12 air pollution

106
Air Polluti on

Transcript of 12 air pollution

Page 1: 12 air pollution

Air Pollution

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Air & Its Pollution

A person needs per day about– 1.4 kg of water– 0.7 kg of food– 14 kg of air

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Air Pollution

Air pollution may be defined as the presence in the air (outdoor atmosphere) of one or more contaminants or combinations thereof in such quantities and of such durations as may be or tend to be injurious to human, animal or plant life, or property, or which unreasonably interferes with the comfortable enjoyment of life or property or conduct of business.

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Air PollutantsA pollutant can be solid (large or sub-molecular),

liquid or gas .It may originate from a natural or anthropogenic

source or both.It is estimated that anthropogenic sources have

changed the composition of global air by less than 0.01%.

However, it is widely accepted that even a small change can have a significant adverse effect on the climate, ecosystem and species on the planet.

Examples of these are acid rains, CO, SOx, NOx, SPM, RSPM,CO2, ozone in the lower atmosphere, and photochemical smog.

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Air Pollution and Public Opinion• Not a new phenomena: Smoke from Burning of

Coal• Problems in many urban areas in late 1800s and

early 1900 due to coal use• 1000s of deaths attributed to air pollution

episodes in London – large number of pollution sources– restricted air volume– failure to recognize problem– CO presence: lethal

• Photochemical smog

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Why Air Quality?Sources of Air Pollution

1.Point source stacks of thermal power stations, brick kilns, lime kilns, boiler etc.

2. Area source Cluster of point sources, spill of chemicals, crude/product spills in ocean etc.

3. Line source Car, scooter, train, aircraft: white line in sky behind a jet plane?

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Why Air Quality?Type of Pollutants

1. Primary pollutants pollutants which are being emitted into the air directly by point/area/line

sources. Examples: CO, NOx, SO2, Pb, SPM, RSPM, VOCs

2. Secondary pollutants pollutants which are getting formed from primary pollutants in the atmosphere. Some of the reactions are catalyzed by sun light.

Examples: acid rains, smog, O3, H2O2, formaldehyde, peroxy acetyl nitrate (PAN)

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Why Air Pollution?

• Main cause: Combustion

Fuel (C,H,S,N,Pb,Hg,ash) + Air (N2 + O2)

CO2, CO, NOx, SOx, Pb, Hg, SPM, RSPM(PM10), VOCs

Coal: 500 MT

Crude Oil based products: 120 MT

Natural gas: 31 NBCM

Biomass: 400-500 MT (NOX,SPM/RSPM)

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Why Air Pollution contd..

Usage/handling of Chemicals: paint, varnishes, perfumes, CFCs, petrol pumps, etc.

Cement handling, insulation on winding of motors/alternators/transformers

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Combustion processes

1.Electricity generation Total generation capacity: 162,366.80 MW

Thermal : 104,423.98 MW (64.6%)

Hydro : 36,953.40 MW (24.7 %)

Nuclear : 4560.0 MW (2.9%)

Renewable : 16,429 MW ( 7.7%)

2.Transport : 18 % of total energyLiquid fuels : 97.5% total petroleum products

Electricity : 1.0% of total

3. Industry :coal, petroleum products, electricity

4. Domestic sector :biomass, petroleum products, electricity

5. Agriculture :electricity, petroleum products

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If the Indian coal is burnt at a rate of 1.00 kg per second having a sulphur content of 1.00 %, what is the annual rate of emission of SO2. The sulphur in the ash is found to be 5 %.

• Sulphur burnt: 1.00 x 1/100=0.01 kg/s• Sulfur converted to SO2 = 0.01 x 0.95 = 0.0095 kg/s• S + O2 =SO2• SO2 produced = 0.0095 x 64/32 = 0.019 kg/s or 600,000 kg/y

Coal combustion having S

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Pollutants generationFuel Combustion

VOC1%

Pb5%

CO3%

Sox43%

Nox25%

PM1023%

Sox

CO

Pb

Nox

VOC

PM10

S in coals:0.5-2.5%

N2+O2=NOx

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Transport

VOC17%

PM1010%

Nox21%

Sox1%

CO36%

Pb15%

Sox

CO

Pb

Nox

VOC

PM10

Diesel:350 ppm2010: 50 ppm

Octane number enhancer: Tetraethyl lead, GM 1922

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Industrial

VOC51%

PM1028%

Nox3%

Sox8%

CO6%Pb

4%

Sox

CO

Pb

Nox

VOC

PM10

SOx

51%

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The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 Central pollution control board (CPCB) State pollution control boards (SPCB)

Set procedure : ambient air, industry wise norms FIR against the firm/sealing of the industry

Agencies responsible for controlling air pollution in India

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National Ambient Air

Quality Standards (NAAQS)in India,

1994

Concentration in ambient air Pollutants Time-weighted average

Industrial Areas

Residential, Rural &

other Areas

Sensitive Areas

Annual Average*

80 µg/m3 60 µg/m3 15 µg/m3 SulphurDioxide (SO2)

24 hours**

120 µg/m3

80 µg/m3 30 µg/m3

Annual Average*

80 µg/m3 60 µg/m3 15 µg/m3 Oxides of Nitrogen as (NO2) 24

hours** 120

µg/m3 80 µg/m3 30 µg/m3

Annual Average*

360 µg/m3

140 µg/m3 70 µg/m3 Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM)

24 hours**

500 µg/m3

200 µg/m3 100 µg/m3

Annual Average*

120 µg/m3

60 µg/m3 50 µg/m3 Respirable Particulate Matter (RPM) (size less than 10 microns) 24

hours** 150

µg/m3 100 µg/m3 75 µg/m3

Annual Average*

1.0 µg/m3 0.75 µg/m3 0.50 µg/m3

Lead (Pb)

24 hours**

1.5 µg/m3 1.00 µg/m3 0.75 µg/m3

Ammonia1 Annual Average*

0.1 mg/ m3

0.1 mg/ m3 0.1 mg/m3

24 hours**

0.4 mg/ m3

0.4 mg/m3 0.4 mg/m3

8 hours**

5.0 mg/m3

2.0 mg/m3 1.0 mg/ m3

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

1 hour 10.0 mg/m3

4.0 mg/m3 2.0 mg/m3

Environmentally Sensitive areas (ESA): landscape, wild life & history

^ annual mean of 104 measurements in a year^^ 24/8 h values should be met 98% of time in a year

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Remember (24 h)Pollutant National ambient air quality standards

(NAAQS) for India

Values are in µg/m3

Maximum permissible limits of pollutants in air set by WHO

  Industrial areas

Residential rural & other areas

Sensitive areas

 

Sulphur dioxide

120 80 30 100 – 150

Nitrogen dioxide

120 80 30 150

Total SPM 500 200 100 150 – 230

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Particulate MatterSuspended Particulate Matter

Fine Particulate Matter

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• Particulate matter, or PM, is the term for particles found in the air, including dust, dirt, soot, smoke, and liquid droplets. 

• These small particles can remain suspended in the air for long periods of time. 

• Some particles are large or dark enough to be seen as soot or smoke.  Others are so small that individually they can only be detected with an electron microscope.

What is Particulate Matter?

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Sources of Particulate Matter PM10

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• Primary Particles– These particles are

emitted directly from air pollution sources such as power plants, factories, automobile exhaust, construction sites, unpaved roads, wood burning

• Secondary Particles– Formed in the atmosphere

indirectly when gases from burning fuels react with sunlight and water vapor and are chemically transformed into particles, secondary pollutants: solid/liquid

Types of Fine Particulate Matter

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A few definitions• Solid or liquid particles with sizes from

0.001 – 100 μm may be in air

• General term for these is aerosols

• Dust originates from grinding or crushing

• Fumes are solid particles formed when vapors condense

• Smoke describes particles released in combustion processes

• Smog is used to describe air pollution and is combination of smoke+fog

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Hukka

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Bronian M

otion

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PM2.5

(2.5 µm)PM10

(10µm)

Hair cross section (70 m)

Human Hair (70 µm diameter)

What Is PM10 & PM2.5 ?

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Health Effects From Particulate Matter

• Many scientific studies have linked breathing PM to a series of significant health problems, including:– aggravated asthma – increases in respiratory

symptoms like coughing and difficult or painful breathing

– chronic bronchitis – decreased lung function – premature death

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Health Effects of Particulate Matter

• Impact depends on particle size, shape and composition

• Large particles trapped in nose• Particles >10 μm removed in

tracheobronchial system• Particles <0.5 μm reach lungs but are

exhaled with air• Particles 2 – 4 μm most effectively

deposited in lungs

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Stokes Law

Aerodynamic diameter: Diameter of the sphere having the same settling velocity as that of the particle

Given by George Gabriel Stokes in 1851

Where,

acceleration of gravity (g), m/s2 

particle diameter (d), m 

density of particle (ρp), kg/m3 

density of medium (ρm), kg/m3 

viscosity of medium (μ), kg/m s 

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Human respiratory system

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Other Effects From Particles• Visibility Impairment

– PM is the major cause of reduced visibility (haze). 

• Aesthetic Damage– Soot, a type of PM, stains and

damages stone and other materials, including objects such as monuments and statues.

• Plant Damage– PM can form a film on plant

leaves interfering with photosynthesis and plant growth

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Particulate Matter and Taj

The deposition of SPM on the shimmering white marble of the Taj Mahal imparts yellow tinge to the marble surface

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Norms CO( g/km) HC (g/km) NOx (g/km) PM(g/km)

1991Norms 14 3.5 18

1996 Norms 11.2 2.4 14.4

India stage 2000 norms

4.5 1.1 8.0 0.36

Bharat stage-II

4.0 1.1 7.0 0.15

Bharat Stage-III

2.1 1.6 5.0 0.10

Bharat Stage-IV

1.5 0.96 3.5 0.02

Emission norms for heavy Diesel vehicles

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Indian Emission Standards (4-Wheel Vehicles)

Standard Reference Date Region

India 2000 Euro 1 2000 Nationwide

Bharat Stage II Euro 2 2001 NCR*, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai

2003.04 NCR*, 10 Cities†

2005.04 Nationwide

Bharat Stage III Euro 3 2005.04 NCR*, 10 Cities†

2010.04 Nationwide

Bharat Stage IV Euro 4 2010.04 NCR*, 10 Cities†

* National Capital Region (Delhi)

† Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, Pune, Surat, Kanpur and Agra

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Standards & Some Case Studies, 2005

• SPM Standard is 200 microgram/m3 (24 h avg)• RSPM or PM10 is 100 microgram/m3 (24 h avg)• The highest SPM level of 4,772 microgram per cubic

meter was recorded at Meera Bagh while the lowest of 1,068 microgram per cubic meter at Defence Colony. The prescribed limit is 200.

• The highest RSPM level was 2,292 microgram per cubic meter at Meera bagh and minimum was 586 in Rajpur Road, near the Delhi University. The prescribed limit is 100.

• Police claimed to have fined around 500 people for bursting crackers after 10.00 PM. The maximum punishment is imprisonment up to five years and fine up to Rs 100,000.

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Carbon Monoxide• Most abundant air

pollutant• Produced by incomplete

combustion

– insufficient O2

– low temperature– short residence time– poor mixing

• Major source (~ 77%) is motor vehicle exhaust

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Carbon MonoxideMisc10%

Industrial7%

Fuel Combustion6%

Transport77%

Misc

Industrial

Fuel Combustion

Transport

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Carbon Monoxide• Colorless and odorless • When inhaled, binds to hemoglobin in blood to form

carboxyhemoglobin, reducing the oxygen carrying capacity• brain function reduced, heart rate increased at lower levels• asphyxiation occurs at higher levels

• % COHb = β(1- e-γt) (CO)

• % COHb = Carboxyhemoglobin as % saturation• CO = Carbonmonoxide conc. in ppm• γ = 0.402 h-1

• β= 0.15 %/ ppm CO• t = exposure time in hours

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Carbon Monoxide

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Carbon Monoxide

• Typical Levels– busy roadways: 5 – 50 ppm– congested highways: up to 100 ppm

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Norms CO( g/km) HC (g/km) NOx (g/km) PM(g/km)

1991Norms 14 3.5 18

1996 Norms 11.2 2.4 14.4

India stage 2000 norms

4.5 1.1 8.0 0.36

Bharat stage-II

4.0 1.1 7.0 0.15

Bharat Stage-III

2.1 1.6 5.0 0.10

Bharat Stage-IV

1.5 0.96 3.5 0.02

Emission norms for heavy Diesel vehicles

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Sulfur Oxides (SOx)• SO2, SO3, SO4

2 formed during combustion of fuel containing sulfur

• H2S released is converted to SO2

• 10 Tg/yr natural sources

• 75 Tg/yr anthropogenic sources

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SOx

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Sulfur Dioxide: Health Effects• High concentrations of SO2 can result in

temporary breathing impairment. • Longer-term exposures to high concentrations of

SO2, in conjunction with high levels of PM, include respiratory illness, alterations in the lungs' defenses, and aggravation of existing cardiovascular disease

• Short-term exposures of asthmatic individuals to elevated SO2 levels may result in reduced lung function.

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Sulfur Dioxide: Environmental Effects

• Acid Rain Decreased Visibility

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Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)

• Primarily NO and NO2

• NO3, N2O, N2O3, N2O4, N2O5 are also known to occur

• Thermal NOx created by oxidation of atmospheric N2 when T > 1000 K

• Fuel NOx from oxidation of N in fuel

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NOx

Transport45%

Misc1%

Industrial4%

Fuel Combustion50%

Misc

Industrial

Fuel Combustion

Transport

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Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)

• NO has few health effects, but is oxidized to NO2

• NO2 irritates lungs and promotes respiratory infections

• NO2 reacts with hydrocarbons in presence of sunlight to produce smog

• NO2 reacts with hydroxyl radicals to produce nitric acid – acid precipitation

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Lead

• Sources:– gasoline (historical)– metals processing

• Highest air Pb concentrations – in the vicinity of

nonferrous and ferrous smelters, and battery manufacturers.

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Pb

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Lead: Health Effects

• Accumulates in the blood, bones, and soft tissues.

• Adversely affects the kidneys, liver, nervous system, and other organs.

• Excessive exposure to Pb may cause neurological impairments, such as seizures, mental retardation, and behavioral disorders.

• May be a factor in high blood pressure and subsequent heart disease.

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Photochemical Smog

hydrocarbons + NOx + sunlight → photochemical smog (oxidants)

• primary oxidants produced:

– ozone (O3)

– formaldehyde– peroxyacetyl

nitrate (PAN)

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Ozone depletion mechanism

• Different chemicals are responsible for the destruction of the ozone layer

• Topping the list :– chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s) – man-made, non-toxic and inert in the troposphere– In the stratosphere are photolysed, releasing reactive chlorine

atoms that catalytically destroy ozone

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Stratospheric Ozone and Ultraviolet Radiation (UVR)• Ultra-violet radiation (UVR) high energy electromagnetic wave emitted from the

sun. It is made up of wavelengths ranging from 100nm to 400nm.

• UV radiation includes UV-A, the least dangerous form of UV radiation, with a wavelength range between 315nm to 400nm, UV-B with a wavelength range between 280nm to 315nm, and UV-C which is the most dangerous between 100nm to 280nm. UV-C is unable to reach Earth’s surface due to stratospheric ozone’s ability to absorb it. (Last, 2006)

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Sun Protection Factor

Sunscreens: 4, 8, 15, 30, 45

The SPF of a sunscreen indicates the time period you can stay in the sun without burning based on your skin complexion.

Recommended SPF

Skin Type 1 hr 2 hr 3 hr 4 hr 5+ hr

Very Fair /Extremely Sensitive

15 30 30 45 45

Fair / Sensitive 15 15 30 30 45

Fair 15 15 15 30 30

Medium 8 8 15 15 30

Dark 4 8 8 15 15

Note: Reapply sunscreen often, especially after swimming or sweating.

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Photochemical Smog

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Photochemical Smog

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Ozone: Health Effects

• Increased incidents of respiratory distress.

• Repeated exposures to ozone:– Increased susceptibility to respiratory

infection– Lung inflammation– Aggravation of pre-existing respiratory

diseases such as asthma. – Decrease in lung function and increased

respiratory symptoms such as chest pain and cough.

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Ozone: Environmental Effects• Ozone also affects

vegetation and ecosystems– reductions in agricultural and

commercial forest yields ($0.5 billion/yr in US alone)

– reduced growth and survivability of tree seedlings

– increased plant susceptibility to disease, pests, and other environmental stresses (e.g., harsh weather).

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Ozone Revised Standards

• In 1997, the 1-hour ozone standard of 0.12 parts per million (ppm) was replaced with a new 8-hour 0.08 ppm standard.

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Units of Measurement

• μg/m3 – mass:volume• parts per million (ppm) – volume:volume

where C = concentration in μg/m3

3

-1

L/m

kPa/ K molL

1000

325.101273/414.22 22

MW

PTCppm

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Landmark datelines to capital clean

• April 1995: Mandatory fitting of catalytic convertors• April 1996: Low sulphur diesel introduced• April 1998: Introduction of CNG buses in Delhi• Sept 1998: Complete removal of lead in petrol• Dec 1998: Restrict plying of goods vehicles during the

day• Sept 1999: Amendment of Motor Vehicles Act to

include CNG• April 2000: Private vehicles to be registered only if

they conform to Euro II standards• April 2000: Eight-year-old commercial vehicles

phased out• Nov 2002: Conversion of all public transport buses to

CNG

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Air Pollution ControlMobile Emissions: Line sources

Stationary Emissions: Point sources

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Type of the engines1. Spark Ignition (SI) Engines: 1880 Nicholas Otto, German engineer

Compression ratio: 1: 8, Gasoline-Octane number, 88 & 91(IOCL Extra Premium)

Four stroke: Intake stroke (Gasoline + Air)

Compression stroke

Power stroke : spark is given to have combustion: Faraday dynamo

Exhaust stroke

2. Compression Ignition (CI) Engines: 1893 Rudolf Diesel, German

Compression ratio: 1:15, Diesel-Cetane number, 46+

Four stroke: Intake stroke (Air only)

Compression stroke

Power stroke : Diesel injected to have combustion

Exhaust stroke

CO, HC, NOx and PM

NOx are higher and PM

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Emissions in Internal Combustion Engines

Rich Mixture

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Two Way

Catalytic Converter

Two pollutants:COHC

Leaded gasoline spoils converters

A two-way catalytic converter has two simultaneous tasks:

Oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide: 2CO + O2 → 2CO2

Oxidation of unburnt hydrocarbons (unburnt and partially-burnt fuel) to carbon dioxide and water: 2CxHy + (2x+y/2)O2 → 2xCO2 + yH2O

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Three Way

Catalytic ConverterThree pollutants:COHC&NOx

Leaded gasoline spoils converters

A three-way catalytic converter has three simultaneous tasks:

Reduction of nitrogen oxides to nitrogen and oxygen: 2NOx → xO2 + N2

Oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide: 2CO + O2 → 2CO2

Oxidation of unburnt hydrocarbons (HC) to carbon dioxide and water: 2CxHy + (2x+y/2)O2 → 2xCO2 + yH2O

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Three Way

Catalytic ConverterThree pollutants:COHC&NOx

Leaded gasoline spoils converters

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Catalytic Converters

usePlatinum/Palladium/Rhodiumcatalysts

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Cleaner/Alternative Fuel

• Vaporization of Gasoline should be reduced. • Oxygen containing additives reduce air

requirement. Eg., ethanol, methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) ( ill health effects).– Methanol: (Less photochemically reactive VOC, but

emits HCHO (eye irritant), difficult to start in winters: Can be overcome by M85 (85 % methanol, 15 % gasoline)

– Ethanol: GASOHOL(10 % ethanol & 90% Gasoline), – CNG: Low HC, NOx high, Inconvenient refueling,

leakage hazard.– LPG: Propane, NOx high

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Air Pollution Control Stationary Sources

• Pre-combustion Control– Switching to Less Sulphur and N Fuel: Alternate fuels

• Combustion Control– Improving the combustion process: grate/pulverized– New burners to reduce NOx– New Fluidized bed boilers– Integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC)

• Coal converted into CO + H2 and then burnt

• Post-Combustion Control– Particulate collection devices– Flue gas desulphurization

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Cleaner/Alternative Fuels

• Oxygen containing additives reduce air requirements and combustion is better

• Methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) ( ill health effects)

• Biodiesel• Ethanol: GASOHOL(10 % ethanol & 90%

Gasoline)• Methanol [M80, 80 % methanol, 20 % gasoline]• CNG• LPG• Hydrogen

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A cleaner-burning, renewable, and domestically produced diesel fuel

Biodiesel can be made from various oils: edible and inedible viz: jatropha, pongamia, mustard, soybean, corn, sunflower, animal fat, and even waste greaseBiodiesel is primarily sold as B20 (Diesel 80+20 Biodiesel) U.S. Congress designated B20 as an approved alternative fuel in 1998

BIODIESEL

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A BETTER FUEL VS DIESEL

Higher cetane Greater lubricity Superior detergency Higher flash point

More mileage Greater horsepower Less smoke Smoother running engines Quicker starts Longer engine life Reduced maintenance

BenefitsFeatures

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Cleaner Emissions vs. Diesel

Emission Type B100 B20

Carbon Monoxide - 43.2% - 12.6% Hydrocarbons - 56.3% - 11% Particulates - 55.4% - 18 % Nitrogen Oxides + 5.8% +1.2 %

Carcinogens - 60% - 90% - 12% - 20%

Mutagens - 80% - 90% - 20%

Carbon Dioxide * - 78.3% - 15.7%

* Life cycle emissions of CO2

Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Golden, Colorado

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FUEL ETHANOL AND BIODIESEL PRODUCTION, WORLD TOTAL, 1990-2003

(billion liters)

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FROM THE FARMER TO THE FUEL TANK

Energy CropR&D

Farming

Oilseed

Meal

Crushing Crop Oil

Biodiesel Production

Biodiesel

MarketGlycerin

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++

Vegetable or animal oil

Alcohol Biodiesel Glycerin

catalyst

Basics :Chemical reaction between vegetable or animal oils/fats with alcohol producing ethyl or methyl esters (Biodiesel) + glycerin (by-product)

Raw materials

- Vegetable oils (rapeseed, soya, sunflower, castor, palm, cotton, peanut, others)

or animal;- Alcohol (methanol or ethanol)- Catalysts (sodium hydroxide)

Biodiesel Production by Transesterification

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Catalyst

Oil Purification

Transesterification

Purification Biodiesel

Water Glycerine

Soaps

Water

Purification

Glycerine

Alcohol

Biodiesel Production by Transesterification

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ETHANOL

Henry Ford designed the famed Model T Ford to run on alcohol and he had said “the fuel of the future” in 1908

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Renewable Zero Carbon Balance Not dependent on petroleum Large scale of production

High miscibility with gasoline and it is a perfect

substitute for tetraethyl lead/aromatics Oxygenated Compound

Reduces CO emission

Low toxic Sulfur free

WHY ETHANOL?

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Low heating value (70 % of gasoline)

Ignition difficulty in winter

Metal corrosion

Effect on plastic and rubber components

DISADVANTAGES ETHANOL

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WORLD ETHANOL PRODUCTION2007 data

Country Billion of liters

USA 24.60

Brazil 18.99

European Union 2.16

China 1.83

Canada 0.80

Thailand 0.28

Columbia 0.27

India 12.3

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 Gasoline(CnH1.87n)

Methanol(CH3OH)

Ethanol(C2H5OH)

Stoichiometric A/F ratio

14.6 6.47 9.00

Density (kg/m3) 720-780 792 785

RON 95 106 107

MON 80-90 92 89

Low heating value (MJ/kg)

44 20 26.9

Heat of vaporization (kJ/kg)

305 1,103 840

LHV of stoich. mixture (MJ/kg)

2.83 2.68 2.69

Auto-ignition temperature (°C)

260-460 460 360

FUEL PROPERTIES

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ETHYL ALCOHOL

Raw Materials

Sugary materials: molasses, sugar cane juice, fruits

Starch materials: corn, barley, rice, wheat

Cellulosic materials: wood, agricultural residues

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METHANOL

United States Auto Club : 1965

Formula one : gasoline

High octane number : RON of 107 and MON of 92

Not suitable for CI engines

Proven technology

Heating value half of gasoline

No engine modification required

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METHANOL

Methanol economy: in 2005 by George A. Olah Nobel Prize (1994)

Methanol: as gasoline supplement/ replacement

Direct : DMFC (Direct Methanol Fuel Cell)

Indirect : Hydrogen Fuel Cells

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METHANOL PRODUCTION ROUTES

Wood pyrolysis

From Syn-gas (CO+H2) via F-T process (depends upon catalyst, temperature and pressure conditions)

Methanol and Ethanol may be the Liquid Fuels of Coming Future

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Mixture of HCs

Main Constituent is Methane >96%

Heating value 37-40 MJ/Nm3

(billing is based on heating value)

Sulphur free

High octane number (130+)

CO and unburnt HCs emission low

Low cost ?

NG/CNG/PNG/LNG

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Year OIL ONGC PVT/JV Total

1996/07 1.50 21.28 0.48 23.26

1999/00 1.73 23.25 3.47 28.45

2004/05 2.01 22.99 6.78 31.77

2005/06 2.27 22.57 7.36 32.20

2006/07 2.27 22.25 7.04 31.58

2009/10 47.51

NG PRODUCTION IN INDIA

As per 2007 data of MoPNG

in BCM

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GAIL (INDIA) LTD. main player in gas transport

A total of 5300 km gas pipe line in our country 11 states covered HBJ (Hajira-Bilaspur-Jagdispur) 2800 km Capacity: 60 SMCMD; 900 mm Diameter Pressure: 20-40 Bar, Boosters: 200-350 km

Iran-Pakistan-India pipeline: 2300 km

Myanmar-Bangladesh-India Pipe Line

NG NET WORK

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Number of natural gas vehicles and refilling stations in the world by end 2005

Country Vehicles Ref. stationsArgentina 1,439,527 1,402Brazil 1,000,424 1,124Pakistan 800,000 740Italy 382,000 509India* 204,000 198US 130,000 1,340China 97,200 355Ukraine 67,000 147Egypt 62,150 90Colombia 60,000 90

*2006/07 408,880 356 (Delhi and Mumbai)

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Number of natural gas vehicles and refilling stations in the world by end 2005 contd…

Country Vehicles Ref. stationsIran 48,029 72Venezuela 44,146 149Russia 41,780 213Germany 27,200 558Japan 24,684 288Canada 20,505 222Sweden 7,000 65UK 543 20Others 200,000 1,000Total 4,706,000 8,643

Petroleum review, 2006

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Domestic fuel Mixture of Propane (20%) & Butane (80%) LPG is highly volatile liquid and expands

to 247 times of its liquid volume Mercaptans added (50 ppm) Liquefaction pressure: Propane 10 bar; Butane

3 bar 14.2 kg MS Cylinders for domestic use

and 19 & 49.5 kg others Vehicle usage allowed by government

LPG

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Widely regarded as the ultimate fuel and energy storage medium for future

Environment friendly Hydrogen has high energy density

(120MJ/kg vs 44.4 MJ/kg Petrol) Produced from water, fossil fuels,

biomass, solar energy etc.

HYDROGEN ENERGYHYDROGEN ENERGY

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Catalytic steam reforming of natural gas/coal/biomass

Electrolytic decomposition of water Solar radiations

HYDROGEN PRODUCTION ROUTESHYDROGEN PRODUCTION ROUTES

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Photosynthesis

Fuels Electricity

Photovoltaics

CO

Sugar

H O

O

2

2

2

Solar energy based production options

Semiconductor/LiquidJunctions

H2O

O H22

SC

Heating

ee--

Electrolysis of water

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Stationary Emissions: Point Sources

Control of Particulate Matter

Device Selection Depends on• Particle Size• Concentration• Corrosivity• Volumetric Flow Rate• Required Collection Efficiency• Cost

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Cyclone

• For PM > 5 micron

• Efficiency > 90%

• Maintenance Free

• Inexpensive

• ReCyclone® System - YouTube.MP4

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Fabric Filters

• Eff. – 100 % Particles >0.01 micron

• Can not operate in moist environment

• Large & Expensive• Competitive with ESP• Cloth material-

temperature dependant

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Bag Materilas1.Cotton2.Nylon3.Polyester4.Fiberglass5.Asbestos6.Stainless steel: woven7.Ceramic

filter bag,filter fabric,filter cage-cox filter cloth - YouTube.MP4

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Electrostatic Precipitator

• Wires are charged with high negative voltage. 100 KV

• PM negatively charged & move towards grounded collector plates

• Removal>98%, All size• Little pressure drop, low O&M

cost but initial cost high• Occupy large space• Plate Area Requirement

depends on Efficiency required– Efficiency = 1-e-wA/Q

– A is total area of collection plate

– Q Volumetric flow rate of the gas

– W is drift velocityElectrostatic Precipitator

System Working.avi - YouTube.MP4

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Sulfur Dioxide Control

CaCO3+SO2+2H2O=CaSO3.2H2O+CO2or CaO+SO2+2H2O=CaSO3.2H2O