market for much longer and is used by more

hospitals than is Coldex. Clearly, Cold-Away is more effective.

This argument is about the two competing products, Coldex and Cold-Away. Both the medicines are cold

medicines available over-the-counter. Both the brands compete with each other and accuse each other for

some side effect. According to the author, Coldex is responsible for causing high blood pressure and Cold-

Away causes drowsiness. Here, the author seems a little biased as without providing any evidence, he is

suggesting that as Cold-Away is in the market for a longer period, it is more effective and it should be theclear choice of customers.

The logic provided by the author is very dubious and unconvincing. The author is simply trying to boost

the consumer's ego by saying that the choice should be clear for most health-conscious people. Though it

is a good advertising tactic used by the company, it cannot be considered as enough proof of Cold-Away

being more effective.


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The author is giving one more logic that Cold-Away is in the market for a longer period. However, this fact

also does not add any effectiveness to the argument. The new medicine might have new effective

ingredients. It is not necessary that well-established products are better than newer ones. Moreover, latest

medicines often make use of new pharmaceutical developments than the existing products. Instead of this,

the author should have concentrated on the plus and minus points of the two medicines.

According to the author, Cold-Away is used by more hospitals than Coldex, that is the reason enough to

consider Cold-Away more effective. This is again an advertising gimmick and not a proof that it is more

effective. There might be some other reasons for hospitals using Cold-Away. It is just an assumption of theauthor that the hospitals are recommending Cold-Away because it is better than Coldex. It might be that

doctors are using this medicine because of its drowsiness inducing effect to calm their patients. For that

matter, perhaps hospitals use Cold-Away primarily for this effect rather than as a cold medication.

One more problem with this argument is the side effect of Coldex. If Coldex is the cause of high blood

pressure then, obviously no doctor will recommend it. However, people who do not suffer with the problem

of high blood pressure can still use it. Thus, Coldex's side effect is irrelevant in choosing between the two

products. Moreover, if a person without high blood pressure wishes to avoid drowsiness during the

treatment of cold, Coldex would seem to be the preferable medication than Cold-Away.

The author has not offered convincing evidence to support his views. He should have strengthened his

argument by providing the evidence that the doctors and hospitals use Cold-Away because of its

effectiveness in treating cold. A data of clinical research or a reliable data of general survey would have

supported the argument in a better way. It should not be based on assumptions. In the present form, it

just looks like an advertisement tactic to increase the sale of one product. It is just trying to persuade

people to buy Cold-Away.


A folk remedy for insomnia, the scent in lavender flowers, has now been proved effective. In a recent study,

30 volunteers with chronic insomnia slept each night for three weeks on lavender-scented pillows in a

controlled room where their sleep was monitored. During the first week, volunteers continued to take their

usual sleeping medication. They slept soundly but wakened feeling tired. During the second week, the

volunteers discontinued their medication. As a result, they slept less soundly than the previous week and

felt even more tired. During the third week, the volunteers slept longer and more soundly than in the

previous two weeks. This shows that over a short period of time lavender cures insomnia.

Everybody wants to have sound sleep, whether it is an over-worked person or a person affected from a

disease called chronic insomnia.

This argument is about the cure for the same sleeping disorder called chronic insomnia. The persons

suffering from this disease find difficulty in sleeping. The basis of this argument is a study of 30 volunteers

who were suffering from chronic insomnia. The results of this study show that insomnia can be cured over

a period by using lavender. However, the author has not offered enough evidence to support this

conclusion. He has not even considered many possibilities.

In the beginning, the author has mentioned that the usual medication of 30 volunteers allows them to

sleep soundly but they feel tired when they get up. However, the author has not considered many other

insomniacs who are taking medications and not feeling tired on waking up. Therefore, there is also an

option of these volunteers going to their doctor and telling him about their problem of feeling tired. Their

problem might be corrected by a change in their medicines.


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The author has also mentioned about discontinuing the medication of the volunteers. According to him,

even in the absence of any medicine, patients have responded to lavender therapy. However, he has not

taken the factor of controlled room environment into consideration. The controlled room environment and

the normal environment of the volunteers might yield different results when their medication is

discontinued.

Moreover, this study is done in a controlled room. This factor cannot be ignored. The author has not

checked the results of using lavender scent in their normal sleeping place. You cannot ignore the role of

controlled environment in the sound sleep of the volunteers. The author has ignored the effect of peaceprovided by the controlled room along with the lavender scent. There is also possibility of there being a

highway or a railway line close to the residences of the volunteers, which might be a big factor in their

problem of chronic insomnia. Hence, the same study should have been done in their normal

circumstances. It would have provided stronger evidence regarding the study of lavender curing insomnia.

One more thing that goes against this argument is that now a days medical science has developed largely.

If, according to this study, lavender was so successful in curing insomnia, then doctors would have used

lavender in their treatment of insomniac patients. However, until now, no doctor has used it in his or her

medication nor does any medicine related to insomnia contain lavender.

The most important factor is that this study is done only on a small group that contains only 30 persons

while there are millions of people who are suffering from the same problem. It is not feasible to think that

the same results will work for all the patients suffering from chronic fatigue. Hence, the study should have

been based on a larger group.

Hence, we can say that although the author's argument might be true, he should have collected more

evidence in his favor. A study of just 30 volunteers cannot be considered enough proof for use of lavender

as a medicine.


Typically, as people age, their bone mass decreases, making them more vulnerable to bone fractures. A

recent study concludes that the most effective way to reduce the risk of fractures in later life is to take

twice the recommended dose of vitamin D and calcium daily. The three-year study followed a group of

French women in their eighties who were nursing home residents. The women were given daily

supplements of twice the recommended dose of vitamin D and calcium. In addition, the women

participated in a light weightlifting program. After three years, these women showed a much lower rate of

hip fractures than is average for their age.

The basis of this argument is the fact that people lose their bone mass as they age and therefore, they are

more prone to fractures. According to the conclusion of this argument, old people should take twice the

recommended dose of vitamin D and calcium. However, there are many loopholes in this study. The

evidence used by the author is very vague.

First of all, this study is only on a group of French women. This cannot be true for the people from all other

continents or even countries. People from different places have different food habits and different life

styles. Every place has different climate and geological conditions. People from plain areas and people from

hilly areas cannot be placed in the same group. Similarly, persons with active lifestyles cannot be merged

with the not so active people. Even, males and females should be studied separately as they are very

different from each other in terms of their physique and hormones. Their level of absorbing vitamin and

calcium is different. There is also a possibility that the French people have something in their diet that

prevents or reduces fractures. Moreover, the author has not mentioned the number of women in the group.

If the group is too small, then it does not even represent all the French women. The author has assumed

so many things and generalized the data, which cannot be possible.


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Secondly, this study is done on nursing home residents, which in itself questions the study. There might

be a possibility that these women had led an active life in their career and taken various precautions

related to their health, hence they are less susceptible to fractures. It is highly possible that the other

women, who are not the residents of a nursing home will suffer the same number of fractures in spite of

taking the recommended vitamin D and calcium.

The third point is that this study is done only on the women who are in their eighties. Hence, the results of

this study do not hold true for all age groups. Moreover, the author has also mentioned in his study that

these women also participated in some lightweight exercises. The author has not taken care of this aspectwhile concluding the argument. It is highly possible that these lightweight exercises had actually

strengthened the muscles of these women. The author has not mentioned or explained the relation

between vitamin D and calcium and the strength of bones. He should have explained in details the relation

between the fractures and the intake of vitamin D and calcium.

The lowest point of this argument is that according to the author, the women have shown a lower rate of

hip fractures. He has not even mentioned the effect of increased dose of vitamin on the other types of

fractures. Hence, the results cannot be true for other types of fractures. The author should have also

considered other fractures. Hence, it can be concluded that this study is incomplete and deprived of

enough evidence. Hence, this conclusion is not very convincing.


Some studies conducted by Bronston College, which is also located in a small town, reveal that both male

and female professors are happier living in small towns when their spouses are also employed in the same

geographic area. Therefore, in the interest of attracting the most gifted teachers and researchers to our

faculty and improving the morale of our entire staff, we at Pierce University should offer employment to the

spouse of each new faculty member we hire. Although we cannot expect all offers to be accepted or to be

viewed as an ideal job offer, the money invested in this effort will clearly be well spent because, if their

spouses have a chance of employment, new professors will be more likely to accept our offers.

This argument contains a suggestion given by the chairperson of a department to the president of the

Pierce University that is based on a study conducted by Bronston College that is located in a small town

like Pierce University. This study concludes that if the university is interested in attracting gifted teachers

and researches, then the university should give job offers to the spouse of each new talented teacher. This

study concludes that the teachers will be happier staying in small towns if their spouses will be in the

same geographical area. However, this argument seems a little doubtful as it is not supported by evidence

and the author has not taken care of all the situations.

First of all the study is done by Bronston College and not by the university itself. The Pierce University and

the Bronston College have only one thing in common that both of them are situated in small towns. The

author has not talked about the environments of the two places, number of students, and the reputation of

the two institutions. A teacher will also consider all these things while accepting a job offer. Hence,whether the study done by Bronston College will work for the Pierce University or not, has to be taken care

of.

The second reason that the author has mentioned is that the teachers are happier staying in small towns

when their spouses are in the same geographical area. Here again, the author is just assuming the case of

teachers in the small town. The same may be true for the teachers in the cities. This possibility can also be

true. There is also the possibility of teachers being happier because of the good and peaceful environment

of the small town where the Bronston College lies in. The author has overlooked all these factors, hence,

the argument cannot be concluded on the basis of these statements.


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Another factor is that the chairperson has mentioned is that the University should take this measure to

attract the most gifted teachers. However, that is also not guaranteed as if a person is more talented then

most of the times that person is ambitious. In this case, they would be more interested in getting jobs in a

better university like Harvard or MIT. They would also give preference to the conditions of the laboratory

and the salary given by the University. All these factors make the chairperson's recommendations less

valuable.


For the past five years, consumers in California have been willing to pay twice as much for oysters from the

northeastern Atlantic Coast as for Gulf Coast oysters. This trend began shortly after harmful bacteria were

found in a few raw Gulf Coast oysters. However, scientists have now devised a process for killing the

bacteria. Once consumers are made aware of the increased safety of Gulf Coast oysters, they are likely to

be willing to pay as much for Gulf Coast as for northeastern Atlantic Coast oysters, and greater profits for

Gulf Coast oyster producers will follow.

The argument is based on a trend, which is running for the last five years that the consumers in California

are ready to pay more for oysters from the northeastern Atlantic Coast than for Gulf Coast oysters.

According to the author, this started when some harmful bacteria were found in a few raw Gulf Coast

oysters. However, as per this argument, now the scientists have invented a new method to kill these

harmful bacterial, hence, the value of Gulf Coast oysters will increase again.

However, this argument is not very acceptable, as many important points have been ignored. First, the

author has not mentioned the quantity of Gulf Coast oysters in which the harmful bacteria were found.

The whole lot of Gulf Coast oysters cannot be rejected just because of a few affected oysters. The author

has not tried to explain this aspect. Moreover, there does not seem to be any relation between the price of

oysters from the northeastern Atlantic Coast being twice high as Gulf Coast ones and harmful bacteria

found in a few raw Gulf Coast oysters. It might be that the Gulf Coast oysters are more easily available

than the northeastern Atlantic Coast oysters. There might be some other factors that can affect the prices

of the two types of oysters. These factors cannot be ruled out without any research. Hence, the author

should have studied the data carefully and logically to explain the link between the two things.

Secondly, the author has mentioned about a process devised by scientists to kill the bacteria, but he has

not tried to explain the procedure. In fact, the author has not mentioned about the success ratio of this

method. The author has talked about the increased safety of Gulf Coast oysters but he is not very sure.

There are chances that this procedure can only inhibit the growth of the harmful bacteria or can kill a

small portion of the bacteria. Hence, this argument can be concluded based on this statement. It is still not

very convincing that if consumers were made aware of the increased safety of Gulf Coast oysters, they

would be ready to pay the increased amount for Gulf Coast ones. It might be possible that they will be

worried about the success rate of this new procedure or some side effect of this method.

There is one more low point of this argument. These changes took place in the market five years ago. The

consumers might or might not be that fond of oysters. Five years is a long period, hence this is just a

speculation that the price of Gulf Coast oysters will increase and the market will make profit from them.Even if this assumption comes true and the price of Gulf Coast oysters increases, the author has not

offered any data that will help us to compare the two prices. The author has also not mentioned other

factors that will affect the profitability of the producers of Gulf Coast oysters. Hence, it cannot be said with

surety that the producers will gain profits with the increased prices. In the end, we can say that this

argument needs a detailed study of many other factors.


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Even if it will attract the most gifted teachers and researchers and improve the morale of their entire staff,

the chairperson has not provided any evidence that the results of the new policy will be profitable. Hence,

even though the recommendations of the chairperson are true, they are not well supported. The

chairperson should have provided evidence to ensure that the Bronston College's study is well appropriate

for Pierce University. There should have been strong reasons for the most gifted teachers and researchers

preferring Pierce University and not the other universities or colleges. There should also be a study for the

cost effectiveness of this recommendation.


The following appeared in a memo from the marketing director of Bargain Brand Cereals.

"One year ago we introduced our first product, 'Bargain Brand' breakfast cereal. Our very low prices

quickly drew many customers away from the top-selling cereal companies. Although the companies

producing the top brands have since tried to compete with us by lowering their prices, and although

several plan to introduce their own budget brands, not once have we needed to raise our prices to continue

making a profit. Given our success selling cereal, Bargain Brand should now expand its business andbegin marketing other low-priced food products as quickly as possible."

The above argument is given by the marketing head of the company. He has tried to prove his good

marketing skills and he is trying to increase the company's market by introducing new products. As per

him, the first product of the company 'Bargain Brand' breakfast cereal has established its market and it

was a hit with the customers. Even this cereal has drawn customers from the top-selling cereal companies

because of its low price and good quality. Hence, right now the company should take advantage of its

goodwill among its customers and introduce new products in the market.

I completely agree with this argument placed by the author as when the customers are happy with the

service provided by one company, and then they definitely want to go for the other services provided by the

same company. According to a famous saying, "First impression is the last impression." Hence, this is theright time for the company to introduce the new product. However, the company has to take extra care to

prove that it is the best. The quality of the new product should not be compromised. The company should

make sure about the quality and the prices offered by the company being the best in the market. The new

product should equalize itself with the old products. Even if the company makes a little less profit in the

beginning, the quality should be the best.

According to the author, this is the right time as the company is already established in the market and

giving competition to the top-brand companies. The customers trust the company and its products

completely. Hence, if the company launches new and different products at this time, it will give the

company a good name. The company can use the success of its first product to expand its business. The

advertisement of the new product can be based on the existing product. The profits of the business depend

on the good quality and the good advertisement. If a company takes advantage of its success at the right

time, it grows very quickly. According to the marketing head, people have started to know the company

and if the second product launched will be good enough then it can give the company's business a boost.

However, the company should not take everything for granted. The company should consider all other

factors, which can affect the promotion of the new product. The company should collect all the data related

to the market and should research for the demand of the product before launching the new product. There

is a possibility of tough competition from the other companies that are already selling the same product at

much cheaper rates. Hence, there will be tough competition. Therefore, the company should be careful in


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selecting the new product for launch. The quality, taste, and price of the product have to be better than the

other products in the market.

Hence, the suggestion made by the marketing head is correct and the company should think about

launching a new product, but it should do it after a careful study of the market.


"The Mozart School of Music should obviously be the first choice of any music student aware of itsreputation. First of all, the Mozart School stresses intensive practice and training, so that students

typically begin their training at a very young age. Second, the school has ample facilities and up-to-date

professional equipment, and its faculty includes some of the most distinguished music teachers in the

world. Finally, many Mozart graduates have gone on to be the best known and most highly paid musicians

in the nation."

The argument presented above is based on clearly mentioned reasons. It says that the Mozart School of

Music has all the qualities of a good school of music because of which music students should choose it

over other schools. It lays importance on training since timely and good training leads to good learning.

The school not only boasts of having all the latest equipments and numerous facilities for students, it also

has the best teachers that you can have. According to the argument, students graduating from this school

turn out to be successful by being popular as well as highly paid musicians of the nation. However, the

argument cannot be called completely true since there are many situations where it can lose its stand.

First of all, the argument does not consider the presence of other reputed music schools. It can be called a

one-sided argument since no reference is made of any comparison with the features of other music

schools. It is possible that apart from the Mozart School of Music there are other schools with additional

features that are also popular amongst students. In that case, the Mozart School of Music is not the

obvious first choice since it will have to face the competition of other reputed music schools.

The argument says that this school stresses on the importance of training and practice, which are very

important to begin at a young age. However, it does not mention about the quality of practice and training

being imparted. Although there are many distinguished music teachers, it cannot be said that the music

education being imparted is of the utmost quality. This is because there is a lot that depends upon the

attitude of the faculty as well as students. It is possible that not much is being done in the name of

training. If the teachers are not serious about teaching the students, it reflects in the quality of learning

and training.

Having ample facilities and latest professional equipment is surely important for any music school to be

reputed but it is not the sole factor that can attract students. Equipment can be gotten with funds, but

they need to be made the best use of in order to be useful for students. Some colleges are concerned about

maintaining the equipment to such an extent that they do not allow the use of expensive and latest

equipment by students to avoid damaging them. This type of equipment is of no use and it will not help in

making students learn.

The argument says that many students graduating from the Mozart School of Music have turned out to be

noted and highly paid musicians. However, this fact could be a mere co-incidence. It is likely that these

students could have reached the high in their life by purely their own efforts. In such a case, the school

could have taken the opportunity to take the credit of it in order to attract more students.

It can thus be seen that nearly all the statements presented in the argument can have a different side to

them. Considering the other possibilities, which are equally possible, it can be said that the Mozart School

of Music may not be the first choice of students. Hence, the argument loses its meaning.


11/12


As people grow older, an enzyme known as PEP increasingly breaks down the neuropeptide chemicals

involved in learning and memory. But now, researchers have found compounds that prevent PEP from

breaking neuropeptides apart. In tests, these compounds almost completely restored lost memory in rats.

The use of these compounds should be extended to students who have poor memory and difficulty in

concentrating - and therefore serious problems in school performance. Science finally has a solution for

problems neither parents nor teachers could solve.

The arguer recommends administering doses of certain chemical compounds to students in order to

improve their performance in school. These compounds have been found to restore lost memory in rats.

Therefore, the arguer asserts that they will be able to improve the memory and concentration of students

as well by preventing the PEP enzyme from breaking down the chemicals that are involved in learning and

memory. Nevertheless, there are certain points that question the soundness of the recommendation made

by the arguer.

Firstly, a major lacuna in the argument is the unfair analogy that has been drawn between rats and

humans. It is not necessary that what has been proven to be true for rats would be true for humans also.

Although, there is a possibility of having similar results when the compounds are administered to humans,

the reader would like to see concrete evidence being provided in support of this claim. The argument could

have been bolstered by providing evidence that proved that the compounds would have similar effects on

humans and rats. In the absence of such data, the contention that the use of these compounds can resolve

the issue of poor performance by students in school is highly unwarranted.

Secondly, the arguer clearly brings out that as one grows older the PEP enzyme increasingly breaks down

the neuropeptide chemicals that are involved in learning and memory. There is no mention of the role that

this enzyme plays in young humans. It is likely that the PEP enzyme has no effect on the learning abilities

and concentration of young people. Therefore, the administration of compounds that inhibit the actions of

the PEP enzyme will have little or no effect in young people because the neuropeptides in their bodies

would be intact as the PEP enzyme would not be as active as it would be when they grow older. Hence, the

arguer fails to justify the reason for administering these compounds to students. Moreover, there is no

surety that the memory and concentration power of students would actually increase after using these

compounds.

Thirdly, even if one assumes that the compounds will have similar effects on rats and humans, the arguer

has completely ignored other factors that can affect the performance of a school student. The teaching

standards of the school, the interest shown by the student in his studies, able guidance from parents,

friend circles etc. all contribute to the problems that may exist in the school performance of a student. It is

not necessary that good memory and concentration are sufficient for improving the school performance.

Moreover, the experiment in rats has shown effects on their lost memory and there is no mention of the

effect that these compounds have had on the concentration power of rats. Therefore, the assumption that

the use of these compounds will improve the memory and concentration of the students, thereby leading toa marked improvement in their school performance is far-fetched and grossly unconvincing.

The argument could have been substantiated to a significant extent by providing concrete evidence that

could have proved similarities in the effects that the compounds will have on rats and humans.

Additionally, the arguer needs to convince the reader that the poor performance of students in school can

be attributed to their poor memory and concentration alone. Moreover, the argument needs to include

information on the role played by the PEP enzyme on young people. Therefore, lack of crucial evidence has

rendered the given argument weak and unconvincing in several respects.



12/12

In a study of reading habits of Leeville citizens conducted by the University of Leeville, most respondents

said they preferred literary classics as reading material. However, a follow-up study conducted by the same

researchers found that the type of book most frequently checked out of each of the public libraries in

Leeville was the mystery novel. Therefore, it can be concluded that the respondents in the first study had

misrepresented their reading habits.

The given argument concludes that the respondents in a study related to the reading habits of Leeville

citizens had misrepresented their actual reading habits. This conclusion is supported by the results of a

second study conducted by the same team who had conducted the first study. These results show thatmystery novels are borrowed the most from the public libraries in Leeville. However, the argument is

plagued by numerous fallacies that make the conclusion sound highly unconvincing.

The arguer has not explicitly stated the cross-section of people who participated in the first study and

those who borrow books from the public libraries. Unless the arguer provides data related to the

respondents, it is difficult to be convinced that the results of the first study are an indication of the reading

habits of all the citizens of Leeville. Moreover, there is a need to provide information related to the age and

the professions of the respondents of the first survey. If the respondents were teachers and writers, then

they would have an inclination to read literary classics and this would explain the results which were in

favor of literary classics being preferred as the reading material. On the other hand, it is likely that the

public libraries are frequented by college going students and young people who are more interested in

reading mystery novels. The second study takes into account the trend being followed by the general

Leeville population which borrows books from the public libraries. It is likely that the people who borrow

books from the libraries are not the same ones who had participated in the first survey. Moreover, it is

likely that the respondents of the first survey do not go to public libraries regularly and are avid collectors

of literary classics who prefer to buy the books that they read.

The arguer should have ideally provided statistical data pertaining to the literary classics being borrowed

from the public libraries. Although, mystery novels are borrowed the most, it is likely that the number of

literary classics that are borrowed comes to a close second. Moreover, the argument makes no mention of

the number of literary classics that are available in the libraries and are not being borrowed. It is likely

that the libraries do not hold many copies of literary classics and so even if all of them have been

borrowed, they will not qualify as the type of books that are borrowed the most. Therefore, the readerneeds to know if the libraries are facing a shortage of literary classics in order to be convinced that people

actually prefer mystery novels over literary classics.

There is no mention of the time lag that has occurred between the conduct of both the studies. It is likely

that the gap between the studies is such that there has been a major change in the demographic make up

of Leeville leading to an increase in the number of people who prefer to read mystery novels.

Therefore, unless the arguer clearly establishes a link between the respondents of the first survey and the

people who borrow books from the public libraries, it would be difficult to assume that the respondents of

the first survey misrepresented their reading habits. Moreover, there is a need to provide statistical data

related to the books held by the public libraries that have been included in the second study. Hence, the

arguer provides scant evidence in support of the conclusion made by him, thereby rendering the argumentindefensible.

12 Arguments

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