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Transcript of 12 air pollution
Air Pollution
Air & Its Pollution
A person needs per day about– 1.4 kg of water– 0.7 kg of food– 14 kg of air
Air Pollution
Air pollution may be defined as the presence in the air (outdoor atmosphere) of one or more contaminants or combinations thereof in such quantities and of such durations as may be or tend to be injurious to human, animal or plant life, or property, or which unreasonably interferes with the comfortable enjoyment of life or property or conduct of business.
Air PollutantsA pollutant can be solid (large or sub-molecular),
liquid or gas .It may originate from a natural or anthropogenic
source or both.It is estimated that anthropogenic sources have
changed the composition of global air by less than 0.01%.
However, it is widely accepted that even a small change can have a significant adverse effect on the climate, ecosystem and species on the planet.
Examples of these are acid rains, CO, SOx, NOx, SPM, RSPM,CO2, ozone in the lower atmosphere, and photochemical smog.
Air Pollution and Public Opinion• Not a new phenomena: Smoke from Burning of
Coal• Problems in many urban areas in late 1800s and
early 1900 due to coal use• 1000s of deaths attributed to air pollution
episodes in London – large number of pollution sources– restricted air volume– failure to recognize problem– CO presence: lethal
• Photochemical smog
Why Air Quality?Sources of Air Pollution
1.Point source stacks of thermal power stations, brick kilns, lime kilns, boiler etc.
2. Area source Cluster of point sources, spill of chemicals, crude/product spills in ocean etc.
3. Line source Car, scooter, train, aircraft: white line in sky behind a jet plane?
Why Air Quality?Type of Pollutants
1. Primary pollutants pollutants which are being emitted into the air directly by point/area/line
sources. Examples: CO, NOx, SO2, Pb, SPM, RSPM, VOCs
2. Secondary pollutants pollutants which are getting formed from primary pollutants in the atmosphere. Some of the reactions are catalyzed by sun light.
Examples: acid rains, smog, O3, H2O2, formaldehyde, peroxy acetyl nitrate (PAN)
Why Air Pollution?
• Main cause: Combustion
Fuel (C,H,S,N,Pb,Hg,ash) + Air (N2 + O2)
CO2, CO, NOx, SOx, Pb, Hg, SPM, RSPM(PM10), VOCs
Coal: 500 MT
Crude Oil based products: 120 MT
Natural gas: 31 NBCM
Biomass: 400-500 MT (NOX,SPM/RSPM)
Why Air Pollution contd..
Usage/handling of Chemicals: paint, varnishes, perfumes, CFCs, petrol pumps, etc.
Cement handling, insulation on winding of motors/alternators/transformers
Combustion processes
1.Electricity generation Total generation capacity: 162,366.80 MW
Thermal : 104,423.98 MW (64.6%)
Hydro : 36,953.40 MW (24.7 %)
Nuclear : 4560.0 MW (2.9%)
Renewable : 16,429 MW ( 7.7%)
2.Transport : 18 % of total energyLiquid fuels : 97.5% total petroleum products
Electricity : 1.0% of total
3. Industry :coal, petroleum products, electricity
4. Domestic sector :biomass, petroleum products, electricity
5. Agriculture :electricity, petroleum products
If the Indian coal is burnt at a rate of 1.00 kg per second having a sulphur content of 1.00 %, what is the annual rate of emission of SO2. The sulphur in the ash is found to be 5 %.
• Sulphur burnt: 1.00 x 1/100=0.01 kg/s• Sulfur converted to SO2 = 0.01 x 0.95 = 0.0095 kg/s• S + O2 =SO2• SO2 produced = 0.0095 x 64/32 = 0.019 kg/s or 600,000 kg/y
Coal combustion having S
Pollutants generationFuel Combustion
VOC1%
Pb5%
CO3%
Sox43%
Nox25%
PM1023%
Sox
CO
Pb
Nox
VOC
PM10
S in coals:0.5-2.5%
N2+O2=NOx
Transport
VOC17%
PM1010%
Nox21%
Sox1%
CO36%
Pb15%
Sox
CO
Pb
Nox
VOC
PM10
Diesel:350 ppm2010: 50 ppm
Octane number enhancer: Tetraethyl lead, GM 1922
Industrial
VOC51%
PM1028%
Nox3%
Sox8%
CO6%Pb
4%
Sox
CO
Pb
Nox
VOC
PM10
SOx
51%
The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 Central pollution control board (CPCB) State pollution control boards (SPCB)
Set procedure : ambient air, industry wise norms FIR against the firm/sealing of the industry
Agencies responsible for controlling air pollution in India
National Ambient Air
Quality Standards (NAAQS)in India,
1994
Concentration in ambient air Pollutants Time-weighted average
Industrial Areas
Residential, Rural &
other Areas
Sensitive Areas
Annual Average*
80 µg/m3 60 µg/m3 15 µg/m3 SulphurDioxide (SO2)
24 hours**
120 µg/m3
80 µg/m3 30 µg/m3
Annual Average*
80 µg/m3 60 µg/m3 15 µg/m3 Oxides of Nitrogen as (NO2) 24
hours** 120
µg/m3 80 µg/m3 30 µg/m3
Annual Average*
360 µg/m3
140 µg/m3 70 µg/m3 Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM)
24 hours**
500 µg/m3
200 µg/m3 100 µg/m3
Annual Average*
120 µg/m3
60 µg/m3 50 µg/m3 Respirable Particulate Matter (RPM) (size less than 10 microns) 24
hours** 150
µg/m3 100 µg/m3 75 µg/m3
Annual Average*
1.0 µg/m3 0.75 µg/m3 0.50 µg/m3
Lead (Pb)
24 hours**
1.5 µg/m3 1.00 µg/m3 0.75 µg/m3
Ammonia1 Annual Average*
0.1 mg/ m3
0.1 mg/ m3 0.1 mg/m3
24 hours**
0.4 mg/ m3
0.4 mg/m3 0.4 mg/m3
8 hours**
5.0 mg/m3
2.0 mg/m3 1.0 mg/ m3
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
1 hour 10.0 mg/m3
4.0 mg/m3 2.0 mg/m3
Environmentally Sensitive areas (ESA): landscape, wild life & history
^ annual mean of 104 measurements in a year^^ 24/8 h values should be met 98% of time in a year
Remember (24 h)Pollutant National ambient air quality standards
(NAAQS) for India
Values are in µg/m3
Maximum permissible limits of pollutants in air set by WHO
Industrial areas
Residential rural & other areas
Sensitive areas
Sulphur dioxide
120 80 30 100 – 150
Nitrogen dioxide
120 80 30 150
Total SPM 500 200 100 150 – 230
Particulate MatterSuspended Particulate Matter
Fine Particulate Matter
• Particulate matter, or PM, is the term for particles found in the air, including dust, dirt, soot, smoke, and liquid droplets.
• These small particles can remain suspended in the air for long periods of time.
• Some particles are large or dark enough to be seen as soot or smoke. Others are so small that individually they can only be detected with an electron microscope.
What is Particulate Matter?
Sources of Particulate Matter PM10
• Primary Particles– These particles are
emitted directly from air pollution sources such as power plants, factories, automobile exhaust, construction sites, unpaved roads, wood burning
• Secondary Particles– Formed in the atmosphere
indirectly when gases from burning fuels react with sunlight and water vapor and are chemically transformed into particles, secondary pollutants: solid/liquid
Types of Fine Particulate Matter
A few definitions• Solid or liquid particles with sizes from
0.001 – 100 μm may be in air
• General term for these is aerosols
• Dust originates from grinding or crushing
• Fumes are solid particles formed when vapors condense
• Smoke describes particles released in combustion processes
• Smog is used to describe air pollution and is combination of smoke+fog
Hukka
Bronian M
otion
PM2.5
(2.5 µm)PM10
(10µm)
Hair cross section (70 m)
Human Hair (70 µm diameter)
What Is PM10 & PM2.5 ?
Health Effects From Particulate Matter
• Many scientific studies have linked breathing PM to a series of significant health problems, including:– aggravated asthma – increases in respiratory
symptoms like coughing and difficult or painful breathing
– chronic bronchitis – decreased lung function – premature death
Health Effects of Particulate Matter
• Impact depends on particle size, shape and composition
• Large particles trapped in nose• Particles >10 μm removed in
tracheobronchial system• Particles <0.5 μm reach lungs but are
exhaled with air• Particles 2 – 4 μm most effectively
deposited in lungs
Stokes Law
Aerodynamic diameter: Diameter of the sphere having the same settling velocity as that of the particle
Given by George Gabriel Stokes in 1851
Where,
acceleration of gravity (g), m/s2
particle diameter (d), m
density of particle (ρp), kg/m3
density of medium (ρm), kg/m3
viscosity of medium (μ), kg/m s
Human respiratory system
Other Effects From Particles• Visibility Impairment
– PM is the major cause of reduced visibility (haze).
• Aesthetic Damage– Soot, a type of PM, stains and
damages stone and other materials, including objects such as monuments and statues.
• Plant Damage– PM can form a film on plant
leaves interfering with photosynthesis and plant growth
Particulate Matter and Taj
The deposition of SPM on the shimmering white marble of the Taj Mahal imparts yellow tinge to the marble surface
Norms CO( g/km) HC (g/km) NOx (g/km) PM(g/km)
1991Norms 14 3.5 18
1996 Norms 11.2 2.4 14.4
India stage 2000 norms
4.5 1.1 8.0 0.36
Bharat stage-II
4.0 1.1 7.0 0.15
Bharat Stage-III
2.1 1.6 5.0 0.10
Bharat Stage-IV
1.5 0.96 3.5 0.02
Emission norms for heavy Diesel vehicles
Indian Emission Standards (4-Wheel Vehicles)
Standard Reference Date Region
India 2000 Euro 1 2000 Nationwide
Bharat Stage II Euro 2 2001 NCR*, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai
2003.04 NCR*, 10 Cities†
2005.04 Nationwide
Bharat Stage III Euro 3 2005.04 NCR*, 10 Cities†
2010.04 Nationwide
Bharat Stage IV Euro 4 2010.04 NCR*, 10 Cities†
* National Capital Region (Delhi)
† Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, Pune, Surat, Kanpur and Agra
Standards & Some Case Studies, 2005
• SPM Standard is 200 microgram/m3 (24 h avg)• RSPM or PM10 is 100 microgram/m3 (24 h avg)• The highest SPM level of 4,772 microgram per cubic
meter was recorded at Meera Bagh while the lowest of 1,068 microgram per cubic meter at Defence Colony. The prescribed limit is 200.
• The highest RSPM level was 2,292 microgram per cubic meter at Meera bagh and minimum was 586 in Rajpur Road, near the Delhi University. The prescribed limit is 100.
• Police claimed to have fined around 500 people for bursting crackers after 10.00 PM. The maximum punishment is imprisonment up to five years and fine up to Rs 100,000.
Carbon Monoxide• Most abundant air
pollutant• Produced by incomplete
combustion
– insufficient O2
– low temperature– short residence time– poor mixing
• Major source (~ 77%) is motor vehicle exhaust
Carbon MonoxideMisc10%
Industrial7%
Fuel Combustion6%
Transport77%
Misc
Industrial
Fuel Combustion
Transport
Carbon Monoxide• Colorless and odorless • When inhaled, binds to hemoglobin in blood to form
carboxyhemoglobin, reducing the oxygen carrying capacity• brain function reduced, heart rate increased at lower levels• asphyxiation occurs at higher levels
• % COHb = β(1- e-γt) (CO)
• % COHb = Carboxyhemoglobin as % saturation• CO = Carbonmonoxide conc. in ppm• γ = 0.402 h-1
• β= 0.15 %/ ppm CO• t = exposure time in hours
Carbon Monoxide
Carbon Monoxide
• Typical Levels– busy roadways: 5 – 50 ppm– congested highways: up to 100 ppm
Norms CO( g/km) HC (g/km) NOx (g/km) PM(g/km)
1991Norms 14 3.5 18
1996 Norms 11.2 2.4 14.4
India stage 2000 norms
4.5 1.1 8.0 0.36
Bharat stage-II
4.0 1.1 7.0 0.15
Bharat Stage-III
2.1 1.6 5.0 0.10
Bharat Stage-IV
1.5 0.96 3.5 0.02
Emission norms for heavy Diesel vehicles
Sulfur Oxides (SOx)• SO2, SO3, SO4
2 formed during combustion of fuel containing sulfur
• H2S released is converted to SO2
• 10 Tg/yr natural sources
• 75 Tg/yr anthropogenic sources
SOx
Sulfur Dioxide: Health Effects• High concentrations of SO2 can result in
temporary breathing impairment. • Longer-term exposures to high concentrations of
SO2, in conjunction with high levels of PM, include respiratory illness, alterations in the lungs' defenses, and aggravation of existing cardiovascular disease
• Short-term exposures of asthmatic individuals to elevated SO2 levels may result in reduced lung function.
Sulfur Dioxide: Environmental Effects
• Acid Rain Decreased Visibility
Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)
• Primarily NO and NO2
• NO3, N2O, N2O3, N2O4, N2O5 are also known to occur
• Thermal NOx created by oxidation of atmospheric N2 when T > 1000 K
• Fuel NOx from oxidation of N in fuel
NOx
Transport45%
Misc1%
Industrial4%
Fuel Combustion50%
Misc
Industrial
Fuel Combustion
Transport
Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)
• NO has few health effects, but is oxidized to NO2
• NO2 irritates lungs and promotes respiratory infections
• NO2 reacts with hydrocarbons in presence of sunlight to produce smog
• NO2 reacts with hydroxyl radicals to produce nitric acid – acid precipitation
Lead
• Sources:– gasoline (historical)– metals processing
• Highest air Pb concentrations – in the vicinity of
nonferrous and ferrous smelters, and battery manufacturers.
Pb
Lead: Health Effects
• Accumulates in the blood, bones, and soft tissues.
• Adversely affects the kidneys, liver, nervous system, and other organs.
• Excessive exposure to Pb may cause neurological impairments, such as seizures, mental retardation, and behavioral disorders.
• May be a factor in high blood pressure and subsequent heart disease.
Photochemical Smog
hydrocarbons + NOx + sunlight → photochemical smog (oxidants)
• primary oxidants produced:
– ozone (O3)
– formaldehyde– peroxyacetyl
nitrate (PAN)
Ozone depletion mechanism
• Different chemicals are responsible for the destruction of the ozone layer
• Topping the list :– chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s) – man-made, non-toxic and inert in the troposphere– In the stratosphere are photolysed, releasing reactive chlorine
atoms that catalytically destroy ozone
Stratospheric Ozone and Ultraviolet Radiation (UVR)• Ultra-violet radiation (UVR) high energy electromagnetic wave emitted from the
sun. It is made up of wavelengths ranging from 100nm to 400nm.
• UV radiation includes UV-A, the least dangerous form of UV radiation, with a wavelength range between 315nm to 400nm, UV-B with a wavelength range between 280nm to 315nm, and UV-C which is the most dangerous between 100nm to 280nm. UV-C is unable to reach Earth’s surface due to stratospheric ozone’s ability to absorb it. (Last, 2006)
Sun Protection Factor
Sunscreens: 4, 8, 15, 30, 45
The SPF of a sunscreen indicates the time period you can stay in the sun without burning based on your skin complexion.
Recommended SPF
Skin Type 1 hr 2 hr 3 hr 4 hr 5+ hr
Very Fair /Extremely Sensitive
15 30 30 45 45
Fair / Sensitive 15 15 30 30 45
Fair 15 15 15 30 30
Medium 8 8 15 15 30
Dark 4 8 8 15 15
Note: Reapply sunscreen often, especially after swimming or sweating.
Photochemical Smog
Photochemical Smog
Ozone: Health Effects
• Increased incidents of respiratory distress.
• Repeated exposures to ozone:– Increased susceptibility to respiratory
infection– Lung inflammation– Aggravation of pre-existing respiratory
diseases such as asthma. – Decrease in lung function and increased
respiratory symptoms such as chest pain and cough.
Ozone: Environmental Effects• Ozone also affects
vegetation and ecosystems– reductions in agricultural and
commercial forest yields ($0.5 billion/yr in US alone)
– reduced growth and survivability of tree seedlings
– increased plant susceptibility to disease, pests, and other environmental stresses (e.g., harsh weather).
Ozone Revised Standards
• In 1997, the 1-hour ozone standard of 0.12 parts per million (ppm) was replaced with a new 8-hour 0.08 ppm standard.
Units of Measurement
• μg/m3 – mass:volume• parts per million (ppm) – volume:volume
where C = concentration in μg/m3
3
-1
L/m
kPa/ K molL
1000
325.101273/414.22 22
MW
PTCppm
Landmark datelines to capital clean
• April 1995: Mandatory fitting of catalytic convertors• April 1996: Low sulphur diesel introduced• April 1998: Introduction of CNG buses in Delhi• Sept 1998: Complete removal of lead in petrol• Dec 1998: Restrict plying of goods vehicles during the
day• Sept 1999: Amendment of Motor Vehicles Act to
include CNG• April 2000: Private vehicles to be registered only if
they conform to Euro II standards• April 2000: Eight-year-old commercial vehicles
phased out• Nov 2002: Conversion of all public transport buses to
CNG
Air Pollution ControlMobile Emissions: Line sources
Stationary Emissions: Point sources
Type of the engines1. Spark Ignition (SI) Engines: 1880 Nicholas Otto, German engineer
Compression ratio: 1: 8, Gasoline-Octane number, 88 & 91(IOCL Extra Premium)
Four stroke: Intake stroke (Gasoline + Air)
Compression stroke
Power stroke : spark is given to have combustion: Faraday dynamo
Exhaust stroke
2. Compression Ignition (CI) Engines: 1893 Rudolf Diesel, German
Compression ratio: 1:15, Diesel-Cetane number, 46+
Four stroke: Intake stroke (Air only)
Compression stroke
Power stroke : Diesel injected to have combustion
Exhaust stroke
CO, HC, NOx and PM
NOx are higher and PM
Emissions in Internal Combustion Engines
Rich Mixture
Two Way
Catalytic Converter
Two pollutants:COHC
Leaded gasoline spoils converters
A two-way catalytic converter has two simultaneous tasks:
Oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide: 2CO + O2 → 2CO2
Oxidation of unburnt hydrocarbons (unburnt and partially-burnt fuel) to carbon dioxide and water: 2CxHy + (2x+y/2)O2 → 2xCO2 + yH2O
Three Way
Catalytic ConverterThree pollutants:COHC&NOx
Leaded gasoline spoils converters
A three-way catalytic converter has three simultaneous tasks:
Reduction of nitrogen oxides to nitrogen and oxygen: 2NOx → xO2 + N2
Oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide: 2CO + O2 → 2CO2
Oxidation of unburnt hydrocarbons (HC) to carbon dioxide and water: 2CxHy + (2x+y/2)O2 → 2xCO2 + yH2O
Three Way
Catalytic ConverterThree pollutants:COHC&NOx
Leaded gasoline spoils converters
Catalytic Converters
usePlatinum/Palladium/Rhodiumcatalysts
Cleaner/Alternative Fuel
• Vaporization of Gasoline should be reduced. • Oxygen containing additives reduce air
requirement. Eg., ethanol, methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) ( ill health effects).– Methanol: (Less photochemically reactive VOC, but
emits HCHO (eye irritant), difficult to start in winters: Can be overcome by M85 (85 % methanol, 15 % gasoline)
– Ethanol: GASOHOL(10 % ethanol & 90% Gasoline), – CNG: Low HC, NOx high, Inconvenient refueling,
leakage hazard.– LPG: Propane, NOx high
Air Pollution Control Stationary Sources
• Pre-combustion Control– Switching to Less Sulphur and N Fuel: Alternate fuels
• Combustion Control– Improving the combustion process: grate/pulverized– New burners to reduce NOx– New Fluidized bed boilers– Integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC)
• Coal converted into CO + H2 and then burnt
• Post-Combustion Control– Particulate collection devices– Flue gas desulphurization
Cleaner/Alternative Fuels
• Oxygen containing additives reduce air requirements and combustion is better
• Methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) ( ill health effects)
• Biodiesel• Ethanol: GASOHOL(10 % ethanol & 90%
Gasoline)• Methanol [M80, 80 % methanol, 20 % gasoline]• CNG• LPG• Hydrogen
A cleaner-burning, renewable, and domestically produced diesel fuel
Biodiesel can be made from various oils: edible and inedible viz: jatropha, pongamia, mustard, soybean, corn, sunflower, animal fat, and even waste greaseBiodiesel is primarily sold as B20 (Diesel 80+20 Biodiesel) U.S. Congress designated B20 as an approved alternative fuel in 1998
BIODIESEL
A BETTER FUEL VS DIESEL
Higher cetane Greater lubricity Superior detergency Higher flash point
More mileage Greater horsepower Less smoke Smoother running engines Quicker starts Longer engine life Reduced maintenance
BenefitsFeatures
Cleaner Emissions vs. Diesel
Emission Type B100 B20
Carbon Monoxide - 43.2% - 12.6% Hydrocarbons - 56.3% - 11% Particulates - 55.4% - 18 % Nitrogen Oxides + 5.8% +1.2 %
Carcinogens - 60% - 90% - 12% - 20%
Mutagens - 80% - 90% - 20%
Carbon Dioxide * - 78.3% - 15.7%
* Life cycle emissions of CO2
Source: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) Golden, Colorado
FUEL ETHANOL AND BIODIESEL PRODUCTION, WORLD TOTAL, 1990-2003
(billion liters)
FROM THE FARMER TO THE FUEL TANK
Energy CropR&D
Farming
Oilseed
Meal
Crushing Crop Oil
Biodiesel Production
Biodiesel
MarketGlycerin
++
Vegetable or animal oil
Alcohol Biodiesel Glycerin
catalyst
Basics :Chemical reaction between vegetable or animal oils/fats with alcohol producing ethyl or methyl esters (Biodiesel) + glycerin (by-product)
Raw materials
- Vegetable oils (rapeseed, soya, sunflower, castor, palm, cotton, peanut, others)
or animal;- Alcohol (methanol or ethanol)- Catalysts (sodium hydroxide)
Biodiesel Production by Transesterification
Catalyst
Oil Purification
Transesterification
Purification Biodiesel
Water Glycerine
Soaps
Water
Purification
Glycerine
Alcohol
Biodiesel Production by Transesterification
ETHANOL
Henry Ford designed the famed Model T Ford to run on alcohol and he had said “the fuel of the future” in 1908
Renewable Zero Carbon Balance Not dependent on petroleum Large scale of production
High miscibility with gasoline and it is a perfect
substitute for tetraethyl lead/aromatics Oxygenated Compound
Reduces CO emission
Low toxic Sulfur free
WHY ETHANOL?
Low heating value (70 % of gasoline)
Ignition difficulty in winter
Metal corrosion
Effect on plastic and rubber components
DISADVANTAGES ETHANOL
WORLD ETHANOL PRODUCTION2007 data
Country Billion of liters
USA 24.60
Brazil 18.99
European Union 2.16
China 1.83
Canada 0.80
Thailand 0.28
Columbia 0.27
India 12.3
Gasoline(CnH1.87n)
Methanol(CH3OH)
Ethanol(C2H5OH)
Stoichiometric A/F ratio
14.6 6.47 9.00
Density (kg/m3) 720-780 792 785
RON 95 106 107
MON 80-90 92 89
Low heating value (MJ/kg)
44 20 26.9
Heat of vaporization (kJ/kg)
305 1,103 840
LHV of stoich. mixture (MJ/kg)
2.83 2.68 2.69
Auto-ignition temperature (°C)
260-460 460 360
FUEL PROPERTIES
ETHYL ALCOHOL
Raw Materials
Sugary materials: molasses, sugar cane juice, fruits
Starch materials: corn, barley, rice, wheat
Cellulosic materials: wood, agricultural residues
METHANOL
United States Auto Club : 1965
Formula one : gasoline
High octane number : RON of 107 and MON of 92
Not suitable for CI engines
Proven technology
Heating value half of gasoline
No engine modification required
METHANOL
Methanol economy: in 2005 by George A. Olah Nobel Prize (1994)
Methanol: as gasoline supplement/ replacement
Direct : DMFC (Direct Methanol Fuel Cell)
Indirect : Hydrogen Fuel Cells
METHANOL PRODUCTION ROUTES
Wood pyrolysis
From Syn-gas (CO+H2) via F-T process (depends upon catalyst, temperature and pressure conditions)
Methanol and Ethanol may be the Liquid Fuels of Coming Future
Mixture of HCs
Main Constituent is Methane >96%
Heating value 37-40 MJ/Nm3
(billing is based on heating value)
Sulphur free
High octane number (130+)
CO and unburnt HCs emission low
Low cost ?
NG/CNG/PNG/LNG
Year OIL ONGC PVT/JV Total
1996/07 1.50 21.28 0.48 23.26
1999/00 1.73 23.25 3.47 28.45
2004/05 2.01 22.99 6.78 31.77
2005/06 2.27 22.57 7.36 32.20
2006/07 2.27 22.25 7.04 31.58
2009/10 47.51
NG PRODUCTION IN INDIA
As per 2007 data of MoPNG
in BCM
GAIL (INDIA) LTD. main player in gas transport
A total of 5300 km gas pipe line in our country 11 states covered HBJ (Hajira-Bilaspur-Jagdispur) 2800 km Capacity: 60 SMCMD; 900 mm Diameter Pressure: 20-40 Bar, Boosters: 200-350 km
Iran-Pakistan-India pipeline: 2300 km
Myanmar-Bangladesh-India Pipe Line
NG NET WORK
Number of natural gas vehicles and refilling stations in the world by end 2005
Country Vehicles Ref. stationsArgentina 1,439,527 1,402Brazil 1,000,424 1,124Pakistan 800,000 740Italy 382,000 509India* 204,000 198US 130,000 1,340China 97,200 355Ukraine 67,000 147Egypt 62,150 90Colombia 60,000 90
*2006/07 408,880 356 (Delhi and Mumbai)
Number of natural gas vehicles and refilling stations in the world by end 2005 contd…
Country Vehicles Ref. stationsIran 48,029 72Venezuela 44,146 149Russia 41,780 213Germany 27,200 558Japan 24,684 288Canada 20,505 222Sweden 7,000 65UK 543 20Others 200,000 1,000Total 4,706,000 8,643
Petroleum review, 2006
Domestic fuel Mixture of Propane (20%) & Butane (80%) LPG is highly volatile liquid and expands
to 247 times of its liquid volume Mercaptans added (50 ppm) Liquefaction pressure: Propane 10 bar; Butane
3 bar 14.2 kg MS Cylinders for domestic use
and 19 & 49.5 kg others Vehicle usage allowed by government
LPG
Widely regarded as the ultimate fuel and energy storage medium for future
Environment friendly Hydrogen has high energy density
(120MJ/kg vs 44.4 MJ/kg Petrol) Produced from water, fossil fuels,
biomass, solar energy etc.
HYDROGEN ENERGYHYDROGEN ENERGY
Catalytic steam reforming of natural gas/coal/biomass
Electrolytic decomposition of water Solar radiations
HYDROGEN PRODUCTION ROUTESHYDROGEN PRODUCTION ROUTES
Photosynthesis
Fuels Electricity
Photovoltaics
CO
Sugar
H O
O
2
2
2
Solar energy based production options
Semiconductor/LiquidJunctions
H2O
O H22
SC
Heating
ee--
Electrolysis of water
Stationary Emissions: Point Sources
Control of Particulate Matter
Device Selection Depends on• Particle Size• Concentration• Corrosivity• Volumetric Flow Rate• Required Collection Efficiency• Cost
Cyclone
• For PM > 5 micron
• Efficiency > 90%
• Maintenance Free
• Inexpensive
• ReCyclone® System - YouTube.MP4
Fabric Filters
• Eff. – 100 % Particles >0.01 micron
• Can not operate in moist environment
• Large & Expensive• Competitive with ESP• Cloth material-
temperature dependant
Bag Materilas1.Cotton2.Nylon3.Polyester4.Fiberglass5.Asbestos6.Stainless steel: woven7.Ceramic
filter bag,filter fabric,filter cage-cox filter cloth - YouTube.MP4
Electrostatic Precipitator
• Wires are charged with high negative voltage. 100 KV
• PM negatively charged & move towards grounded collector plates
• Removal>98%, All size• Little pressure drop, low O&M
cost but initial cost high• Occupy large space• Plate Area Requirement
depends on Efficiency required– Efficiency = 1-e-wA/Q
– A is total area of collection plate
– Q Volumetric flow rate of the gas
– W is drift velocityElectrostatic Precipitator
System Working.avi - YouTube.MP4
Sulfur Dioxide Control
CaCO3+SO2+2H2O=CaSO3.2H2O+CO2or CaO+SO2+2H2O=CaSO3.2H2O